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Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2016
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The Company Carriage Services, Inc. (“Carriage”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) is a leading provider of deathcare services and merchandise in the United States. As of September 30, 2016, we operated 169 funeral homes in 27 states and 32 cemeteries in 11 states. Our operations are reported in two business segments: Funeral Home Operations and Cemetery Operations. Funeral homes are principally service businesses that provide funeral services (traditional burial and cremation) and sell related merchandise, such as caskets and urns. Cemeteries are primarily sales businesses that provide interment rights (grave sites and mausoleums) and related merchandise, such as markers and memorials. Principles of Consolidation and Interim Condensed Disclosures Our unaudited consolidated financial statements include the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Our interim consolidated financial statements are unaudited but include all adjustments, which consist of normal, recurring accruals, that are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations as of and for the interim periods presented. Our unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in a manner consistent with the accounting principles described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 unless otherwise disclosed herein, and should be read in conjunction therewith. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period financial statement presentation with no effect on our previously reported results of operations, consolidated financial position, or cash flows. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Use of Estimates The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, realization of accounts receivable, goodwill, intangible assets, property and equipment and deferred tax assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience, third-party data and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these considerations form the basis for making judgments about the amount and timing of revenues and expenses, the carrying value of assets and the recorded amounts of liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates and such estimates may change if the underlying conditions or assumptions change. Historical performance should not be viewed as indicative of future performance, as there can be no assurance that our results of operations will be consistent from year to year. Funeral and Cemetery Operations We record the revenue from sales of funeral and cemetery merchandise and services when the merchandise is delivered or the service is performed. Sales of cemetery interment rights are recorded as revenue in accordance with the retail land sales provisions for accounting for sales of real estate. This method provides for the recognition of revenue in the period in which the customer’s cumulative payments exceed 10% of the contract price related to the interment right. Costs related to the sales of interment rights, which include real property and other costs related to cemetery development activities, are charged to operations using the specific identification method in the period in which the sale of the interment right is recognized as revenue. We recorded amortization expense for cemetery property of approximately $0.9 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2016 and $2.5 million and $3.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Sales taxes collected are recognized on a net basis in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Allowances for bad debts and customer cancellations are provided at the date that the sale is recognized as revenue and are based on our historical experience. We also monitor changes in delinquency rates and provide additional bad debt and cancellation reserves when warranted. When preneed sales of funeral services and merchandise are funded through third-party insurance policies, we earn a commission on the sale of the policies. Insurance commissions are recognized as revenues at the point at which the commission is no longer subject to refund, which is typically one year after the policy is issued. Preneed selling costs consist of sales commissions that we pay our sales counselors and other direct related cost of originating preneed sales contracts. These costs are expensed when incurred. Trust management fees are earned by us for investment management and advisory services that are provided by our wholly-owned registered investment advisor (“CSV RIA”). As of September 30, 2016, CSV RIA provided these services to two institutions, which have custody of 78% of our trust assets, for a fee based on the market value of trust assets. Under state trust laws, we are allowed to charge the trust a fee for advising on the investment of the trust assets and these fees are recognized as income in the period in which services are provided. Accounts receivable included approximately $8.2 million and $6.9 million of funeral receivables at December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016, respectively and $9.7 million and $10.3 million of cemetery receivables at December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016, respectively. For 2015 and 2016, accounts receivable also included minor amounts of other receivables. Non-current preneed receivables represents payments expected to be received beyond one year from the balance sheet date. Non-current preneed receivables consisted of approximately $7.3 million and $8.1 million of funeral receivables at December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016, respectively, and $20.7 million and $22.5 million of cemetery receivables at December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016, respectively. Bad debt expense totaled approximately $0.5 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2016, and $1.3 million and $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment (including equipment under capital leases) are stated at cost. The costs of ordinary maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred, while renewals and betterments are capitalized. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment (including equipment under capital leases) is computed based on the straight-line method. Property, plant and equipment was comprised of the following at December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016:
| December 31, 2015 |  | September 30, 2016
| (in thousands)
Land | $ | 65,433 |  |  | $ | 74,797 |
Buildings and improvements | 180,804 |  |  | 190,910 |
Furniture, equipment and automobiles | 71,943 |  |  | 74,864 |
Property, plant and equipment, at cost | 318,180 |  |  | 340,571 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (103,306 | ) |  | (109,106 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 214,874 |  |  | $ | 231,465 |
We recorded depreciation expense of approximately $2.6 million and $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2016, respectively, and $7.6 million and $8.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2016, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we acquired real estate for $2.7 million for funeral home expansion projects and we purchased land and buildings at four funeral homes that were previously leased for approximately $6.3 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we acquired $8.4 million of property, plant and equipment in connection with two funeral home businesses acquired in May 2016 and one funeral home business acquired in September 2016, as further discussed in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein. Goodwill The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets of funeral home businesses acquired is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill has primarily been recorded in connection with the acquisition of funeral home businesses. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment by assessing the fair value of each of our reporting units. The funeral segment reporting units consist of our East, Central and West regions in the United States and we performed our annual impairment test of goodwill using information as of August 31, 2016. Under current guidance, we are permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. We conducted qualitative assessments in 2014 and 2015; however, for our 2016 annual impairment test, we performed the two-step goodwill impairment test. Our intent is to perform the two-step test at least once every three years unless certain indicators or events suggest otherwise. The two-step goodwill impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. In the first step of our goodwill impairment testing, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired, and the second step is not required. We determine fair value for each reporting unit using both an income approach, weighted 90%, and a market approach, weighted 10%. Our methodology for determining an income-based fair value was based on discounting projected future cash flows. The projected future cash flows include assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic condition that may differ from actual future cash flows discounted at a weighted average cost of capital for the Company based on market participant assumptions. Our methodology for determining a market approach fair value utilized the guideline public company method, in which we relied on market multiples of comparable companies operating in the same industry as the individual reporting units. In accordance with the guidance, if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the second step of the goodwill impairment testing needs to be performed. This step compares the implied fair value of goodwill to the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill, and if the carrying amount exceeds the implied value, an impairment charge is recorded in an amount equal to the difference. For our 2016 annual impairment test, we performed the first step of our goodwill impairment testing and concluded that there was no impairment to goodwill for any of our reporting units. In addition to our annual review, we assess the impairment of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit may be greater than fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant adverse changes in the business climate which may be indicated by a decline in our market capitalization or decline in operating results. No impairments were recorded to our goodwill during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2016. Intangible Assets Our intangible assets include tradenames resulting from acquisitions and are included in Deferred costs and other non-current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our tradenames are considered to have an indefinite life and are not subject to amortization. Under current guidance, we are permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, an entity concludes that it is not more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, then the entity is not required to take further action. However, if an entity concludes otherwise, then it is required to determine the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset and perform the quantitative impairment test by comparing the fair value with the carrying amount in accordance with the guidance. The Company elected to change the annual assessment date for indefinite lived intangible assets from December 31 st to August 31 st because the change in date aligns with the Company’s goodwill impairment test, which should create a synergy and enhance the quality of our indefinite lived intangible assets impairment analysis. We conducted qualitative assessments in 2014 and 2015; however, for our 2016 annual impairment test, we performed our quantitative impairment test using the relief from royalty method, using information as of August 31, 2016. Our intent is to perform the quantitative impairment test at least once every three years unless certain indicators or events suggest otherwise. Our intangible asset impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. Under the relief from royalty method, the value of the tradename is measured through the value of the royalties that the Company is relieved from paying due to its ownership of the asset. We determine the fair value of the assets by discounting the cash flows that represent a savings in lieu of paying a royalty fee for use of the tradename. The discounted cash flow valuation uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows and the determination and application of an appropriate royalty rate and discount rate. To estimate the royalty rates for the individual tradename, we mainly relied on the profit split method, but also considered the comparable third-party license agreements and the return on asset method. A scorecard was used to assess the relative strength of the individual tradename to further adjust the royalty rates selected under the profit-split method for qualitative factors. For our 2016 annual impairment test, we performed our quantitative impairment testing and concluded that there was no impairment to intangible assets. In addition to our annual review, we assess the impairment of intangible assets whenever certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the intangible asset may be greater than the fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we recorded an impairment to tradenames of $145,000 related to a funeral home business held for sale as the carrying value exceeded fair value. We had no such impairment for three months ended September 30, 2015. No other impairments were recorded to our intangible assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2016. Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs Effective January 1, 2016, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board's (“FASB”) new guidance on simplifying the presentation of debt issuance costs. In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”), Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30), which requires that entities that have historically presented debt issuance costs as an asset, related to a recognized debt liability, will be required to present those costs as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the related debt liability. This presentation resulted in debt issuance costs being presented in the same way debt discounts have historically been addressed. Debt issuances costs of $4.2 million and $3.7 million have been presented as a deduction from the carrying value of the related liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016, respectively. The amounts related to our Credit Facility were $1.4 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016, respectively. The amounts related to our Convertible Notes were $2.8 million and $2.4 million as of December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016, respectively. Business Combinations Effective January 1, 2016, we adopted the FASB new guidance on simplifying the accounting for measurement-period adjustments for Business Combinations. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU, Business Combinations (Topic 805), which requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. These include the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization, or other income effects as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The entity is required to present separately on the face of the income statement or disclose in the notes the portion of the amount recorded in the current period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. Our adoption of this ASU did not have a material effect on our financial statements. During the third quarter of 2016, we acquired one funeral home business in Madera, California. The pro forma impact of the acquisition on prior periods is not presented, as the impact is not material to our reported results. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we acquired three funeral homes. The pro forma impact of these acquisitions on prior periods is not presented, as the impact is not material to our reported results. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information concerning this acquisition. Extraordinary and Unusual Items Effective January 1, 2016, we adopted the FASB new guidance on extraordinary and unusual items. In January 2015, the FASB issued ASU, Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20). This ASU eliminates the concept of reporting extraordinary items. Preparers will not have to assess whether a particular event or transaction is extraordinary. The presentation and disclosure guidance for items that are unusual in nature or occur infrequently will be retained and will be expanded to include such items. Our adoption of this ASU did not have a material effect on our financial statements. Income Taxes We and our subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. Federal income tax return, separate income tax returns in 14 states in which we operate and combined or unitary income tax returns in 13 states in which we operate. We record deferred taxes for temporary differences between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. We record a valuation allowance to reflect the estimated amount of deferred tax assets for which realization is uncertain. Management reviews the valuation allowance at the end of each quarter and makes adjustments if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will be realized. We analyze tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and how they are to be recognized, measured and derecognized in financial statements; provide certain disclosures of uncertain tax matters; and specify how reserves for uncertain tax positions should be classified on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have reviewed our income tax positions and identified certain tax deductions, primarily related to business acquisitions that are not certain. Our policy with respect to potential penalties and interest is to record them as “Other” expense and “Interest” expense, respectively. The entire balance of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. Income tax expense during interim periods is based on our estimated annual effective income tax rate plus any discrete items, which are recorded in the period in which they occur. Discrete items include, among others, such events as changes in estimates due to the finalization of tax returns, tax audit settlements, and increases or decreases in valuation allowances on deferred tax assets. Income tax expense was $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015. We recorded income taxes at the estimated effective rate, before discrete items, of 40.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to 38.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2015. Income tax expense was $8.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $10.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. We recorded income taxes at the estimated effective tax rate, before discrete items, of 40.0% for both the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015. During the third quarter of 2016, we recognized a tax benefit of $1.1 million which reduced our effective tax rate to 35.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The following items affected our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016:
• | We recorded an income tax benefit as a result of a favorable settlement of uncertain tax positions in the state of California and an income tax benefit related to the conclusion of a “no change” Internal Revenue Service audit of our 2013 tax year.
• | We recorded an income tax benefit related to the increase in the overall accumulated deferred tax asset caused by the imposition of a unitary tax regime in the state of New York effective January 1, 2015, impacting the state return filed in September 2016.
• | We recorded an income tax benefit related to state bonus depreciation as a result of finalization of state returns.
• | We recorded other expense adjustments related to our valuation allowance and certain interim rate changes.
Subsequent Events Management evaluated events and transactions during the period subsequent to September 30, 2016 through the date the financial statements were issued for potential recognition or disclosure in the accompanying financial statements covered by this report. For more information regarding subsequent events, see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.

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