10-Q 1 csv-20190930x10q.htm 10-Q
Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019
OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ____________

Commission File Number: 1-11961

CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

DELAWARE | 76-0423828
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3040 Post Oak Boulevard, Suite 300
Houston, Texas, 77056
(Address of principal executive offices)

(713) 332-8400
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Large accelerated filer | o | Accelerated filer | x
Non-accelerated filer | o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | o
|  | Emerging growth company | o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share | CSV | New York Stock Exchange

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $.01 par value per share, outstanding as of October 25, 2019 was 17,826,103.

Table of Contents
CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
INDEX

| Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements | 3
Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 | 3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 | 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 | 5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Nine Months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 | 6
Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Cautionary Statement on Forward–Looking Statements | 40
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 41
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 57
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 58
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 59
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 59
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 59
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 59
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 59
Item 5. Other Information | 59
Item 6. Exhibits | 59
SIGNATURE | 61
INDEX OF EXHIBITS | 62

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Table of Contents
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. | Financial Statements.

CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(in thousands, except share data)

|  |  | (unaudited)
| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 644 |  |  | $ | 5,812 |
Accounts receivable, net | 18,897 |  |  | 17,699 |
Inventories | 6,751 |  |  | 6,692 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 3,011 |  |  | 1,764 |
Total current assets | 29,303 |  |  | 31,967 |
Preneed cemetery trust investments | 62,432 |  |  | 68,333 |
Preneed funeral trust investments | 82,074 |  |  | 87,059 |
Preneed cemetery receivables, net | 18,441 |  |  | 19,467 |
Receivables from preneed trusts | 17,073 |  |  | 17,989 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 260,838 |  |  | 258,035 |
Cemetery property, net | 74,958 |  |  | 75,064 |
Goodwill | 303,887 |  |  | 299,181 |
Intangible and other non-current assets, net | 24,425 |  |  | 24,028 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | — |  |  | 22,628 |
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments | 44,071 |  |  | 48,397 |
Total assets | $ | 917,502 |  |  | $ | 952,148 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 2,015 |  |  | $ | 1,679 |
Current portion of finance lease obligations | 312 |  |  | 282 |
Current portion of operating lease obligations | — |  |  | 1,524 |
Accounts payable | 9,987 |  |  | 6,135 |
Accrued and other liabilities | 22,644 |  |  | 29,270 |
Total current liabilities | 34,958 |  |  | 38,890 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion | 6,925 |  |  | 6,135 |
Credit facility | 26,145 |  |  | 17,099 |
Convertible subordinated notes due 2021 | 5,732 |  |  | 5,902 |
Senior notes due 2026 | 319,108 |  |  | 319,577 |
Obligations under finance leases, net of current portion | 6,143 |  |  | 5,929 |
Obligations under operating leases, net of current portion | — |  |  | 21,758 |
Deferred preneed cemetery revenue | 45,997 |  |  | 45,195 |
Deferred preneed funeral revenue | 28,606 |  |  | 29,522 |
Deferred tax liability | 31,263 |  |  | 32,533 |
Other long-term liabilities | 3,133 |  |  | 1,935 |
Deferred preneed cemetery receipts held in trust | 62,432 |  |  | 68,333 |
Deferred preneed funeral receipts held in trust | 82,074 |  |  | 87,059 |
Care trusts’ corpus | 43,494 |  |  | 47,771 |
Total liabilities | 696,010 |  |  | 727,638 |
Commitments and contingencies: |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, $.01 par value; 80,000,000 shares authorized and 25,703,490 and 25,851,442 shares issued at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively | 257 |  |  | 259 |
Additional paid-in capital | 243,849 |  |  | 242,657 |
Retained earnings | 71,680 |  |  | 83,644 |
Treasury stock, at cost; 7,625,339 and 8,025,339 at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively | (94,294 | ) |  | (102,050 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 221,492 |  |  | 224,510 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 917,502 |  |  | $ | 952,148 |

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(unaudited and in thousands, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service revenue | $ | 33,003 |  |  | $ | 34,133 |  |  | $ | 103,660 |  |  | $ | 105,444 |
Property and merchandise revenue | 27,026 |  |  | 28,002 |  |  | 84,741 |  |  | 85,458 |
Other revenue | 4,212 |  |  | 3,990 |  |  | 13,074 |  |  | 12,056 |
| 64,241 |  |  | 66,125 |  |  | 201,475 |  |  | 202,958 |
Field costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of service | 18,085 |  |  | 18,011 |  |  | 54,031 |  |  | 54,062 |
Cost of merchandise | 22,505 |  |  | 21,972 |  |  | 67,796 |  |  | 66,544 |
Cemetery property amortization | 964 |  |  | 972 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | 2,990 |
Field depreciation expense | 3,047 |  |  | 3,106 |  |  | 8,925 |  |  | 9,250 |
Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs | 2,114 |  |  | 3,597 |  |  | 8,662 |  |  | 10,008 |
Other expenses | 412 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 1,171 |  |  | 1,197 |
| 47,127 |  |  | 48,069 |  |  | 143,348 |  |  | 144,051 |
Gross profit | 17,114 |  |  | 18,056 |  |  | 58,127 |  |  | 58,907 |
Corporate costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General, administrative and other | 6,344 |  |  | 5,755 |  |  | 19,342 |  |  | 17,059 |
Home office depreciation and amortization | 505 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 1,412 |  |  | 1,115 |
| 6,849 |  |  | 6,112 |  |  | 20,754 |  |  | 18,174 |
Operating income | 10,265 |  |  | 11,944 |  |  | 37,373 |  |  | 40,733 |
Interest expense | (6,285 | ) |  | (6,283 | ) |  | (14,763 | ) |  | (18,907 | )
Accretion of discount on convertible subordinated notes | (246 | ) |  | (61 | ) |  | (1,961 | ) |  | (178 | )
Net loss on early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | (936 | ) |  | — |
Other, net | (347 | ) |  | (4,076 | ) |  | (345 | ) |  | (3,914 | )
Income before income taxes | 3,387 |  |  | 1,524 |  |  | 19,368 |  |  | 17,734 |
Provision for income taxes | (1,028 | ) |  | (930 | ) |  | (5,423 | ) |  | (5,551 | )
Tax adjustment related to certain discrete items | (159 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | 358 |  |  | (219 | )
Total provision for income taxes | (1,187 | ) |  | (947 | ) |  | (5,065 | ) |  | (5,770 | )
Net income | $ | 2,200 |  |  | $ | 577 |  |  | $ | 14,303 |  |  | $ | 11,964 |
Basic earnings per common share: | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |
Diluted earnings per common share: | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |
Dividends declared per common share: | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 0.225 |  |  | $ | 0.225 |
Weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 19,060 |  |  | 17,737 |  |  | 17,701 |  |  | 17,917 |
Diluted | 19,161 |  |  | 17,768 |  |  | 18,273 |  |  | 17,951 |

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited and in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 14,303 |  |  | $ | 11,964 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 13,100 |  |  | 13,355 |
Provision for losses on accounts receivable | 1,511 |  |  | 1,188 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 2,924 |  |  | 1,616 |
Deferred income tax expense | 3,547 |  |  | 1,270 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 420 |  |  | 289 |
Amortization of capitalized commissions on preneed contracts | 449 |  |  | 417 |
Accretion of discount on convertible subordinated notes | 1,961 |  |  | 178 |
Accretion of debt discount on senior notes | 154 |  |  | 366 |
Net loss on early extinguishment of debt | 936 |  |  | — |
Net loss on sale of business and other assets | 408 |  |  | 4,067 |
Gain on insurance reimbursements | — |  |  | (638 | )
Goodwill and other impairments | — |  |  | 730 |
Other | — |  |  | 121 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities that provided (used) cash: |  |  |
Accounts and preneed receivables | (3,010 | ) |  | (2,495 | )
Inventories, prepaid and other current assets | (1,911 | ) |  | 1,138 |
Intangible and other non-current assets | (345 | ) |  | (241 | )
Preneed funeral and cemetery trust investments | (6,104 | ) |  | (4,376 | )
Accounts payable | (735 | ) |  | (3,852 | )
Accrued and other liabilities | 3,761 |  |  | 6,749 |
Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery revenue | 6,292 |  |  | 804 |
Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust | 1,056 |  |  | 3,411 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 38,717 |  |  | 36,061 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Acquisitions and land for new construction | (37,970 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from insurance reimbursements | — |  |  | 1,247 |
Proceeds from the sale of business and other assets | — |  |  | 967 |
Capital expenditures | (9,037 | ) |  | (11,479 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (47,007 | ) |  | (9,265 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Payments against the term loan | (127,500 | ) |  | — |
Borrowings from the credit facility | 96,000 |  |  | 28,200 |
Payments against the credit facility | (188,000 | ) |  | (37,300 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs related to long-term debt | (1,551 | ) |  | (113 | )
Redemption of the 2.75% convertible subordinated notes | (75,229 | ) |  | (27 | )
Payment of transaction costs related to the redemption of the 2.75% convertible subordinated notes | (845 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from the issuance of the 6.625% senior notes | 320,125 |  |  | — |
Payments of debt issuance costs related to the 6.625% senior notes | (1,367 | ) |  | — |
Payments on other long-term debt and obligations under finance leases | (1,031 | ) |  | (1,370 | )
Payments on contingent consideration recorded at acquisition date | (138 | ) |  | (162 | )
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan contributions | 1,075 |  |  | 1,155 |
Taxes paid on restricted stock vestings and exercise of non-qualified options | (651 | ) |  | (194 | )
Dividends paid on common stock | (4,076 | ) |  | (4,061 | )
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | (7,756 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 16,812 |  |  | (21,628 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 8,522 |  |  | 5,168 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 952 |  |  | 644 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 9,474 |  |  | $ | 5,812 |

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(unaudited and in thousands)

| Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance – December 31, 2017 | 16,098 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 216,158 |  |  | $ | 57,904 |  |  | $ | (76,632 | ) |  | $ | 197,656 |
Effect of adoption of topic 606 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,131 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,131 |
Balance – January 1, 2018 | 16,098 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 216,158 |  |  | $ | 60,035 |  |  | $ | (76,632 | ) |  | $ | 199,787 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,356 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,356 |
Issuance of shares | 91 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 307 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 308 |
Exercise of stock options | 112 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 319 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 320 |
Cancellation and retirement of restricted common stock and stock options | (15 | ) |  | — |  |  | (296 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (296 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,100 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,100 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,207 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,207 | )
Other | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 145 |
Balance – March 31, 2018 | 16,292 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 216,526 |  |  | $ | 69,391 |  |  | $ | (76,632 | ) |  | $ | 209,513 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,747 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,747 |
Issuance of shares | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 220 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 220 |
Exercise of stock options | 27 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (197 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (196 | )
Cancellation and retirement of restricted common stock and stock options | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 909 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 909 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,433 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,433 | )
Convertible notes exchange | 2,823 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 28,194 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,222 |
Balance – June 30, 2018 | 19,153 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 244,215 |  |  | $ | 72,138 |  |  | $ | (76,632 | ) |  | $ | 239,978 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,200 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,200 |
Issuance of shares | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |
Cancellation and retirement of restricted common stock and stock options | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (156 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (156 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 915 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 915 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,436 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,436 | )
Convertible notes exchange | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |
Balance – September 30, 2018 | 19,175 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 243,869 |  |  | $ | 74,338 |  |  | $ | (76,632 | ) |  | $ | 241,832 |

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CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(unaudited and in thousands)

| Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance – December 31, 2018 | 18,078 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 243,849 |  |  | $ | 71,680 |  |  | $ | (94,294 | ) |  | $ | 221,492 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,525 |
Issuance of shares | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 275 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 275 |
Exercise of stock options | 71 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 471 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 472 |
Cancellation and retirement of restricted common stock and stock options | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (174 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (174 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 585 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 585 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,360 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,360 | )
Other | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |
Balance – March 31, 2019 | 18,203 |  |  | $ | 258 |  |  | $ | 243,940 |  |  | $ | 78,205 |  |  | $ | (94,294 | ) |  | $ | 228,109 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,862 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,862 |
Issuance of shares | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 197 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 197 |
Cancellation and retirement of restricted common stock and stock options | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 518 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 518 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,365 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,365 | )
Treasury stock acquired | (400 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,756 | ) |  | (7,756 | )
Balance – June 30, 2019 | 17,812 |  |  | $ | 258 |  |  | $ | 243,285 |  |  | $ | 83,067 |  |  | $ | (102,050 | ) |  | $ | 224,560 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 577 |  |  | — |  |  | 577 |
Issuance of shares | 18 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 211 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |
Cancellation and retirement of restricted common stock and stock options | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 513 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,336 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,336 | )
Balance – September 30, 2019 | 17,826 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 242,657 |  |  | $ | 83,644 |  |  | $ | (102,050 | ) |  | $ | 224,510 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONDENSED NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1.BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company
Carriage Services, Inc. (“Carriage,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a leading U.S. provider of funeral and cemetery services and merchandise. As of September 30, 2019, we operated 179 funeral homes in 29 states and 29 cemeteries in 11 states. Our operations are reported in two business segments: Funeral Home Operations, which currently account for approximately 80% of our revenue and Cemetery Operations, which currently account for approximately 20% of our revenue.
Our funeral homes offer a complete range of high value personal services to meet a family’s funeral needs, including consultation, the removal and preparation of remains, the sale of caskets and related funeral merchandise, the use of funeral home facilities for visitation and remembrance services and transportation services. Our cemeteries provide interment rights (grave sites and mausoleum spaces) and related merchandise, such as markers and outer burial containers. We market funeral and cemetery services and products on both an “atneed” (time of death) and “preneed” (planned prior to death) basis.
Principles of Consolidation and Interim Condensed Disclosures
Our unaudited consolidated financial statements include the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Our interim consolidated financial statements are unaudited but include all adjustments, which consist of normal, recurring accruals, that are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations as of and for the interim periods presented. Our unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in a manner consistent with the accounting principles described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 unless otherwise disclosed herein, and should be read in conjunction therewith.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period financial statement presentation with no effect on our previously reported results of operations, consolidated financial position, or cash flows.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, realization of accounts receivable, goodwill, intangible assets, property and equipment and deferred tax assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience, third-party data and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these considerations form the basis for making judgments about the amount and timing of revenue and expenses, the carrying value of assets and the recorded amounts of liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates and such estimates may change if the underlying conditions or assumptions change. Historical performance should not be viewed as indicative of future performance, as there can be no assurance that our results of operations will be consistent from year to year.
Revenue Recognition - Funeral Home Operations
Our funeral home operations are principally service businesses that generate revenue from sales of burial and cremation services and related merchandise, such as caskets and urns. Funeral services include consultation, the removal and preparation of remains, the use of funeral home facilities for visitation and remembrance services and transportation services. We provide funeral services and products on both an atneed and preneed basis.
Funeral arrangements sold at the time of death are referred to as atneed funeral contracts. The performance obligation on these atneed contracts for both merchandise and services are bundled as a single performance obligation, as the performance of these obligations occur within a short time frame (usually within a few days) from the time of death to the funeral service. Although our performance activities are transferred in sequence such as, embalming the body, delivering the casket, obtaining service related items like flowers and performing the service, these activities are all essential to satisfy our contractual obligation to the customer, thus, bundled into a single performance obligation. Revenue is recognized on the date of funeral service, as all performance
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obligations have been satisfied. Payment is due at or before time of transfer. Outstanding balances due from customers, if any, on atneed funeral contracts are included in Accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The performance obligation is satisfied at the date of the service or the delivery of the merchandise as control has transferred to the customer and the benefit has concluded in the following manner:

• | we have the right to payment;

• | the customer has title to merchandise;

• | the deceased has used the merchandise or has been a part of the service; and

• | the customer directed the use of the merchandise or the plan of the service.

Funeral arrangements sold prior to death occurring are referred to as preneed funeral contracts. In many instances, the customer pays for the preneed contract over a period of time. For preneed funeral merchandise and service contracts, the performance obligation occurs at the time of need (when death occurs) and revenue is recognized on the date of delivery of merchandise or performance of service. We do not deliver merchandise on preneed contracts or provide service prior to the time of death. The performance obligation for preneed funeral contracts is similar to the elements of the performance obligation of atneed funeral contracts. For preneed funeral services, all preneed funeral contracts are re-written upon the date of death as an atneed contract. The performance obligation is satisfied at the date of the service.
The performance of a preneed funeral contract is secured by placing the funds collected, less amounts that we may retain under state regulations, in trust for the benefit of the customer or by the customer's purchase of a life insurance policy, the proceeds of which will pay for such services at the time of need. These methods are intended to fund preneed funeral contracts, cover the original contract price and generally include an element of growth (earnings) designed to offset future inflationary cost increases.
Revenue from preneed funeral contracts, along with accumulated earnings, is deferred until the time the merchandise is delivered or the service is performed. The principal and accumulated earnings of the trusts are withdrawn at maturity (death) or cancellation. The cumulative trust income earned and the increases in insurance benefits on the insurance products are recognized when the service is performed. The amounts deposited in trusts that we control are included in the non-current asset section of our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Balances due on undelivered preneed funeral trust contracts have been reclassified to reduce Deferred preneed funeral revenue on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, as noted in our table of Deferred Revenue in Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.
The earnings from our preneed funeral trust investments, as well as trust management fees charged by our wholly-owned registered investment advisory firm (“CSV RIA”) are recorded as Other revenue, as noted in our table of disaggregated revenue in Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein. As of September 30, 2019, CSV RIA provided these services to one institution, which has custody of approximately 76% of our trust assets, for a fee based on the market value of trust assets. Under state trust laws, we are allowed to charge the trust a fee for advising on the investment of the trust assets and these fees are recognized as income in the period in which services are provided.
When preneed funeral contracts are funded through third-party insurance policies, we earn a commission on the sale of the policies. Insurance commissions are subject to refund (charge-back) if the preneed policy is cancelled within a year or if there is an imminent death of beneficiary before the first year anniversary of the policy. We record these insurance commissions as Other revenue, as noted in our table of disaggregated revenue in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein, when the commission is no longer subject to refund, which is typically one year after the policy is issued. All selling costs incurred pursuant to the sale of the insurance funded preneed contracts are expensed as incurred. Preneed funeral contracts to be funded at maturity by third-party insurance policies totaled $388.2 million at September 30, 2019 and are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Generally, at the time of the sale of either the preneed insurance or preneed trust contract, the intent is that the beneficiary has made a commitment to assign the proceeds to us for the fulfillment of the service and merchandise obligations on the preneed contract at the time of need. However, this commitment is revocable and the proceeds from the policy are portable, so the customer can choose to use an alternative provider at the time of need.
Revenue Recognition - Cemetery Operations
Our cemetery operations generate revenue primarily through sales of cemetery interment rights (primarily grave sites, lawn crypts, mausoleum spaces and niches), related cemetery merchandise (such as outer burial containers, memorial markers and floral placements) and services (interments, inurnments and installation of cemetery merchandise). We provide cemetery services and products on both an atneed and preneed basis.
Cemetery arrangements sold at the time of death are referred to as atneed cemetery contracts. The performance obligation on these atneed contracts for cemetery property, merchandise and services are distinct. The performance obligations from the time of death to the disposition of the remains, include delivering cemetery property, unearthing the ground, interring remains and
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installing merchandise on the cemetery grounds. Each item on the contract is recognized as a distinct good or service. The performance obligation is satisfied and revenue is recognized on the purchase date of the interment right, on the date of the cemetery service, and on the date of delivery of the merchandise (set on cemetery grounds). Payment is due at or before time of transfer. Outstanding balances due from customers, if any, on completed atneed contracts are included in Accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The performance obligation is satisfied at the date of the service, the purchase of the interment right or the delivery of the merchandise as control has transferred to the customer and the benefit has concluded in the following manner:

• | we have the right to payment;

• | the customer has title to merchandise;

• | the deceased has used the merchandise or has been a part of the service; and

• | the customer directed the use of the merchandise or the plan of the service.

Cemetery arrangements sold prior to death occurring are referred to as preneed cemetery contracts. For preneed cemetery interment rights, the performance obligation is the sale of the interment right and revenue is recognized at the time the contract is signed. Control of cemetery interment rights is transferred to the customer upon execution of the contract as customers select a specific location and space for their interment right, thus, restricting us from other use or transfer of the contracted cemetery property. The interment right is deeded to the customer when the contract is paid in full.
For preneed cemetery merchandise and service, the performance obligation occurs at the time of need (when death occurs) and revenue is recognized on the date of delivery of merchandise or performance of service. We do not deliver merchandise on preneed contracts or provide service prior to the time of death. The performance obligation for preneed cemetery merchandise and service is similar to the elements of the performance obligation of atneed cemetery merchandise and service.
Preneed cemetery contracts are usually financed through interest-bearing installment sales contracts, generally with terms of up to five years. In substantially all cases, we receive an initial down payment at the time the contract is signed. Earnings on these installment contracts are not recognized until the time the merchandise is transferred or the service is performed and are recorded as Other revenue, as noted in our table of disaggregated revenue in Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.
The performance of the preneed cemetery contracts is secured by placing the funds collected, less amounts that we may retain under state regulations, in trust for the benefit of the customer, the proceeds of which will pay for such services at the time of need. This method is intended to fund preneed contracts, cover the original contract price and generally include an element of growth (earnings) designed to offset future inflationary cost increases. The amounts deposited in trusts that we control are included in the non-current asset section of our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The earnings from preneed cemetery contracts placed in trust, as well as the trust management fees charged by our CSV RIA are recorded as Other revenue, as noted in our table of disaggregated revenue in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.
Balances due from customers on delivered preneed cemetery contracts are included in Accounts receivable, net and Preneed receivables, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Balances due on undelivered preneed cemetery contracts have been reclassified to reduce Deferred preneed cemetery revenue on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, as noted in our table of Deferred Revenue in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.
We sell memorialization merchandise and personalized marker merchandise, such as urns and markers that are supplied by a small number of national providers. We order the memorialized merchandise through a third-party on behalf of our customer. The merchandise and its memorialization is provided by the third-party. We deliver the merchandise after the time of death to the customer upon completion of the memorialization or we set the merchandise on our cemetery grounds.
Cemetery property was $75.0 million and $75.1 million, net of accumulated amortization of $37.7 million and $40.6 million at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively. Interment right costs, which include real property and other costs related to cemetery development, are expensed using the specific identification method in the period in which the sale of the interment right is recognized as revenue. We recorded amortization expense for cemetery interment rights of $1.0 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 and $2.8 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on our revenue.
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Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations
Some of our contracts with customers include multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, we allocate transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price, which is based on prices charged to customers per our general price list. Packages for service and ancillary items are offered to help the customer make decisions during emotional and stressful times. Package discounts are reflected net in Revenue. We recognize revenue when the merchandise is transferred or the service is performed, in satisfaction of the corresponding performance obligation. Sales taxes collected are recognized on a net basis in our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Preneed Funeral and Cemetery Trust Funds
Our preneed and perpetual care trust funds are reported in accordance with the principles of consolidating Variable Interest Entities (“VIE’s”). In the case of preneed trusts, the customers are the legal beneficiaries. In the case of perpetual care trusts, we do not have a right to access the corpus in the perpetual care trusts. We have recognized financial interests of third parties in the trust funds in our financial statements as Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust and Care trusts’ corpus. The investments of such trust funds are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair market value; therefore, the unrealized gains and losses, as well as accumulated and undistributed income and realized gains and losses are recorded to Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust and Care trusts’ corpus on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Our future obligations to deliver merchandise and services are reported at estimated settlement amounts. Preneed funeral and cemetery trust investments are reduced by the trust investment earnings that we have been allowed to withdraw in certain states prior to maturity. These earnings, along with preneed contract collections not required to be placed in trust, are recorded in Deferred preneed funeral revenue and Deferred preneed cemetery revenue until the service is performed or the merchandise is delivered.
In accordance with respective state laws, we are required to deposit a specified amount into perpetual and memorial care trust funds for each interment right and certain memorials sold. Income from the trust funds is distributed to us and used to provide for the care and maintenance of the cemeteries and mausoleums. Such trust fund income is recognized as revenue when realized by the trust and distributable to us. We are restricted from withdrawing any of the principal balances of these funds.
An enterprise is required to perform an analysis to determine whether the enterprise’s variable interest(s) give it a controlling financial interest in a VIE. This analysis identifies the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise that has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Our analysis continues to support our position as the primary beneficiary in the majority of our funeral and cemetery trust funds.
We determine whether or not the assets in the preneed trusts have an other-than-temporary impairment on a security-by-security basis. This assessment is made based upon a number of criteria including the length of time a security has been in a loss position, changes in market conditions and concerns related to the specific issuer. If a loss is considered to be other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is adjusted downward to its fair market value. Any reduction in the cost basis of the investment due to an other-than-temporary impairment is likewise recorded as a reduction to Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust and Care trusts’ corpus on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. There will be no impact on earnings unless and until such time that the investment is withdrawn from the trust in accordance with state regulations at an amount that is less than its original basis.
See Notes 6, 7 and 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements herein for additional information related to our trust funds.
Allowances for bad debts and customer cancellations
Our funeral receivables recorded in Accounts Receivable, net primarily consist of amounts due for funeral services already performed which were $8.5 million and $7.9 million at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively. We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts on these receivables based on our historical experience, which amounted to 2.2% and 2.6% of funeral receivables at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively. In addition, our other funeral receivables not related to funeral services performed were $0.7 million and $0.6 million at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively.
Our cemetery financed receivables totaled $37.2 million and $39.5 million at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively. The unearned finance charges associated with these receivables were $4.6 million and $4.5 million at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively. If a preneed contract is canceled prior to delivery, state law determines the amount of the refund owed to the customer. Allowances for bad debts and customer cancellations on cemetery financed receivables are provided at the date that the sale is recognized as revenue and are based on our historical experience. We also monitor changes in delinquency rates and provide additional bad debt and cancellation reserves when warranted. We have a collections policy where past due notifications are sent to the customer beginning at 15 days past due and periodically thereafter until the contract is cancelled or payment is received. We reserve 100% of the receivables on contracts in which the revenue has been recognized and payments
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are 90 days past due or more, which was 4.6% and 4.2% of the total receivables at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on cemetery financed receivables.
Our cemetery receivables recorded in Accounts Receivable, net also include $1.8 million and $0.1 million related to perpetual care income receivables at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on our perpetual care trust investments.
Accounts receivable is comprised of the following at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Funeral receivables, net of allowance for bad debt of $189 and $206, respectively | $ | 9,002 |  |  | $ | 8,342 |
Cemetery receivables, net of allowance for bad debt of $580 and $596, respectively | 9,688 |  |  | 9,144 |
Other receivables | 207 |  |  | 213 |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 18,897 |  |  | $ | 17,699 |

Preneed cemetery receivables represent payments expected to be received beyond one year from the balance sheet date. Preneed cemetery receivables, net are comprised of the following at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Preneed cemetery receivables | $ | 25,568 |  |  | $ | 26,618 |
Less: unearned finance charges | (2,821 | ) |  | (2,712 | )
Less: allowance for bad debt and contract cancellation | (1,228 | ) |  | (1,225 | )
Less: balances due on undelivered cemetery preneed contracts | (3,078 | ) |  | (3,214 | )
Preneed cemetery receivables, net | $ | 18,441 |  |  | $ | 19,467 |

Bad debt expense totaled $0.6 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $1.5 million and $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Capitalized Commissions on Preneed Contracts
We capitalize sales commissions and other direct selling costs related to preneed cemetery merchandise and services and preneed funeral trust contracts as these costs are incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Our capitalized commissions on preneed contracts are amortized on a straight-line basis over the average maturity period for our preneed cemetery merchandise and services contracts and preneed funeral trust contracts, of eight and ten years, respectively. Amortization expense totaled $156,000 and $140,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $449,000 and $417,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
The selling costs related to the sales of cemetery interment rights, which include real property and other costs related to cemetery development activities, continue to be expensed using the specific identification method in the period in which the sale of the cemetery interment right is recognized as revenue. The selling costs related to preneed funeral insurance contracts continue to be expensed in the period incurred as these contracts are not included on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information related to our capitalized commissions on preneed contracts.
Leases
We have operating and finance leases. We lease certain office facilities, certain funeral homes and equipment under operating leases with original terms ranging from one to nineteen years. Many leases include one or more options to renew, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 26 years. We lease certain funeral homes under finance leases with original terms ranging from ten to forty years. We do not have lease agreements with residual value guarantees, sale-leaseback terms, material restrictive covenants or related parties. We do not have any material sublease arrangements.
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception based on the facts and circumstances of the agreement. A right-of-use (“ROU”) asset represents our right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and the lease liability represents our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheet at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As our leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The lease terms used to calculate the ROU asset and related lease liability include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense, while the expense for finance leases (formerly
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capital leases) is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense using the accelerated interest method of recognition. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease such as increases in lease payments based on changes in index rates or usage, are not included in the ROU assets or liabilities. These are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense. We have real estate lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components and account for these as a single lease component. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, that do not include an option to renew the underlying asset, are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet and expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Operating lease ROU assets are included in Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are included in Current portion of operating lease obligations and Obligations under operating leases, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Finance lease ROU assets are included in Property, plant and equipment, net and finance lease liabilities are included in Current portion of finance lease obligations and Obligations under finance leases, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
See Notes 2 and 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information related to our leases.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment (including equipment under finance leases ) are stated at cost. The cost of ordinary maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred, while renewals and major replacements that extend the useful economic life of the asset are capitalized. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment (including equipment under finance leases) is computed based on the straight-line method.
Property, plant and equipment is comprised of the following at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Land | $ | 81,012 |  |  | $ | 80,801 |
Buildings and improvements | 223,646 |  |  | 226,290 |
Furniture, equipment and automobiles | 81,125 |  |  | 84,002 |
Property, plant and equipment, at cost | 385,783 |  |  | 391,093 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (124,945 | ) |  | (133,058 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 260,838 |  |  | $ | 258,035 |

We recorded depreciation expense of $3.6 million and $3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $10.3 million and $10.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Goodwill
The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets of funeral home businesses acquired is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill has primarily been recorded in connection with the acquisition of funeral home businesses. Goodwill has an indefinite life and is not subject to amortization. As such, we test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. Our intent is to perform a quantitative impairment test at least once every three years unless certain indicators or events suggest otherwise and perform a qualitative assessment during the remaining two years.
We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of August 31 st each year. Under current guidance, we are permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. We conducted qualitative assessments in 2017 and 2018; however, we performed a quantitative assessment in 2019. In addition to our annual test, we assess the impairment of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit may be greater than fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant adverse changes in the business climate, which may be indicated by a decline in our market capitalization or decline in operating results.
Our quantitative goodwill impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. In the quantitative analysis, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired. We determine fair value for each reporting unit using both an income approach, weighted 90%, and a market approach, weighted 10%. Our methodology for determining an income-based fair value is based on discounting projected future cash flows. The projected future cash flows include assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows discounted at our weighted average cost of capital based on market participant assumptions. Our methodology for determining a market approach fair value utilizes the guideline public company method, in which we rely on market multiples of comparable companies operating
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in the same industry as the individual reporting units. In accordance with the guidance, if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount an impairment charge is recorded in an amount equal to the difference.
For our 2019 quantitative assessment, there was no impairment to goodwill as the fair value of our reporting units was greater than the carrying value. However, we recorded a goodwill impairment of $0.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 related to a funeral home business (at a leased facility) that we intend to cease operating in the fourth quarter of 2019. No impairments were recorded to our goodwill during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Intangible Assets
Our intangible assets include tradenames resulting from acquisitions and are included in Intangible and other non-current assets, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Our tradenames are considered to have an indefinite life and are not subject to amortization. As such, we test our intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis. Our intent is to perform a quantitative impairment test at least once every three years unless certain indicators or events suggest otherwise and perform a qualitative assessment during the remaining two years.
We perform our annual intangible assets impairment test as of August 31 st each year. Under current guidance, we are permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than not that the fair value of the tradename is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. We conducted qualitative assessments in 2017 and 2018; however, we performed a quantitative assessment in 2019. In addition to our annual test, we assess the impairment of intangible assets whenever certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the intangible asset may be greater than the fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends.
Our quantitative intangible asset impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. Our quantitative analysis is performed using the relief from royalty method, which measures the tradenames by determining the value of the royalties that we are relieved from paying due to our ownership of the asset. We determine the fair value of the asset by discounting the cash flows that represent a savings in lieu of paying a royalty fee for use of the tradename. The discounted cash flow valuation uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows and the determination and application of an appropriate royalty rate and discount rate. To estimate the royalty rates for the individual tradename, we mainly rely on the profit split method, but also consider the comparable third-party license agreements and the return on asset method. A scorecard is used to assess the relative strength of the individual tradename to further adjust the royalty rates selected under the profit-split method for qualitative factors. In accordance with the guidance, if the fair value of the tradename is less than its carrying amount, then an impairment charge is recorded in an amount equal to the difference.
For our 2019 quantitative assessment, we recorded an impairment for tradenames of $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as the fair value of the tradenames of certain businesses was greater than the carrying value. No impairments were recorded to our intangible assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Stock Plans and Stock-Based Compensation
We have stock-based employee and director compensation plans under which we grant restricted stock, stock options and performance awards. We also have an employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”). We recognize compensation expense in an amount equal to the fair value of the stock-based awards expected to vest or to be purchased over the requisite service period.
Fair value is determined on the date of the grant. The fair value of restricted stock is determined using the stock price on the grant date. The fair value of options or awards containing options is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The fair value of the performance awards related to market performance is determined using a Monte-Carlo simulation pricing model. The fair value of the performance awards related to internal performance metrics is determined using the stock price on the grant date. The fair value of the ESPP is determined based on the discount element offered to employees and the embedded option element, which is determined using an option calculation model.
See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information related to our stock-based compensation plans.
Income Taxes
We and our subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return, separate income tax returns in 15 states in which we operate and combined or unitary income tax returns in 14 states in which we operate. We record deferred taxes for temporary differences between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities.
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We record a valuation allowance to reflect the estimated amount of deferred tax assets for which realization is uncertain. Management reviews the valuation allowance at the end of each quarter and makes adjustments if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will be realized.
We analyze the tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and how they are to be recognized, measured and derecognized in financial statements; provide certain disclosures of uncertain tax matters; and specify how reserves for uncertain tax positions should be classified on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Income tax expense during interim periods is based on our estimated annual effective income tax rate plus any discrete items, which are recorded in the period in which they occur. Discrete items include, but are not limited to, such events as changes in estimates due to finalization of income tax returns, tax audit settlements, tax effects of exercised or vested stock-based awards and increases or decreases in valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.
Income tax expense was $1.2 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $5.1 million and $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Below is a breakdown of our income tax expense and effective rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands except percentages):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Income tax expense on operations at estimated rate | $ | 1,028 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 5,423 |  |  | $ | 4,691 |
Impact of discrete items | 159 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (358 | ) |  | 219 |
Impact of divested business | — |  |  | 860 |  |  | — |  |  | 860 |
Total tax provision | $ | 1,187 |  |  | $ | 947 |  |  | $ | 5,065 |  |  | $ | 5,770 |
Tax rate on operations (including discrete items) | 35.0 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 26.2 | % |  | 27.7 | %
Impact of divested business | — | % |  | 56.4 | % |  | — | % |  | 4.8 | %
Total effective tax rate | 35.0 | % |  | 62.1 | % |  | 26.2 | % |  | 32.5 | %

We recorded income taxes before discrete items at an estimated rate of 30.3% and 4.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and 28.0% and 26.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The increase in our total effective tax rate is primarily due to the additional tax expense we recorded related to a divested business previously acquired as a stock acquisition during three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein, for a discussion of our divested businesses.
Subsequent Events
Management has evaluated the events and transactions during the period subsequent to September 30, 2019 through the date the financial statements were issued for potential recognition or disclosure in the accompanying financial statements covered by this report.
See Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information related to our subsequent events.
2.RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Leases
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) related to Leases (Topic 842) and subsequent amendments, collectively referred to as (“Topic 842”) to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases, including operating leases. The ROU asset represents the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and the lease liability represents the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Finance leases were not impacted by Topic 842, as finance lease liabilities and the corresponding ROU assets were already recorded on the balance sheet under the previous guidance Topic 840, Leases.
On January 1, 2019, we adopted Topic 842 using the modified retrospective method for all lease arrangements at the beginning of the period of adoption. Results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 842, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with Topic 840. While Topic 842 had a material impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, it did not have an impact on our Consolidated Statements of Operations or Cash Flows, or liquidity measures, such as debt covenant ratios. It also did not have a material impact on our effective tax rate for the reporting
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period. The most significant impact was the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities for operating leases. For leases that commenced before the effective date of Topic 842, we elected the permitted practical expedients to not reassess the following: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts contain leases; (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (iii) initial direct costs for any existing leases. We also elected to exclude leases with a term of 12 months or less in the recognized ROU assets and lease liabilities. We have real estate lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components and have elected to account for these as a single lease component. We have elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all applicable classes of underlying assets.
On January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease ROU assets of $16.5 million and operating lease liabilities of $17.3 million, related to our real estate and equipment leases, based on the present value of the future lease payments on the date of adoption. Our opening operating lease ROU asset balance included prepaid lease expense and lease incentives on our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018. The cumulative effect of changes made to our opening Consolidated Balance Sheet on January 1, 2019 for the adoption of Topic 842 is as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | Effect of Adoption of Topic 842 |  | January 1, 2019
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses | $ | 1,456 |  |  | $ | (148 | ) |  | $ | 1,308 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | — |  |  | 16,470 |  |  | 16,470 |
|  |  | $ | 16,322 |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accrued and other liabilities | $ | 22,644 |  |  | $ | (274 | ) |  | $ | 22,370 |
Other long-term liabilities | 3,133 |  |  | (692 | ) |  | 2,441 |
Current portion of operating lease obligations | — |  |  | 2,633 |  |  | 2,633 |
Obligations under operating leases, net of current portion | — |  |  | 14,655 |  |  | 14,655 |
|  |  | $ | 16,322 |  |  |

See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for the additional disclosures required by Topic 842.
We have no material leases in which we are the lessor.
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and subsequent amendments collectively known as (Topic 326). This ASU applies to all entities holding financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loans, trade and financed receivables and other financial instruments. The guidance introduces a new credit reserving model known as Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”), which requires earlier recognition of credit losses, while also providing additional transparency about credit risk. The CECL model utilizes a lifetime expected credit loss measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The CECL model requires all expected credit losses to be measured based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about collectability.
This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with earlier application permitted for all entities. We plan to adopt the provisions of this ASU for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective approach.
We are in the process of implementing changes to our accounting policies and procedures for this ASU and believe the most notable impact will relate to our processes around the assessment of the adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts on trade receivables and the allowance for contract cancellations on financed receivables and the recognition of credit losses. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In addition, for available-for-sale debt securities, the new guidance prospectively replaces the other-than-temporary impairment model and requires the recognition of an allowance for reductions in a security's fair value attributable to declines in credit quality, instead of a direct write-down of the security, when a valuation decline is determined to be other-than-temporary. We do not expect the impact of the new guidance on available-for-sale securities to be material to our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
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3.GOODWILL
Many of the former owners and staff of our acquired funeral homes and certain cemeteries have provided high quality service to families for generations, which often represents a substantial portion of the value of a business. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets of funeral home businesses acquired is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill has primarily been recorded in connection with the acquisition of funeral home businesses.
See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein, for a discussion of the methodology used for our annual goodwill impairment test.
The following table presents changes in goodwill in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet for the year ended December 31, 2018 and period ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Goodwill at the beginning of the period | $ | 287,956 |  |  | $ | 303,887 |
Increase in goodwill related to acquisitions | 16,777 |  |  | — |
Decrease in goodwill related to divestitures | — |  |  | (4,197 | )
Decrease in goodwill related to impairments | (846 | ) |  | (509 | )
Goodwill at the end of the period | $ | 303,887 |  |  | $ | 299,181 |

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, we sold a funeral home business with a $4.2 million carrying value of goodwill for a loss recorded in Other, net. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein, for a discussion of our divested businesses.
We also recorded a goodwill impairment of $0.5 million in Other, net, related to a funeral home business (at a leased facility) that we intend to cease operating in the fourth quarter of 2019.
4.DIVESTED OPERATIONS
During 2019, we ceased to operate a funeral home business whose lease expired and sold a funeral home business for $0.9 million. In addition, we merged a funeral home business with a business in an existing market. During 2018, our management agreement with a Florida municipality expired and, as a result, we ceased to operate three of our cemetery businesses. We continually review locations to optimize the sustainable earning power and return on our invested capital. We may decide to sell certain non-strategic businesses as a result of these reviews.
The operating results of these divested businesses are reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as shown in the table below (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Revenue | $ | 1,478 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 4,712 |  |  | $ | 471 |
Operating income (loss) | 345 |  |  | (31 | ) |  | 1,130 |  |  | 4 |
Other, net(1) | (349 | ) |  | (3,863 | ) |  | (349 | ) |  | (3,874 | )
Income tax benefit (provision) | 1 |  |  | 1,149 |  |  | (219 | ) |  | 1,211 |
Net income (loss) from divested operations | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (2,745 | ) |  | $ | 562 |  |  | $ | (2,659 | )

(1) | Reflects the net loss on disposal of divested businesses.

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5.REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Revenue
Our operations are reported in two business segments: Funeral Home Operations and Cemetery Operations. Revenue, disaggregated by major source for each of our reportable segments is as follows (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Funeral |  | Cemetery |  | Total
Services |  | $ | 31,400 |  |  | $ | 2,733 |  |  | $ | 34,133 |
Merchandise |  | 17,918 |  |  | 2,060 |  |  | 19,978 |
Cemetery property |  | — |  |  | 8,024 |  |  | 8,024 |
Other revenue |  | 2,199 |  |  | 1,791 |  |  | 3,990 |
Total |  | $ | 51,517 |  |  | $ | 14,608 |  |  | $ | 66,125 |

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Funeral |  | Cemetery |  | Total
Services |  | $ | 30,231 |  |  | $ | 2,774 |  |  | $ | 33,005 |
Merchandise |  | 17,525 |  |  | 2,064 |  |  | 19,589 |
Cemetery property |  | — |  |  | 7,435 |  |  | 7,435 |
Other revenue |  | 2,087 |  |  | 2,125 |  |  | 4,212 |
Total |  | $ | 49,843 |  |  | $ | 14,398 |  |  | $ | 64,241 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Funeral |  | Cemetery |  | Total
Services |  | $ | 97,308 |  |  | $ | 8,136 |  |  | $ | 105,444 |
Merchandise |  | 56,261 |  |  | 5,791 |  |  | 62,052 |
Cemetery property |  | — |  |  | 23,406 |  |  | 23,406 |
Other revenue |  | 6,618 |  |  | 5,438 |  |  | 12,056 |
Total |  | $ | 160,187 |  |  | $ | 42,771 |  |  | $ | 202,958 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Funeral |  | Cemetery |  | Total
Services |  | $ | 94,818 |  |  | $ | 8,850 |  |  | $ | 103,668 |
Merchandise |  | 55,539 |  |  | 6,386 |  |  | 61,925 |
Cemetery property |  | — |  |  | 22,808 |  |  | 22,808 |
Other revenue |  | 6,612 |  |  | 6,462 |  |  | 13,074 |
Total |  | $ | 156,969 |  |  | $ | 44,506 |  |  | $ | 201,475 |

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Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue is presented net of amounts due on undelivered preneed contracts shown below as of December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Contract liabilities: |  |  |
Deferred preneed cemetery revenue | $ | 50,445 |  |  | $ | 49,903 |
Less: Balances due on undelivered cemetery preneed contracts(1) | (4,448 | ) |  | (4,708 | )
Deferred preneed cemetery revenue, net | $ | 45,997 |  |  | $ | 45,195 |
Deferred preneed funeral revenue | $ | 36,912 |  |  | $ | 37,973 |
Less: Balances due on undelivered funeral preneed contracts(2) | (8,306 | ) |  | (8,451 | )
Deferred preneed funeral revenue, net | $ | 28,606 |  |  | $ | 29,522 |

(1) | $1.4 million and $1.5 million of cemetery accounts receivables have been reclassified to reduce deferred preneed cemetery revenue at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively and $3.1 million and $3.2 million of preneed cemetery receivables have been reclassified to reduce deferred preneed cemetery revenue at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively.
(2) | $8.3 million and $8.5 million of preneed funeral receivables have been reclassified to reduce deferred preneed funeral revenue at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively.

Our merchandise and service performance obligations related to our preneed contracts are considered fulfilled at the point in time the merchandise is delivered or the burial, cremation or interment service is performed. The transaction price allocated to preneed merchandise and service performance obligations that were unfulfilled at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 was $4.4 million and $4.7 million for preneed cemetery contracts and $8.3 million and $8.5 million for preneed funeral contracts, respectively. As these performance obligations are to be completed after the date of death, we cannot quantify the recognition of revenue for any given period. However, we estimate an average maturity period of eight years for preneed cemetery contracts and ten years for preneed funeral contracts.

6. | PRENEED TRUST INVESTMENTS

Preneed Cemetery Trust Investments
Preneed cemetery trust investments represent trust fund assets that we are permitted to withdraw as merchandise and services are provided to customers. Preneed cemetery contracts are secured by payments from customers, less retained amounts not required to be deposited into trust. Preneed cemetery trust investments can be reduced by the trust earnings we have been allowed to withdraw in certain states prior to our performance.
The components of Preneed cemetery trust investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Preneed cemetery trust investments, at market value | $ | 64,549 |  |  | $ | 70,503 |
Less: allowance for contract cancellation | (2,117 | ) |  | (2,170 | )
Preneed cemetery trust investments, net | $ | 62,432 |  |  | $ | 68,333 |

Upon cancellation of a preneed cemetery contract, a customer is generally entitled to receive a refund of the corpus, and in some instances, a portion of all of the earnings held in trust. In certain jurisdictions, we may be obligated to fund any shortfall if the amounts deposited by the customer exceed the funds in trust, including investment income. As a result, when realized or unrealized losses of a trust result in the trust being underfunded, we assess whether we are responsible for replenishing the corpus of the trust, in which case a loss provision is recorded. At September 30, 2019, none of our preneed cemetery trust investments were underfunded.
Earnings from our preneed cemetery trust investments are recognized as revenue when a service is performed or merchandise is delivered. Trust management fees charged by CSV RIA are included in revenue in the period in which they are earned.
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investments held by the trusts are classified as Level 1 investments pursuant to the three-level valuation hierarchy. Our Level 1 investments include cash and common stock. Where quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, fair values are estimated by using quoted prices of similar securities in active
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markets or other inputs other than quoted prices that can corroborate observable market data. These investments are fixed income securities, including foreign debt, corporate debt, preferred stocks, mortgage-backed securities and fixed income mutual funds, all of which are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. We review and update our fair value hierarchy classifications quarterly. There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. There are no Level 3 investments in the preneed cemetery trust investment portfolio. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information on the fair value measurement and the three-level hierarchy.
The cost and fair market values associated with preneed cemetery trust investments at September 30, 2019 are detailed below (in thousands, except percentages):

| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 7,657 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,657 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 6,380 |  |  | 125 |  |  | (471 | ) |  | 6,034 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 17,404 |  |  | 812 |  |  | (660 | ) |  | 17,556 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 13,193 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | (137 | ) |  | 14,056 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2 |  | 567 |  |  | — |  |  | (210 | ) |  | 357 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 25,679 |  |  | 1,169 |  |  | (4,231 | ) |  | 22,617 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed Income | 2 |  | 1,462 |  |  | 36 |  |  | (69 | ) |  | 1,429 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 72,342 |  |  | $ | 3,142 |  |  | $ | (5,778 | ) |  | $ | 69,706 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 797 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 797 |
Preneed cemetery trust investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 70,503 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 96.4 | %

The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities included above are as follows (in thousands):

Due in one year or less | $ | — |
Due in one to five years | 2,582 |
Due in five to ten years | 12,924 |
Thereafter | 22,497 |
Total | $ | 38,003 |

The cost and fair market values associated with preneed cemetery trust investments at December 31, 2018 are detailed below (in thousands, except percentages):

| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 16,194 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,194 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 3,802 |  |  | 43 |  |  | (511 | ) |  | 3,334 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 13,987 |  |  | 362 |  |  | (1,026 | ) |  | 13,323 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 11,068 |  |  | 54 |  |  | (1,146 | ) |  | 9,976 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2 |  | 666 |  |  | 161 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 813 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 24,867 |  |  | 903 |  |  | (5,436 | ) |  | 20,334 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 70,584 |  |  | $ | 1,523 |  |  | $ | (8,133 | ) |  | $ | 63,974 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 575 |
Preneed cemetery trust investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64,549 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90.6 | %

We determine whether or not the assets in the preneed cemetery trust investments have an other-than-temporary impairment on a security-by-security basis. This assessment is made based upon a number of criteria, including the length of time a security has been in a loss position, changes in market conditions and concerns related to the specific issuer. If a loss is considered to be
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other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is adjusted downward to its fair market value. Any reduction in the cost basis of the investment due to an other-than-temporary impairment is likewise recorded as a reduction in Deferred preneed cemetery receipts held in trust on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, we did not record any impairments for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value related to unrealized losses on certain investments. There is no impact on earnings until such time that the loss is realized in the trusts, allocated to preneed contracts and the services are performed or the merchandise is delivered, causing the contract to be withdrawn from the trust in accordance with state regulations.
At September 30, 2019, we had certain investments within our preneed cemetery trust investments that had tax lots in loss positions for more than one year. Based on our analyses of these securities, the companies’ businesses and current market conditions, we determined that these investment losses were temporary in nature.
Our preneed cemetery trust investment unrealized losses, their associated fair market values, and the duration of unrealized losses as of September 30, 2019 are shown in the following table (in thousands):

| September 30, 2019
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | $ | 1,824 |  |  | $ | (130 | ) |  | $ | 1,057 |  |  | $ | (341 | ) |  | $ | 2,881 |  |  | $ | (471 | )
Corporate debt | 3,465 |  |  | (434 | ) |  | 4,777 |  |  | (226 | ) |  | 8,242 |  |  | (660 | )
Preferred stock | 2,282 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 2,477 |  |  | (111 | ) |  | 4,759 |  |  | (137 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 357 |  |  | (210 | ) |  | 357 |  |  | (210 | )
Common stock | 12,130 |  |  | (2,791 | ) |  | 2,970 |  |  | (1,440 | ) |  | 15,100 |  |  | (4,231 | )
Mutual Funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed Income | 662 |  |  | (69 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 662 |  |  | (69 | )
Total temporary impaired securities | $ | 20,363 |  |  | $ | (3,450 | ) |  | $ | 11,638 |  |  | $ | (2,328 | ) |  | $ | 32,001 |  |  | $ | (5,778 | )

Our preneed cemetery trust investment unrealized losses, their associated fair market values, and the duration of unrealized losses as of December 31, 2018 are shown in the following table (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | $ | 2,140 |  |  | $ | (245 | ) |  | $ | 895 |  |  | $ | (266 | ) |  | $ | 3,035 |  |  | $ | (511 | )
Corporate debt | 9,918 |  |  | (813 | ) |  | 443 |  |  | (213 | ) |  | 10,361 |  |  | (1,026 | )
Preferred stock | 5,253 |  |  | (399 | ) |  | 3,767 |  |  | (747 | ) |  | 9,020 |  |  | (1,146 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 51 |  |  | (14 | )
Common stock | 14,191 |  |  | (4,012 | ) |  | 1,190 |  |  | (1,424 | ) |  | 15,381 |  |  | (5,436 | )
Total temporary impaired securities | $ | 31,502 |  |  | $ | (5,469 | ) |  | $ | 6,346 |  |  | $ | (2,664 | ) |  | $ | 37,848 |  |  | $ | (8,133 | )

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Preneed cemetery trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Investment income | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 1,214 |  |  | $ | 1,308 |
Realized gains | 1,376 |  |  | 1,180 |  |  | 2,247 |  |  | 5,001 |
Realized losses | (1,141 | ) |  | (1,527 | ) |  | (2,498 | ) |  | (3,163 | )
Expenses and taxes | (365 | ) |  | (396 | ) |  | (637 | ) |  | (1,081 | )
Net change in deferred preneed cemetery receipts held in trust | (185 | ) |  | 420 |  |  | (326 | ) |  | (2,065 | )
| $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Purchases and sales of investments in the preneed cemetery trusts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Purchases | $ | (8,165 | ) |  | $ | (13,488 | ) |  | $ | (18,423 | ) |  | $ | (33,299 | )
Sales | 8,878 |  |  | 11,672 |  |  | 22,776 |  |  | 24,690 |

Preneed Funeral Trust Investments
Preneed funeral trust investments represent trust fund assets that we are permitted to withdraw as services and merchandise are provided to customers. Preneed funeral contracts are secured by payments from customers, less retained amounts not required to be deposited into trust. Preneed funeral trust investments are reduced by the trust earnings we have been allowed to withdraw in certain states prior to our performance.
The components of Preneed funeral trust investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Preneed funeral trust investments, at market value | $ | 84,803 |  |  | $ | 89,802 |
Less: allowance for contract cancellation | (2,729 | ) |  | (2,743 | )
Preneed funeral trust investments, net | $ | 82,074 |  |  | $ | 87,059 |

Upon cancellation of a preneed funeral contract, a customer is generally entitled to receive a refund of the corpus and in some instances, a portion of all earnings held in trust. In certain jurisdictions, we may be obligated to fund any shortfall if the amounts deposited by the customer exceed the funds in trust, including investment income. As a result, when realized or unrealized losses of a trust result in the trust being underfunded, we assess whether we are responsible for replenishing the corpus of the trust, in which case a loss provision is recorded. At September 30, 2019, none of our preneed funeral trust investments were underfunded.
Earnings from our preneed funeral trust investments are recognized as revenue when a service is performed or merchandise is delivered. Trust management fees charged by CSV RIA are included in revenue in the period in which they are earned.
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investments held by the trusts are classified as Level 1 investments pursuant to the three-level valuation hierarchy. Our Level 1 investments include cash, U.S. treasury debt and common stock. Where quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, then fair values are estimated by using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets or other inputs other than quoted prices that can corroborate observable market data. These investments are fixed income securities, including foreign debt, corporate debt, preferred stocks, mortgage-backed securities and fixed income mutual funds and other investments, all of which are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. We review and update our fair value hierarchy classifications quarterly. There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. There are no Level 3 investments in the preneed funeral trust investment portfolio. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information on the fair value measurement and the three-level hierarchy.
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The cost and fair market values associated with preneed funeral trust investments at September 30, 2019 are detailed below (in thousands, except percentages):

| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 24,535 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,535 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S treasury debt | 1 |  | 822 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 822 |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 6,371 |  |  | 122 |  |  | (455 | ) |  | 6,038 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 16,774 |  |  | 799 |  |  | (649 | ) |  | 16,924 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 13,002 |  |  | 993 |  |  | (140 | ) |  | 13,855 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2 |  | 645 |  |  | — |  |  | (217 | ) |  | 428 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 24,960 |  |  | 1,125 |  |  | (3,979 | ) |  | 22,106 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income | 2 |  | 1,415 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (54 | ) |  | 1,398 |
Other investments | 2 |  | 2,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,913 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 91,437 |  |  | $ | 3,076 |  |  | $ | (5,494 | ) |  | $ | 89,019 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 783 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 783 |
Preneed funeral trust investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 89,802 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 97.4 | %

The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities included above are as follows (in thousands):

Due in one year or less | $ | — |
Due in one to five years | 3,480 |
Due in five to ten years | 12,483 |
Thereafter | 22,104 |
Total | $ | 38,067 |

The cost and fair market values associated with preneed funeral trust investments at December 31, 2018 are detailed below (in thousands, except percentages):

| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 31,375 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,375 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury debt | 1 |  | 1,319 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 1,303 |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 3,748 |  |  | 44 |  |  | (503 | ) |  | 3,289 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 14,195 |  |  | 294 |  |  | (1,025 | ) |  | 13,464 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 11,500 |  |  | 54 |  |  | (1,194 | ) |  | 10,360 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2 |  | 772 |  |  | 168 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 922 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 24,803 |  |  | 887 |  |  | (5,389 | ) |  | 20,301 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income | 2 |  | 275 |  |  | — |  |  | (29 | ) |  | 246 |
Other investments | 2 |  | 3,006 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,006 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 90,993 |  |  | $ | 1,450 |  |  | $ | (8,177 | ) |  | $ | 84,266 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 537 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 537 |
Preneed funeral trust investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 84,803 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 92.6 | %

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We determine whether or not the assets in the preneed funeral trust investments have other-than-temporary impairments on a security-by-security basis. This assessment is made based upon a number of criteria including the length of time a security has been in a loss position, changes in market conditions and concerns related to the specific issuer. If a loss is considered to be other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is adjusted downward to its fair market value. Any reduction in the cost basis of the investment due to an other-than-temporary impairment is likewise recorded as a reduction to Deferred preneed funeral receipts held in trust on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, we did not record any impairments for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value related to unrealized losses on certain investments. There is no impact on earnings until such time that the loss is realized in the trusts, allocated to preneed contracts and the services are performed or the merchandise is delivered, causing the contract to be withdrawn from the trust in accordance with state regulations.
At September 30, 2019, we had certain investments within our preneed funeral trust investments that had tax lots in loss positions for more than one year. Based on our analyses of these securities, the companies’ businesses and current market conditions, we determined that these investment losses were temporary in nature.
Our preneed funeral trust investment unrealized losses, their associated fair market values, and the duration of unrealized losses as of September 30, 2019 are shown in the following table (in thousands):

| September 30, 2019
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury debt | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign debt | 1,878 |  |  | (133 | ) |  | 1,015 |  |  | (322 | ) |  | 2,893 |  |  | (455 | )
Corporate debt | 2,908 |  |  | (424 | ) |  | 4,702 |  |  | (225 | ) |  | 7,610 |  |  | (649 | )
Preferred stock | 2,077 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 2,550 |  |  | (114 | ) |  | 4,627 |  |  | (140 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 395 |  |  | (217 | ) |  | 399 |  |  | (217 | )
Common stock | 11,736 |  |  | (2,687 | ) |  | 2,848 |  |  | (1,292 | ) |  | 14,584 |  |  | (3,979 | )
Mutual Funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income | 345 |  |  | (43 | ) |  | 264 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | 609 |  |  | (54 | )
Total temporary impaired securities | $ | 19,770 |  |  | $ | (3,313 | ) |  | $ | 11,774 |  |  | $ | (2,181 | ) |  | $ | 31,544 |  |  | $ | (5,494 | )

Our preneed funeral trust investment unrealized losses, their associated fair market values, and the duration of unrealized losses as of December 31, 2018 are shown in the following table (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,181 |  |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | 1,181 |  |  | $ | (19 | )
Foreign debt | 2,180 |  |  | (251 | ) |  | 850 |  |  | (252 | ) |  | 3,030 |  |  | (503 | )
Corporate debt | 9,990 |  |  | (814 | ) |  | 434 |  |  | (211 | ) |  | 10,424 |  |  | (1,025 | )
Preferred stock | 5,967 |  |  | (460 | ) |  | 3,673 |  |  | (734 | ) |  | 9,640 |  |  | (1,194 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 120 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 131 |  |  | (18 | )
Common stock | 14,327 |  |  | (4,035 | ) |  | 1,155 |  |  | (1,354 | ) |  | 15,482 |  |  | (5,389 | )
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 246 |  |  | (29 | ) |  | 246 |  |  | (29 | )
Total temporary impaired securities | $ | 32,475 |  |  | $ | (5,560 | ) |  | $ | 7,659 |  |  | $ | (2,617 | ) |  | $ | 40,134 |  |  | $ | (8,177 | )

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Preneed funeral trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Investment income | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 328 |  |  | $ | 1,253 |  |  | $ | 1,310 |
Realized gains | 1,425 |  |  | 1,114 |  |  | 4,332 |  |  | 4,920 |
Realized losses | (1,232 | ) |  | (1,540 | ) |  | (2,623 | ) |  | (1,964 | )
Expenses and taxes | (190 | ) |  | (226 | ) |  | (668 | ) |  | (511 | )
Net change in deferred preneed funeral receipts held in trust | (365 | ) |  | 324 |  |  | (2,294 | ) |  | (3,755 | )
| $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Purchases and sales of investments in the preneed funeral trusts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Purchases | $ | (9,144 | ) |  | $ | (12,129 | ) |  | $ | (19,584 | ) |  | $ | (31,325 | )
Sales | 9,424 |  |  | 11,393 |  |  | 23,636 |  |  | 24,994 |

7. | PRENEED CEMETERY RECEIVABLES

Preneed sales of cemetery interment rights and related products and services are usually financed through interest-bearing installment sales contracts, generally with terms of up to five years, with such interest income reflected as Other revenue. In substantially all cases, we receive an initial down payment at the time the contract is signed.
Our cemetery financed receivables at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019 |
Accounts receivable, including unearned finance charges and allowance for contract cancellations of $2,405 and $2,412, respectively | $ | 11,676 |  | (1) | $ | 12,903 |  | (1)
Preneed receivables, including unearned finance charges and allowance for contract cancellations of $4,049 and $3,937, respectively | 25,568 |  | (2) | 26,618 |  | (2)
Preneed cemetery financed receivables | $ | 37,244 |  |  | $ | 39,521 |  |

(1) | $1.4 million and $1.5 million of cemetery accounts receivables have been reclassified to reduce deferred preneed cemetery revenue at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively.
(2) | $3.1 million and $3.2 million of preneed cemetery receivables have been reclassified to reduce deferred preneed cemetery revenue at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively.

The unearned finance charges associated with these receivables are $4.6 million and $4.5 million at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively.
We determine an allowance for customer cancellations and refunds on contracts in which revenue has been recognized on sales of cemetery interment rights. We have a collections policy where past due notifications are sent to the customer beginning at 15 days past due and periodically thereafter until the contract is cancelled or payment is received. We reserve 100% of the receivables on contracts in which the revenue has been recognized and payments are 90 days past due or more, which was 4.2% of the total receivables on recognized sales at September 30, 2019. An allowance is recorded at the date that the contract is executed and periodically adjusted thereafter based upon actual collection experience at the business level.
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For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the change in the allowance for contract cancellations is as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2019
Beginning balance | $ | 1,808 |
Write-offs and cancellations | (598 | )
Provision | 611 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,821 |

The aging of preneed cemetery financed receivables as of September 30, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):

| 31-60 Past Due |  | 61-90 Past Due |  | 91-120 Past Due |  | >120 Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Financed Receivables
Recognized revenue | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 1,151 |  |  | $ | 2,050 |  |  | $ | 27,676 |  |  | $ | 29,726 |
Deferred revenue | 203 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 9,169 |  |  | 9,795 |
Total | $ | 713 |  |  | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ | 2,676 |  |  | $ | 36,845 |  |  | $ | 39,521 |

8. | RECEIVABLES FROM PRENEED TRUSTS

The receivables from preneed trusts represent assets in trusts which are controlled and operated by third parties in which we do not have a controlling financial interest (less than 50%) in the trust assets. We account for these investments at cost. As of December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019, receivables from preneed trusts are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Preneed trust funds, at cost | $ | 17,601 |  |  | $ | 18,545 |
Less: allowance for contract cancellation | (528 | ) |  | (556 | )
Receivables from preneed trusts, net | $ | 17,073 |  |  | $ | 17,989 |

The following summary reflects the composition of the assets held in trust and controlled by third parties to satisfy our future obligations under preneed arrangements related to the preceding contracts at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The cost basis includes reinvested interest and dividends that have been earned on the trust assets. Fair value includes the unrealized gains and losses on trust assets.
The composition of the preneed trust funds at September 30, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):

| Historical Cost Basis |  | Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4,443 |  |  | $ | 4,443 |
Fixed income investments | 11,558 |  |  | 11,558 |
Mutual funds and common stocks | 2,539 |  |  | 2,618 |
Annuities | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 18,545 |  |  | $ | 18,624 |

The composition of the preneed trust funds at December 31, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

| Historical Cost Basis |  | Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4,172 |  |  | $ | 4,172 |
Fixed income investments | 10,668 |  |  | 10,668 |
Mutual funds and common stocks | 2,755 |  |  | 2,709 |
Annuities | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Total | $ | 17,601 |  |  | $ | 17,555 |

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9.CEMETERY PERPETUAL CARE TRUST INVESTMENTS
Care trusts’ corpus on our Consolidated Balance Sheet represents the corpus of those trusts plus undistributed income. The components of Care trusts’ corpus as of December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Trust assets, at market value | $ | 44,071 |  |  | $ | 48,397 |
Obligations due from trust | (577 | ) |  | (626 | )
Care trusts’ corpus | $ | 43,494 |  |  | $ | 47,771 |

We are required by various state laws to pay a portion of the proceeds from the sale of cemetery property interment rights into perpetual care trust funds. The income earned from these perpetual care trusts offsets maintenance expenses for cemetery property and memorials. This trust fund income is recognized, as earned, in Other revenue. Trust management fees charged by CSV RIA are included in revenue in the period in which they are earned. At September 30, 2019, none of our cemetery perpetual care trust investments were underfunded.
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investments held by the trusts are classified as Level 1 investments pursuant to the three-level valuation hierarchy. Our Level 1 investments include cash and common stock. Where quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, then fair values are estimated by using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets or other inputs other than quoted prices that can corroborate observable market data. These investments are fixed income securities, including foreign debt, corporate debt, preferred stock, mortgage-backed securities and fixed income mutual funds, all of which are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. We review and update our fair value hierarchy classifications quarterly. There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. There are no Level 3 investments in the cemetery perpetual care trust investment portfolio. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information of the fair value measurement and the three-level valuation hierarchy.
The following table reflects the cost and fair market values associated with the trust investments held in perpetual care trust funds at September 30, 2019 (in thousands, except percentages):

| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 4,182 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,182 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 4,683 |  |  | 98 |  |  | (336 | ) |  | 4,445 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 11,935 |  |  | 654 |  |  | (500 | ) |  | 12,089 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 10,191 |  |  | 708 |  |  | (94 | ) |  | 10,805 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2 |  | 355 |  |  | — |  |  | (132 | ) |  | 223 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 16,101 |  |  | 687 |  |  | (2,577 | ) |  | 14,211 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed Income | 2 |  | 1,901 |  |  | 63 |  |  | (77 | ) |  | 1,887 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 49,348 |  |  | $ | 2,210 |  |  | $ | (3,716 | ) |  | $ | 47,842 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 555 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 555 |
Cemetery perpetual care investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 48,397 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 96.9 | %

The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities included above are as follows (in thousands):

Due in one year or less | $ | — |
Due in one to five years | 1,710 |
Due in five to ten years | 8,600 |
Thereafter | 17,252 |
Total | $ | 27,562 |

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The following table reflects the cost and fair market values associated with the trust investments held in perpetual care trust funds at December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except percentages):

| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 11,144 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,144 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 2,872 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (385 | ) |  | 2,514 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 9,956 |  |  | 227 |  |  | (730 | ) |  | 9,453 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 8,141 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (820 | ) |  | 7,358 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2 |  | 417 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | 509 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 15,562 |  |  | 542 |  |  | (3,395 | ) |  | 12,709 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 48,092 |  |  | $ | 934 |  |  | $ | (5,339 | ) |  | $ | 43,687 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 384 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 384 |
Cemetery perpetual care investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 44,071 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90.8 | %

We determine whether or not the assets in the cemetery perpetual care trusts have an other-than-temporary impairment on a security-by-security basis. This assessment is made based upon a number of criteria including the length of time a security has been in a loss position, changes in market conditions and concerns related to the specific issuer. If a loss is considered to be other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is adjusted downward to its fair market value. Any reduction in the cost basis due to an other-than-temporary impairment is also recorded as a reduction to Care trusts’ corpus. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, we did not record any impairments for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value related to unrealized losses on certain investments. There is no impact on earnings until such time that the loss is realized in the trusts, allocated to preneed contracts and the services are performed or the merchandise is delivered, causing the contract to be withdrawn from the trust in accordance with state regulations.
At September 30, 2019, we had certain investments within our perpetual care trust investments that had tax lots in loss positions for more than one year. Based on our analyses of these securities, the companies’ businesses and current market conditions, we determined that these investment losses were temporary in nature.
Our perpetual care trust investment unrealized losses, their associated fair market values, and the duration of unrealized losses for the periods ended September 30, 2019 are shown in the following table (in thousands):

| September 30, 2019
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | $ | 1,368 |  |  | $ | (88 | ) |  | $ | 734 |  |  | $ | (248 | ) |  | $ | 2,102 |  |  | $ | (336 | )
Corporate debt | 1,971 |  |  | (342 | ) |  | 3,425 |  |  | (158 | ) |  | 5,396 |  |  | (500 | )
Preferred stock | 2,542 |  |  | (25 | ) |  | 1,549 |  |  | (69 | ) |  | 4,091 |  |  | (94 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 223 |  |  | (132 | ) |  | 223 |  |  | (132 | )
Common stock | 7,753 |  |  | (1,703 | ) |  | 1,885 |  |  | (874 | ) |  | 9,638 |  |  | (2,577 | )
Mutual Funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed Income | 601 |  |  | (77 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 601 |  |  | (77 | )
Total temporary impaired securities | $ | 14,235 |  |  | $ | (2,235 | ) |  | $ | 7,816 |  |  | $ | (1,481 | ) |  | $ | 22,051 |  |  | $ | (3,716 | )

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Our perpetual care trust investment unrealized losses, their associated fair market values, and the duration of unrealized losses for the periods ended December 31, 2018 are shown in the following table (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | (189 | ) |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | (196 | ) |  | $ | 2,258 |  |  | $ | (385 | )
Corporate debt | 7,006 |  |  | (587 | ) |  | 301 |  |  | (143 | ) |  | 7,307 |  |  | (730 | )
Preferred stock | 3,586 |  |  | (279 | ) |  | 2,787 |  |  | (541 | ) |  | 6,373 |  |  | (820 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | 32 |  |  | (9 | )
Common stock | 9,010 |  |  | (2,557 | ) |  | 733 |  |  | (838 | ) |  | 9,743 |  |  | (3,395 | )
Total temporary impaired securities | $ | 21,221 |  |  | $ | (3,612 | ) |  | $ | 4,492 |  |  | $ | (1,727 | ) |  | $ | 25,713 |  |  | $ | (5,339 | )

Perpetual care trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Realized gains | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | 739 |  |  | $ | 1,315 |
Realized losses | (363 | ) |  | (414 | ) |  | (889 | ) |  | (855 | )
Net change in care trusts’ corpus | (72 | ) |  | 123 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (460 | )
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Perpetual care trust investment security transactions recorded in Other revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Investment income | $ | 1,158 |  |  | $ | 1,220 |  |  | $ | 3,749 |  |  | $ | 3,414 |
Realized loss, net | (241 | ) |  | (232 | ) |  | (955 | ) |  | (512 | )
Total | $ | 917 |  |  | $ | 988 |  |  | $ | 2,794 |  |  | $ | 2,902 |

Purchases and sales of investments in the perpetual care trusts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Purchases | $ | (5,185 | ) |  | $ | (7,680 | ) |  | $ | (11,856 | ) |  | $ | (21,954 | )
Sales | 6,149 |  |  | 6,599 |  |  | 15,545 |  |  | 14,578 |

10. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

We evaluate our financial assets and liabilities for those financial assets and liabilities that meet the criteria of the disclosure requirements and fair value framework. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables and trade payables approximate the fair values of those instruments due to the short-term nature of the instruments. The fair values of receivables on preneed funeral and cemetery contracts are impracticable to estimate because of the lack of a trading market and the diverse number of individual contracts with varying terms. Our long-term debt is classified within Level 2 of the Fair Value Measurement hierarchy. The fair values of our long-term debt approximate the carrying values of these instruments based on the index yields of similar securities compared to U.S. Treasury yield curves. The fair value of the 2.75% convertible subordinated notes due 2021 was $7.1 million at September 30, 2019 based on the last traded or broker quoted price. The fair value of the 6.625% senior notes due 2026 was $334.0 million at September 30, 2019 based on the last traded or broker quoted price. We identified investments in fixed income securities, common stock and mutual funds presented within the preneed and perpetual care trust investment categories on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as having met the criteria for fair value measurement. As of September 30, 2019, we did not have any assets that had fair values determined by Level 3 inputs and no liabilities measured at fair value.
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We account for our investments as available-for-sale and measure them at fair value under the standards of financial accounting and reporting for investments in equity instruments that have readily determinable fair values and for all investments in debt securities. See Notes 6 and 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for the fair value hierarchy levels of our trust investments.

11. | INTANGIBLE AND OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS

Intangibles and other non-current assets at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Prepaid agreements not-to-compete, net of accumulated amortization of $6,672 and $7,185, respectively | $ | 4,048 |  |  | $ | 3,631 |
Tradenames | 17,635 |  |  | 17,414 |
Capitalized commissions on preneed contracts, net of accumulated amortization of $569 and $986, respectively | 2,717 |  |  | 2,805 |
Other | 25 |  |  | 178 |
Intangible and other non-current assets, net | $ | 24,425 |  |  | $ | 24,028 |

Prepaid agreements not-to-compete are amortized over the term of the respective agreements, ranging generally from one to ten years. Amortization expense for our prepaid agreements not-to-compete was $160,000 and $177,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $452,000 and $513,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Our tradenames have indefinite lives and therefore are not amortized. For our 2019 quantitative assessment, we recorded an impairment for tradenames of $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as the fair value of the tradenames of certain businesses was greater than the carrying value.
We capitalize sales commissions and other direct selling costs related to preneed cemetery merchandise and services and preneed funeral trust contracts as these costs are incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Our capitalized commissions on preneed contracts are amortized on a straight-line basis over the average maturity period for our preneed cemetery merchandise and services contracts and preneed funeral trust contracts, of eight and ten years, respectively. Amortization expense totaled $156,000 and $140,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $449,000 and $417,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
12.LONG-TERM DEBT
On May 31, 2018, we completed the issuance of $325.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.625% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Senior Notes”) and related guarantees in a private offering under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act. See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further discussion of our Senior Notes.
On May 31, 2018, we used $291.4 million of the net proceeds from the sale of the Senior Notes to repay all amounts outstanding under our former secured credit facility, dated as of August 20, 2012 (as amended, the “Former Credit Agreement”). In connection with the repayment in full of all amounts due thereunder, the Former Credit Agreement was retired.
On May 31, 2018, we entered into a $150.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. Our obligations under the Credit Facility are unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by the same subsidiaries which guarantee the Senior Notes and certain of our subsequently acquired or organized domestic subsidiaries (collectively, the “Credit Facility Guarantors”). The Credit Facility also contains an accordion provision feature allowing for future increases in the facility size by an additional amount of up to $75.0 million. The Credit Facility matures on May 31, 2023.
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Our long-term debt consisted of the following at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Credit Facility | $ | 27,100 |  |  | $ | 18,000 |
Acquisition debt | 8,940 |  |  | 7,813 |
Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization of $109 and $276, respectively | (955 | ) |  | (900 | )
Less: current portion | (2,015 | ) |  | (1,679 | )
Total long-term debt | $ | 33,070 |  |  | $ | 23,234 |

As of September 30, 2019, we had outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility of $18.0 million. We had one letter of credit issued on November 30, 2018 and outstanding under the Credit Facility for $2.0 million, which bears interest at 2.125% and will expire on November 25, 2019. The letter of credit automatically renews annually and secures our obligations under our various self-insured policies. Outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility bear interest at either a prime rate or a LIBOR rate, plus an applicable margin based upon our leverage ratio. As of September 30, 2019, the prime rate margin was equivalent to 1.00% and the LIBOR margin was 2.00%. The weighted average interest rate on our Credit Facility was 3.9% and 4.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The weighted average interest rate on our Former Credit Agreement was 4.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
We have no material assets or operations independent of our subsidiaries. All assets and operations are held and conducted by subsidiaries, each of which have fully and unconditionally guaranteed our obligations under the Credit Facility. Additionally, we do not currently have any significant restrictions on our ability to receive dividends or loans from any Credit Facility Guarantors.
We were in compliance with the covenants contained in the Credit Facility as of September 30, 2019, with a leverage ratio of 4.89 to 1.00 and a fixed charge coverage ratio of 2.20 to 1.00.
Amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Credit Facility was $59,000 and $167,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively and amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Former Credit Agreement was $41,000 and $172,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
Acquisition debt consisted of deferred purchase price and promissory notes payable to sellers. Imputed interest expense related to our acquisition debt was $191,000 and $152,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $616,000 and $481,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
13.CONVERTIBLE SUBORDINATED NOTES
On March 19, 2014, we issued $143.75 million aggregate principal amount of our 2.75% convertible notes due March 15, 2021 (the “Convertible Notes”). The Convertible Notes have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and were offered only to “qualified institutional buyers” in compliance with Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The Convertible Notes are governed by an indenture dated as of March 19, 2014 between Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee, and us. The Convertible Notes bear interest at 2.75% per year. Interest on the Convertible Notes began to accrue on March 19, 2014 and is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year.
On May 7, 2018, we completed privately-negotiated exchanges (the “Exchange”) of $115.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represented 80% of the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes then outstanding, with a limited number of convertible noteholders, for $74.8 million in cash (plus accrued interest of $0.4 million totaling $75.2 million) and 2,822,859 newly issued shares of our common stock, par value $.01 per share, pursuant to a private placement in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The cash portion of the exchange consideration was funded from our Former Credit Agreement. Following the settlement of the Exchange, the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes outstanding was reduced to $28.8 million. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further discussion of our Former Credit Agreement.
On December 24, 2018, we completed privately-negotiated repurchases of an additional $22.4 million in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represented 78% of the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes then outstanding for $22.9 million in cash (plus accrued interest of approximately $0.2 million totaling $23.0 million). The consideration for the repurchases was funded from our Credit Facility. Following these repurchases, the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes outstanding was reduced to $6.3 million.
On April 4, 2019, we completed a privately-negotiated repurchase of an additional $25,000 in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes then outstanding for $27,163.
The Convertible Notes are general unsecured obligations and are subordinated in the right of payment to all of our existing and future senior indebtedness and equal in right of payment with our other existing and future subordinate indebtedness. The
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initial conversion rate of the Convertible Notes, as of March 19, 2014, was 44.3169 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, equivalent to an initial conversion price of $22.56 per share of common stock. The adjusted conversion rate of the Convertible Notes, in effect at September 30, 2019, is 45.3695 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, equivalent to an adjusted conversion price of $22.04 per share of common stock.
The carrying values of the liability and equity components of the Convertible Notes at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 are reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |
Principal amount | $ | 6,346 |  |  | $ | 6,319 |
Unamortized discount of liability component | (560 | ) |  | (382 | )
Convertible Notes issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization of $106 and $125, respectively | (54 | ) |  | (35 | )
Carrying value of the liability component | $ | 5,732 |  |  | $ | 5,902 |
Carrying value of the equity component | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | 789 |

The Carrying value of the liability component and the Carrying value of the equity component are recorded in Convertible subordinated notes due 2021 and Additional paid-in capital, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019.
The fair value of the Convertible Notes, which are Level 2 measurements, was $7.1 million at September 30, 2019.
Interest expense on the Convertible Notes included contractual coupon interest expense of $198,000 and $43,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $1,700,000 and $131,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Accretion of the discount on the Convertible Notes was $246,000 and $61,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $1,961,000 and $178,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Convertible Notes was $27,000 and $6,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $221,000 and $19,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
The remaining unamortized debt discount and the remaining unamortized debt issuance costs are being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of 17 months of the Convertible Notes. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt discount for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 was 11.4%. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt issuance costs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 was 3.2%.
14.SENIOR NOTES
On May 31, 2018, we completed the issuance of $325.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes and related guarantees in a private offering under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act.
We received proceeds of $320.1 million, net of a 1.5% debt discount of $4.9 million, of which we used $291.4 million to repay our existing indebtedness under our Former Credit Agreement. We incurred $1.4 million in transaction costs related to the Senior Notes. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further discussion of the repayment of our Former Credit Agreement.
The Senior Notes bear interest at 6.625% per year. Interest on the Senior Notes began to accrue on May 31, 2018 and is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2018 to holders of record on each May 15 and November 15 preceding an interest payment date. The Senior Notes mature on June 1, 2026, unless earlier redeemed or purchased. The Senior Notes are unsecured, senior obligations and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by certain of our existing subsidiaries.
The debt discount of $4.9 million and the debt issuance costs of $1.4 million are being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of 80 months of the Senior Notes. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt discount for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 was 6.87%. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt issuance costs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 was 6.69%.
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The carrying value of the Senior Notes at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 is reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |
Principal amount | $ | 325,000 |  |  | $ | 325,000 |
Debt discount, net of accumulated amortization of $273 and $639, respectively | (4,602 | ) |  | (4,236 | )
Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization of $77 and $180, respectively | (1,290 | ) |  | (1,187 | )
Carrying value of the Senior Notes | $ | 319,108 |  |  | $ | 319,577 |

The fair value of the Senior Notes, which are Level 2 measurements, was $334.0 million at September 30, 2019.
Interest expense on the Senior Notes included contractual coupon interest expense of $5.4 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 and $7.2 million and $16.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of the debt discount on the Senior Notes was $116,000 and $124,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $154,000 and $366,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of debt issuance costs on the Senior Notes was $33,000 and $35,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $44,000 and $103,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
15.LEASES
On January 1, 2019, we adopted Topic 842 using the modified retrospective method for all lease arrangements at the beginning of the period of adoption. Results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 842, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with Topic 840. On January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease right-of-use assets of $16.5 million and operating lease liabilities of $17.3 million, related to real estate and equipment leases, based on the present value of the future lease payments on the date of adoption.
The components of lease cost for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Income Statement Classification |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost | Facilities and grounds expense(1) |  | $ | 899 |  |  | $ | 2,762 |
Short-term lease cost | Facilities and grounds expense(1) |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 206 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of leased assets | Depreciation and amortization(2) |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 395 |
Interest on lease liabilities | Interest expense |  | 129 |  |  | 392 |
Total finance lease cost |  |  | 260 |  |  | 787 |
Total lease cost |  |  | $ | 1,232 |  |  | $ | 3,755 |

(1) | Facilities and grounds expense is included within Cost of service and General, administrative and other on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(2) | Depreciation and amortization expense is included within Field depreciation and Home office depreciation and amortization on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Variable lease expense was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Supplemental cash flow information related to our leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Cash paid for operating leases included in operating activities | $ | 2,921 |
Cash paid for finance leases included in financing activities | 669 |

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Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities(1) | $ | 8,175 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities | — |

(1) | During the three months ended June 30, 2019, we modified an existing operating lease to extend the term through 2030. As a result of this modification, we increased our lease liabilities and right-of-use assets by $8.2 million.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of September 30, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):

Lease Type |  | Balance Sheet Classification |  | September 30, 2019
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 22,628 |
Finance lease right-of-use assets(1) |  | Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 5,322 |
Total right-of-use assets |  |  |  | $ | 27,950 |
Operating lease current liabilities |  | Current portion of operating lease obligations |  | $ | 1,524 |
Finance lease current liabilities |  | Current portion of finance lease obligations |  | 282 |
Total current lease liabilities |  |  |  | 1,806 |
Operating lease non-current liabilities |  | Obligations under operating leases, net of current portion |  | 21,758 |
Finance lease non-current liabilities |  | Obligations under finance leases, net of current portion |  | 5,929 |
Total non-current lease liabilities |  |  |  | 27,687 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 29,493 |

(1) | Finance lease right-of-use assets are presented net of accumulated depreciation of $2.0 million.

The average lease terms and discount rates as of September 30, 2019 are as follows:

| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) |  | Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases | 11.2 |  | 8.1 | %
Finance leases | 7.2 |  | 8.2 | %

The aggregate future lease payments for operating and finance leases as of September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Operating |  | Finance
Lease payments due: |  |  |
Remainder of 2019 | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | 206 |
2020 | 3,277 |  |  | 828 |
2021 | 3,632 |  |  | 836 |
2022 | 3,283 |  |  | 860 |
2023 | 3,186 |  |  | 860 |
Thereafter | 20,934 |  |  | 7,082 |
Total lease payments | 35,287 |  |  | 10,672 |
Less: Interest | (12,005 | ) |  | (4,461 | )
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 23,282 |  |  | $ | 6,211 |

As of September 30, 2019, we had no additional significant operating or finance leases that had not yet commenced.
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16. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Faria, et al. v. Carriage Funeral Holdings, Inc., Superior Court of California, Contra Costa County, Case No. MSC18-00606. On March 26, 2018, six Plaintiffs filed a putative class action against Carriage Funeral Holdings, Inc., our subsidiary, their alleged employer, on behalf of themselves and all similarly situated current and former employees. Plaintiffs seek monetary damages and claim that Carriage Funeral Holdings, Inc. failed to pay minimum wages, provide meal and rest breaks, provide accurately itemized wage statements, reimburse employees for required expenses, and provide wages when due. Plaintiffs also claim that Carriage Funeral Holdings, Inc. violated California Business and Professions Code §17200 et seq. On June 5, 2018, Plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint to add a claim under the California Private Attorney General Act. On October 23, 2018, the parties mediated this matter and executed a Memorandum of Understanding for class settlement. In February 2019, a Class Action Settlement Agreement was fully executed, which was preliminarily approved by the Court. The class claims process is underway. At December 31, 2018, we accrued $650,000 for the estimated settlement amount related to this case.
See Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further discussion of the expected final settlement of this matter.
17.STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we had two stock benefits plans under which restricted stock, stock options and performance awards have been granted or remain outstanding: the Second Amended and Restated 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Amended and Restated 2006 Plan”) and the 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The Amended and Restated 2006 Plan was terminated upon the approval of the 2017 Plan at the annual shareholders meeting on May 17, 2017, however, the termination of the Amended and Restated 2006 Plan does not affect the awards previously issued and outstanding under the Amended and Restated 2006 Plan.
All stock-based plans are administered by the Compensation Committee appointed by our Board of Directors (the “Board”). The 2017 Plan provides for grants of options as non-qualified options or incentive stock options, restricted stock and performance awards. The 2017 Plan expires on May 17, 2027.
The status of each of the plans at September 30, 2019 is as follows (shares in thousands):

| Shares Reserved |  | Shares Available to Issue |  | Options Outstanding |  | Performance Awards Outstanding (2)
Amended and Restated 2006 Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | 940 |  |  | — |
2017 Plan | 2,709 |  | (1) | 1,952 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 501 |
Total | 2,709 |  |  | 1,952 |  |  | 1,076 |  |  | 501 |

(1) | Amount includes approximately 1,154,000 shares granted from the Amended and Restated 2006 Plan that were returned to the Company due to cancellations, to pay taxes on restricted stock vestings and to pay option price and taxes on option exercises.
(2) | Performance Awards are reserved at 200% of shares granted which is equal to the maximum payout in shares.

Restricted Stock
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in General, administrative and other expenses, for restricted stock awards of $215,000 and $196,000, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $681,000 and $624,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
As of September 30, 2019, we had $1.7 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested restricted stock awards, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.7 years.
Stock Options
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in General, administrative and other expenses, for stock options of $238,000 and $160,000, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $955,000 and $513,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Performance Awards
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in General, administrative and other expenses, for performance awards of $344,000 and $61,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $964,000 and $138,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
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Employee Stock Purchase Plan
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in General, administrative and other expenses, for the ESPP totaling $58,000 for both the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 and $208,000 and $224,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Director Compensation
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in General, administrative and other expenses, related to annual retainers and common stock awards of $133,000 and $113,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $336,000 and $341,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Share Repurchase
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we repurchased 400,000 shares of common stock for a total cost of $7.8 million at an average cost of $19.39 per share pursuant to our share repurchase program. At September 30, 2019, we had approximately $0.6 million available for repurchases under our share repurchase program.
Cash Dividends
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, our Board declared the following dividends payable on the dates below (in thousands, except per share amounts):

2018 | Per Share |  | Dollar Value
March 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,207 |
June 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,433 |
September 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,436 |
2019 | Per Share |  | Dollar Value
March 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,360 |
June 3 rd | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,365 |
September 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,336 |

Accumulated other comprehensive income
Our components of accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows (in thousands):

| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | — |
Decrease in net unrealized gains associated with available-for-sale securities of the trusts | (6,560 | )
Reclassification of net unrealized gain activity attributable to the Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust and Care trusts’ corpus | 6,560 |
Balance at September 30, 2019 | $ | — |

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18.EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 2,200 |  |  | $ | 577 |  |  | $ | 14,303 |  |  | $ | 11,964 |
Less: Earnings allocated to unvested restricted stock | (11 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (79 | ) |  | (52 | )
Income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 2,189 |  |  | $ | 574 |  |  | $ | 14,224 |  |  | $ | 11,912 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic earnings per common share - weighted average shares outstanding | 19,060 |  |  | 17,737 |  |  | 17,701 |  |  | 17,917 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | 101 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 34 |
Convertible Notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 449 |  |  | — |
Denominator for diluted earnings per common share - weighted average shares outstanding | 19,161 |  |  | 17,768 |  |  | 18,273 |  |  | 17,951 |
Basic earnings per common share: | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |
Diluted earnings per common share: | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |

The fully diluted weighted average shares outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the corresponding calculation of fully diluted earnings per share, include 449,000 shares that would have been issued upon conversion of our Convertible Notes as a result of the application of the if-converted method prescribed by the FASB ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, there were no shares that would have been issued upon conversion under the if-converted method. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, there were no shares that would have been issued upon conversion under the if-converted method.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, 1,065,000 and 1,041,000 stock options were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the inclusion of such stock options would result in an antidilutive effect. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, 901,000 and 974,000 stock options were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the inclusion of such stock options would result in an antidilutive effect.
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19.MAJOR SEGMENTS OF BUSINESS
We conduct funeral and cemetery operations only in the United States. The following table presents revenue, operating income (loss), income (loss) before income taxes and total assets by segment (in thousands):

| Funeral |  | Cemetery |  | Corporate |  | Consolidated
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 | $ | 51,517 |  |  | $ | 14,608 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,125 |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 | 49,843 |  |  | 14,398 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,241 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 | $ | 160,187 |  |  | $ | 42,771 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 202,958 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 | 156,969 |  |  | 44,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 201,475 |
Operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 | $ | 14,124 |  |  | $ | 3,932 |  |  | $ | (6,112 | ) |  | $ | 11,944 |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 | 13,644 |  |  | 3,470 |  |  | (6,849 | ) |  | 10,265 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 | $ | 46,824 |  |  | $ | 12,083 |  |  | $ | (18,174 | ) |  | $ | 40,733 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 | 45,962 |  |  | 12,165 |  |  | (20,754 | ) |  | 37,373 |
Income (loss) before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 | $ | 9,312 |  |  | $ | 3,885 |  |  | $ | (11,673 | ) |  | $ | 1,524 |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 | 13,417 |  |  | 3,560 |  |  | (13,590 | ) |  | 3,387 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 | $ | 41,591 |  |  | $ | 12,324 |  |  | $ | (36,181 | ) |  | $ | 17,734 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 | 45,244 |  |  | 12,406 |  |  | (38,282 | ) |  | 19,368 |
Total assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2019 | $ | 693,718 |  |  | $ | 237,825 |  |  | $ | 20,605 |  |  | $ | 952,148 |
December 31, 2018 | 686,470 |  |  | 226,475 |  |  | 4,557 |  |  | 917,502 |

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20.SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Balance Sheet
The detail of certain balance sheet accounts as of December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2019
Prepaid and other current assets: |  |  |
Prepaid expenses | $ | 1,456 |  |  | $ | 1,479 |
Federal income taxes receivable | 923 |  |  | — |
State income taxes receivable | 422 |  |  | 173 |
Other current assets | 210 |  |  | 112 |
Total prepaid and other current assets | $ | 3,011 |  |  | $ | 1,764 |
Accrued and other liabilities: |  |  |
Accrued salaries and wages | $ | 4,088 |  |  | $ | 2,804 |
Accrued incentive compensation | 7,395 |  |  | 5,846 |
Accrued vacation | 2,358 |  |  | 2,304 |
Accrued insurance | 3,188 |  |  | 3,700 |
Accrued interest | 1,856 |  |  | 7,235 |
Accrued ad valorem and franchise taxes | 904 |  |  | 2,158 |
Accrued commissions | 441 |  |  | 553 |
Federal income taxes payable | 962 |  |  | 3,359 |
Deferred rent | 274 |  |  | — |
Other accrued liabilities | 1,178 |  |  | 1,311 |
Total accrued and other liabilities | $ | 22,644 |  |  | $ | 29,270 |
Other long-term liabilities: |  |  |
Deferred rent | $ | 692 |  |  | $ | — |
Incentive compensation | 1,563 |  |  | 1,246 |
Contingent consideration | 878 |  |  | 689 |
Total other long-term liabilities | $ | 3,133 |  |  | $ | 1,935 |

21.SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On October 9, 2019, we acquired four funeral home businesses in Buffalo, New York for $15.3 million in cash. The consideration for this acquisition was funded through a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under our Credit Facility.
On October 28, 2019, we acquired one funeral home and cemetery combination business, two funeral home businesses and ancillary services and businesses, which include an onsite crematory, care center, flower shop and pet cremation in the Dallas, Texas area for $23.6 million in cash. The consideration for this acquisition was funded through borrowings under our Credit Facility.
On October 29, 2019, the court issued final approval of the Faria, et al. v. Carriage Funeral Holdings, Inc., Class Action Settlement Agreement and the settlement amount of $676,000 is expected to be paid in the fourth quarter of 2019.
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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
In addition to historical information, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain statements and information that may constitute forward-looking statements within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical information, should be deemed to be forward-looking statements. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding any projections of earnings, revenue, asset sales, cash flow, debt levels or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; any statements of belief; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing and are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effect on us. The words “may”, “will”, “estimate”, “intend”, “believe”, “expect”, “seek”, “project”, “forecast”, “foresee”, “should”, “would”, “could”, “plan”, “anticipate” and other similar words or expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, which are generally not historical in nature. While management believes that these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made, there can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we anticipate. All comments concerning our expectations for future revenue and operating results are based on our forecasts for our existing operations and do not include the potential impact of any future acquisitions. Our forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or projections. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those summarized below:

• | the ability to find and retain skilled personnel;

• | our ability to execute our growth strategy;

• | the execution of our Standards Operating, 4E Leadership and Standard Acquisition Models;

• | the effects of competition;

• | changes in the number of deaths in our markets;

• | changes in consumer preferences;

• | our ability to generate preneed sales;

• | the investment performance of our funeral and cemetery trust funds;

• | fluctuations in interest rates;

• | our ability to obtain debt or equity financing on satisfactory terms to fund additional acquisitions, expansion projects, working capital requirements and the repayment or refinancing of indebtedness;

• | the timely and full payment of death benefits related to preneed funeral contracts funded through life insurance contracts;

• | the financial condition of third-party insurance companies that fund our preneed funeral contracts;

• | increased or unanticipated costs, such as insurance or taxes;

• | our level of indebtedness and the cash required to service our indebtedness;

• | changes in federal income tax laws and regulations and the implementation and interpretation of these laws and regulations by the Internal Revenue Service;

• | effects of the application of other applicable laws and regulations, including changes in such regulations or the interpretation thereof;

• | consolidation of the funeral and cemetery industry; and

• | other factors and uncertainties inherent in the funeral and cemetery industry.

For additional information regarding known material factors that could cause our actual results to differ from our projected results, please see (i) Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and (ii) Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date they are made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

OVERVIEW
General
Carriage Services, Inc. (“Carriage,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) was founded in 1991 to consolidate and operate funeral homes and cemeteries in the fragmented death care industry. We are a leading U.S. provider of funeral and cemetery services and merchandise. We provide funeral and cemetery services and products on both an “atneed” (time of death) and “preneed” (planned prior to death) basis. We operate in two business segments: funeral home operations, which currently account for approximately 80% of our revenue, and cemetery operations, which currently account for approximately 20% of our revenue.
At September 30, 2019, we operated 179 funeral homes in 29 states and 29 cemeteries in 11 states. We compete with other publicly held funeral and cemetery companies and smaller, privately-owned independent operators. We believe we are a market leader in most of our markets.
Funeral Home Operations
Our funeral homes offer a complete range of high value personal services to meet a family’s funeral needs, including consultation, the removal and preparation of remains, the sale of caskets and related funeral merchandise, the use of funeral home facilities for visitation and remembrance services and transportation services. Factors affecting our funeral operating results include, but are not limited to: demographic trends relating to population growth and average age, which impact death rates and number of deaths; establishing and maintaining leading market share positions supported by strong local heritage and relationships; effectively responding to increasing cremation trends by selling complementary services and merchandise; controlling salary and merchandise costs; and exercising pricing leverage to increase average revenue per contract.
Cemetery Operations
Our cemeteries provide interment rights (grave sites and mausoleum spaces) and related merchandise, such as markers and outer burial containers both on an atneed and preneed basis. Factors affecting our cemetery operating results include, but are not limited to: the size and success of our sales organization; local perceptions and heritage of our cemeteries; our ability to adapt to changes in the economy and consumer confidence; and our response to fluctuations in capital markets and interest rates, which affect investment earnings on trust funds, finance charges on installment contracts and our securities portfolio within the trust funds.
Business Strategy
Our business strategy is based on strong, local leadership with entrepreneurial principles that is focused on sustainable long-term market share, revenue, and profitability growth in each local business. We believe Carriage has the most innovative operating model in the funeral and cemetery industry, which we are able to achieve through a decentralized, high-performance culture, operating framework linked with incentive compensation programs that attract top-quality industry talent to our organization.
Our Mission Statement states that “we are committed to being the most professional, ethical and highest quality funeral and cemetery service organization in our industry” and our Guiding Principles state our core values, which are comprised of:

• | Honesty, Integrity and Quality in All That We Do

• | Hard work, Pride of Accomplishment, and Shared Success Through Employee Ownership

• | Belief in the Power of People Through Individual Initiative and Teamwork

• | Outstanding Service and Profitability Go Hand-in-Hand

• | Growth of the Company Is Driven by Decentralization and Partnership

Our five Guiding Principles collectively embody our Being The Best high-performance culture, operating framework. Our operations and business strategy are built upon the execution of the following three models:

• | Standards Operating Model

• | 4E Leadership Model

• | Strategic Acquisition Model

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Standards Operating Model
Our Standards Operating Model is focused on growing local market share, service and guest experience and key operating and financial metrics that drive long-term, sustainable revenue growth and improved earning power of our portfolio of businesses by employing leadership and entrepreneurial principles that fit the nature of our high-value personal service business. Standards Achievement is the measure by which we judge the success of each business and incentivize our local managers and their teams. Our Standards Operating Model is not designed to produce maximum short-term earnings because we believe such performance is unsustainable and will ultimately stress the business, which very often leads to declining market share, revenue and earnings.
4E Leadership Model
Our 4E Leadership Model requires strong local leadership in each business to grow an entrepreneurial, decentralized, high-value, personal service and sales business at sustainable profit margins. Our 4E Leadership Model is based upon principles established by Jack Welch during his tenure at General Electric, and is based upon 4E qualities essential to succeed in a high-performance culture: Energy to get the job done; the ability to Energize others; the Edge necessary to make difficult decisions; and the ability to Execute and produce results. To achieve a high level within our Standards in a business year after year, we require local Managing Partners that have the 4E Leadership skills to entrepreneurially grow the business by hiring, training and developing highly motivated and productive local teams.
Strategic Acquisition Model
Our Standards Operating Model led to the development of our Strategic Acquisition Model, which guides our acquisition strategy. We believe that both models, when executed effectively, will drive long-term, sustainable increases in market share, revenue, earnings and cash flow. We believe a primary driver of higher revenue and profits in the future will be the execution of our Strategic Acquisition Model using strategic ranking criteria to assess acquisition candidates. As we execute this strategy over time, we expect to acquire larger, higher margin strategic businesses.
Our belief in our Mission Statement and Guiding Principles that define us and proper execution of the three models that define our strategy have given us the competitive advantage in any market in which we compete. We believe that we can execute our three models without proportionate incremental investment in our consolidation platform infrastructure and without additional fixed regional and corporate overhead. This gives us a competitive advantage that is evidenced by the sustained earning power of our portfolio as defined by our EBITDA margin.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are internally generated cash flows from operating activities and availability under our senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”).
We generate cash in our operations primarily from atneed sales and delivery of preneed sales. We also generate cash from earnings on our cemetery perpetual care trusts. Based on our recent operating results, current cash position and anticipated future cash flows, we do not anticipate any significant liquidity constraints in the foreseeable future. However, if our capital expenditures or acquisition plans change, we may need to access the capital markets to obtain additional funding. Further, to the extent operating cash flow or access to and cost of financing sources are materially different than expected, future liquidity may be adversely affected. Please read Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
We intend to use cash on hand and future borrowings under our Credit Facility to acquire funeral home and cemetery businesses and for internal growth projects, such as cemetery inventory development and funeral home expansion projects, and for payment of dividends and our debt obligations. From time to time we may also use our cash resources (including borrowings under our Credit Facility) to repurchase shares of our common stock and our remaining 2.75% convertible notes due 2021 in open market or privately negotiated transactions. We have the ability to draw on our Credit Facility, subject to its customary terms and conditions. We believe that our existing and anticipated cash resources will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements, capital expenditures, scheduled debt payments, commitments, dividends and acquisitions for the foreseeable future.
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Cash Flows
We began 2019 with $0.6 million in cash and ended the third quarter with $5.8 million. As of September 30, 2019, we had borrowings of $18.0 million outstanding on our Credit Facility compared to $27.1 million outstanding as of December 31, 2018.
The following table sets forth the elements of cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Cash at beginning of year | $ | 952 |  |  | $ | 644 |
Cash flow from operating activities | 38,717 |  |  | 36,061 |
Acquisitions and land for new construction | (37,970 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from insurance reimbursements | — |  |  | 1,247 |
Proceeds from the sale of business and other assets | — |  |  | 967 |
Growth capital expenditures | (2,841 | ) |  | (5,298 | )
Maintenance capital expenditures | (6,196 | ) |  | (6,181 | )
Cash flow from investing activities | (47,007 | ) |  | (9,265 | )
Net payments on long-term debt obligations | (220,531 | ) |  | (10,470 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs related to long-term debt | (1,551 | ) |  | (113 | )
Redemption of the Convertibles Notes | (75,229 | ) |  | (27 | )
Payment of transaction costs related to the redemption of the Convertibles Notes | (845 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Notes | 320,125 |  |  | — |
Payment of debt issuance costs related to the Senior Notes | (1,367 | ) |  | — |
Net proceeds from employee equity plans | 286 |  |  | 799 |
Dividends paid on common stock | (4,076 | ) |  | (4,061 | )
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | (7,756 | )
Cash flow from financing activities | 16,812 |  |  | (21,628 | )
Cash at end of the period | $ | 9,474 |  |  | $ | 5,812 |

Operating Activities
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, cash flow provided by operating activities was $36.1 million compared to cash flow provided by operating activities of $38.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease of $2.7 million was due primarily to non-favorable working capital changes during the period.
Investing Activities
Our investing activities, resulted in a net cash outflow of $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $47.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, a decrease of $37.7 million.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we received proceeds of $1.2 million from our property insurance policy for the reimbursement of renovation costs for our funeral home and cemetery businesses that were damaged by Hurricane Michael.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we sold a funeral home business for $0.9 million and we sold real property for $0.1 million related to the funeral home we merged with another business in an existing market.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we purchased four funeral home businesses for approximately $38.0 million.
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For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, capital expenditures totaled $11.5 million compared to $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $2.5 million. The following tables present our growth and maintenance capital expenditures (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Growth |  |  |
Cemetery development | $ | 1,622 |  |  | $ | 3,109 |
Renovations at certain businesses(1) | 1,219 |  |  | 2,189 |
Total | $ | 2,841 |  |  | 5,298 |

(1) | During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we spent $1.4 million for renovations on four businesses that were affected by Hurricane Michael, of which $1.2 million was reimbursed by our property insurance policy.

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Maintenance |  |  |
Facility repairs and improvements | $ | 1,551 |  |  | $ | 1,565 |
Vehicles | 2,013 |  |  | 1,641 |
General equipment and furniture | 1,666 |  |  | 2,245 |
Paving roads and parking lots | 477 |  |  | 651 |
Information technology infrastructure improvements | 489 |  |  | 79 |
Total | $ | 6,196 |  |  | $ | 6,181 |

Financing Activities
Our financing activities resulted in a net cash outflow of $21.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to a net cash inflow of $16.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, a decrease of $38.4 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we had net payments on our long-term debt obligations of $10.5 million, paid $4.1 million in dividends and repurchased treasury stock for $7.8 million.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we had net borrowings on our Senior Notes of $318.8 million, offset by net payments on our long-term debt obligations of $222.1 million and a payment of $76.1 million to exchange or repurchase our Convertible Notes. We also paid $4.1 million in dividends.
Dividends
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, our Board declared the following dividends payable on the dates below (in thousands, except per share amounts):

2018 | Per Share |  | Dollar Value
March 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,207 |
June 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,433 |
September 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,436 |
2019 | Per Share |  | Dollar Value
March 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,360 |
June 3 rd | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,365 |
September 1 st | $ | 0.075 |  |  | $ | 1,336 |

Share Repurchase
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we repurchased 400,000 shares of common stock for a total cost of $7.8 million at an average cost of $19.39 per share pursuant to our share repurchase program. At September 30, 2019, we had approximately $0.6 million available for repurchases under our share repurchase program.
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Long-term Debt and Lease Obligations
The outstanding principal of our long-term debt and lease obligations at September 30, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2019
Credit Facility | $ | 18,000 |
Finance leases | 6,211 |
Operating leases | 23,282 |
Acquisition debt | 7,813 |
Total long-term debt and lease obligations | $ | 55,306 |

Credit Facility
On May 31, 2018, we completed the issuance of $325.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.625% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Senior Notes”) and related guarantees in a private offering under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act.
On May 31, 2018, we used $291.4 million of the net proceeds from the sale of the Senior Notes to repay all amounts outstanding under our former secured credit facility, dated as of August 20, 2012 (as amended, the “Former Credit Agreement”). In connection with the repayment in full of all amounts due thereunder, the Former Credit Agreement was retired.
On May 31, 2018, we entered into a $150.0 million Credit Facility with the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. Our obligations under the Credit Facility are unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by the same subsidiaries which guarantee the Senior Notes and certain of our subsequently acquired or organized domestic subsidiaries (collectively, the “Credit Facility Guarantors”). The Credit Facility also contains an accordion provision feature allowing for future increases in the facility size by an additional amount of up to $75.0 million. The Credit Facility matures on May 31, 2023.
We have one letter of credit issued on November 30, 2018 and outstanding under the Credit Facility for $2.0 million, which bears interest at 2.125% and will expire on November 25, 2019. The letter of credit automatically renews annually and secures our obligations under our various self-insured policies. Outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility bear interest at either a prime rate or a LIBOR rate, plus an applicable margin based upon our leverage ratio. As of September 30, 2019, the prime rate margin was equivalent to 1.00% and the LIBOR margin was 2.00%. The weighted average interest rate on our Credit Facility was 3.9% and 4.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The weighted average interest rate on our Former Credit Agreement was 4.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
We have no material assets or operations independent of our subsidiaries. All assets and operations are held and conducted by subsidiaries, each of which have fully and unconditionally guaranteed our obligations under the Credit Facility. Additionally, we do not currently have any significant restrictions on our ability to receive dividends or loans from any Credit Facility Guarantors.
We were in compliance with the covenants contained in the Credit Facility as of September 30, 2019, with a leverage ratio of 4.89 to 1.00 and a fixed charge coverage ratio of 2.20 to 1.00.
Amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Credit Facility was $59,000 and $167,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively and amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Former Credit Agreement was $41,000 and $172,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
Lease Obligations
On January 1, 2019, we adopted Topic 842 using the modified retrospective method for all lease arrangements at the beginning of the period of adoption. As a result, we recorded operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets of $16.5 million and operating lease liabilities of $17.3 million related to real estate and equipment leases, based on the present value of the future lease payments on the date of adoption. Lease expense related to our operating leases and short-term leases was $0.9 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $2.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Depreciation expense related to our finance leases was $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Interest expense related to our finance leases was $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we modified an existing operating lease to extend the term through 2030. As a result of this modification, we increased our lease liabilities and right-of-use assets by $8.2 million.
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Acquisition Debt
Acquisition debt consisted of deferred purchase price and promissory notes payable to sellers. Imputed interest expense related to our acquisition debt was $191,000 and $152,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $616,000 and $481,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Convertible Subordinated Notes due 2021
On March 19, 2014, we issued $143.75 million aggregate principal amount of our 2.75% convertible notes due March 15, 2021 (the “Convertible Notes”). The Convertible Notes bear interest at 2.75% per year. Interest on the Convertible Notes began to accrue on March 19, 2014 and is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year.
On May 7, 2018, we completed privately-negotiated exchanges (the “Exchange”) of $115.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represented 80% of the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes then outstanding, with a limited number of convertible noteholders, for $74.8 million in cash (plus accrued interest of $0.4 million totaling $75.2 million) and 2,822,859 newly issued shares of our common stock, par value $.01 per share, pursuant to a private placement in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The cash portion of the exchange consideration was funded from our Former Credit Agreement. Following the settlement of the Exchange, the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes outstanding was reduced to $28.8 million.
On December 24, 2018, we completed privately-negotiated repurchases of an additional $22.4 million in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represented 78% of the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes then outstanding for $22.9 million in cash (plus accrued interest of approximately $0.2 million totaling $23.0 million). The consideration for the repurchases was funded from our Credit Facility. Following these repurchases, the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes outstanding was reduced to $6.3 million.
On April 4, 2019, we completed a privately-negotiated repurchase of an additional $25,000 in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes then outstanding for $27,163.
At September 30, 2019, the carrying amount of the equity component was $0.8 million, the principal amount of the liability component was $6.3 million and the net carrying amount was $5.9 million. The remaining unamortized debt discount and the remaining unamortized debt issuance costs are being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of the Convertible Notes. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt discount for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 was 11.4%. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt issuance costs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 was 3.2%.
Interest expense on the Convertible Notes included contractual coupon interest expense of $198,000 and $43,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $1,700,000 and $131,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Accretion of the discount on the Convertible Notes was $246,000 and $61,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $1,961,000 and $178,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Convertible Notes was $27,000 and $6,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $221,000 and $19,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
The Convertible Notes are general unsecured obligations and are subordinated in the right of payment to all of our existing and future senior indebtedness and equal in right of payment with our other existing and future subordinate indebtedness. The initial conversion rate of the Convertible Notes, as of March 19, 2014, was 44.3169 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, equivalent to an initial conversion price of $22.56 per share of common stock. The adjusted conversion rate of the Convertible Notes, in effect at September 30, 2019, is 45.3695 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, equivalent to an adjusted conversion price of $22.04 per share of common stock.
Senior Notes due 2026
On May 31, 2018, we completed the issuance of $325.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes and related guarantees in a private offering under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act.
We received proceeds of $320.1 million, net of a 1.5% debt discount of $4.9 million, of which we used $291.4 million to repay our existing indebtedness under our Former Credit Agreement. We incurred $1.4 million in transaction costs related to the Senior Notes.
The Senior Notes bear interest at 6.625% per year. Interest on the Senior Notes began to accrue on May 31, 2018 and is payable semi-annually in arrears on September 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2018 to holders of record on each May 15 and November 15 preceding an interest payment date. The Senior Notes mature on September 1, 2026, unless earlier redeemed or purchased, as such redemption or purchase may be allowed pursuant to the indenture governing the
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Senior Notes. The Senior Notes are unsecured, senior obligations and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by certain of our existing subsidiaries.
The debt discount of $4.9 million and the debt issuance costs of $1.4 million are being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of 80 months of the Senior Notes. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt discount for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 was 6.87%. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt issuance costs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 was 6.69%.
Interest expense on the Senior Notes included contractual coupon interest expense of $5.4 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 and $7.2 million and $16.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of the debt discount on the Senior Notes was $116,000 and $124,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $154,000 and $366,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of debt issuance costs on the Senior Notes was $33,000 and $35,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and $44,000 and $103,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Financial Highlights
Below are our financial highlights for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands except for volumes and averages):

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Revenue | $ | 64,241 |  |  | $ | 66,125 |
Funeral contracts | 8,672 |  |  | 9,238 |
Average revenue per contract, including preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 5,691 |  |  | $ | 5,516 |
Preneed interment rights (property) sold | 1,697 |  |  | 1,901 |
Average price per interment right sold | $ | 3,521 |  |  | $ | 3,622 |
Gross profit | $ | 17,114 |  |  | $ | 18,056 |
Net income | $ | 2,200 |  |  | $ | 577 |

Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was $66.1 million and $64.2 million, respectively, an increase of $1.9 million, or 2.9%. Funeral revenue increased $1.7 million to $51.5 million and cemetery revenue increased $0.2 million to $14.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. However, cemetery revenue increased $1.7 million, excluding revenue from the three cemetery businesses divested in the second half of 2018, in the three months ended September 30, 2018. For the quarter comparatives, we experienced a 6.5% increase in total funeral contracts, while the average revenue per funeral contract decreased 3.1%. Excluding the divested cemetery businesses, we experienced an increase of 12.0% in the number of preneed interment rights (property) sold and an increase of 2.9% in the average price per interment right sold. Further discussion of Revenue for our funeral home and cemetery segments is presented herein under “Results of Operations.”
Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased $0.9 million, or 5.5%, to $18.1 million, from $17.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, primarily due to the increase in same store funeral revenue and better management of expenses. This is a result of changes implemented in the fourth quarter in 2018, which included the revision of our funeral and cemetery operating standards with a larger focus to grow revenue and market share, assessing leadership and support teams at each business to ensure an optimal personnel mix, improving social media presence, investment in new product inventory for sale at our cemeteries and reviewing pricing on merchandise and services to maximize operational efficiencies.
Further discussion of the components of Gross profit for our funeral home and cemetery segments is presented herein under “Results of Operations.”
Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 decreased $1.6 million to $0.6 million, equal to $0.03 per diluted share, compared to net income of $2.2 million, equal to $0.11 per diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Further discussion of General, administrative and other expenses, Home office depreciation and amortization expense, Interest expense, Income taxes and other components of income and expenses are presented herein under “Other Financial Statement Items.”
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Below are our financial highlights for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands except for volumes and averages):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Revenue | $ | 201,475 |  |  | $ | 202,958 |
Funeral contracts | 27,437 |  |  | 28,485 |
Average revenue per contract, including preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 5,671 |  |  | $ | 5,571 |
Preneed interment rights (property) sold | 4,907 |  |  | 5,419 |
Average price per interment right sold | $ | 3,578 |  |  | $ | 3,687 |
Gross profit | $ | 58,127 |  |  | $ | 58,907 |
Net income | $ | 14,303 |  |  | $ | 11,964 |

Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was $203.0 million and $201.5 million, respectively, an increase of $1.5 million, or 0.7%. Funeral revenue increased $3.2 million to $160.2 million and cemetery revenue decreased $1.7 million to $42.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. However, cemetery revenue increased $3.1 million, excluding revenue from the three cemetery businesses divested in the second half of 2018, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. For the period comparatives, we experienced a 3.8% increase in total funeral contracts, while we experienced a 1.8% decrease in the average revenue per funeral contract. Excluding the divested cemetery businesses, we experienced an increase of 10.4% in the number of preneed interment rights (property) sold and an increase of 3.0% in the average price per interment right sold. Further discussion of Revenue for our funeral home and cemetery segments is presented herein under “Results of Operations.”
Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased $0.8 million, or 1.3%, to $58.9 million, from $58.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily due to the three cemetery businesses that were divested in the second half of 2018. Further discussion of the components of Gross profit for our funeral home and cemetery segments is presented herein under “Results of Operations.”
Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased $2.3 million to $12.0 million, equal to $0.66 per diluted share, compared to net income of $14.3 million, equal to $0.78 per diluted share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Further discussion of General, administrative and other expenses, Home office depreciation and amortization expense, Interest expense, Income taxes and other components of income and expenses are presented herein under “Other Financial Statement Items.”
REPORTING AND NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
We also present our financial performance in our “Operating and Financial Trend Report” (“Trend Report”) as reported in our earnings release for the quarter ended September 30, 2019 dated October 28, 2019 and discussed in the corresponding earnings conference call. This Trend Report is used as a supplemental financial measurement statement by management and investors to compare our current financial performance with our previous results and with the performance of other companies. We do not intend for this information to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for other measures of performance prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The Trend Report is a non-GAAP statement that also provides insight into underlying trends in our business. The Trend Report is not a part of or incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Below is a reconciliation of Net income (a GAAP measure) to Adjusted net income (a non-GAAP measure) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Net income | $ | 2,200 |  |  | $ | 577 |  |  | $ | 14,303 |  |  | $ | 11,964 |
Special items (1), net of tax except for items noted by ** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance and retirement costs | — |  |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | 889 |
Accretion of discount on convertible subordinated notes** | 246 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 1,961 |  |  | 178 |
Net loss on early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 740 |  |  | — |
Loss on sale of businesses and other costs | 277 |  |  | 3,143 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 3,143 |
Goodwill and other impairments | — |  |  | 577 |  |  | — |  |  | 577 |
Litigation reserve | — |  |  | 74 |  |  | — |  |  | 454 |
Tax expense related to divested business** | — |  |  | 860 |  |  | — |  |  | 860 |
Gain on insurance reimbursements | — |  |  | (504 | ) |  | — |  |  | (504 | )
Adjusted net income(2) | $ | 2,723 |  |  | $ | 5,023 |  |  | $ | 17,281 |  |  | $ | 17,561 |

(1) | Special items are defined as charges or credits included in our GAAP financial statements that can vary from period to period and are not reflective of costs incurred in the ordinary course of our operations. Special items are typically taxed at the federal statutory rate, except for the Accretion of the discount on convertible subordinated notes, as this is a non-tax deductible item and Tax expense related to divested business.
(2) | Adjusted net income is defined as Net income plus adjustments for Special items and other expenses or gains that we believe do not directly reflect our core operations and may not be indicative of our normal business operations.

Below is a reconciliation of Gross profit (a GAAP measure) to Operating profit (a non-GAAP measure) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Gross profit | $ | 17,114 |  |  | $ | 18,056 |  |  | $ | 58,127 |  |  | $ | 58,907 |
Cemetery property amortization | 964 |  |  | 972 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | 2,990 |
Field depreciation expense | 3,047 |  |  | 3,106 |  |  | 8,925 |  |  | 9,250 |
Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs | 2,114 |  |  | 3,597 |  |  | 8,662 |  |  | 10,008 |
Operating profit | $ | 23,239 |  |  | $ | 25,731 |  |  | $ | 78,477 |  |  | $ | 81,155 |

Our operations are reported in two business segments: Funeral Home and Cemetery. Below is a breakdown of Operating profit (a non-GAAP measure) by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Funeral Home | $ | 18,109 |  |  | $ | 19,647 |  |  | $ | 61,154 |  |  | $ | 63,234 |
Cemetery | 5,130 |  |  | 6,084 |  |  | 17,323 |  |  | 17,921 |
Operating profit | $ | 23,239 |  |  | $ | 25,731 |  |  | $ | 78,477 |  |  | $ | 81,155 |
Operating profit margin(1) | 36.2 | % |  | 38.9 | % |  | 39.0 | % |  | 40.0 | %

(1) | Operating profit margin is defined as Operating profit as a percentage of Revenue.

Further discussion of Operating profit for our funeral home and cemetery segments is presented herein under “Results of Operations.”
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is a discussion of our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of 2018. The term “same store” refers to funeral homes and cemeteries acquired prior to January 1, 2015 and operated for the entirety of each period being presented. Funeral homes and cemeteries purchased after December 31, 2014 are referred to as “acquired.” This classification of acquisitions has been important to management and investors in monitoring the results of these businesses and to gauge the leveraging performance contribution that a selective acquisition program can have on total company performance.
The term “divested” when discussed in the Funeral Home Segment, refers to businesses sold or businesses we ceased to operate in the periods presented. The term “divested” when discussed in the Cemetery Segment, refers to three cemetery businesses that we ceased to operate on September 30, 2018, as a result of an expired management agreement. Cemetery property amortization, Field depreciation expense and Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs, are not included in Operating profit, a non-GAAP financial measure. Adding back these items will result in Gross profit, a GAAP financial measure.
Funeral Home Segment
The following tables set forth certain information related to our Revenue and Operating profit from our funeral home operations for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Revenue: |  |  |
Same store operating revenue | $ | 40,189 |  |  | $ | 41,470 |
Acquired operating revenue | 7,400 |  |  | 7,750 |
Divested revenue | 177 |  |  | 109 |
Preneed funeral insurance commissions | 360 |  |  | 436 |
Preneed funeral trust earnings | 1,717 |  |  | 1,752 |
Total | $ | 49,843 |  |  | $ | 51,517 |
Operating profit: |  |  |
Same store operating profit | $ | 13,788 |  |  | $ | 14,994 |
Acquired operating profit | 2,522 |  |  | 2,737 |
Divested operating profit (loss) | 23 |  |  | (6 | )
Preneed funeral insurance commissions | 93 |  |  | 213 |
Preneed funeral trust earnings | 1,683 |  |  | 1,709 |
Total | $ | 18,109 |  |  | $ | 19,647 |

The following measures reflect the significant metrics over this comparative period:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Same store: |  |  |
Contract volume | 7,420 |  |  | 7,910 |
Average revenue per contract, excluding preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 5,416 |  |  | $ | 5,243 |
Average revenue per contract, including preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 5,619 |  |  | $ | 5,436 |
Burial rate | 39.8 | % |  | 37.7 | %
Cremation rate | 52.1 | % |  | 54.8 | %
Acquired: |  |  |
Contract volume | 1,224 |  |  | 1,309 |
Average revenue per contract, excluding preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 6,046 |  |  | $ | 5,921 |
Average revenue per contract, including preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 6,113 |  |  | $ | 5,997 |
Burial rate | 42.4 | % |  | 41.6 | %
Cremation rate | 49.8 | % |  | 50.6 | %

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Funeral home same store operating revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased $1.3 million. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we revised our funeral home standards operating model by eliminating the average revenue per contract standard to emphasize our focus on growing operating revenue and serving more families. As a result, we experienced a 6.6% increase in same store contract volumes, while we experienced a decrease of 3.2% in the average revenue per contract compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018.
Same store operating profit for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased $1.2 million when compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018 and the comparable operating profit margin increased 190 basis points to 36.2%. The increase is primarily due to the increase in same store revenue and better management of expenses as operating expenses remained flat for the comparable period. We experienced significant savings in salaries and benefits which decreased 1.6% as a percentage of revenue, as a result of changes implemented in the fourth quarter in 2018, which included assessing leadership and support teams at each business to ensure an optimal personnel mix, improving social media presence and reviewing pricing on merchandise and services to maximize operational efficiencies.
Funeral home acquired operating revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased $0.4 million, as our funeral home acquired portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2019 included four businesses acquired in the third quarter of 2018 not present for the full three months ended September 30, 2018.
Acquired operating profit for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased $0.2 million when compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. Operating profit margin increased 120 basis points to 35.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase is primarily due to the increase in acquired revenue and better management of expenses as operating expenses increased $0.2 million for the comparable period. We experienced significant savings in salaries and benefits which decreased 2.4% as a percentage of revenue, as a result of changes implemented in the fourth quarter in 2018 described above.
Preneed funeral insurance commissions and preneed funeral trust earnings, which are recorded in Other revenue, on a combined basis, increased $0.1 million or 5.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase is primarily due to a 21.1% increase in preneed funeral insurance commissions and a 2.0% increase in preneed trust earnings. Preneed funeral commission revenue is deferred for one year after the preneed funeral contracts are sold. The number of preneed insurance contracts sold increased 22.9% and face value of the products that earn commissions increased 52.7% for the three months ending September 2018 compared to the same period in 2017.
Operating profit for the two categories of Other revenue, on a combined basis, increased 8.2% for the three months ending September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily due to the increase in preneed funeral commission revenue coupled with a decrease in preneed expenses.
The following tables set forth certain information related to our Revenue and Operating profit from our funeral home operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Revenue: |  |  |
Same store operating revenue | $ | 129,574 |  |  | $ | 128,757 |
Acquired operating revenue | 20,228 |  |  | 24,372 |
Divested revenue | 569 |  |  | 471 |
Preneed funeral insurance commissions | 974 |  |  | 1,124 |
Preneed funeral trust earnings | 5,624 |  |  | 5,463 |
Total | $ | 156,969 |  |  | $ | 160,187 |
Operating profit: |  |  |
Same store operating profit | $ | 48,261 |  |  | $ | 48,233 |
Acquired operating profit | 6,968 |  |  | 9,073 |
Divested operating profit | 128 |  |  | 113 |
Preneed funeral insurance commissions | 285 |  |  | 478 |
Preneed funeral trust earnings | 5,512 |  |  | 5,337 |
Total | $ | 61,154 |  |  | $ | 63,234 |

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The following measures reflect the significant metrics over this comparative period:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Same store: |  |  |
Contract volume | 24,067 |  |  | 24,327 |
Average revenue per contract, excluding preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 5,384 |  |  | $ | 5,293 |
Average revenue per contract, including preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 5,591 |  |  | $ | 5,485 |
Burial rate | 39.8 | % |  | 38.5 | %
Cremation rate | 52.6 | % |  | 53.9 | %
Acquired: |  |  |
Contract volume | 3,284 |  |  | 4,073 |
Average revenue per contract, excluding preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 6,160 |  |  | $ | 5,984 |
Average revenue per contract, including preneed funeral trust earnings | $ | 6,234 |  |  | $ | 6,082 |
Burial rate | 42.8 | % |  | 42.4 | %
Cremation rate | 49.6 | % |  | 49.8 | %

Funeral home same store operating revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased $0.8 million. In spite of the high contract volume we had in the first quarter of 2018 due to a severe flu season, we experienced a 1.1% increase in contract volume in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to the revision of our funeral home standards operating model by eliminating the average revenue per contract standard to emphasize our focus on growing operating revenue and serving more families.
Same store operating profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was relatively flat when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the comparable operating profit margin increased 30 basis points to 37.5%. Operating expenses decreased $0.8 million primarily due to a decrease in salaries and benefits of $1.0 million or 0.6% as a percentage of revenue. This is a result of changes implemented in the fourth quarter in 2018, which included assessing leadership and support teams at each business to ensure an optimal personnel mix, improving social media presence and reviewing pricing on merchandise and services to maximize operational efficiencies.
Funeral home acquired operating revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased $4.1 million, as our funeral home acquired portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 included four businesses acquired in the third quarter of 2018 not fully present in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Although we experienced an increase in acquired contract volumes, we experienced decreases in acquired average revenue per burial and cremation contracts due to increased discounts.
Acquired operating profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased $2.1 million when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the comparable operating profit margin increased 280 basis points to 37.2%. The increase is primarily due to the increase in acquired revenue and better management of expenses as operating expenses increased $2.0 million for the comparable period. We experienced significant savings in salaries and benefits which decreased 3.8% as a percentage of revenue, as a result of changes implemented in the fourth quarter in 2018 described above.
Preneed funeral insurance commissions and preneed funeral trust earnings, which are recorded in Other revenue, on a combined basis, remained flat for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. While we experienced a 15.4% increase in preneed funeral insurance commissions, we also experienced a decrease in preneed trust earnings of 2.9%. Preneed funeral commission revenue is deferred for one year after the preneed funeral contracts are sold. The number of preneed insurance contracts sold increased 14.3% and face value of the products that earn commissions increased 17.6% for the nine months ending September 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. Preneed funeral trust earnings decreased due to a reduction in preneed maturities at a certain business.
Operating profit for the two categories of Other revenue, on a combined basis, also remained flat for the same comparative period primarily due to the increase in preneed funeral commission revenue, offset by the decrease in preneed trust earnings.
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Cemetery Segment
The following tables set forth certain information related to our Revenue and Operating profit from our cemetery operations for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Revenue: |  |  |
Same store operating revenue | $ | 11,091 |  |  | $ | 12,817 |
Divested revenue | 1,479 |  |  | — |
Cemetery trust earnings | 1,392 |  |  | 1,446 |
Preneed cemetery finance charges | 436 |  |  | 345 |
Total | $ | 14,398 |  |  | $ | 14,608 |
Operating profit: |  |  |
Same store operating profit | $ | 3,007 |  |  | $ | 4,439 |
Divested operating profit | 407 |  |  | — |
Cemetery trust earnings | 1,280 |  |  | 1,300 |
Preneed cemetery finance charges | 436 |  |  | 345 |
Total | $ | 5,130 |  |  | $ | 6,084 |

The following measures reflect the significant metrics over this comparative period (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Same store: |  |  |
Preneed revenue as a percentage of operating revenue | 60 | % |  | 62 | %
Preneed revenue | $ | 6,623 |  |  | $ | 7,889 |
Number of preneed interment rights sold | 1,697 |  |  | 1,901 |
Atneed revenue | $ | 4,468 |  |  | $ | 4,928 |

Cemetery same store operating revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased $1.7 million, or 15.6%, as we experienced a 12.0% increase in the number of preneed interment rights sold, as well as a 2.9% increase in the average price of interments sold for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. Same store atneed revenue, which represents approximately 38% of our same store operating revenue increased $0.5 million, as we experienced a 9.4% increase in the average sale per contract.
Cemetery same store operating profit for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased $1.4 million from the same period in 2018. The comparable operating profit margin increased 750 basis points to 34.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from 27.1% in the same period in 2018. The higher operating profit margin is a result of the changes implemented in the fourth quarter of 2018, which included the revision of our cemetery operating standards with a larger focus to grow revenue and market share, the hiring of talented sales managers for our larger cemetery businesses along with investment in new product inventory for sale.
Total cemetery expenses only increased 4.0% compared to the 15.6% increase in operating revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, as we experienced operational efficiencies and better management of cemetery expenses, particularly, in salaries and benefits for maintenance personnel, facilities and grounds expenses and promotional expenses, which include marketing costs and commissions paid to sales teams as these expenses did not grow proportionally to the increase in revenue.
Preneed cemetery trust earnings and preneed cemetery finance charges, which are recorded in Other revenue, remained flat for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. Operating profit for the two categories of Other revenue, on a combined basis, also remained flat for the same comparative period.
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The following tables set forth certain information related to our Revenue and Operating profit from our cemetery operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Revenue: |  |  |
Same store operating revenue | $ | 34,228 |  |  | $ | 37,333 |
Divested revenue | 4,712 |  |  | — |
Cemetery trust earnings | 4,327 |  |  | 4,320 |
Preneed cemetery finance charges | 1,239 |  |  | 1,118 |
Total | $ | 44,506 |  |  | $ | 42,771 |
Operating profit: |  |  |
Same store operating profit | $ | 10,753 |  |  | $ | 12,909 |
Divested operating profit | 1,376 |  |  | — |
Cemetery trust earnings | 3,955 |  |  | 3,894 |
Preneed cemetery finance charges | 1,239 |  |  | 1,118 |
Total | $ | 17,323 |  |  | $ | 17,921 |

The following measures reflect the significant metrics over this comparative period (dollars in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019
Same store: |  |  |
Preneed revenue as a percentage of operating revenue | 59 | % |  | 62 | %
Preneed revenue | $ | 20,067 |  |  | $ | 23,003 |
Number of preneed interment rights sold | 4,907 |  |  | 5,419 |
Atneed revenue | $ | 14,161 |  |  | $ | 14,330 |

Cemetery same store operating revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased $3.1 million, or 9.1%, as we experienced a 10.4% increase in the number of preneed interment rights sold, as well as a 3.0% increase in the average price of interments sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. Same store atneed revenue, which represents approximately 38% of our same store operating revenue increased $0.2 million, as we experienced a 2.7% increase in the average sale per contract, partially offset by a 1.5% decrease in the number of atneed contracts sold.
Cemetery same store operating profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased $2.2 million from the same period in 2018. The comparable operating profit margin increased 320 basis points to 34.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from 31.4% in the same period in 2018. The higher operating profit margin is a result of the changes implemented in the fourth quarter of 2018, which included the revision of our cemetery operating standards with a larger focus to grow revenue and market share, the hiring of talented sales managers for our larger cemetery businesses along with investment in new product inventory for sale.
Total cemetery expenses only increased 4.0% compared to the 9.1% increase in operating revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, as we experienced operational efficiencies and better management of cemetery expenses, particularly, in salaries and benefits for maintenance personnel, facilities and grounds expenses and bad debt expense as these expenses did not grow proportionally to the increase in revenue.
Preneed cemetery trust earnings and preneed cemetery finance charges, which are recorded in Other revenue, on a combined basis, decreased $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The decrease is due to our enhanced preneed cemetery property sales strategy of reducing interest rates on preneed contracts which has led to the increase in our cemetery same store operating revenue in 2019. Operating profit for the two categories of Other revenue, on a combined basis, decreased $0.2 million for the same comparative period. The decrease is due to the decrease in preneed cemetery finance charges in addition to higher third-party fees related to preneed trust investment management.
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Cemetery property amortization. Cemetery property amortization remained flat at $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018, although property revenue increased $0.6 million during this period. This was primarily due to an increase of $0.5 million in second interment rights sold during the period for which there was no additional cost associated with these rights. Cemetery property amortization totaled $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $0.2 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was primarily attributable to the increases in interment rights sold in 2019 compared to 2018.
Field depreciation. Depreciation expense for our field businesses remained flat at $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. However, depreciation expense for our field businesses increased $0.3 million to $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, with no increase in the three month period was primarily attributable to assets becoming fully depreciated in the first quarter of 2019.
Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs. Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs consist of salaries and benefits for regional management, field incentive compensation and other related costs for field infrastructure. Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs totaled $3.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $1.5 million primarily due to a $1.0 million increase in incentive compensation expenses, a $0.3 million increase in severance expense from the separation of certain operational leadership, and a $0.2 million increase in other general administrative costs.
Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs totaled $10.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $1.3 million primarily due to a $1.0 million increase in severance expense from the separation of certain operational leadership and a $0.5 million increase in incentive compensation expenses, offset by a $0.2 million decrease in other general administrative costs.
Other Financial Statement Items
General, administrative and other. General, administrative and other expenses totaled $5.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $0.6 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $0.2 million decrease in incentive and stock-based compensation expenses, a $0.3 million decrease in salaries and benefits, a $0.1 million decrease in other general administrative costs.
General, administrative and other expenses totaled $17.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $2.3 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $1.3 million decrease in stock-based compensation expenses and a $1.0 million decrease in salaries and benefits. These decreases are primarily related to both the separation of executive operating leadership and the cancellation of our performance awards in late 2018.
Home office depreciation and amortization. Home office depreciation and amortization expense totaled $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $0.1 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018 and $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $0.3 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decreases were primarily attributable to corporate machinery and equipment becoming fully depreciated in the first quarter of 2019.
Interest expense. Interest expense remained flat at $6.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018.
Interest expense was $18.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $14.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $4.1 million, which was attributable to the following: (i) an increase of $9.2 million related to our Senior Notes that were issued in May 2018; offset by (ii) a decrease of $3.1 million related to our Former Credit Agreement; (ii) a decrease of $1.8 million related to the exchange of our Convertible Notes; and (iii) a decrease of $0.2 million related to other miscellaneous interest expense.
Accretion of discount on convertible notes. Accretion of the discount on our Convertible Notes totaled $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $0.1 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018 and $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $1.8 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decreases were attributable to the exchange of our Convertible Notes.
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Other, net. The components of Other, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Loss on sale of business | (349 | ) |  | (3,863 | ) |  | (349 | ) |  | (3,874 | )
Goodwill impairment | — |  |  | (509 | ) |  | — |  |  | (509 | )
Tradename impairment | — |  |  | (221 | ) |  | — |  |  | (221 | )
Gain on insurance reimbursements | — |  |  | 638 |  |  | — |  |  | 638 |
Other (loss) gain | 2 |  |  | (121 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | 52 |
Total | $ | (347 | ) |  | $ | (4,076 | ) |  | $ | (345 | ) |  | $ | (3,914 | )

Income taxes. Income tax expense was $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $0.3 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. Income tax expense was $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $0.7 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Below is a breakdown of our income tax expense and effective rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 (in thousands except percentages):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Income tax expense on operations at estimated rate | $ | 1,028 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 5,423 |  |  | $ | 4,691 |
Impact of discrete items | 159 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (358 | ) |  | 219 |
Impact of divested business | — |  |  | 860 |  |  | — |  |  | 860 |
Total tax provision | $ | 1,187 |  |  | $ | 947 |  |  | $ | 5,065 |  |  | $ | 5,770 |
Tax rate on operations (including discrete items) | 35.0 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 26.2 | % |  | 27.7 | %
Impact of divested business | — | % |  | 56.4 | % |  | — | % |  | 4.8 | %
Total effective tax rate | 35.0 | % |  | 62.1 | % |  | 26.2 | % |  | 32.5 | %

We recorded income taxes before discrete items at an estimated rate of 30.3% and 4.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively and 28.0% and 26.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The increase in our total effective tax rate is primarily due to the additional tax expense we recorded related to a divested business previously acquired as a stock acquisition during three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.
We have $33.0 million of state net operating loss carry forwards that will expire between 2020 and 2040, if not utilized. Based on management’s assessment of the various state net operating losses, it has been determined that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize the tax benefits of certain portions of the state losses. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been established and is reviewed quarterly. At September 30, 2019, the valuation allowance totaled $0.2 million.
OVERVIEW OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience, third-party data and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these considerations form the basis for making judgments about the amount and timing of revenue and expenses, the carrying value of assets and the recorded amounts of liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates and such estimates may change if the underlying conditions or assumptions change. Historical performance should not be viewed as indicative of future performance because there can be no assurance that our margins, operating income and net income, as a percentage of revenue, will be consistent from year to year.
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements presented herewith, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our critical accounting policies are discussed in MD&A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
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SEASONALITY
Our business can be affected by seasonal fluctuations in the death rate. Generally, the death rate is higher during the winter months because the incidences of death from influenza and pneumonia are higher during this period than other periods of the year.

Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

In the ordinary course of business, we are typically exposed to a variety of market risks. Currently, these are primarily related to interest rate risk and changes in the values of securities associated with the preneed and perpetual care trusts. Management is actively involved in monitoring exposure to market risk and developing and utilizing appropriate risk management techniques when appropriate and when available for a reasonable price. We are not exposed to any other significant market risks.
The following quantitative and qualitative information is provided about financial instruments to which we are a party at September 30, 2019 and from which we may incur future gains or losses from changes in market conditions. We do not enter into derivative or other financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.
Hypothetical changes in interest rates and the values of securities associated with the preneed and perpetual care trusts chosen for the following estimated sensitivity analysis are considered to be reasonable near-term changes generally based on consideration of past fluctuations for each risk category. However, since it is not possible to accurately predict future changes in interest rates, these hypothetical changes may not necessarily be an indicator of probable future fluctuations.
The following information about our market-sensitive financial instruments constitutes a “forward-looking statement.”
In connection with our preneed funeral operations and preneed cemetery merchandise and service sales, the related funeral and cemetery trust funds own investments in equity and debt securities and mutual funds, which are sensitive to current market prices. Cost and market values of such investments as of September 30, 2019 are presented in Item 1, “Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” Notes 6, 7 and 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The sensitivity of the fixed income securities is such that a 0.25% change in interest rates could change the value of the fixed income securities by 1.67%.
We monitor current and forecasted interest rate risk in the ordinary course of business and seek to maintain optimal financial flexibility, quality and solvency. As of September 30, 2019, we had outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility of $18.0 million. Any future borrowings or voluntary prepayments against the Credit Facility or any change in the floating rate would cause a change in interest expense. We have the option to pay interest under the Credit Facility at either prime rate or LIBOR rate plus a margin. At September 30, 2019, the prime rate margin was equivalent to 1.00% and the LIBOR margin was 2.00%. Assuming the outstanding balance remains unchanged, a change of 100 basis points in our borrowing rate would result in a change in income before taxes of $0.2 million. We have not entered into interest rate hedging arrangements in the past. Management continually evaluates the cost and potential benefits of interest rate hedging arrangements.
Our Convertible Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.75% per year. The Convertible Notes do not contain a call feature. At September 30, 2019, the cost of the Convertible Notes on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was $5.9 million and the fair value of these notes was $7.1 million based on the last traded or broker quoted price, as reported by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). Increases in market interest rates may cause the value of the Convertible Notes to decrease, but such changes will not affect our interest costs.
Our Senior Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.625% per year. We may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at any time prior to June 1, 2021 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of Senior Notes redeemed, plus a “make whole” premium, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption. We have the right to redeem the Senior Notes at any time on or after June 1, 2021 at the redemption prices described in the Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption. At September 30, 2019, the cost of the Senior Notes on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was $319.6 million and the fair value of these notes was $334.0 million based on the last traded or broker quoted price, as reported by FINRA. Increases in market interest rates may cause the value of the Senior Notes to decrease, but such changes will not affect our interest costs.
The remainder of our long-term debt and leases consists of non-interest bearing notes and fixed rate instruments that do not trade in a market and do not have a quoted market value. Any increase in market interest rates could cause the fair value of those liabilities to decrease, but such changes will not affect our interest costs.
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Item 4. | Controls and Procedures.

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and principal financial officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of September 30, 2019 and that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with US GAAP.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our system of internal control over financial reporting (defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings.

We and our subsidiaries are parties to a number of legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. While the outcome of these proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not expect these matters to have a material adverse effect on our financial statements.
We self-insure against certain risks and carry insurance with coverage and coverage limits for risk in excess of the coverage amounts consistent with our assessment of risks in our business and of an acceptable level of financial exposure. Although there can be no assurance that self-insurance reserves and insurance will be sufficient to mitigate all damages, claims, or contingencies, we believe that the reserves and our insurance provides reasonable coverage for known asserted and unasserted claims. In the event we sustain a loss from a claim and the insurance carrier disputes coverage or coverage limits, we may record a charge in a different period than the recovery, if any, from the insurance carrier.
Information regarding legal proceedings is set forth in Notes 16 and 21 in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, which information is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes in our risk factors as previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Readers should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to repurchases of our common stock during the quarter ended September 30, 2019:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program |  | Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program(2)
July 1, 2019 - July 31, 2019 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 601,446 |
August 1, 2019 - August 31, 2019 |  | 702 |  |  | $ | 22.18 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 601,446 |
September 1, 2019 - September 30, 2019 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 601,446 |
Total for quarter ended September 30, 2019 |  | 702 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |

(1) | Represents shares surrendered by employees to pay taxes withheld upon the vesting of restricted stock awards.
(2) | See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on our publicly announced share repurchase program.

Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. | Other Information.

None.
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Item 6. | Exhibits.

The exhibits required to be filed pursuant to the requirements of Item 601 of Regulation S-K are set forth in the Exhibit Index accompanying this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are incorporated herein by reference.
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
Date: | October 30, 2019 | /s/ Viki K. Blinderman
|  | Viki K. Blinderman
|  | Senior Vice President, Principal Financial Officer and Secretary

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CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
INDEX OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  | Description
*31.1 |  | Certification of Periodic Financial Reports by Melvin C. Payne in satisfaction of Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
*31.2 |  | Certification of Periodic Financial Reports by Viki K. Blinderman in satisfaction of Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**32 |  | Certification of Periodic Financial Reports by Melvin C. Payne and Viki K. Blinderman in satisfaction of Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
*101 |  | Interactive Data Files.

__________________

(*) | Filed herewith.
(**) | Furnished herewith.

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