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Income taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 29, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block] | 18. Income Taxes The recovery of income taxes differs from the amount that would have resulted from applying the combined Canadian federal and provincial statutory income tax rate to loss from continuing operations before income taxes due to the following:
|  |  |  | December 29, 2018 | December 30, 2017 | December 31, 2016
|  |  |  | $ | $ | $
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | (114,521) | (170,397) | (74,361)
Canadian statutory rate | 26.5% | 26.5% | 26.5%
Income tax recovery at statutory rate | (30,348) | (45,155) | (19,706)
Impact of changes in enacted tax rates | 1,976 | (8,437) | 90
Foreign tax rate differential | 2,562 | (9,324) | (11,329)
Change in unrecognized tax benefits | - | (452) | (1,268)
Goodwill impairment loss | 22,239 | 30,475 | 6,841
Impact of stock-based compensation and other non- |  |  |
| deductible expenses | 2,019 | 1,590 | 1,238
Change in valuation allowance | (3,717) | 72 | (267)
Other | (109) | (4,598) | 604
Recovery of income taxes | (5,378) | (35,829) | (23,797)
The components of loss from continuing operations before income taxes are shown below:
|  |  |  | December 29, 2018 | December 30, 2017 | December 31, 2016
|  |  |  | $ | $ | $
Canada | (13,408) | (3,286) | 9,811
U.S. | (107,068) | (178,033) | (93,941)
Other | 5,955 | 10,922 | 9,769
|  |  |  | (114,521) | (170,397) | (74,361)
The components of the provision for (recovery of) income taxes are shown below:
|  |  |  | December 29, 2018 | December 30, 2017 | December 31, 2016
|  |  |  | $ | $ | $
Current income tax provision (recovery): |  |  |
| Canada | (1,334) | (658) | 3,560
| U.S. | (3,655) | (10,346) | (1,293)
| Other | 3,394 | 3,074 | 3,664
|  |  |  | (1,595) | (7,930) | 5,931
Deferred income tax provision (recovery): |  |  |
| Canada | 547 | 642 | (12)
| U.S. | (4,226) | (28,606) | (29,463)
| Other | (104) | 65 | (253)
|  |  | (3,783) | (27,899) | (29,728)
Recovery of income taxes | (5,378) | (35,829) | (23,797)
Deferred income taxes of the Company are comprised of the following:
|  |  |  |  | December 29, 2018 | December 30, 2017
|  |  |  |  | $ | $
Differences in property, plant and equipment |  |  |
| and intangible assets |  | (54,841) | (51,093)
Capital and non-capital losses |  | 25,169 | 22,144
Tax benefit of scientific research expenditures |  | 2,004 | 1,871
Inventory basis differences |  | 3,755 | 5,193
Interest expense limitation (163j) |  | 20,025 | 10,311
Other accrued reserves |  | 1,366 | 5,249
|  |  |  | (2,522) | (6,325)
Less: valuation allowance |  | 5,445 | 9,162
Net deferred income tax liability |  | (7,967) | (15,487)
The components of the net deferred income tax asset (liability) are shown below:
|  |  |  |  | December 29, 2018 | December 30, 2017
|  |  |  |  | $ | $
Canada |  | (148) | 362
U.S. |  | (7,147) | (14,892)
Other |  | (672) | (957)
|  | (7,967) | (15,487)
The components of the deferred income tax valuation allowance are as follows:
|  |  |  |  | December 29, 2018 | December 30, 2017
|  |  |  |  | $ | $
Balance, beginning of year |  | 9,162 | 9,090
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance |  | (3,717) | 72
Balance, end of year |  | 5,445 | 9,162
As at December 29, 2018, the Company had approximately $1.1 million (December 30, 2017 – $0.4 million) in U.S. federal scientific research investment tax credits and $0.9 million (December 30, 2017 – $0.9 million) in U.S. State research and development tax credits, which will expire in varying amounts up to 2029. As at December 29, 2018, the Company had U.S. federal non-capital loss carry-forwards of approximately $72.0 million (December 30, 2017 – $46.0 million). In addition, the Company had state loss carry-forwards of approximately $15.1 million as at December 29, 2018 (December 30, 2017 – $62.6 million). These amounts are available to reduce future federal and state income taxes. As at December 29, 2018, the Company had Canadian capital losses of approximately $29.7 million (December 30, 2017 – $27.7 million) for which a full valuation allowance exists. These amounts are available to reduce future capital gains and do not expire. The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such determinations, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. Ba sed on this evaluation, as at December 29, 2018, a valuation allowance of $5.4 million (December 30, 2017 – $9.2 million) had been recorded against certain assets to reduce the net benefit recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Undistributed earnings of the Company’s non-Canadian affiliates and associated companies are considered to be indefinitely reinvested; accordingly, no provision for deferred taxes has been provided thereon. T he Company believes it has adequately ex amined its tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return; however, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could differ from the Company’s position s. Accordingly, additional provisions on federal, provincial, state and foreign tax-related mat ters could be recorded in the future as revised estimates are made or the underlying matters are settled or otherwise resolved. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties) is presente d below:
|  |  |  |  | December 29, 2018 | December 30, 2017
|  |  |  |  | $ | $
Balance, beginning of year | - | 452
Reductions in tax positions of prior years | - | (452)
Balance, end of year | - | -
Consistent with its historical financial reporting, the Company has classified interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities, when applicable, as part of interest expense in its consolidated statements of operations, and with the related liability on the consolidated balance sheets. The number of years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. The Company’s major taxing jurisd ictions include Canada (including Ontario), the U.S. (incl uding multiple states), and the Netherlands. The Company’s 2010 through 2017 tax years (and any tax year for which available non-capital loss carry-forwards were generated up to the amount of non-capital loss carry-forward) remain subject to examination b y the Internal Revenue Service for U.S. f ederal tax purposes, and the 2010 through 2017 tax years remain subject to examination by the appropriate governmental agencies for Canadian federal tax purposes. There are other ongoing audits in various other juri sdictions that are not considered material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 + Details
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