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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company's (benefit) expense from income taxes from continuing operations consists of the following for the periods presented:
| Fiscal Year Ended September 30,
in thousands | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Current federal | $ | 6,019 |  |  | $ | 8,377 |  |  | $ | — |
Current state | 3,299 |  |  | 5,101 |  |  | 1,896 |
Deferred federal | (13,202) |  |  | 6,317 |  |  | 18,997 |
Deferred state | (854) |  |  | (885) |  |  | 3,065 |
Total (benefit) expense from income taxes | $ | (4,738) |  |  | $ | 18,910 |  |  | $ | 23,958 |
The Company's (benefit) expense from income taxes from continuing operations differs from the amount computed by applying the federal income tax statutory rate as follows for the periods presented:
| Fiscal Year Ended September 30,
in thousands | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Income tax computed at statutory rate | $ | 8,579 |  |  | $ | 33,408 |  |  | $ | 38,356 |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 2,223 |  |  | 3,273 |  |  | 2,874 |
Permanent differences | 4,261 |  |  | 9,140 |  |  | 2,037 |
Stock-based compensation | 611 |  |  | 1,055 |  |  | 179 |
Tax credits | (20,253) |  |  | (27,918) |  |  | (20,287) |
Deferred rate change | (343) |  |  | 53 |  |  | 665 |
Other, net | 184 |  |  | (101) |  |  | 134 |
Total (benefit) expense from income taxes | $ | (4,738) |  |  | $ | 18,910 |  |  | $ | 23,958 |
The principal differences between our effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory rate for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 relate to state taxes, permanent differences and tax credits. Due to the effects of tax credits, our income tax (benefit) expense is not always directly correlated to the amount of pre-tax income for the associated periods. Deferred income taxes refl ect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of our assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The tax effects of significant temporary differences that give rise to the net deferred tax assets are as follows as of September 30, 2025 and 2024:
in thousands | September 30, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Federal and state net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards | $ | 140,962 |  |  | $ | 126,547 |
Inventory adjustments | 21,286 |  |  | 7,914 |
Property, equipment and other assets | 7,900 |  |  | 6,199 |
Warranty and other reserves | 7,789 |  |  | 6,613 |
Incentive compensation | 7,565 |  |  | 8,621 |
Uncertain tax positions | 705 |  |  | 705 |
Other | 1,953 |  |  | 4,816 |
Total deferred tax assets | 188,160 |  |  | 161,415 |
Valuation allowance | (35,758) |  |  | (27,578) |
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | $ | 152,402 |  |  | $ | 133,837 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | (8,449) |  |  | $ | (4,286) |
Intangible assets | (1,306) |  |  | (1,026) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (9,755) |  |  | (5,312) |
Net deferred tax assets | $ | 142,647 |  |  | $ | 128,525 |
As of September 30, 2025, our gross deferred tax assets included $18.9 million of federal net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards, $84.1 million of federal tax credits, and $39.9 million of state NOL carryforwards. Our federal NOL carryforwards expire at various dates through our fiscal 2033, our federal tax credits expire at various dates through our fiscal 2045, and our state NOL carryforwards expire at various dates through our fiscal 2045. As of September 30, 2025, our valuation allowance of $35.8 million remains on various state NOL carryforwards for which the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that these attributes will not be realized. We experienced an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code as of January 12, 2010. Section 382 and Section 383 contain rules that limit the ability of a company that undergoes an “ownership change” to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits and certain built-in losses or deductions recognized during the five-year period after the ownership change to offset future taxable income. Because the five-year period has expired, we have determined the actual impact and final classification of those amounts, which are properly reflected in the amounts presented above. There can be no assurance that another ownership change, as defined in the tax law, will not occur. If another “ownership change” occurs, a new annual limitation on the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits and built-in losses would be determined as of that date. This limitation, should one be required in the future, is subject to assumptions and estimates that could differ from actual results. Valuation Allowance A reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance is required if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. Accordingly, we assess the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets periodically based on the more-likely-than-not realization threshold criterion. In our assessment, appropriate consideration is given to all positive and negative evidence related to the realization of the deferred tax assets. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, the Company's experience with operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards not expiring unused, the Section 382 and Section 383 limitation on our ability to carryforward pre-ownership change net operating losses, tax credits and certain built-in losses or deductions, and tax planning alternatives. Our assessment, while rooted in actual Company performance, is subjective and rely on certain estimates, including forecasts, which could differ materially from actual results. In fiscal 2025, our conclusions about our ability to more likely than not realize all of our federal and certain state tax attributes remain consistent with our prior determinations. We considered positive factors including our sustained tax profitability, interest savings from our debt reduction strategies, shortage in housing supply, and our backlog. The negative factors included the overall health of the broader economy, elevated mortgage interest rates, and softening housing demand due to affordability challenges. We expect to realize our deferred tax assets prior to their expiration through our regular operations and future earnings. Unrecognized Tax Benefits A reconciliation of our unrecognized tax benefits is as follows for the beginning and end of each period presented:
| Fiscal Year Ended September 30,
in thousands | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 2,420 |  |  | $ | 3,358 |  |  | $ | 3,358 |
Additions for tax positions related to current year | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Additions for tax positions related to prior years | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reductions in tax positions of prior years | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Lapse of statute of limitations | (425) |  |  | (938) |  |  | — |
Balance at end of year | $ | 1,995 |  |  | $ | 2,420 |  |  | $ | 3,358 |
If we were to recognize our $2.0 million gross unrecognized tax benefits remaining as of September 30, 2025, substantially all would result in adjustments to other tax accounts, primarily deferred taxes. Additionally, we had no accrued interest or penalties as of September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023. If applicable, we would record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense within our consolidated statements of operations. In the normal course of business, we are subject to audits by federal and state tax authorities regarding various tax liabilities. The statute of limitations for our major tax jurisdictions remains open for examination for fiscal year 2007 and subsequent years. As of September 30, 2025, we expect $0.4 million of our uncertain tax positions will reverse within the next twelve months.

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