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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Components of Federal and State Income Taxes The provision for the federal and state income taxes attributable to income (loss) consists of the following components:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202220212020
Current expense (benefit)
Federal taxes$673 $(21,392)$(13,748)
State taxes(186)(2,565)(2,148)
Total current provision487 (23,957)(15,896)
Deferred (benefit) expense
Federal taxes(1,119)25,518 13,325 
State taxes(295)(3,255)1,581 
Total deferred (benefit) expense (1,414)22,263 14,906 
Income tax benefit$(927)$(1,694)$(990)
Effective tax rate10.0 %(27.2)%(168.9)%
Reconciliation of Income Taxes
A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) determined by applying the federal and state tax rates to income before income taxes is as follows:
 Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202220212020
Expected tax (benefit) expense at federal statutory$(1,954)$1,310 $24 
State income taxes, net of federal tax effect(410)438 54 
Revaluation of deferred tax liabilities— (5,206)— 
Stranded tax effects reclassified from other comprehensive income— 1,620 — 
Excess tax expense (benefit) from share based compensation and other expense, net818 144 (1,068)
Valuation allowance619 — — 
Income tax benefit$(927)$(1,694)$(990)
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply in the year of reversal or settlement and arise from temporary differences between the US GAAP and tax bases of the following assets and liabilities:
(in thousands)December 31,
2022
December 31,
2021
Deferred tax assets:
Leases$14,809 $15,483 
Asset retirement obligations2,972 2,581 
Net operating loss carry-forwards28,398 5,878 
Pension liabilities978 2,148 
Accruals and stock-based compensation3,087 2,572 
Other5,767 6,300 
Total gross deferred tax assets56,011 34,962 
Less valuation allowance(619)— 
Net deferred tax assets55,392 34,962 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment109,852 92,449 
Leases14,541 15,410 
Intangible assets12,867 10,710 
Prepaid assets and other2,732 2,407 
Total gross deferred tax liabilities139,992 120,976 
Net deferred tax liabilities$84,600 $86,014