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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were 28% and 29%, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 as compared to the same period in 2015 was primarily driven by a relative increase in full year forecasted earnings in lower tax jurisdictions, excess tax benefits associated with employee equity-based awards (see Note 1, General Information, for additional information related to our adoption of ASU 2016-09) and U.S. federal research tax credits, partially offset by an increase in foreign withholding taxes. The differences between our effective tax rates and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily result from our geographic mix of taxable income in various tax jurisdictions as well as the discrete tax items referenced above.
We recognize liabilities when we believe that an uncertain tax position may not be fully sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. This requires significant judgment, the use of estimates, and the interpretation and application of complex tax laws. When facts and circumstances change, we reassess these probabilities and record any changes in the consolidated financial statements as appropriate. In the first quarter of 2016, we recognized a tax benefit of $17 million associated with the effective settlement of uncertain tax positions in our discontinued Travelocity business. Our net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, included in our consolidated balance sheets, were $56 million and $69 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. 
Tax Receivable Agreement
Immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering in April 2014, we entered into a tax receivable agreement (“TRA”) that provides stockholders and equity award holders that were our stockholders and equity award holders, respectively, immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering (collectively, the “Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders”) the right to receive future payments from us. The future payments will equal 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal income tax that we and our subsidiaries realize as a result of the utilization of certain tax assets attributable to periods prior to our initial public offering, including federal net operating losses (“NOLs”), capital losses and the ability to realize tax amortization of certain intangible assets (collectively, the “Pre-IPO Tax Assets”). Consequently, stockholders who are not Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders will only be entitled to the economic benefit of the Pre-IPO Tax Assets to the extent of our continuing 15% interest in those assets. These payment obligations are our obligations and not obligations of any of our subsidiaries. The actual utilization of the Pre-IPO Tax Assets, as well as the timing of any payments under the TRA, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character and timing of our and our subsidiaries’ taxable income in the future.
Based on current tax laws and assuming that we and our subsidiaries earn sufficient taxable income to realize the full tax benefits subject to the TRA, we estimate that future payments under the TRA relating to the Pre-IPO Tax Assets to total $387 million, excluding interest. The TRA payments accrue interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 1.00% beginning on the 15th day of March subsequent to the tax year in which the tax benefits are realized through the date of the benefit payment. The estimate of future payments considers the impact of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), which imposes an annual limit on the ability of a corporation that undergoes an ownership change to use its net operating loss carryforwards to reduce its liability. We do not anticipate any material limitations on our ability to utilize NOLs under Section 382 of the Code. We expect future payments under the TRA to be made over the next five years with no material payments occurring in 2016. As of September 30, 2016, the current portion of our Tax Receivable Agreement liability totaled $100 million, which includes accrued interest of less than $1 million. We expect to pay the current portion of the Tax Receivable Agreement liability in the first quarter of 2017. The remaining portion of $288 million is included in other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2016. Payments under the TRA are not conditioned upon the parties’ continuing ownership of the company.