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Income taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of components of income / (loss) before income taxes

The components of income / (loss) before income taxes are as follows:

			Year ended December 31,
			2022						2023						2024
			RMB						RMB						RMB
The Cayman Islands			(57,261)						(53,587)						(121,803)
British Virgin Islands			(2)						18,832						(5,931)
Hong Kong S.A.R			(27,262)						(17,343)						52,583
Sweden			7,015						13,654						3,181
United Kingdom			(348,872)						(246,423)						(186,346)
Americas			—						(26,109)						5,743
Germany			—						(13,291)						(25,003)
The PRC, excluding Hong Kong S.A.R.			(1,151,699)						(694,871)						(710,812)
Total			(1,578,081)						(1,019,138)						(988,388)

Schedule of income tax expense recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss

Income tax (expense) benefit recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss consisted of the following:

			Year ended December 31,
			2022						2023						2024
			RMB						RMB						RMB
Current income tax (expense) benefit			(29,065)						3,529						(19,721)
Deferred income tax benefit			—						114						18,239
Total income tax (expense) benefit			(29,065)						3,643						(1,482)

Schedule of reconciliation of the differences between PRC statutory income tax rate and the Group's effective income tax rates

Reconciliation of the differences between PRC statutory income tax rate and the Group’s effective income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024 are as follows:

			Year ended December 31,
			2022						2023						2024
Computed expected income tax benefit			(25)		%				(25)		%				(25)		%
Effect of preferential tax rate			(17)		%				4		%				7		%
Effect of different tax jurisdiction			2		%				2		%				4		%
Change in tax rate			—		%				18		%				4		%
Prior year return-to-provision true up			—		%				(2)		%				—		%
Non-deductible expenses and non-taxable income			40		%				4		%				1		%
Research and development expenses additional deduction			(5)		%				(6)		%				(5)		%
Change in valuation allowance			7		%				5		%				14		%
Actual income tax expense			2		%				—		%				—		%

Schedule of principal components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities

The principal components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

			As of December 31,
			2023						2024
			RMB						RMB
Deferred tax assets:
Inventories			3,006						3,190
Allowance for doubtful accounts			2,089						3,828
Intangible assets			218,328						126,451
Property and equipment			1,093						2,139
Contract cost assets			6,966						1,481
Accrued product warranties			19,883						24,017
Accrued salaries and benefits			2,360						4,704
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities			20,340						76,868
Donation			302						150
Government grants			12,198						25,375
Unrealized investment loss of equity method investments			—						1,278
Operating lease liabilities			26,634						11,334
Net operating loss carryforwards			303,198						508,883
Total deferred tax assets			616,397						789,698
Less: valuation allowance			(582,644)						(753,081)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance			33,753						36,617
Deferred tax liabilities:
Operating lease right-of-use assets			(23,904)						(12,037)
Property and equipment			(1,580)						(8,688)
Unrealized investment gain of equity method investments			(8,151)						—
Acquired intangible assets in asset acquisition			—						(30,989)
Total deferred tax liabilities			(33,635)						(51,714)
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities)			118						(15,097)

Analyzed as:

			As of December 31,
			2023						2024
			RMB						RMB
Deferred tax assets			118						102
Deferred tax liabilities			—						(15,199)
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities)			118						(15,097)

Schedule of movement of the valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets

The following table presents the movement of the valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets:

			As of December 31,
			2022						2023						2024
			RMB						RMB						RMB
Balance as of January 1,			550,520						537,172						582,644
Increase during the year			121,245						45,472						170,437
Reversal of net operating loss carryforwards due to the Restructuring			(134,593)						—						—
Balance as of December 31			537,172						582,644						753,081

Schedule of net operating loss carryforwards by the PRC companies will expire during the period from year 2022 to year 2031, if unused by the following year-end

As of December 31, 2024, the net operating loss carryforwards by the PRC companies will expire during the period from year 2025 to year 2034, if unused by the following year-end:

Year ending December 31,						Amount
						RMB
2025						749
2026						48,014
2027						153,335
2028						64,772
2029						24,779
2031						668
2032						748,254
2033						484,707
2034						914,428
Total						2,439,706

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure of income before income tax between domestic and foreign jurisdictions.

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Tabular disclosure of pertinent information, such as tax authority, amounts, and expiration dates, of net operating loss carryforwards, including an assessment of the likelihood of utilization.

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Tabular disclosure of valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to net realizable value, including identification of the deferred tax asset more likely than not will not be fully realized and the corresponding amount of the valuation allowance.

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