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Trust Investments (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Preneed Trust Investments [Abstract] |
Components of preneed cemetery trust investments | The components of Preneed cemetery trust investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Preneed cemetery trust investments, at market value | $ | 106,143 |  |  | $ | 99,461 |
Less: allowance for contract cancellation | (3,147) |  |  | (3,087) |
Preneed cemetery trust investments, including HFS | 102,996 |  |  | 96,374 |
Less: Held for sale | (4,876) |  |  | — |
Preneed cemetery trust investments | $ | 98,120 |  |  | $ | 96,374 |
Cost and fair market values associated with preneed cemetery trust investments | The cost and market values associated with preneed cemetery trust investments at December 31, 2024 are detailed below (in thousands):
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 23,215 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,215 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. agency obligations | 2 |  | 664 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (46) |  |  | 619 |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 8,575 |  |  | 1,431 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 9,998 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 8,500 |  |  | 365 |  |  | (256) |  |  | 8,609 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 2,833 |  |  | 479 |  |  | (176) |  |  | 3,136 |
Certificates of deposit | 2 |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | 74 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 29,325 |  |  | 4,322 |  |  | (3,381) |  |  | 30,266 |
Limited partnership fund |  |  | 3,530 |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,614 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | 1 |  | 911 |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | 996 |
Fixed income | 2 |  | 27,268 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (2,376) |  |  | 24,986 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 104,900 |  |  | $ | 6,861 |  |  | $ | (6,248) |  |  | $ | 105,513 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 630 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 630 |
Preneed cemetery trust investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 106,143 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.6%
The cost and market values associated with preneed cemetery trust investments at December 31, 2023 are detailed below (in thousands):
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 9,643 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,643 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. agency obligations | 2 |  | 803 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 753 |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 7,764 |  |  | 1,371 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 9,118 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 15,071 |  |  | 342 |  |  | (3,657) |  |  | 11,756 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 10,965 |  |  | 473 |  |  | (1,572) |  |  | 9,866 |
Certificate of deposit | 2 |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | 72 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 43,057 |  |  | 9,466 |  |  | (7,935) |  |  | 44,588 |
Limited partnership fund |  |  | 3,575 |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | 3,572 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | 1 |  | 553 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (30) |  |  | 533 |
Fixed income | 2 |  | 11,369 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (2,759) |  |  | 8,626 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 102,879 |  |  | $ | 11,679 |  |  | $ | (16,031) |  |  | $ | 98,527 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 934 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 934 |
Preneed cemetery trust investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 99,461 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95.8%
Estimated maturities of fixed preneed cemetery trust income securities | The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) included above are as follows (in thousands):
Due in one year or less | $ | 140 |
Due in one to five years | 6,557 |
Due in five to ten years | 4,703 |
Thereafter | 11,036 |
Total fixed income securities | $ | 22,436 |
Schedule of fair market value and unrealized loss on cemetery merchandise and service trust investments | The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our preneed cemetery trust investments in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
| December 31, 2024
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. agency obligations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | (46) |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | (46) |
Foreign debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 211 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 211 |  |  | (8) |
Corporate debt | 1,274 |  |  | (139) |  |  | 94 |  |  | (117) |  |  | 1,368 |  |  | (256) |
Preferred stock | 889 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 891 |  |  | (171) |  |  | 1,780 |  |  | (176) |
Certificates of deposit | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 74 |  |  | (5) |
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss | $ | 2,163 |  |  | $ | (144) |  |  | $ | 1,749 |  |  | $ | (347) |  |  | $ | 3,912 |  |  | $ | (491) |
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our preneed cemetery trust investments in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
| December 31, 2023
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. agency obligations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 613 |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | 613 |  |  | $ | (51) |
Foreign debt | 284 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 209 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 493 |  |  | (17) |
Corporate debt | 666 |  |  | (62) |  |  | 4,239 |  |  | (3,595) |  |  | 4,905 |  |  | (3,657) |
Preferred stock | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,821 |  |  | (1,572) |  |  | 7,866 |  |  | (1,572) |
Certificates of deposit | — |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 72 |  |  | (7) |
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss | $ | 995 |  |  | $ | (67) |  |  | $ | 12,954 |  |  | $ | (5,237) |  |  | $ | 13,949 |  |  | $ | (5,304) |
Preneed cemetery trust investment security transactions | Preneed cemetery trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in thousands):
| Years ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Investment income | $ | 2,834 |  |  | $ | 2,479 |  |  | $ | 2,219 |
Realized gains | 11,600 |  |  | 3,492 |  |  | 10,619 |
Realized losses | (14,191) |  |  | (2,507) |  |  | (2,548) |
Unrealized gains (losses), net | 613 |  |  | (4,352) |  |  | (9,661) |
Expenses and taxes | (2,175) |  |  | (1,653) |  |  | (1,748) |
Net change in deferred preneed cemetery receipts held in trust | 1,319 |  |  | 2,541 |  |  | 1,119 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Purchases and sales of investments in preneed cemetary trusts | Purchases and sales of investments in the preneed cemetery trusts are as follows (in thousands):
| Years ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Purchases | $ | (25,246) |  |  | $ | (22,478) |  |  | $ | (8,336) |
Sales | 33,725 |  |  | 18,378 |  |  | 8,248 |
Components of preneed funeral trust investments | The components of Preneed funeral trust investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Preneed funeral trust investments, at market value | $ | 111,721 |  |  | $ | 111,247 |
Less: allowance for contract cancellation | (3,305) |  |  | (3,405) |
Preneed funeral trust investments, including HFS | 108,416 |  |  | 107,842 |
Less: Held for Sale | (2,197) |  |  | — |
Preneed funeral trust investments | $ | 106,219 |  |  | $ | 107,842 |
Estimated maturities of fixed preneed funeral trust income securities | The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) included above are as follows (in thousands):
Due in one year or less | $ | 83 |
Due in one to five years | 6,055 |
Due in five to ten years | 4,351 |
Thereafter | 10,404 |
Total fixed income securities | $ | 20,893 |
Cost and fair market values associated with preneed funeral trust investments | The cost and market values associated with preneed funeral trust investments at December 31, 2024 are detailed below (in thousands):
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 33,735 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33,735 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U. S. treasury debt | 1 |  | 387 |  |  | — |  |  | (30) |  |  | 357 |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 8,193 |  |  | 1,373 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 9,559 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 7,941 |  |  | 351 |  |  | (134) |  |  | 8,158 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 2,577 |  |  | 460 |  |  | (218) |  |  | 2,819 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 26,293 |  |  | 3,989 |  |  | (2,876) |  |  | 27,406 |
Limited partnership fund |  |  | 3,392 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,472 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | 1 |  | 763 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | 804 |
Fixed income | 2 |  | 24,952 |  |  | 83 |  |  | (2,118) |  |  | 22,917 |
Other investments | 2 |  | 1,910 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,910 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 110,143 |  |  | $ | 6,377 |  |  | $ | (5,383) |  |  | $ | 111,137 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 584 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 584 |
Preneed funeral trust investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 111,721 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.9%
The cost and market values associated with preneed funeral trust investments at December 31, 2023 are detailed below (in thousands):
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 26,707 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,707 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury debt | 1 |  | 451 |  |  | — |  |  | (34) |  |  | 417 |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 7,300 |  |  | 1,297 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 8,581 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 13,848 |  |  | 323 |  |  | (3,255) |  |  | 10,916 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 9,786 |  |  | 442 |  |  | (1,468) |  |  | 8,760 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 38,600 |  |  | 8,858 |  |  | (6,855) |  |  | 40,603 |
Limited partnership fund |  |  | 3,383 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 3,381 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | 1 |  | 401 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (29) |  |  | 375 |
Fixed income | 2 |  | 9,513 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (2,383) |  |  | 7,145 |
Other investments | 2 |  | 3,510 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,510 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 113,499 |  |  | $ | 10,938 |  |  | $ | (14,042) |  |  | $ | 110,395 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 852 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 852 |
Preneed funeral trust investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 111,247 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 97.3%
Schedule of fair market value and unrealized loss on preneed funeral trust investments | The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our preneed funeral trust investment in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
| December 31, 2024
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | (30) |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | (30) |
Foreign debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 203 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 203 |  |  | (7) |
Corporate debt | 1,225 |  |  | (133) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | (134) |
Preferred stock | 842 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 717 |  |  | (214) |  |  | 1,559 |  |  | (218) |
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss | $ | 2,067 |  |  | $ | (137) |  |  | $ | 1,194 |  |  | $ | (252) |  |  | $ | 3,261 |  |  | $ | (389) |
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our preneed funeral trust investment in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
| December 31, 2023
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | (34) |
Foreign debt | 269 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 198 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 467 |  |  | (16) |
Corporate debt | 630 |  |  | (59) |  |  | 3,802 |  |  | (3,196) |  |  | 4,432 |  |  | (3,255) |
Preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,078 |  |  | (1,468) |  |  | 7,078 |  |  | (1,468) |
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss | $ | 899 |  |  | $ | (64) |  |  | $ | 11,449 |  |  | $ | (4,709) |  |  | $ | 12,348 |  |  | $ | (4,773) |
Purchases and sales of investments in preneed funeral trusts | Purchases and sales of investments in the preneed funeral trusts are as follows (in thousands):
| Years ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Purchases | $ | (23,799) |  |  | $ | (21,425) |  |  | $ | (6,239) |
Sales | 31,038 |  |  | 17,300 |  |  | 7,419 |
Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments Care trusts’ corpus on our Consolidated Balance Sheets represent the corpus of those trusts plus undistributed income. The components of Care trusts’ corpus are as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments, at market value | $ | 87,337 |  |  | $ | 85,331 |
Obligations due from trust | (885) |  |  | (980) |
Care trusts’ corpus, including HFS | $ | 86,452 |  |  | $ | 84,351 |
Less: Held for sale | (2,234) |  |  | — |
Care trusts' corpus | $ | 84,218 |  |  | $ | 84,351 |
The following table reflects the cost and market values associated with the trust investments held in perpetual care trust funds at December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 14,054 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,054 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 7,770 |  |  | 1,262 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 9,025 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 7,942 |  |  | 357 |  |  | (402) |  |  | 7,897 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 2,725 |  |  | 418 |  |  | (148) |  |  | 2,995 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 25,563 |  |  | 3,866 |  |  | (3,036) |  |  | 26,393 |
Limited partnership fund |  |  | 3,078 |  |  | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,151 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | 1 |  | 789 |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | 857 |
Fixed income | 2 |  | 24,374 |  |  | 111 |  |  | (2,115) |  |  | 22,370 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 86,295 |  |  | $ | 6,155 |  |  | $ | (5,708) |  |  | $ | 86,742 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 595 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 595 |
Cemetery perpetual care investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 87,337 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.5%
The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) included above are as follows (in thousands):
Due in one year or less | $ | — |
Due in one to five years | 5,508 |
Due in five to ten years | 4,290 |
Thereafter | 10,119 |
Total fixed income securities | $ | 19,917 |
The following table reflects the cost and market values associated with the trust investments held in perpetual care trust funds at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts | 1 |  | $ | 6,688 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,688 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | 2 |  | 7,101 |  |  | 1,177 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 8,260 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 13,491 |  |  | 334 |  |  | (3,367) |  |  | 10,458 |
Preferred stock | 2 |  | 10,723 |  |  | 415 |  |  | (1,435) |  |  | 9,703 |
Common stock | 1 |  | 36,413 |  |  | 8,098 |  |  | (6,580) |  |  | 37,931 |
Limited partnership fund |  |  | 3,042 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 3,040 |
Mutual funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | 1 |  | 467 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 446 |
Fixed income | 2 |  | 10,326 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (2,382) |  |  | 7,958 |
Trust securities |  |  | $ | 88,251 |  |  | $ | 10,043 |  |  | $ | (13,810) |  |  | $ | 84,484 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | $ | 847 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 847 |
Cemetery perpetual care investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 85,331 |
Market value as a percentage of cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95.7%
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our perpetual care trust investment in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
| December 31, 2024
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | (7) |
Corporate debt | 1,111 |  |  | (121) |  |  | 316 |  |  | (281) |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | (402) |
Preferred stock | 764 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 1,086 |  |  | (144) |  |  | 1,850 |  |  | (148) |
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss | $ | 1,875 |  |  | $ | (125) |  |  | $ | 1,586 |  |  | $ | (432) |  |  | $ | 3,461 |  |  | $ | (557) |
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities within our perpetual care trust investment in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
| December 31, 2023
| In Loss Position Less than 12 months |  | In Loss Position Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair market value |  | Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign debt | $ | 440 |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | (18) |
Corporate debt | 567 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 3,879 |  |  | (3,314) |  |  | 4,446 |  |  | (3,367) |
Preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,301 |  |  | (1,435) |  |  | 7,301 |  |  | (1,435) |
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss | $ | 1,007 |  |  | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | 11,358 |  |  | $ | (4,759) |  |  | $ | 12,365 |  |  | $ | (4,820) |
Perpetual care trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in thousands):
| Years ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Realized gains | $ | 1,432 |  |  | $ | 1,025 |  |  | $ | 1,454 |
Realized losses | (1,873) |  |  | (639) |  |  | (309) |
Unrealized gains (losses), net | 447 |  |  | (3,767) |  |  | (6,958) |
Net change in care trusts’ corpus | (6) |  |  | 3,381 |  |  | 5,813 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Perpetual care trust investment security transactions recorded in Other revenue are as follows (in thousands):
| Years ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Investment income | $ | 14,806 |  |  | $ | 12,824 |  |  | $ | 11,425 |
Realized losses | (3,589) |  |  | (1,583) |  |  | (2,427) |
Total | $ | 11,217 |  |  | $ | 11,241 |  |  | $ | 8,998 |
Purchases and sales of investments in the perpetual care trusts are as follows (in thousands):
| Years ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Purchases | $ | (21,441) |  |  | $ | (18,024) |  |  | $ | (4,872) |
Sales | 29,967 |  |  | 21,613 |  |  | 5,444 |
Preneed funereal trust investment security transactions | Preneed funeral trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in thousands):
| Years ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Investment income | $ | 2,177 |  |  | $ | 2,004 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |
Realized gains | 10,722 |  |  | 3,354 |  |  | 9,446 |
Realized losses | (12,947) |  |  | (2,170) |  |  | (2,301) |
Unrealized gains (losses), net | 994 |  |  | (3,104) |  |  | (7,723) |
Expenses and taxes | (1,120) |  |  | (848) |  |  | 958 |
Net change in deferred preneed funeral receipts held in trust | 174 |  |  | 764 |  |  | (2,080) |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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