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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2026

Note 19 — Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Determination

ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value including a three-level valuation hierarchy, and requires disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date reflecting assumptions that a market participant would use when pricing an asset or liability. The hierarchy uses three levels of inputs to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities as follows:

Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

Level 2 - Valuation is based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable and can be corroborated by market data.

Level 3 - Valuation is based on significant unobservable inputs for determining the fair value of assets or liabilities. These significant unobservable inputs reflect assumptions that market participants may use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

Transfers to/from Levels 1, 2 and 3 are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period in which a change in valuation technique or methodology occurs. Given the nature of some of the Company’s assets and liabilities, clearly determinable market-based valuation inputs are often not available; therefore, these assets and liabilities are valued using internal estimates. As subjectivity exists with respect to the valuation estimates used, the fair values disclosed may not equal prices that can ultimately be realized if the assets are sold or the liabilities are settled with third parties.

Below is a description of the valuation methods for the assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis and for estimating fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value for disclosure purposes. While management believes the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the measurement date.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and restricted cash are recorded at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these instruments have short-term maturities and interest rates that approximate market, a Level 1 measurement.

Loans Held for Investment, at Amortized Cost and Loans Held for Investment, at Fair Value

The Company uses a third-party loan valuation specialist to estimate the fair value of its nonperforming mortgage loans, a Level 3 measurement. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s nonperforming mortgage loans are interest rates, market yield requirements, the probability of default, loss given default, voluntary prepayment speed and loss timing. The Company uses a third-party loan valuation model to estimate the fair value of its performing mortgage loans, a Level 3 measurement. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s performing mortgage loans are discount rate, constant prepayment rate, constant default rate, and loss severity rate. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement.

Collateral Dependent or Loans Individually Evaluated

Nonaccrual loans held for investment and carried at amortized cost are evaluated individually and are adjusted to the fair value of the collateral when the fair value of the collateral is below the carrying value of the loan. To the extent such a loan is collateral dependent, the Company determines the allowance for credit losses based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of each loan’s collateral is generally based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell, a Level 3 measurement.

Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value

The Company elected to account for certain loans originated with the intent to sell at fair value using FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASC 825). The FVO loans held for sale are measured based on a discounted cash flow model, or on the fair value of securities backed by similar mortgage loans, adjusted for certain factors to approximate the fair value, including the value attributable to mortgage servicing and credit risk, and current commitments to purchase loans, a Level 2 measurement. Management identified all loans to be accounted for at estimated fair value at the instrument level. Changes in fair value are reflected in income as they occur.

Real Estate Owned, Net (“REO”)

Real estate owned, net is initially recorded at the property’s estimated fair value, based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell at acquisition date, a Level 3 measurement. From time to time, nonrecurring fair value adjustments are made to real estate owned, net based on the current updated appraised value of the property, or management’s judgment and estimation of value based on recent market trends or negotiated sales prices with potential buyers.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company determined the fair values based on a third-party valuation specialist using a model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income, a Level 3 measurement.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value using readily observable market inputs and the overall fair value measurement is classified as Level 2.

Secured and Unsecured Financing, Net (“Corporate Debt”)

The Company determined the fair values estimate of the secured and unsecured financing using the estimated cash flows discounted at an appropriate market rate, a Level 3 measurement.

Warehouse Repurchase Facilities, Net

Warehouse repurchase facilities are recorded at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these instruments have short-term maturities of one-year or less and interest rates that approximate market plus a spread, a Level 2 measurement.

Securitized Debt, at Amortized Cost and Securitized Debt, at Fair Value

The Company obtains the fair value estimates at instrument level from a third-party broker dealer based on trader input on benchmark securities. The fair values take into consideration input factors such as bond structure and collateral characteristics, and performance and pricing factors such as yield, spread, average life, prepayment speeds, default rate, and severity. The fair values are considered a Level 2 measurement. Significant changes in any of the input factors in isolation could result in a significant change to securitized debt’s fair value measurement.

Accrued Interest Receivable and Accrued Interest Payable

The carrying amounts of accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments, a Level 1 measurement.

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet financial instruments.

Receivables Due From Servicers

The carrying amounts of receivables due from servicers approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments, a Level 1 measurement.

Fair Value Disclosures

The following tables present information on assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, by level, in the fair value hierarchy:


	Fair Value Measurements Using						Total at
March 31, 2026	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net	$	—	$	—	$	10,505	$	10,505
Real estate owned, net		—		—		131,849		131,849
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements		—		—		142,354		142,354
Recurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for investment, at fair value		—		—		5,154,508		5,154,508
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		12,645		12,645
Derivative assets		—		464		—		464
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		464		5,167,153		5,167,617
Total assets	$	—	$	464	$	5,309,507	$	5,309,971

Liabilities:
Recurring fair value measurements:
Securitized debt, at fair value	$	—	$	4,426,240	$	—	$	4,426,240
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		4,426,240		—		4,426,240
Total liabilities	$	—	$	4,426,240	$	—	$	4,426,240


	Fair Value Measurements Using						Total at
December 31, 2025	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net	$	—	$	—	$	10,830	$	10,830
Real estate owned, net		—		—		118,289		118,289
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements		—		—		129,119		129,119
Recurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for investment, at fair value		—		—		4,729,869		4,729,869
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		12,963		12,963
Derivative assets		—		66		—		66
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		66		4,742,832		4,742,898
Total assets	$	—	$	66	$	4,871,951	$	4,872,017

Liabilities:
Recurring fair value measurements:
Securitized debt, at fair value	$	—	$	4,236,737	$	—	$	4,236,737
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		4,236,737		—		4,236,737
Total liabilities	$	—	$	4,236,737	$	—	$	4,236,737

The following table presents gains and losses recognized on assets measured on a nonrecurring basis for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
Gain (Loss) on Assets Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis	2026			2025
	(In thousands)
Real estate owned, net	$	(3,217	)	$	(2,073	)
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net		(88	)		(400	)
Total net loss	$	(3,305	)	$	(2,473	)

The following tables present the primary valuation techniques and unobservable inputs related to Level 3 assets that are recorded on a recurring and nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

          
         March 31, 2026

         Asset Category

         Fair Value

         Primary
Valuation
Technique

         Unobservable
Input

         Range

         Weighted
Average (1)

          
         ($ in thousands)

         Nonrecurring:

Individually evaluated
   loans requiring specific
   allowance, net

10,505

Market comparables

Selling costs

8.0%

8.0%

Real estate owned, net

131,849

Market comparables

Selling costs

8.0%

8.0%

         Recurring:

Loans held for investment,
   at fair value

5,154,508

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

7.6%

7.6%

          
         Prepayment rate

         0.0% to 65.0%

         12.8%

          
         Default rate

         0.5% to 6.0%

         1.4%

          
         Loss severity rate

         0.0% to 20.6%

         9.1%

Mortgage servicing rights - GNMA loans

12,485

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

8.0% to 12.0%

8.0%

          
         Prepayment rate

         2.2% to 12.1%

         5.6%

Mortgage servicing rights - BPC MC Trust loans

160

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

15.0%

15.0%

          
         Prepayment rate

         3.9% to 63.9%

         38.1%

(1)

Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net is weighted by collateral value; real estate owned, net is weighted by selling price; loans held for investment at fair value and mortgage servicing rights are weighted by UPB.

          
         December 31, 2025

         Asset Category

         Fair Value

         Primary
Valuation
Technique

         Unobservable
Input

         Range

         Weighted
Average (1)

          
         ($ in thousands)

         Nonrecurring:

Individually evaluated
   loans requiring specific
   allowance, net

10,830

Market comparables

Selling costs

8.0%

8.0%

Real estate owned, net

118,289

Market comparables

Selling costs

8.0%

8.0%

         Recurring:

Loans held for investment,
   at fair value

4,729,869

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

7.6%

7.6%

          
         Prepayment rate

         0.0% to 65.0%

         12.0%

          
         Default rate

         0.4% to 6.0%

         1.0%

          
         Loss severity rate

         0.0% to 8.7%

         1.0%

Mortgage servicing rights - GNMA loans

12,748

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

8.0%

8.0%

          
         Prepayment rate

         2.2% to 12.0%

         5.6%

Mortgage servicing rights - BPC MC Trust loans

215

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

15.0%

15.0%

          
         Prepayment rate

         4.9% to 54.1%

         36.5%

(1)

The following is a roll-forward of loans held for investment that are measured and recorded at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	4,729,869		$	2,766,951
Originations		637,146			635,537
Loans liquidated		(174,751	)		(132,710	)
Loans repurchased		70			—
REO transfer		(26,042	)		(6,529	)
Principal paydowns		(12,823	)		(10,775	)
Unrealized gain included in net income		1,039			34,714
Ending balance	$	5,154,508		$	3,287,188

The following is a roll-forward of loans held for sale that are measured and recorded at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
	(In thousands)
Originations	$	2,226		$	4,886
Loans sold		(2,226	)		—
Unrealized gain included in net income		—			122
Ending balance	$	—		$	5,008

The following is a roll-forward of securitized debt measured and recorded at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	4,236,737		$	2,207,408
Additions		513,725			374,360
Paydowns and payoffs		(297,968	)		(135,683	)
Total unrealized (gain) loss included in net income		(26,254	)		13,682
Ending balance	$	4,426,240		$	2,459,767

The Company estimates the fair value of certain financial instruments on a quarterly basis. These instruments are recorded at fair value using a valuation allowance only if they are individually evaluated. As described above, these adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value include loans held for investment at fair value, loans held for sale at fair value, mortgage servicing rights, derivative instruments, and securitized debt at fair value. Financial assets measured at the lower of cost or estimated fair value include certain individually evaluated loans held for investment and REOs, which are measured using unobservable inputs, including appraisals and broker price opinions on the values of the underlying collateral. Individually evaluated loans requiring an allowance were carried at approximately $10.5 million and $10.8 million as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, net of specific allowance for credit losses of approximately $1.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

A financial instrument is cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contract that creates a contractual obligation or right to deliver or receive cash or another financial instrument from a second entity on potentially favorable terms. The methods and assumptions used in estimating the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments are described above.

The following tables present carrying amounts and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments as of the dates indicated:


	March 31, 2026
	Carrying								Estimated
Asset Category	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Cash	$	87,054	$	87,054	$	—	$	—	$	87,054
Restricted cash		24,996		24,996		—		—		24,996
Loans held for investment, at amortized cost		1,951,030		—		—		1,904,870		1,904,870
Loans held for investment, at fair value		5,154,508		—		—		5,154,508		5,154,508
Accrued interest receivables		51,259		51,259		—		—		51,259
Mortgage servicing rights		12,645		—		—		12,645		12,645
Derivative assets		464		—		464		—		464

Liabilities:
Secured financing, net	$	73,274	$	—	$	—	$	75,100	$	75,100
Unsecured senior notes, net		485,445		—		—		499,165		499,165
Warehouse and repurchase facilities, net		98,009		—		98,009		—		98,009
Securitized debt, at amortized cost		1,638,995		—		1,512,949		—		1,512,949
Securitized debt, at fair value		4,426,240		—		4,426,240		—		4,426,240
Accrued interest payable		41,529		41,529		—		—		41,529


	December 31, 2025
	Carrying								Estimated
Asset Category	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Cash	$	92,103	$	92,103	$	—	$	—	$	92,103
Restricted cash		157,134		157,134		—		—		157,134
Loans held for investment, at amortized cost		2,028,262		—		—		1,976,279		1,976,279
Loans held for investment, at fair value		4,729,869		—		—		4,729,869		4,729,869
Accrued interest receivable		49,678		49,678		—		—		49,678
Mortgage servicing rights		12,963		—		—		12,963		12,963
Derivative assets		66		—		66		—		66

Liabilities:
Secured financing, net	$	286,679	$	—	$	—	$	289,660	$	289,660
Warehouse repurchase facilities, net		308,506		—		308,506		—		308,506
Securitized debt, at amortized cost		1,705,589		—		1,588,620		—		1,588,620
Securitized debt, at fair value		4,236,737		—		4,236,737		—		4,236,737
Accrued interest payable		37,111		37,111		—		—		37,111

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (bbb)(1)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 107
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-107

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 100
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-100

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (c)(3)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2E
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2E

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (h)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (f)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (h)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (g)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 940
-SubTopic 820
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478119/940-820-50-1

+ Details