CEMETERY PERPETUAL CARE TRUST INVESTMENTS

Care trusts’ corpus on our Consolidated Balance Sheet represent the corpus of those trusts plus undistributed income. The components of Care trusts’ corpus as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):



	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2018
Trust assets, at market value	$	50,229		$	44,071
Obligations due from trust	(373		)	(577		)
Care trusts’ corpus	$	49,856		$	43,494

We are required by various state laws to pay a portion of the proceeds from the sale of cemetery property interment rights into perpetual care trust funds. The income earned from these perpetual care trusts offsets maintenance expenses for cemetery property and memorials. This trust fund income is recognized, as earned, in Other revenue. Trust management fees charged by CSV RIA are included in revenue in the period in which they are earned. At December 31, 2018, none of our cemetery perpetual care trust investments were underfunded.

Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investments held by the trusts are classified as Level 1 investments pursuant to the three-level valuation hierarchy. Our Level 1 investments include cash and common stock. Where quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, then fair values are estimated by using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets or other inputs other than quoted prices that can corroborate observable market data. These investments are fixed income securities, including municipal bonds, foreign debt, corporate debt, preferred stock, mortgage-backed securities and fixed income mutual funds, all of which are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 for the year ended December 31, 2018. There are no Level 3 investments in the cemetery perpetual care trust investment portfolio. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information of the fair value measurement and the three-level valuation hierarchy.

The following table reflects the cost and fair market values associated with the trust investments held in perpetual care trust funds at December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



	Fair Value Hierarchy Level	Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts	1	$	11,144	$	—	$	—		$	11,144
Fixed income securities:
Foreign debt	2	2,872		27		(385		)	2,514
Corporate debt	2	9,956		227		(730		)	9,453
Preferred stock	2	8,141		37		(820		)	7,358
Mortgage-backed securities	2	417		101		(9		)	509
Common stock	1	15,562		542		(3,395		)	12,709
Trust securities		$	48,092	$	934	$	(5,339	)	$	43,687
Accrued investment income		$	384						$	384
Cemetery perpetual care investments									$	44,071
Market value as a percentage of cost									90.8		%

The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities included above are as follows (in thousands):



Due in one year or less	$	—
Due in one to five years	1,635
Due in five to ten years	2,879
Thereafter	15,320
Total fixed income securities	$	19,834

The following table reflects the cost and market values associated with the trust investments held in perpetual care trust funds at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	Fair Value Hierarchy Level	Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts	1	$	1,906	$	—	$	—		$	1,906
Fixed income securities:
Foreign debt	2	3,580		227		(134		)	3,673
Corporate debt	2	12,557		805		(187		)	13,175
Preferred stock	2	11,545		364		(411		)	11,498
Mortgage-backed securities	2	621		152		(15		)	758
Common stock	1	16,326		3,116		(1,595		)	17,847
Mutual funds:
Fixed income	2	913		42		(10		)	945
Trust securities		$	47,448	$	4,706	$	(2,352	)	$	49,802
Accrued investment income		$	427						$	427
Cemetery perpetual care investments									$	50,229
Market value as a percentage of cost									105.0		%

We determine whether or not the assets in the cemetery perpetual care trusts have an other-than-temporary impairment on a security-by-security basis. This assessment is made based upon a number of criteria including the length of time a security has been in a loss position, changes in market conditions and concerns related to the specific issuer. If a loss is considered to be other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is adjusted downward to its fair market value. Any reduction in the cost basis due to an other-than-temporary impairment is also recorded as a reduction to Care trusts’ corpus. We did not record any impairments in the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

At December 31, 2018, we had certain investments within our perpetual care trust investments that had tax lots in loss positions for more than one year. Based on our analyses of these securities, the companies’ businesses and current market conditions, we determined that these investments losses were temporary in nature.

Our perpetual care trust investment unrealized losses, their associated fair market values, and the duration of unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 are shown in the following tables (in thousands):



	December 31, 2018
	In Loss Position Less than 12 months					In Loss Position Greater than 12 months					Total
	Fair market value		Unrealized Losses			Fair market value		Unrealized Losses			Fair market value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
Foreign debt	$	1,619	$	(189	)	$	639	$	(196	)	$	2,258	$	(385	)
Corporate debt	7,006		(587		)	301		(143		)	7,307		(730		)
Preferred stock	3,586		(279		)	2,787		(541		)	6,373		(820		)
Mortgage-backed securities	—		—			32		(9		)	32		(9		)
Common stock	9,010		(2,557		)	733		(838		)	9,743		(3,395		)
Total temporary impaired securities	$	21,221	$	(3,612	)	$	4,492	$	(1,727	)	$	25,713	$	(5,339	)

Our perpetual care trust investment unrealized losses, their associated fair market values, and the duration of unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 are shown in the following tables (in thousands):



	December 31, 2017
	In Loss Position Less than 12 months					In Loss Position Greater than 12 months					Total
	Fair market value		Unrealized Losses			Fair market value		Unrealized Losses			Fair market value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
Foreign debt	92		(3		)	1,128		(131		)	1,220		(134		)
Corporate debt	2,621		(59		)	555		(128		)	3,176		(187		)
Preferred stock	29		—			5,492		(411		)	5,521		(411		)
Mortgage-backed securities	76		(10		)	16		(5		)	92		(15		)
Common stock	5,119		(991		)	1,108		(604		)	6,227		(1,595		)
Mutual funds:
Fixed income	433		(10		)	—		—			433		(10		)
Total temporary impaired securities	$	8,370	$	(1,073	)	$	8,299	$	(1,279	)	$	16,669	$	(2,352	)

Perpetual care trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):



	Year ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Realized gains	$	872		$	926		$	1,364
Realized losses	(3,069		)	(1,195		)	(1,896		)
Net change in Care trusts’ corpus	2,197			269			532
Total	$	—		$	—		$	—

Perpetual care trust investment security transactions recorded in Other revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):



	Year ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Investment income	$	6,451		$	5,949		$	5,934
Realized gains (losses), net	(434		)	(838		)	(1,355		)
Total	$	6,017		$	5,111		$	4,579

Purchases and sales of investments in the perpetual care trusts for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):



	Year ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Purchases	$	(16,546	)	$	(13,923	)	$	(17,313	)
Sales	16,534			8,899			25,786