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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and various state income tax returns. The provision for the federal and state income taxes attributable to income (loss) consists of the following components:
| Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |
Federal taxes | $ | 673 |  |  | $ | (21,392) |  |  | $ | (13,748) |
State taxes | (186) |  |  | (2,565) |  |  | (2,148) |
Total current provision | 487 |  |  | (23,957) |  |  | (15,896) |
Deferred (benefit) expense |  |  |  |  |
Federal taxes | (1,119) |  |  | 25,518 |  |  | 13,325 |
State taxes | (295) |  |  | (3,255) |  |  | 1,581 |
Total deferred (benefit) expense | (1,414) |  |  | 22,263 |  |  | 14,906 |
Income tax benefit | $ | (927) |  |  | $ | (1,694) |  |  | $ | (990) |
Effective tax rate | 10.0 | % |  | (27.2) | % |  | (168.9) | %
A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) determined by applying the federal and state tax rates to income before income taxes is as follows:
| Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Expected tax (benefit) expense at federal statutory | $ | (1,954) |  |  | $ | 1,310 |  |  | $ | 24 |
State income taxes, net of federal tax effect | (410) |  |  | 438 |  |  | 54 |
Revaluation of deferred tax liabilities | — |  |  | (5,206) |  |  | — |
Stranded tax effects reclassified from other comprehensive income | — |  |  | 1,620 |  |  | — |
Excess tax expense (benefit) from share based compensation and other expense, net | 818 |  |  | 144 |  |  | (1,068) |
Valuation allowance | 619 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income tax benefit | $ | (927) |  |  | $ | (1,694) |  |  | $ | (990) |
The change in effective tax rate between 2022 and 2021 was primarily a result of decreased income tax benefit due to a one-time benefit realized in 2021 as a result of the 2021 disposition of Wireless assets and operations (see Note 15, Discontinued Operations). The Company's cash payments for income taxes were $0.1 million and $11.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company's cash refunds for income taxes were $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply in the year of reversal or settlement and arise from temporary differences between the US GAAP and tax bases of the following assets and liabilities:
(in thousands) | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Leases | $ | 14,809 |  |  | $ | 15,483 |
Asset retirement obligations | 2,972 |  |  | 2,581 |
Net operating loss carry-forwards | 28,398 |  |  | 5,878 |
Pension liabilities | 978 |  |  | 2,148 |
Accruals and stock-based compensation | 3,087 |  |  | 2,572 |
Other | 5,767 |  |  | 6,300 |
Total gross deferred tax assets | 56,011 |  |  | 34,962 |
Less valuation allowance | (619) |  |  | — |
Net deferred tax assets | 55,392 |  |  | 34,962 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment | 109,852 |  |  | 92,449 |
Leases | 14,541 |  |  | 15,410 |
Intangible assets | 12,867 |  |  | 10,710 |
Prepaid assets and other | 2,732 |  |  | 2,407 |
Total gross deferred tax liabilities | 139,992 |  |  | 120,976 |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | 84,600 |  |  | $ | 86,014 |
The Company has a deferred tax asset of $28.4 million related to federal and various state net operating losses. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $125.6 million of federal net operating losses, including approximately $97.8 million of federal net operating losses generated after 2017. Federal net operating losses generated prior to 2018 expire through 2027. The Company also had approximately $40.0 million of state net operating losses, which can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company's income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2022 included tax expense of $0.6 million for a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets related to federal net operating losses expected to expire unutilized. The Company had no valuation allowances on deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits. The Company is not currently subject to state or federal income tax audits as of December 31, 2022. The Company's returns are generally open to examination from 2019 forward and the net operating losses acquired from nTelos are open to examination from 2003 forward.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32857-109319 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330215-122817 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32809-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330036-122817 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32705-109319 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424409&loc=d3e44925-109338 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424122&loc=d3e41874-109331 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690 + Details
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