11. Stock-Based Compensation

Chief Executive Officer

On April 1, 2019, Joseph D. Ennen was appointed CEO of the Company. In connection with his appointment, the Company granted Mr. Ennen options to purchase 960,061 Common Shares, 297,619 restricted stock units ("RSUs") and 1,785,714 performance stock units ("PSUs"). The stock options vest on April 1, 2022, subject to Mr. Ennen's continued employment during the vesting period, and expire on April 1, 2029. Each vested stock option will entitle Mr. Ennen to purchase one Common Share at an exercise price of $3.36, which was equal to the closing price of the Common Shares on April 1, 2019. The RSUs vest in three equal annual installments beginning on April 1, 2020, and each vested RSU will entitle Mr. Ennen to receive one Common Share of the Company.

The vesting of 892,857 of the PSUs granted is subject to the Company achieving annual adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") thresholds during fiscal years 2019 through 2022, as follows: 297,619 PSUs will vest upon the Company achieving annual adjusted EBITDA of $80 million, another 297,619 will vest upon the Company achieving annual adjusted EBITDA of $110 million, and the final 297,619 will vest upon the Company achieving annual adjusted EBITDA of $140 million, and subject to Mr. Ennen's continued employment with the Company through the end of the fiscal year during which the adjusted EBITDA performance condition is achieved. The vesting of the other 892,857 PSUs that were granted is subject to the Common Shares achieving certain volume-weighted average trading prices during a performance period commencing on April 1, 2019 and ending on December 31, 2022, as follows: 297,619 PSUs will vest upon achieving a trading price of $5.00 per share, another 297,619 will vest upon achieving a trading price of $9.00 per share, and the final 297,619 will vest upon achieving a trading price of $14.00 per share, in each case for 20 consecutive trading days, and subject to Mr. Ennen's continued employment with the Company through the date the stock price performance condition is achieved. Each vested PSU will entitle Mr. Ennen to receive one Common Share without payment of additional consideration.

The grant-date fair values of the RSUs and PSUs subject to the adjusted EBITDA performance condition were estimated to be $3.36 based on the closing price of Common Shares on the date of grant. A grant-date fair value of $1.68 was estimated for the stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and a weighted-average grant-date fair value of $1.77 was estimated for the PSUs subject to the stock price performance condition using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The following table summarizes the inputs to the Black-Scholes option-pricing and Monte Carlo valuation models:

	Stock Options		PSUs
Grant-date stock price	$	3.36	$	3.36
Exercise price	$	3.36		NA
Dividend yield		0%		0%
Expected volatility⁽¹⁾		47.87%		55.68%
Risk-free interest rate⁽²⁾		2.36%		2.30%
Expected life (in years)⁽³⁾		6.50		1.82

(1) Determined based on the historical volatility of the Common Shares over the expected life of the stock options and performance period of the PSUs.

(2) Determined based on U.S. Treasury yields with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the stock options and performance period of the PSUs.

(3) Determined based on the mid-point of vesting (three years) and expiration (ten years) for the stock options and the derived service period for the PSUs.

The aggregate grant-date fair value of the stock options, RSUs and PSUs awarded to Mr. Ennen was determined to be $7.2 million, which will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for the stock options and RSUs and the derived service period for the PSUs. Each reporting period, the number of PSUs subject to the adjusted EBITDA performance condition that are expected to vest is redetermined and the aggregate grant-date fair value of the redetermined number of those PSUs is amortized over the remaining service period less amounts previously recognized.

On September 3, 2019, Scott Huckins was appointed CFO of the Company. In connection with his appointment, the Company granted Mr. Huckins options to purchase 262,182 Common Shares, 173,319 RSUs and 346,638 PSUs. The stock options vest on September 3, 2022, subject to Mr. Huckins' continued employment during the vesting period, and expire on September 3, 2029. Each vested stock option will entitle Mr. Huckins to purchase one Common Share at an exercise price of $2.38, which was equal to the closing price of the Common Shares on September 3, 2019. The RSUs vest in three equal annual installments beginning on September 3, 2020, and each vested RSU will entitle Mr. Huckins to receive one Common Share of the Company.

The vesting of 173,319 of the PSUs granted is subject to the Company achieving annual EBITDA thresholds during fiscal years 2019 through 2022, as follows: 57,773 PSUs will vest upon the Company achieving annual adjusted EBITDA of $80 million, another 57,773 will vest upon the Company achieving annual adjusted EBITDA of $110 million, and the final 57,773 will vest upon the Company achieving annual adjusted EBITDA of $140 million, and subject to Mr. Huckins' continued employment with the Company through the end of the fiscal year during which the adjusted EBITDA performance condition is achieved. The vesting of the other 173,319 PSUs that were granted is subject to the Common Shares achieving certain volume-weighted average trading prices during a performance period commencing on September 3, 2019 and ending on December 31, 2022, as follows: 57,773 PSUs will vest upon achieving a trading price of $5.00 per share, another 57,773 will vest upon achieving a trading price of $9.00 per share, and the final 57,773 will vest upon achieving a trading price of $14.00 per share, in each case for 20 consecutive trading days, and subject to Mr. Huckins' continued employment with the Company through the date the stock price performance condition is achieved. Each vested PSU will entitle Mr. Huckins to receive one Common Share without payment of additional consideration.

The grant-date fair values of the RSUs and PSUs subject to the adjusted EBITDA performance condition were estimated to be $2.38 based on the closing price of Common Shares on the date of grant. A grant-date fair value of $1.18 was estimated for the stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and a weighted-average grant-date fair value of $0.79 was estimated for the PSUs subject to the stock price performance condition using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The following table summarizes the inputs to the Black-Scholes option-pricing and Monte Carlo valuation models:

	Stock Options		PSUs
Grant-date stock price	$	2.38	$	2.38
Exercise price	$	2.38		NA
Dividend yield		0%		0%
Expected volatility⁽¹⁾		49.65%		55.94%
Risk-free interest rate⁽²⁾		1.40%		1.38%
Expected life (in years)⁽³⁾		6.50		2.06

(1) Determined based on the historical volatility of the Common Shares over the expected life of the stock options and performance period of the PSUs.

(2) Determined based on U.S. Treasury yields with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the stock options and performance period of the PSUs.

(3) Determined based on the mid-point of vesting (three years) and expiration (ten years) for the stock options and the derived service period for the PSUs.

The aggregate grant-date fair value of the stock options, RSUs and PSUs awarded to Mr. Huckins was determined to be $1.3 million, which will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for the stock options and RSUs and the derived service period for the PSUs. Each reporting period, the number of PSUs subject to the adjusted EBITDA performance condition that are expected to vest is redetermined and the aggregate grant-date fair value of the redetermined number of those PSUs is amortized over the remaining service period less amounts previously recognized.

On April 12, 2019 and June 14, 2019, the Company granted a total of 2,795,525 PSUs to certain employees of the Company under its Short-Term Incentive Plan. The vesting of the PSUs is subject to the Company achieving a predetermined measure of adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2019, and subject to each employee's continued employment with the Company through April 12, 2020 (the requisite service period). The weighted-average grant-date fair value of the PSUs was estimated to be $3.46 based on the closing prices of the Common Shares on the dates of grant. Each reporting period, the number of PSUs that are expected to vest is redetermined and the aggregate grant-date fair value of the redetermined number of PSUs is amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining requisite service period less amounts previously recognized. For the quarter and three quarters ended September 28, 2019, the Company recognized compensation expense of $1.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively, related to the PSUs expected to vest, and the remaining compensation cost related to PSUs not yet recognized as an expense was determined to be $2.3 million as at September 28, 2019.