INCOME TAXES

The provision (benefit) for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 consisted of (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014		2015
Current:
U. S. federal provision (benefit)	$	(672	)	$	1,188	$	9,840
State provision (benefit)	(522		)	772		862
Total current provision (benefit)	$	(1,194	)	$	1,960	$	10,702
Deferred:
U. S. federal provision	$	8,708		$	5,117	$	1,928
State provision (benefit)	1,731			178		1,107
Total deferred provision	$	10,439		$	5,295	$	3,035
Total income tax provision	$	9,245		$	7,255	$	13,737

A reconciliation of taxes from continuing operations calculated at the U.S. federal statutory rate to those reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 is as follows (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2013						2014						2015
	Amount			Percent			Amount			Percent			Amount			Percent
Federal statutory rate	$	8,284		34.0		%	$	7,719		34.0		%	$	12,105		35.0		%
Effect of state income taxes, net of federal benefit	1,462			6.0			831			3.7			1,618			4.7
Effect of non-deductible expenses and other, net	(633		)	(2.6	)		583			2.6			155			0.4
Change in valuation allowance	132			0.5			(138		)	(0.6	)		(141		)	(0.4	)
Reduction for tax year 2011 federal audit	—			—			(1,740		)	(7.7	)		—			—
Total	$	9,245		37.9		%	$	7,255		32.0		%	$	13,737		39.7		%

On August 1, 2014, we received notification that the IRS completed its examination of our tax year ended December 31, 2011. As a result, we have re-measured our tax liability for unrecognized tax benefits reflecting a reduction to our liability by $7.3 million. This change resulted in a tax benefit recognized in the amount of $1.7 million which reduced our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2014. The remainder of the re-measurement resulted in an increase to Deferred tax liability in the amount of $5.6 million. Additionally, we recognized a credit to interest expense of $0.6 million related to the settled portion of the uncertain tax position.

The following table summarizes our unrecognized tax benefit as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 (in thousands):



	December 31, 2014		December 31, 2015
Unrecognized tax benefit	$	515	$	814
Interest accrued on unrecognized tax benefits	$	—	$	44

The tax effects of temporary differences from total operations that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2014 and 2015 were as follows (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2015
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	2,735		$	2,132
Tax credit carryforwards	127			133
State bonus depreciation	1,513			993
Accrued liabilities and other	9,115			9,949
Amortization of non-compete agreements	815			897
Preneed liabilities, net	9,935			10,324
Total deferred income tax assets	24,240			24,428
Less valuation allowance	(330		)	(189		)
Total deferred income tax assets	$	23,910		$	24,239
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Amortization and depreciation	$	(43,441	)	$	(48,318	)
Convertible subordinated notes due 2021	(11,685		)	(10,184		)
Prepaids and other	(1,448		)	(1,436		)
Total deferred income tax liabilities	(56,574		)	(59,938		)
Total net deferred tax liabilities	$	(32,664	)	$	(35,699	)
Current deferred tax asset	$	3,750		$	4,257
Non-current deferred tax liabilities	(36,414		)	(39,956		)
Total net deferred tax liabilities	$	(32,664	)	$	(35,699	)

The current deferred tax asset is included in Other current assets at December 31, 2014 and 2015. The non-current deferred tax liability is disclosed on a separate line item on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We record a valuation allowance to reflect the estimated amount of deferred tax assets for which realization is uncertain. Management reviews the valuation allowance at the end of each quarter and makes adjustments if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will be realized. We recognized a net decrease of $0.1 million in our valuation allowance during 2015.

For federal income tax reporting purposes, we have no net operating loss carryforwards. For state reporting purposes, we have approximately $46.2 million of net operating loss carryforwards that will expire between 2016 and 2035, if not utilized. Based on management’s assessment of the various state net operating losses, it was determined that it is more likely than not that the we will be able to realize tax benefits on some portion of the amount of the state losses. The valuation allowance at December 31, 2015 was attributable to the deferred tax asset related to a portion of the state operating losses.

We analyze tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and how they are to be recognized, measured, and derecognized in financial statements; provide certain disclosures of uncertain tax matters; and specify how reserves for uncertain tax positions should be classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have reviewed our income tax positions and identified certain tax deductions, primarily related to business acquisitions that are not certain. Our policy with respect to potential penalties and interest is to record them as “Other” expense and “Interest” expense, respectively. The entire balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2015, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. We do not anticipate a significant increase or decrease in our unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months.

We have unrecognized tax benefits for federal and state income tax purposes totaling $0.8 million as of December 31, 2015, resulting primarily from deductions totaling $1.6 million on federal and state returns. We have accounted for these unrecognized tax benefits by booking a FIN 48 liability.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
Unrecognized tax benefit at beginning of year	$	7,747		$	7,832		$	515
Reductions based on tax positions related to the prior year	(93		)	—			—
Reductions for tax year 2011 federal audit	—			(7,310		)	—
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	209			—			299
Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations	(31		)	(7		)	—
Unrecognized tax benefit at end of year	$	7,832		$	515		$	814

The entire balance of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we did not recognize any penalties, but we did recognize interest in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Our federal income tax returns for 2012 through 2014 are open tax years that may be examined by the Internal Revenue Service. Our unrecognized state tax benefits are related to state returns open from 2012 through 2015.