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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

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☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 001-36059

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Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
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Volaris Aviation Holding Company
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
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United Mexican States
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
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Av. Antonio Dovalí Jaime No. 70, 13 Floor, Tower B
Colonia Zedec Santa Fe
United Mexican States, Mexico City, 01210
(Address of principal executive offices)
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Ricardo Martínez Gutiérrez (ir@volaris.com) Av. Antonio Dovalí Jaime No. 70, 13 Floor, Tower B, Colonia Zedec Santa Fe United Mexican States, Mexico City, 01210
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

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Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares (ADSs) | ​ | VLRS | ​ | New York Stock Exchange
Ordinary Participation Certificates (Certificados de Participación Ordinarios or CPOs) | ​ | VLRS | ​ | New York Stock Exchange
Series A shares of common stock, no par value | ​ | VOLAR A | ​ | Mexican Stock Exchange

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.
Ordinary Participation Certificates (Certificados de Participación Ordinarios): | 902,962,094
Series A shares of common stock, no par value per share: | 263,014,583

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☒ Yes ☐ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

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Large accelerated filer ☒ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Emerging growth company ☐

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

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Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

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U.S. GAAP ☐ | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ | Other ☐

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If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED RISKS | 1
INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS | 2
SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS | 3
GLOSSARY OF AIRLINES AND AIRLINE TERMS | 5
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND OTHER INFORMATION | 8
PART I. | 9
ITEM 1 IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 9
ITEM 2 OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 9
ITEM 3 KEY INFORMATION | 9
ITEM 4 INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 42
ITEM 4A UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 71
ITEM 5 OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 71
ITEM 6 DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES | 101
ITEM 7 MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 112
ITEM 8 FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 116
ITEM 9 THE OFFER AND LISTING | 117
ITEM 10 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 126
ITEM 11 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 144
ITEM 12 DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 146
PART II. | 151
ITEM 13 DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES | 151
ITEM 14 MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 151
ITEM 15 CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 151
ITEM 16 [RESERVED] | 152
ITEM 16A AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT | 152
ITEM 16B CODE OF ETHICS | 153
ITEM 16C PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 153
ITEM 16D EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES | 153
ITEM 16E PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 153
ITEM 16F CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 153
ITEM 16G CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 154
ITEM 16H MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 157
ITEM16I DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 157
ITEM 16J INSIDER TRADING POLICIES | 157
ITEM 16K CYBERSECURITY | 157
PART III. | 159
ITEM 17 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 159
ITEM 18 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 159
ITEM 19 EXHIBITS | 160
EXHIBIT INDEX | 160

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED RISKS

This annual report on Form 20-F or our “annual report,” contains various forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which represent the Company’s expectations, beliefs, or projections concerning future events and financial trends affecting the financial condition of our business. When used in this annual report, the words “expects,” “intends,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “indicates,” “believes,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “potential,” “outlook,” “may,” “continue,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “targets” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Similarly, statements that describe the Company’s objectives, plans or goals, or actions the Company may take in the future, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding the Company’s intentions and expectations regarding the delivery schedule of aircraft on order, full year 2024 outlook, and guidance, expectation to receive certain compensation in connection with P&W GTF engine removals, anticipated execution of the Company´s business plan, focus on the Company´s 2024 priorities, and expected new service routes and customer savings programs. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee or assurance of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and/or management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of factors that could cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from the Company’s expectations, including the competitive environment in the airline industry; the Company’s ability to keep costs low; changes in fuel costs; the impact of worldwide economic conditions on customer travel behavior; the Company’s ability to generate non-passenger revenues; and government regulation. Additional information concerning these, and other factors is contained in the Company’s U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements set forth above. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this annual report. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information, except to the extent required by applicable law. If we update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described below under “Summary Risk Factors” and Part I, Item 3D. Risk Factors, Part I, Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects and other risks and uncertainties listed from time to time in our filings with the SEC. In light of these risks and uncertainties, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this annual report may not occur and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements set forth above. Additionally, our discussion herein, particularly of ESG initiatives and related issues, are informed by various standards and frameworks (including standards for the measurement of underlying data) and the interests of various stakeholders, which may be more expansive than certain requirements under the federal securities laws. In particular, certain information may not be “material” under the federal securities laws definition of materiality for SEC reporting purposes. Furthermore, much of this information is subject to assumptions, estimates, or third-party information that is still evolving and subject to change. For example, our disclosures may change due to revisions in framework requirements, availability of information, changes in our business or applicable government policies, changing stakeholder focus, or other factors, some of which may be beyond our control. Given the uncertainties, estimates, and assumptions involved, the materiality of some of this information is inherently difficult to assess far in advance. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this annual report. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. If we update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.

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INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS

In this annual report, we use the term “Volaris” to refer to Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V., “Volaris Opco” to refer to Concesionaria Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.P.I. de C.V., “Comercializadora” to refer to Comercializadora Volaris, S.A. de C.V., “Servicios Corporativos” to refer to Servicios Corporativos Volaris, S.A. de C.V., “Servicios Earhart” to refer to Servicios Earhart, S.A., “Vuela” to refer to Vuela, S.A. and “Vuela Aviación” to refer to Vuela Aviación, S.A., “Viajes Vuela” to refer to Viajes Vuela, S.A. de C.V., “Comercializadora Frecuenta” to refer to Comercializadora V. Frecuenta, S.A. de C.V., “Vuela El Salvador” to refer to Vuela El Salvador, S.A. de C.V., and “GDS” to refer to Guatemala Dispatch Service, S.A., Volaris Opco, Comercializadora, Servicios Corporativos, Servicios Earhart, Vuela Aviación, Viajes Vuela, Comercializadora Frecuenta Vuela El Salvador and GDS are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Volaris. The terms “we,” “our” and “us” in this annual report refer to Volaris, together with its subsidiaries, and to properties and assets that they own or operate, unless otherwise specified. References to “Series A shares” refer to the Series A shares of Volaris.

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SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities and American Depository Shares (the “ADSs”) is subject to a number of risks, including risks related to Mexico, risks related to the countries in which we operate, risks related to the airline industry, risks related to our business, and risks related to our securities and the ADSs. The following list summarizes some, but not all, of these risks. Please read the information in the section entitled “Risk Factors” for a more thorough description of these and other risks.

Risks related to Mexico and the other countries in which we operate

| ● | Economic, political and social events, and changes in Mexican government policy: The Mexican federal government has exercised, and continues to exercise, significant influence over the Mexican economy. As a result, governmental actions and policies concerning air transportation and similar services could have a significant impact on our operations.

| ● | Adverse economic conditions in Mexico and the other countries in which we operate: Our business may be affected by unfavorable economic conditions in Mexico and the other countries in which we operate, including a slowdown or recession in the economy, as well as higher inflation or interest rates. These factors may result in decreased demand for our flights, lower fares, or a shift towards alternative ground transportation options such as long-distance buses.

| ● | Currency fluctuations: Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar in relation to the peso have historically been significant, and the potential for such fluctuations to persist in the future remains. If the peso depreciates against the U.S. dollar, it could potentially lead to reduced demand for our services and adversely our business operations and financial performance.

| ● | Developments in other countries: Changes in immigration or trade policies, can adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Changes in government regulations related to airline safety, security and/ or consumer protection could increase our costs and decrease our profitability. In addition, shifts in political leadership and economic policies could impact the demand for our flights.

Risks related to the airline industry

| ● | Competition: We operate in an extremely competitive industry and face significant competition with respect to routes, fares, services, and airport slots. Our competition includes not only other airlines but also bus services on many of our routes. Decisions by our competitors that increase industry capacity, or capacity dedicated to a particular region, market, or route, have the potential to negatively impact our business.

| ● | Economic Conditions: The airline industry is highly sensitive to changes in economic conditions. Unfavorable economic conditions have the potential to negatively impact our ability to offset increased fuel, labor, or other costs through price increases. Such impacts, if significant, may result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

| ● | Regulations: The airline industry is highly regulated, and it is essential that we maintain the necessary concessions, permits and authorizations from U.S., Mexican, Central American, and South American governmental bodies to operate successfully. Failure to do so could have a significant negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

| ● | Fixed Costs: The airline industry is characterized by low gross profit margins and high fixed costs. As a result, as an airline we face significant challenges in quickly reducing costs in response to unexpected revenue shortfalls. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

| ● | Fuel Costs: Fuel costs have a significant impact on the airline industry, as it represents a considerable portion of operating expenses for airlines. Our ability to pass on such fuel cost increases to our customers is limited by our ultra-low-cost business model. As a result, any significant fluctuations or disruptions in the supply of fuel could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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| ● | Public health threats: Infectious disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19 and other highly contagious diseases, have led to the suspension of both domestic and international flights in the past, as well as changes in travel behavior. These threats could also have a significant negative impact on the economies of the countries in which we operate, as well as the reputation of the airline industry as a whole. As a result, an infectious disease outbreak could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Risks related to our business

| ● | Ultra-Low-Cost Structure: Our competitive advantage lies in our ultra-low-cost structure, which is subject to various factors that impact our ability to control costs, some of which are beyond our control. Our success relies on maintaining a high daily aircraft utilization rate, leaving us susceptible to flight delays, cancellations, and aircraft unavailability. Our non-passenger revenue is crucial for profitability, but it may not remain stable or increase. If our cost structure rises, and we can no longer maintain a cost advantage over competitors, it could negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

| ● | Maintenance Costs: As of December 31, 2023 our fleet’s average age was 5.7 years. Our newer aircraft, which constitute a significant portion of the fleet, presently require lower maintenance costs. However, as our fleet ages, we expect an increase in maintenance costs. Any significant surge in maintenance and repair expenses would have a material adverse effect on our margins, results of operations, and financial condition.

| ● | Dependence on Certain Airports: Our business relies heavily on our routes to and from major airports in Mexico City, Tijuana, Guadalajara, and Cancun, which represent a significant portion of our overall routes. In addition, the Mexico City International Airport is at full capacity and may go through a major structural construction, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain or obtain additional slots. Any major increase in competition, loss of any of our slots, a decrease in demand for air travel, or disruptions in airport services or fuel supply could potentially have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

| ● | Limited suppliers: We rely on a limited number of suppliers for fuel, aircraft, and engines.

| ● | Any real or perceived problem with our aircraft or engines: If any design defect or mechanical problem is discovered, or if the technology relating to such aircraft or engine should become obsolete, our aircraft may have to be grounded while such defect or problem is corrected, assuming it could be corrected at all. Since 2017, P&W’s PW1100G-JM engines have experienced technical and production issues worldwide. As a result, several A320neo operators, including us, have reportedly caused their aircraft to be inoperative for long periods of time. This problem has also resulted in the delay of delivery of our A320 and A321neo aircraft. We cannot assure you when such problems will be resolved by P&W.

Risks related to our securities and the ADSs

| ● | CPO Trust: Non-Mexican investors may not hold our Series A shares directly and must have them held in a CPO trust, which releases Ordinary Participation Certificates (“Certificados de Participación Ordinarios” or “CPOs”) underlying Series A shares, at all times. If the current trust is terminated, a new trust similar to the CPO trust may not be created.

| ● | Voting Rights: Holders of the ADSs and CPOs are not entitled to vote the underlying Series A shares. As a result, holders of the ADSs and CPOs do not have any influence over the decisions made relating to our company’s business or operations, nor are they protected from the results of any such corporate action taken by our holders of Series A shares.

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GLOSSARY OF AIRLINES AND AIRLINE TERMS

Set forth below is a glossary of industry terms used in this annual report:

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“Aeroméxico” | means Aerovías de México, S.A. de C.V.
“AFAC” | means the Mexican Federal Civil Aviation Agency (Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil).
“AirAsia” | means AirAsia Berhad.
“Airbus” | means Airbus S.A.S.
“Alaska” | means Alaska Air Group, Inc.
“Allegiant” | means Allegiant Travel Company.
“Aeroméxico Connect” | means Aerolitoral, S.A. de C.V.
“American” | means American Airlines Group.
“Available seat miles” or “ASMs” | means the number of seats available for passengers multiplied by the number of miles the seats are flown.
“Average daily aircraft utilization” | means flight hours or block hours, as applicable, divided by number of days in the period divided by average aircraft in the period.
“Average economic fuel cost per gallon” | means total fuel expense net of hedging effect, divided by the total number of fuel gallons consumed.
“Average passenger revenue per booked passenger” | means total passenger revenue divided by booked passengers.
“Average stage length” | means the average number of miles flown per passenger flight segment.
“Avianca” | means Avianca Holdings S.A.
“Azul” | means Azul Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras S.A.
“Block hours” | means the number of hours during which the aircraft is in revenue service, measured from the time it leaves the gate until the time it arrives to the gate at destination.
“Booked passengers” | means the total number of passengers booked on all flight segments.
“CASM” or “unit costs” | means total operating expenses, net divided by ASMs.
“CASM ex fuel” | means total operating expenses, net excluding fuel expenses divided by ASMs.
“CBP” | means U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
“CEO” | means current engine option.
“Copa” | means Copa Holdings, S.A.
“Delta” | means Delta Air Lines, Inc.
“DHS” | means the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
“DOT” | means the U.S. Department of Transportation.

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“EPA” | means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
“ESG” | means Environmental, Social and Governance matters.
“FAA” | means the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.
“FCC” | means the U.S. Federal Communications Commission.
“Flight hours” | means the number of hours during which the aircraft is in revenue service, measured from the time it takes off until the time it lands at the destination.
“Frontier” | means Frontier Airlines, Inc.
“Former Grupo Mexicana” | means the former Grupo Mexicana de Aviación, S.A. de C.V., which was the holding company for three airlines, Compañía Mexicana de Aviación, Mexicana Click and Mexicana Link.
“Gol” | means Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes, S.A.
“Grupo Aeroméxico” | means Grupo Aeroméxico, S.A.B. de C.V., which includes Aeroméxico and Aeroméxico Connect.
“Grupo TACA” | means Taca International Airlines, S.A.
“IAE” | means International Aero Engines LLC
“IATA” | means the International Air Transport Association.
“IASA” | means International Aviation Safety Assessment
“ICAO” | means the International Civil Aviation Organization
“INEGI” | means the Mexican Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía).
“Interjet” | means ABC Aerolíneas, S.A. de C.V.
“JetBlue” | means JetBlue Airways Corporation.
“JetSMART” | means JetSMART Airlines SpA.
“LATAM” | means LATAM Airlines Group S.A.
“Latin America” | means, collectively, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America and South America.
“Latin American publicly traded airline carriers” | means, collectively, Azul, Copa and Gol.
“Legacy carrier” | means an airline that typically offers scheduled flights to major domestic and international routes (directly or through membership in an alliance) and serves numerous smaller cities, operates mainly through a “hub-and-spoke” network route system and has higher cost structures than low-cost carriers due to higher labor costs, flight crew and aircraft scheduling inefficiencies, concentration of operations in higher cost airports and multiple classes of services.
“LMV” | means the Mexican Securities Market Law (Ley del Mercado de Valores).
“Load factor” | means RPMs divided by ASMs and expressed as a percentage.

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“Low-cost carrier” | means an airline that typically flies direct, point-to-point flights, often serves major markets through secondary, lower cost airports in the same regions as major population centers, provides a single class of service, thereby increasing the number of seats on each flight and avoiding the significant and incremental cost of offering premium-class services, and tends to operate fleets with only one or two aircraft families, in order to maximize the utilization of flight crews across the fleet, improve aircraft scheduling efficiency and flexibility and minimize inventory and aircraft maintenance costs.
“NEO” | means new engine option.
“New Mexicana de Aviación” | means Aerolínea del Estado Mexicano, S.A. de C.V.
“NYSE” | means the New York Stock Exchange.
“On-time” | means flights arriving within 15 minutes of the scheduled arrival time.
“Other Latin American publicly traded airlines” | means, collectively, Azul, Copa, and Gol.
“Passenger flight segments” | means the total number of passengers flown on all flight segments.
“P&W” | means Pratt & Whitney.
“RASM” | means passenger revenue divided by ASMs.
“RNV” | means the Securities National Registry (Registro Nacional de Valores).
“Revenue passenger miles” or “RPMs” | means the number of seats sold to passengers divided by the number of miles the seats are flown.
“Ryanair” | means Ryanair Holdings plc.
“SICT” | means the Mexican Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation Ministry (Secretaría de Infraestructura, Comunicaciones y Transportes).
“Southwest” | means Southwest Airlines Co.
“Spirit” | means Spirit Airlines, Inc.
“Tiger” | means Tiger Airways Holdings Limited.
“Total operating revenue per ASM” or “TRASM” | means total revenue divided by ASMs.
“TSA” | means the U.S. Transportation Security Administration.
“ULCC” | means an airline that belongs to a subset of low-cost carriers, which distinguishes itself by using a business model with an intense focus on low-cost, efficient asset utilization, unbundled revenue sources aside from the base fares with multiple products and services offered for additional fees. In the United States, Frontier, and Spirit Airlines, Inc. define themselves as ULCCs and Volaris and VivaAerobus follow the ULCC model in Mexico.
“United” | means United Airlines Holdings, Inc.
“U.S.-based publicly traded target market competitors” | means Alaska, Allegiant, American, Delta, Frontier, Spirit, JetBlue, Southwest and United.
“VFR” | means passengers who are visiting friends and relatives.
“VivaAerobus” | means Aeroenlaces Nacionales, S.A. de C.V.
“Wizz” | means Wizz Air Holdings Plc.

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PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND OTHER INFORMATION

This annual report includes our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, and for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards (International Financial Reporting Standards, “IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). These audited consolidated financial statements are included elsewhere in this annual report.

Unless otherwise specified, all references to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “U.S. $” or “$” are to United States dollars, the legal currency of the United States, and references to “Mexican pesos,” “pesos” or “Ps.” are to Mexican Pesos, the legal currency of Mexico. Amounts presented in this annual report may not add up due to rounding.

As of December 31, 2021, and for all subsequent periods, as permitted by IAS 21 and with the authorization of our board of directors, after considering the favorable opinion of our audit and corporate governance committee, we determined that our functional currency had changed from the Mexican peso to the U.S. dollar.

During the second half of 2021, we identified in the primary economic environment in which Volaris Opco operates (i) an increase in Volaris Opco’s international market transactions during 2021, (ii) changes in the determination of rates and (iii) that most of Volaris Opco’s representative costs are determined and denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, we evaluated the functional currency of Volaris Opco in accordance with the regulatory provisions contained in IAS 21 and determined that Volaris Opco’s functional currency changed from the Mexican peso to the U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2021.

In addition, considering the dependency of our operations on Volaris Opco, our management determined that our functional currency also changed from the Mexican peso to the U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2021.

Industry and Market Data

The industry and market data presented in this annual report were obtained from various sources, including research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties on our behalf. Additionally, we relied on information sourced from third-party publications, such as the INEGI, U.S. Census Bureau, reports from the AFAC, reports from the Mexican Central Bank, and other publicly available sources. Third-party publications generally state that they have obtained information from sources believed to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of such information. Although we believe that this data and information is reliable, we have not independently verified it. Additionally, certain market share data is based on published information available for the Mexican states. There is no comparable data available relating to the particular cities we serve. In presenting market share estimates for these cities, we have estimated the size of the market on the basis of the published information for the state in which the particular city is located. We believe this method is reasonable, but the results have not been verified by any independent source.

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PART I.

ITEM 1 IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2 OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

ITEM 3 KEY INFORMATION

A. | [Reserved]

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A. | Key Performance Indicators

The following measures are often provided and utilized by our management, analysts, and investors to enhance comparability of year-over-year results, as well as to compare results to other airlines: Revenue passenger miles, or RPMs; Average passenger revenue per booked passenger; Average non-passenger revenue per booked passenger; Total operating revenue per ASM, or TRASM; Passenger Revenue per ASMS, or RASM; Operating expenses per ASM, or CASM; CASM ex fuel, and average economic fuel cost per gallon. Average passenger revenue per booked passenger represents the total passenger revenue divided by booked passengers. The CASM ex fuel represents total operating expenses, net excluding fuel expense divided by ASMs. Average economic fuel cost per gallon represents total fuel expense net of hedging effect, divided by the total number of fuel gallons consumed. We believe this operating data is useful in reporting the operating performance of our business, however, these measures may differ from similarly titled measures reported by other companies and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance in accordance with IFRS.

B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not Applicable.

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C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

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D. | Risk Factors

You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this annual report and the risks described below before making an investment decision. Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks. The trading price of the ADSs could decline due to any of these risks or other factors, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

The risks described below are those that we currently believe may adversely affect us or the ADSs. In general, investing in the securities of issuers in emerging market countries, such as Mexico, and the other countries in which we operate involves risks that are different from the risks associated with investing in the securities of U.S. companies and companies located in other countries with developed capital markets. Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

To the extent that information relates to, or is obtained from sources related to, the Mexican government or Mexican macroeconomic data, the following information has been extracted from official publications of the Mexican government and has not been independently verified by us.

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Risks related to Mexico and the other countries in which we operate

Economic political and social developments in Mexico as well as changes in Mexican federal governmental policies may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition are affected by economic, political or social developments in Mexico, including, among others, any political or social instability in Mexico, changes in the rate of economic growth or contraction, changes in the exchange rate between the peso and the U.S. dollar, an increase in inflation or interest rates, changes in Mexican taxation and any amendments to existing Mexican laws, federal governmental policies and regulations.

Adverse social or political developments in or affecting Mexico could negatively affect us and Mexican financial markets generally, thereby affecting our ability to obtain financing. The President’s party and its allies currently hold the majority of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Presidential and federal congressional elections in Mexico will be held on June 2, 2024. We cannot provide any assurance that the current political situation or any future developments in Mexico will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or prospects.

In addition, the Mexican federal government has exercised, and continues to exercise, significant influence over the Mexican economy. In particular, Mexican governmental actions and policies concerning air transportation and similar services could have a significant impact on us. In 2022, the Mexican government implemented subsidies to offset the sharp increase in oil prices, specifically for diesel, which is the primary fuel used in buses and goods transportation. These subsidies were not applicable to jet fuel. As a result, the subsidies benefited the bus market, but did not provide any benefit to us or the airline industry. Nonetheless, commencing in 2024, the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit rescinded subsidies for gasoline and diesel, resulting in the termination of tax incentives for these products.

In December 2022, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced plans to create a new airline owned and operated by the Mexican government. In April 2023, the Mexican Congress approved amendments to the Mexican Civil Aviation Law (Ley de Aviación Civil) and Mexican Airports Law (Ley de Aeropuertos) that, among other things, would allow governmental entities to have concessions to operate both, civil airlines and airports. Further, the April 2023 approved amendments to the Mexican Civil Aviation Law (Ley de Aviación Civil) and Mexican Airports Law (Ley de Aeropuertos) are subject to a constitutional process presented in Congress by the opposition parties and that will be resolved by the Mexican Supreme Court. The New Mexicana de Aviación was created on June 15, 2023, as a state-owned company and started operations on December 26, 2023, further increasing our competition. On February 2, 2023, the Mexican federal government published a decree which was amended on July 7, 2023, ordering the termination of domestic and international air cargo transport operations, both regularly scheduled and unscheduled flights, at the Mexico City International Airport.

Furthermore, in September 2022, the AFAC issued a resolution that reduced operations at the Mexico City International Airport from 61 to 52 flights per hour. Subsequently, on August 31, 2023, AFAC issued a resolution that further reduced the number of flights in the Mexico City International Airport to a maximum of 43 flights per hour. In response to this reduction, which took effect on January 8, 2024, we have reduced capacity at the Mexico City International Airport, redeploying four aircraft lines to other domestic airports.

On February 5, 2024, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador submitted a package of 18 constitutional amendments and two legal reform initiatives to the Chamber of Deputies. These amendments and initiatives aim to, among other things, modify the functioning of the Judicial, Legislative and Executive branches and the electoral system; eliminate various autonomous constitutional bodies such as the Federal Economic Competition Commission, the National Institute for Transparency, Access to Information, and Personal Data Protection, and the Federal Telecommunications Institute and regulatory organizations, as well as simplify the structure of the Federal Public Administration; modify the power sector; establish constitutional prohibitions on various matters such as fracking, open-pit mining, the use of vaping systems and fentanyl; and elevate various social programs launched during his administration to constitutional rank, as well as create a supplementary pension fund.

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The reforms to the Federal Judicial Branch proposes, among others:(i) eliminating the Federal Judiciary Council (“CJF”) and transferring its administrative functions to a judicial administration body (appointed by the Powers of the Union), while its disciplinary functions will be transferred to a Judicial Discipline Tribunal (elected by popular vote), (ii) the reduction from 11 to 9 Justices of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (“SCJN”), including a reduction in the term of office of the Justices from 15 to 12 years and the elimination of the SCJN chambers, (iii) the election by popular vote, following a call and nomination by the three powers of the union of Justices of the SCJN, electoral magistrates, circuit magistrates, military discipline tribunal magistrates, and district judges, (iv) changes to remunerations of judicial civil servants so that no judicial official earns more than the President, (v) allowing the Electoral Tribunal of the Judicial Power of the Federation to resolve challenges in key judicial elections, (vi) extending the scope of impeachment and establishing procedures for criminally prosecuting judicial officials, and (vii) strengthening the independence of local judicial powers.

To approve a constitutional reform, Congress members must issue a qualified majority (i.e., two-thirds) vote. Once endorsed by the chamber of Deputies and the Senate, the reforms, or additions must be approved by a simple majority (i.e., half plus one) of the legislatures of the federative entities. To approve the constitutional reforms included in the package of initiatives described above, the parliamentary group of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador would require the support of the opposing parties.

We cannot assure you that changes in Mexican laws, regulations and policies, including those recently adopted, currently proposed and any changes that may be adopted in the future, will not adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects or the price of the ADSs.

Adverse economic conditions in Mexico and the other countries in which we operate may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are a Mexican corporation and most of our operations are conducted in Mexico. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 63% of our total revenues were attributable to our Mexican domestic operations. As a result, our business performance is closely linked to the performance of the Mexican economy. In 2021, 2022, and 2023, the Mexican economy grew 5.0%, 3.1%, and 3.2%, respectively, in terms of gross domestic product, or GDP, according to the INEGI. Moreover, in the past, Mexico has experienced prolonged periods of economic crises, caused by internal and external factors, over which we have no control. Those periods have been characterized by exchange rate volatility, high inflation, high domestic interest rates, economic contraction, a reduction of international capital inflows, a reduction of liquidity in the banking sector, and high unemployment rates.

We conduct an important part of our operations in the United States and Central and South America. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 37% of our total revenues were attributable to our operations within these regions. Therefore, our results are influenced not only by our domestic operations but also by those conducted in the United States and Central and South America.

As of the date of this annual report, we believe that the main risk factors for the countries where we operate include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) continuation of persistent supply-demand mismatches, increasing inflation and a faster-than-anticipated monetary policy normalization cycle, and its impact on the global economy, emerging markets, risk aversion, foreign exchange markets, debt, and financial market volatility; (ii) escalation of social unrest; (iii) more adverse climate shocks; (iv) an escalation of trade and technology tensions, notably between the United States and China, could weigh on investment and productivity growth, raising additional roadblocks in the recovery path; (v) rapid growth of cryptocurrencies without clear regulation that could lead to financial instability with negative effects for the global economy; (vi) an increase in the spread and destructiveness of cyberattacks involving critical infrastructure could act as further drags on the recovery, particularly as telework and automation increase; and (vii) other geopolitical risks.

Unfavorable economic conditions in Mexico and the other countries in which we operate, including a slowdown or recession in their economies, as well as higher inflation rates, may result in decreased demand for our flights, lower fares or a shift towards alternative ground transportation options, such as long-distance buses. We cannot assure you that economic conditions in Mexico and the other countries in which we operate will not worsen, or that those conditions will not have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Economic, political, or social developments in the United States and the Central and South American countries in which we operate may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition are affected by economic, political or social developments in the United States and the Central and South American countries in which we operate. Like other companies with international operations, political, economic, geopolitical or social developments in the countries in which we operate, such as elections, new governments, changes in public policy, economic circumstances, laws and/or regulations, trade policies, political agreements or disagreements, civil disturbances and a rise in violence or the perception of violence, could have a material adverse effect in the countries in which we operate or on the global financial markets, and in turn on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

If inflation rates increase in Mexico and the other countries in which we operate, demand for our services may decrease and our costs may increase.

Mexico has historically experienced levels of inflation that are higher than the annual inflation rates of its main trading partners. The annual rate of inflation, as measured by changes in the Mexican National Consumer Price Index, calculated and published by the Mexican Central Bank and INEGI was 7.36% for 2021, 7.82% for 2022, and 4.66% for 2023. In addition, since the beginning of 2021, inflation, as measured by the Consumer Price Index has increased in advanced and emerging market economies, reaching record high levels, driven mainly by supply chain issues (including input shortages, labor constraints, and rising commodity prices), excess demand for goods and services, and significant increases in energy prices. Although, inflation decreased in 2023 in most countries, it remains above the inflation targets set by Central Banks, as indicated by the Mexican Central Bank. Reference interest rates were high, reflecting restrictive monetary policies. We continue to face a complex and uncertain global macroeconomic environment, marked by heightened volatility in financial markets. High inflation rates could adversely affect our business and results of operations by reducing consumer purchasing power, thereby adversely affecting consumer demand for our services, increasing our costs beyond levels that we could pass on to our customers and by decreasing the benefit to us of revenues earned to the extent that inflation exceeds growth in our pricing levels.

Currency fluctuations or the devaluation and depreciation of the U.S. dollar could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Foreign exchange gains or losses included in our total cost of comprehensive financing resulted primarily from the impact of changes in the US dollar-peso exchange rate on our Mexican peso-denominated monetary liabilities (such as Mexican peso-denominated debt, Mexican pesos financial debt, suppliers and other accounts payable) and assets (such Mexican peso-denominated cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, guarantee deposits and derivative financial instruments denominated in Mexican pesos). As of December 31, 2021, our net monetary liability position denominated in U.S. dollars was U.S. $1.6 billion. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, our net monetary Mexican peso and other currencies liability position denominated in U.S. dollars was U.S. $0.2 billion and U.S. $0.2 billion, respectively. In 2021, due to the appreciation or depreciation of the peso against the U.S. dollar, our net monetary liability position denominated in U.S. dollars resulted in a foreign exchange loss, net of U.S. $124.2 million. In 2022 and 2023, as a consequence of either the appreciation or depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the peso, and our net monetary liability position in Mexican peso and other currencies, we recorded foreign exchange gains (losses) of U.S. $3.6 million and U.S. $(34.1) million, respectively.

The value of the U.S. dollar has been subject to significant fluctuations with respect to the peso in the past and may be subject to significant fluctuations in the future. This trend in fluctuations has continued as the U.S. dollar appreciated 3.2% in 2021 against the peso in nominal terms. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the U.S. dollar depreciated 5.9% and 12.7%, respectively, against the peso in nominal terms since December 31, 2022.

Devaluation or depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the peso may adversely affect the U.S. dollar value of an investment in the CPOs, as well as the U.S. dollar value of any dividend or other distributions that we may make.

Exchange rate fluctuations would also affect the equivalent value of any dividends and other distributions we may elect to make in the future and may affect the timely payment of any cash dividends and other distributions to holders of CPOs that we may elect to pay in the future.

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Developments in other countries could adversely affect the Mexican economy, the market value of our securities, our financial condition and results of operations.

The market value of securities of Mexican companies is affected by economic and market conditions in developed and other emerging market countries. Although economic conditions in those countries may differ significantly from economic conditions in Mexico, investors’ reactions to developments in any of these other countries, may have an adverse effect on the market value of securities of Mexican issuers. For example, prices of both Mexican debt and equity securities have sometimes suffered substantial drops as a result of developments in other countries.

In addition, the direct correlation between economic conditions in Mexico and the United States has strengthened because of the North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, and increased economic activity between the two countries (including increased remittances of U.S. dollars from Mexican workers in the United States to their families in Mexico). On November 30, 2018, Mexico, the United States and Canada signed the USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement), which entered into force on July 1, 2020, as a replacement for NAFTA. Implementation of immigration policies can adversely affect United States—Mexico travel behavior, especially in the VFR and leisure markets and could have a negative impact on our results of operations.

Mexican antitrust provisions may affect the fares we are permitted to charge to customers.

The Mexican Aviation Law (Ley de Aviación Civil) provides that in the event that the SICT determines that there is no effective competition among permit and concession holders (required to operate airlines in Mexico), the SICT may request the opinion of the Mexican Antitrust Commission (Comisión Federal de Competencia Económica) and then issue regulations governing the fares that may be charged for air transportation services by airlines operating in Mexico. Such regulations would be in effect only while the conditions that resulted in their establishment remain. The imposition of fare regulations by the SICT could materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Violent crime in Mexico has adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, the Mexican economy and may have a negative effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Mexico has experienced high levels of violent crime over the past years relating to illegal drug trafficking, particularly in Mexico’s northern states near the U.S. border, and several other states. This violence has had an adverse impact on the economic activity in Mexico. In addition, violent crime may further affect travel within Mexico and between Mexico and other countries, including the United States, affect the airports or cities in which we operate, including airports or cities in the north of Mexico in which we have significant operations, and increase our insurance and security costs. We cannot assure you that the levels of violent crime in Mexico, the United States and other countries in which we operate will not increase or decrease and will have no further adverse effects on the country’s economy and on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Risks related to the airline industry

We operate in an extremely competitive industry.

We face significant competition with respect to routes, fares, services and slots in airports. Within the airline industry, we compete with legacy carriers, regional airlines and low-cost airlines on many of our routes. The intensity of the competition we face varies from route to route and depends on a number of factors, including the strength of competing airlines. Our competitors may have better brand recognition and greater financial and other resources than we do. In the event our competitors reduce their fares to levels which we are unable to match while sustaining profitable operations or are more successful in the operation of certain routes (as a result of service or otherwise), we may be required to reduce or withdraw services on the relevant routes, which may cause us to incur losses or may impact our growth, financial condition or results of operations. See Item 4: “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Competition.”

The airline industry is particularly susceptible to price discounting, because once a flight is scheduled, airlines incur only nominal additional costs to provide service to passengers occupying otherwise unsold seats. Increased fare or other price competition could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, other airlines have begun to unbundle services by charging separate fees for services such as baggage transported, food and beverages consumed onboard and advance seat selection. This unbundling and potential reduction of costs could enable competitor airlines to reduce fares on routes that we serve, which may result in an improvement in their ability to attract customers and may affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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In addition, airlines increase or decrease capacity in markets based on perceived profitability. Decisions by our competitors that increase overall industry capacity, or capacity dedicated to a particular region, market or route, could have a material adverse impact on our business. Our growth and the success of our ULCC business model could stimulate competition in our markets through our competitors’ development of their own ULCC strategies or new market entrants. Any such competitor may have greater financial resources and access to cheaper sources of capital than we do, which could enable them to operate their business with a lower cost structure than we can. If these competitors adopt and successfully execute a ULCC business model, we could be materially adversely affected, including our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We also face competition from air travel substitutes. On our domestic routes, we face competition from other transportation alternatives, such as bus or automobile. In addition, technology advancements may limit the desire for air travel. For example, video teleconferencing and other methods of electronic communication may reduce the need for in-person communication and add a new dimension of competition to the industry as travelers seek lower cost substitutes for air travel.

In December 2022, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced plans to create a new airline owned and operated by the Mexican government. In April 2023, the Mexican Congress approved amendments to the Mexican Civil Aviation Law (Ley de Aviación Civil) and Mexican Airports Law (Ley de Aeropuertos) that, among other things, would allow governmental entities to have concessions to operate both, civil airlines and airports. Further, the April 2023 approved amendments to the Mexican Civil Aviation Law (Ley de Aviación Civil) and Mexican Airports Law (Ley de Aeropuertos) are subject to a constitutional process presented in Congress by the opposition parties and that will be resolved by the Mexican Supreme Court. The New Mexicana de Aviación was created on June 15, 2023, as a state-owned company and started operations on December 26, 2023, further increasing our competition. If we are unable to adjust rapidly in the event the basis of competition in our markets changes, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The airline industry is heavily impacted by the price and availability of fuel. Continued volatility in fuel costs or significant disruptions in the supply of fuel could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Fuel is a major cost component for airlines and is our largest operating expense. The cost of fuel accounted for 34%, 46%, and 38% of our total operating costs in 2021, 2022, and 2023 (including derivative and non-derivative financial instruments for 2021), respectively. As such, our operating results are significantly affected by changes in the cost and availability of fuel. Both the cost and the availability of fuel are subject to economic, social and political factors and other events occurring throughout the world, which we can neither control nor accurately predict. Fuel prices have been subject to high volatility, fluctuating substantially over the past several years. Because Russia is one of the world’s largest oil exporters, we expect recent global developments relating to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and resulting export restrictions, will likely lead to decreased global supply and increased fuel prices, which effects could be more acute if the participants of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, decide not to, or are unable to, increase their supply production.

Moreover, the recent escalation of conflict in the Middle East, triggered by attacks between Israel and Iran in April 2024, has heightened geopolitical tensions in the region. This direct confrontation between Iran and Israel marks a significant escalation in their long-standing political and religious tensions. The uncertainty surrounding the conflict and the potential responses of each country has reverberated throughout the financial markets. Notably, the price of Brent crude oil has surged to over U.S. $90 per barrel, reaching its highest level since the Gaza Strip conflict in October 2023. This uptick in oil prices, which has been observed over the past months, poses a significant risk to the aviation industry.

The Iran-Israel conflict has broader implications beyond the immediate region, and the tensions between these two nations have the potential to impact other countries in the Middle East and beyond, with the possibility of the conflict further exacerbating geopolitical instability and economic uncertainty globally.

Due to the large proportion of fuel costs in our total operating cost base, even a relatively small increase in the price of fuel can have a significant negative impact on our operating costs and on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For more information on our cost of fuel, see Item 4: “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Fuel.”

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Our inability to renew our concession or the revocation by the Mexican government of our concession would materially adversely affect us.

We hold a concession from the Mexican federal government that authorizes us to provide domestic air transportation services of passengers, cargo and mail within Mexico (the “Concession”). Our Concession was granted by the Mexican government through the SICT on May 9, 2005 for an initial term of five years and was extended by the SICT on February 17, 2010 for an additional term of ten years. On February 21, 2020, our Concession was extended for an additional 20-year term starting on May 9, 2020.

Mexican law provides that concessions may be renewed several times. However, each renewal may not exceed 30 years and the law requires the concessionaire to:

| ● | have complied with the obligations set forth in the concession to be renewed;

| ● | have requested the renewal one year before the expiration of the concession term;

| ● | have made an improvement in the quality of the services during the term of the concession; and

| ● | have accepted the new conditions established by the SICT according to the Mexican Aviation Law (Ley de Aviación Civil).

Failure to renew our Concession would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects and would prevent us from continuing to conduct our business.

In addition, we are required under the terms of our Concession to comply with certain ongoing obligations. Failure to comply with these obligations could result in penalties against us. The Mexican government has the right to revoke our Concession and the permits we currently hold for various reasons, including:

| ● | service interruptions;

| ● | failure to comply with the terms of our Concession;

| ● | if we assign or transfer rights under our Concession or permits;

| ● | if we fail to maintain insurance required under applicable law;

| ● | if we charge fares different from those registered with the SICT;

| ● | if we violate statutory safety conditions;

| ● | if we fail to pay statutory indemnification; or

| ● | if we fail to pay to the Mexican government the required compensation.

If our Concession or permits are revoked, we will be unable to operate our business as it is currently operated and be precluded from obtaining a new concession or permit for five years from the date of revocation. For more information on the potential causes for revocation of our Concession and permits, see Item 4: “Information of the Company—Regulation.”

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Under Mexican law, our assets could be taken or seized by the Mexican government under certain circumstances.

Pursuant to Mexican law and our Concession, the Mexican federal government may take or seize our assets, temporarily or permanently, including our aircraft, in the event of a natural disaster, war, serious changes to public order or in the event of imminent danger to national security, internal peace or the national economy. The Mexican federal government, in all cases, except in the event of international war, must indemnify us by paying the respective losses and damages at market value. In these circumstances, we would not be able to continue with our normal operations. Applicable law is unclear as to how indemnification is determined and the timing of payment thereof. In addition, on March 28, 2023, the Mexican federal government sent an initiative to the Chamber of Deputies proposing amendments to 23 laws that regulate relationships between private parties and the government relating to, among other things, licenses, permits and concessions. Such amendments, if approved, could further limit the concessions and indemnifications that the Mexican federal government would be required to provide in these circumstances. The initiative was strongly criticized and rejected by organizations from the private sector. Since its presentation in March 2023, the initiative has not shown any progress in its legislative process. Any seizure of our assets is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The airline industry is particularly sensitive to changes in economic conditions. A global economic downturn could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business and the airline industry in general are affected by changing economic conditions beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

| ● | changes and volatility in general economic conditions, including the severity and duration of any downturn in Mexico, the United States or the global economy and financial markets;

| ● | changes in consumer preferences, perceptions, spending patterns or demographic trends, including any increased preference for higher-fare carriers offering higher amenity levels, and reduced preferences for low-fare carriers offering more basic transportation, during better economic times or for other reasons;

| ● | higher levels of unemployment and varying levels of disposable or discretionary income;

| ● | health outbreaks, pandemics and other safety concerns;

| ● | decreases in housing and stock market prices;

| ● | lower levels of actual or perceived consumer confidence;

| ● | high inflation and interest rates; and

| ● | increases in exchange rate volatility and fuel prices, especially in the context of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

These factors can adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms and our liquidity generally. Current unfavorable general economic conditions, such as higher unemployment rates, a constrained credit market, housing-related pressures and increased focus on reducing business operating costs can reduce spending for leisure, VFR and business travel. For many travelers, in particular the leisure and VFR travelers we serve, air transportation is a discretionary purchase that they can eliminate from their spending in difficult economic times.

In addition, adverse economic conditions could affect our ability to implement price adjustments, to counteract increased fuel, labor or other costs, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We are currently striving to increase demand for our flights among the portion of the population in Mexico that has traditionally used ground transportation for travel due to price constraints, by offering lower fares that compete with bus fares on similar routes. Unfavorable economic conditions could affect our ability to offer these lower fares and could affect this population segment’s discretionary spending in a more adverse manner than other travelers.

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Further, in an inflationary environment, we may be unable to manage through the resulting increases in our operating costs depending on its effects on the airline industry and other economic conditions. We cannot predict how long an inflationary period will last or if it will re-occur in the future. As such, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain our costs at their current level. If our costs increase and we are no longer able to maintain a competitive cost structure, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The airline industry is heavily regulated and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected if we fail to maintain the required U.S., Mexican, Central American and South American governmental concessions or authorizations necessary for our operations.

The airline industry is heavily regulated and we are subject to regulation in Mexico, the United States, Central America and South America for the routes we operate. In order to maintain the necessary concessions, permits and authorizations issued by the SICT, acting through the AFAC, the DOT, the FAA and some of the aviation authorities in the Central and South American countries in which we operate, including authorizations to operate our routes, we must continue to comply with applicable statutes, rules and regulations pertaining to the airline industry, including any statutes, rules and regulations that may be adopted in the future.

We cannot predict which criteria the SICT will apply for awarding rights to landing slots, bi-lateral agreements, and international routes, which may prevent us from obtaining routes that may become available. In addition, international routes are limited by bi-lateral agreements and our expansion plans in the international market will be limited if we are unable to obtain new international routes. Furthermore, we cannot predict or control any actions that the DOT, the AFAC, FAA or the aviation authorities in the Central and South American countries in which we operate may take in the future, which could include restricting our operations or imposing new and costly regulations.

Furthermore, our fares are subject to review by the AFAC and some of the aviation authorities in the Central and South American countries in which we operate, any of which may in the future impose restrictions on our fares. Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected if we fail to maintain the required U.S., Mexican, Central American and South American governmental concessions, permits or authorizations or slots necessary for our operations.

The airline industry is subject to increasingly stringent environmental regulations and non-compliance therewith may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The airline industry is subject to increasingly stringent international and foreign laws and federal, state and local, regulations and ordinances relating to the protection of the environment, including those relating to emissions to the air, levels of noise, discharges to surface and subsurface waters, safe drinking water, and the management of hazardous substances and waste materials. Compliance with all environmental laws and regulations can require significant expenditures and any future regulatory developments in Mexico, the United States and other countries in which we operate could adversely affect operations and increase operating costs in the airline industry. Concerns about climate change and greenhouse gases may result in additional regulation or taxation of emissions, including aircraft emissions, in the United States and Mexico. Future operations and financial results may vary as a result of such regulations in the United States and equivalent regulations adopted by other countries, including Mexico, Central and South America. Compliance with these regulations and new or existing regulations that may be applicable to us in the future could increase our cost base and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, in 2016, the ICAO, adopted a resolution creating the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, or CORSIA, providing a framework for a global market-based measure to stabilize CO2 emissions in international civil aviation (i.e., civil aviation flights that depart in one country and arrive in a different country). CORSIA has been implemented in phases, starting with the participation of ICAO member states on a voluntary basis during a pilot phase (from 2021 through 2023), and a first phase (from 2024 through 2026), followed by an obligatory second phase (from 2027) for member states whose civil aviation CO2 emissions exceed certain thresholds. The countries in which we operate are ICAO member states and therefore in the future we may be financially affected due to compliance with CORSIA’s mandates. At this time, the costs of complying with our future obligations under CORSIA are uncertain, primarily due to the supply and price of CORSIA eligible carbon offsets and the future development of the market for eligible sustainable fuels. Due to the competitive nature of the airline industry and unpredictability of the market for air travel, we cannot assure that we may be able to increase our fares, impose surcharges or otherwise increase revenues or decrease other operating costs sufficiently to offset the costs of meeting our obligations under CORSIA.

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In January 2021, the EPA finalized greenhouse gas emission standards for new aircraft engines designed to implement the ICAO standards on the same timeframe contemplated by the ICAO. Like the ICAO standards, the EPA standards would apply to new fleet types in 2020 and would apply to in-production aircraft no later than 2028; however, they would not apply to engines in-service aircraft. The EPA standards have been challenged by several states and environmental groups., The outcome of the legal challenge cannot be predicted at this time.

Additionally, governmental authorities in the United States and other countries are increasingly focused on potential contamination resulting from the use of certain chemicals, most notably per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS. In August 2022, the EPA published for public comment a new rulemaking that would designate two PFAS substances (perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) as hazardous substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. This rulemaking would require entities to immediately report current and past releases that meet or exceed the reportable quantity for such substances to EPA’s National Response Center. Depending on the final outcome of this rulemaking and the introduction of any additional state or federal regulations, we may incur costs in connection with reporting obligations and costs related to historic usage of PFAS-containing materials, transitioning away from the usage of PFAS-containing products and firefighting systems, disposing of PFAS-containing waste or remediating any residual environmental impacts.

We may also be subject to other environmental or climate-related regulations, including relating to disclosures. For example, the SEC adopted new climate disclosure rules on March 6, 2024, requiring companies to provide significantly expanded climate-related disclosures in their periodic reporting, which could require us to incur significant additional costs to comply and result in increased oversight obligations for our management and board of directors. On March 21, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit was selected as the court that will hear challenges against the SEC over its final climate disclosure rules. On April 4, 2024, the SEC announced that it would voluntarily stay its final climate disclosure rules pending judicial review.

We are subject to a series of risks related to climate change.

Growing recognition among stakeholders of the impacts of climate change and related risks may translate, among others, into financial and reputational risks. For example, changes in the availability or cost of aircraft and components, as well as fuel due to climate conditions, may adversely impact our operations. Additionally, customers may choose to fly less frequently or fly on an airline they perceive as operating in a manner that is more environmentally sustainable. Customers may choose to use alternatives to travel, such as virtual meetings and workspaces. As part of our climate strategy, we offer an option for travelers to voluntary purchase carbon offsets to partially offset their flight emissions; however, in recent years, there has been increased scrutiny on the use of carbon offsets, and we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of their purchase as a result. For more information, see our risk factor titled “Increasing attention to, and scrutiny of, ESG matters could increase our costs, harm our reputation, or otherwise adversely impact our business.”

Finally, the potential acute and chronic physical effects of climate change, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods, fires, sea-level rise, excessive heat, longer-term changes in weather patterns and other climate-related events, could affect our operations, infrastructure, and financial results. Operational impacts, such as the canceling of flights, could result in loss of revenue. We could also incur significant costs to improve the climate resiliency of our infrastructure and otherwise prepare for, respond to, and mitigate such physical effects of climate change. However, we cannot predict the ultimate cost, or success, of such efforts due to, among other things, the uncertainty associated with longer-term projections associated with managing climate risk.

Increasing attention to, and scrutiny of, ESG matters could increase our costs, harm our reputation, or otherwise adversely impact our business.

Companies across industries are facing increasing scrutiny from a variety of stakeholders related to their ESG and sustainability practices. Expectations regarding voluntary ESG initiatives and disclosures and consumer demand for alternative forms of energy may result in increased costs (including but not limited to increased costs related to compliance, stakeholder engagement, suppliers’ contracts and insurance), changes in demand for certain products, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations, or other adverse impacts to our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

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While we may at times engage in voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures, certifications, or goals, among others) to improve our ESG profile or to respond to stakeholder expectations, such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect. Expectations around our management of ESG matters continues to evolve rapidly, in many instances due to factors that are out of our control. For example, we may ultimately be unable to complete certain initiatives or targets, either on the timelines initially announced or at all, due to technological, cost, or other constraints, which may be within or outside of our control. Moreover, actions or statements that we may take based on expectations, assumptions, or third-party information that we currently believe to be reasonable may subsequently be determined to be erroneous or be subject to misinterpretation. If we fail to, or are perceived to fail to, comply with or advance certain ESG initiatives (including the timeline and manner in which we complete such initiatives), we may be subject to various adverse impacts, including reputational damage and potential stakeholder engagement and/or litigation, even if such initiatives are currently voluntary. For example, there have been increasing allegations of greenwashing against companies making significant ESG claims due to a variety of perceived deficiencies in performance or methodology, including as stakeholder perceptions of sustainability continue to evolve.

Certain market participants, including major institutional investors and capital providers, use third-party benchmarks and scores to assess companies’ ESG profiles in making investment or voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings could lead to increased negative investor sentiment towards us or our industry, which could negatively impact our share price as well as our access to and cost of capital. To the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, it may also hamper our ability to compete as effectively to attract and retain employees or customers, which may adversely impact our operations. In addition, we expect there will likely be increasing levels of regulation, disclosure-related and otherwise, with respect to ESG matters. This and other stakeholder expectations could likely lead to increased costs as well as scrutiny that could heighten all of the risks identified in this risk factor. Additionally, many of our customers and suppliers may be subject to similar expectations, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.

Compliance with airline industry regulations involves significant costs and regulations enacted in Mexico, the United States, Central America and South America may increase our costs significantly in the future.

Airlines are subject to extensive regulatory and legal compliance requirements, both domestically and internationally, that involve significant costs. Compliance with such extensive regulatory and legal compliance requirements has required significant expenditures. including, among other things, collision avoidance systems, airborne wind shear avoidance systems, noise abatement and other environmental issues, and increased inspections and maintenance procedures to be conducted on older aircraft. We expect to continue to incur expenses in connection with complying with government regulations. Additional laws, regulations, taxes and airport rates and charges have been proposed from time to time that could significantly increase the cost of airline operations or reduce the demand for air travel. If adopted, these measures could have the effect of raising ticket prices, reducing revenue and increasing costs.

The DOT also regularly issues and amends aviation consumer protection and disability non-discrimination rules that address, among other things, fare advertising, fees for optional services, flight cancellations and delays (including lengthy tarmac delays at U.S. airports), responses to customer complaints, oversales and “bumped” passengers, interactions with passengers during the reservations process, at the airport and on board the aircraft, airlines’ adoption of and adherence to customer service plans, and the handling of baggage and assistive devices. Failure to remain in full compliance with such rules may subject us to fines or other enforcement action, which could have a material effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, the DOT recently promulgated new rules that address airline refunds and airline ancillary service fees. Among many other requirements, the new rules require airlines to (i) provide prompt and automatic refunds of airfares to consumers for canceled or significantly changed flights (if the customer rejects the airline’s offer of alternate transportation or travel credits, vouchers or other compensation in lieu of a refund), (ii) provide travel vouchers or credits (valid for at least five years from date of issuance) to certain passengers who are unable or advised not to travel as scheduled because of a serious communicable disease, and (iii) expand the scope of ancillary fee information presented on airline websites whenever fare and schedule information is provided in response to a consumer’s itinerary search.

In addition, various U.S. federal agencies, including the IRS, TSA, CBP, and U.S. Department of Agriculture, impose taxes and fees on both passengers and us to either defray the costs of providing security inspection and certain other government services at the U.S. airports where we operate or to fund U.S. civil aviation infrastructure, such as airport runway improvements. When such taxes and fees are imposed on passengers, we are required to collect and remit them to the federal agency concerned. Any increase in such taxes and fees could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Our ability to operate as an airline in the United States is dependent on maintaining our certifications, permits and authorizations issued to us by the DOT and the FAA. The FAA has the authority to issue mandatory orders relating to, among other things, the grounding of aircraft, inspection of aircraft, installation of new safety-related items and removal and replacement of aircraft parts that have failed or may fail in the future. A decision by the FAA to ground, or require time consuming inspections of or maintenance on, our aircraft, for any reason, could negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. U.S. federal law requires that foreign air carriers providing air transportation to and from the United States hold a DOT-issued foreign air carrier permit or exemption. The revocation of such DOT authority or our FAA authorization would render it impossible for us to continue operating as an airline in the United States. The DOT and the FAA may also institute investigations or administrative proceedings against airlines for violations of regulations.

Furthermore, we cannot assure you that airline industry regulations enacted in the future in Mexico, Central America, South America and the United States will not increase our costs significantly.

Airlines are often affected by factors beyond their control, including air traffic congestion at airports, weather conditions, health outbreaks or concerns, pandemics, or increased security measures, any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Like other airlines, we are subject to delays caused by factors beyond our control, including air traffic congestion at airports, air traffic control inefficiencies, adverse weather conditions, health outbreaks or concerns, increased security measures and new travel related taxes. Delays frustrate passengers, reduce aircraft utilization and increase costs, all of which in turn could adversely affect our profitability. The governments of Mexico, the United States and the Central and South American countries in which we operate control their respective airspace and airlines are completely dependent on the AFAC, the FAA and the other aviation authorities in the Central and South American countries in which we operate to operate these airspaces in a safe, efficient and affordable manner.

The air traffic control system, which is operated by Services to the Navigation in the Mexican Air Space (Servicios a la Navegación en el Espacio Aéreo Mexicano) in Mexico, the FAA in the United States, the Central American Corporation of Aerial Navigation Services (Corporación Centroamericana de Servicios de Navegación Aérea) in Central America, the Air Navigation Services Directorate (Dirección de Servicios a la Navegación Aérea) in Colombia, and the Peruvian Corporation of Airports and Commercial Aviation (Corporación Peruana de Aeropuertos y Aviación Comercial) in Peru, faces challenges in managing the growing demand for air travel. U.S. and Mexican air-traffic controllers often rely on outdated technologies that routinely overwhelm the system and compel airlines to fly inefficient, indirect routes resulting in delays. For example, on January 11, 2023, all flights in the United States were halted for a few hours because the FAA’s system to alert pilots to safety issues went down as a result of a damaged database file. Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters can also cause flight cancellations or significant delays.

Cancellations or delays due to weather conditions, natural disasters, air traffic control problems, health outbreaks or concerns, pandemics, breaches in security or other factors and any resulting reduction in airline passenger traffic could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, climate change concerns may increase the possibility of disruptive weather that could adversely affect certain of our destinations more frequently or for longer periods of time.

Airline consolidations and reorganizations could adversely affect the industry.

The airline industry has undergone substantial consolidation throughout the years and recently, and it may undergo additional consolidation in the future. Any consolidation or significant alliance activity within the airline industry could increase the size and resources of our competitors. In particular, the airline industry in Mexico has seen a sharp contraction with the exit of more than nine Mexican airlines since 2007, according to data from the SICT. The most recent being Transportes Aeromar, S.A. de C.V., a regional carrier, which on February 15, 2023 announced its definitive cessation of operations, and Interjet, our third largest competitor by market share in 2020, which has been unable to resume flights since suspending their operations in December 2020. Interjet’s fleet decreased by 100% in 2021, from three aircraft as of December 31, 2020 to zero as of December 31, 2021, according to information published by the AFAC. According to media reports, in April, 2023, Interjet declared bankruptcy in México. We cannot predict the outcome of Interjet’s future financial condition or its impact on the industry and our operations. It is possible that further airline reorganizations, consolidation, bankruptcies, or liquidations may occur in the current global economic environment, the effects of which we are unable to predict. We cannot assure you the occurrence of these events, or potential changes resulting from these events, will not harm our business or the industry.

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Because the airline industry is characterized by high fixed costs and relatively elastic revenues, airlines cannot quickly reduce their costs to respond to shortfalls in expected revenue.

The airline industry is characterized by low gross profit margins, high fixed costs and revenues that generally exhibit substantially greater elasticity than costs. The operating costs of each flight do not vary significantly with the number of passengers flown and, therefore, a relatively small change in the number of passengers, fare pricing or traffic mix could have a significant effect on operating and financial results. These fixed costs cannot be adjusted quickly to respond to changes in revenues and a shortfall from expected revenue levels could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Increases in insurance costs and/or significant reductions in coverage would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Following the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001 (the “September 11 terrorist attacks”), premiums for insurance against aircraft damage and liability to third parties increased substantially, and insurers could reduce their coverage or increase their premiums even further in the event of additional terrorist attacks, hijackings, wars, seizures/confiscations, airline crashes or other events adversely affecting the airline industry. In the future, certain aviation insurance could become unaffordable, unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage that are insufficient to comply with the levels of insurance coverage required by aircraft lenders and lessors or applicable government regulations. Events such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine could increase insurance premiums or reduce coverage scope.

Governments in other countries have agreed to indemnify airlines for liabilities that they might incur from terrorist attacks or provide low-cost insurance for terrorism risks. In that respect, the Mexican government provided certain loans to help airlines face increases in aircraft insurance right after the September 11 terrorist attacks. However, the Mexican government has not indicated an intention to provide similar benefits now or at any time in the future.

A general increase in the cost of insurance coverage, may result in both higher fares and a decreased demand for air travel generally, which could materially and negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Downturns in the airline industry caused by terrorist attacks or war, which may alter travel behavior or increase costs, may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Demand for air transportation may be adversely affected by terrorist attacks, war or political and social instability, natural disasters and other events. Furthermore, these types of situations could have a prolonged effect on air transportation demand and on certain cost items.

The September 11 terrorists attacks, for example, have had a severe and lasting adverse impact on the airline industry. Airline traffic in the United States fell dramatically after the attacks and decreased severely throughout Latin America. The repercussions of the September 11 terrorist attacks, including increases in security, insurance and fear of similar attacks, continue to affect us and the airline industry. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks, the DHS and the TSA in the United States have implemented numerous security measures that restrict airline operations and increase costs and are likely to implement additional measures in the future. For example, following the widely publicized attempt of an alleged terrorist to detonate plastic explosives hidden underneath his clothes on a Northwest Airlines flight on Christmas Day in 2009, international passengers became subject to enhanced random screening, which may include pat-downs, explosive detection testing or body scans.

Enhanced passenger screening, increased regulation governing carry-on baggage and other similar restrictions on passenger travel may further increase passenger inconvenience and reduce the demand for air travel. In addition, increased or enhanced security measures have tended to result in higher governmental fees imposed on airlines, resulting in higher operating costs for airlines. Therefore, any future terrorist attacks or threat of attacks, whether or not involving commercial aircraft, any increase in hostilities relating to reprisals against terrorist organizations, including an escalation of military involvement in the Middle East, or otherwise and any related economic impact, could result in decreased passenger traffic and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Public health threats, such as the Respiratory Syncytial Virus, or RSV, COVID-19, the H1N1 flu virus, the bird flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, the Zika virus, and other highly communicable diseases, could affect the suspension of domestic and international flights, travel behavior and could have a material adverse effect on the Mexican economy, airline industry reputation, the price of our shares, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Health threats have historically impaired airline economics. During the second quarter of 2009, passenger traffic was negatively affected as a result of the H1N1 flu crisis, which resulted in lower overall demand for intra-Latin America travel, especially to and from Mexico. In the past, Latin American travel has also been negatively affected as a result of the Zika virus. Most recently, the outbreak of COVID-19 and the resulting measures to reduce its spread beginning in 2020 resulted in a severe decline in demand for air travel.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused countries around the world to respond by taking various containment measures, including imposing quarantines and medical screenings, restricting domestic and international travel, closing borders, restricting or prohibiting public gatherings and widely suspending previously scheduled activities and events. In addition, concerns related to COVID-19 drastically reduced demand for air travel and caused major disruptions and volatility in global financial markets, resulting in the fall of stock prices (including the price of our stock), both trends which may continue. Broad and continuing concerns related to the effects of COVID-19 on international trade (including supply chain disruptions and export levels), travel, restrictions on access to facilities or aircraft, requirements to collect additional passenger data, employee productivity, employee illness, increased unemployment levels, securities markets, and other economic activities, particularly for airlines, have had and may in the future continue to have a destabilizing effect on financial markets and economic activity.

Furthermore, our operations could be negatively affected if essential employees are required to be quarantined as the result of an actual or suspected exposure to COVID-19 or other public health threats. In the case of a COVID-19, or other public health-related shutdown involving us or any of our subsidiaries, our contractors, suppliers, customers and other business partners, our business, results of operations and financial condition may also be materially adversely affected. Furthermore, any actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to a pandemic may negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As of the date of this annual report, public health threats, such as COVID-19, continue to be one of the industry’s biggest risks, not only in public health issues, but also in the economic environment. The governments in the markets in which we operate have implemented, and continue to implement, measures to control COVID-19, such as COVID-19 vaccination programs. These measures have stimulated growth in the tourism sector and the demand for air travel. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our ASMs increased by 10.2% and 38.4% compared to the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We have managed to recover our pre-pandemic capacity and our total ASMs for 2023 increased by 58.7% when compared to pre-pandemic levels.

In 2023, we experienced an increase in demand for travel. According to IATA, COVID-19 restrictions have been lifted across all major markets by 2023, resulting in stronger passenger volumes. Globally, industry financials have improved when compared to 2020 and, Latin American carriers in particular are expected by IATA to see enhanced financial performance. Nonetheless, this performance is subject to the economic conditions of each country. However, even with the lift of restrictions implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we are still experiencing its outcome and effects, especially regarding disruptions in supply chains, which have impacted aircraft and engine manufacturers. These disruptions have also affected airlines, leading to delays in aircraft deliveries.

We cannot predict the full extent of the impact that such pandemic will have on our operational and financial performance. The extent of the impact will depend on a number of developments, many of which could be temporary or permanent and are outside of our control, such as the timing of recovery, the volatility of aircraft fuel prices and, customer behavior and changes in their preferences.

We can offer no assurance that additional travel restrictions, requirements or border closures will not be enacted or reenacted in the countries where we operate, which could result in reduced passenger demand, revenue, and further capacity reductions. In addition, if governments in the markets in which we operate impose total or partial lockdowns in all or part of their respective jurisdictions or shut down airports in response to the COVID-19 pandemic or other public health threats, it may result in our inability to operate flights, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition.

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Our business and the airline industry experienced material adverse impacts due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We cannot offer any assurance that these impacts will not intensify to the extent that COVID-19 persists. Further, additional government COVID-19 response measures remain unknown and depend on future developments with respect to COVID-19, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, which are highly fluid, uncertain and cannot be predicted. It is not yet possible to determine when the adverse effects of COVID-19 will abate and the extent to which they will further decrease demand for air travel, which could continue to materially and negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, although our cash flows from operations and our available capital have been sufficient to meet our obligations and commitments to date, our liquidity has been, and may in the future be, negatively affected by the risk factors discussed herein, including risks related to future results arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. If our liquidity is materially diminished, we might not be able to timely pay our leases and debts or comply with certain operating and financial covenants under our financing agreements or with other material provisions of our contractual obligations. For more information about the current status of COVID-19 in Mexico and its impact on us, see Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Recent Developments” and “—Uncertainties Affecting Our Business.”

Risks related to our business

We may not be able to implement our growth strategy.

Effectively implementing our growth strategy is critical for our business to achieve economies of scale and to sustain or increase our profitability. Our growth strategy includes:

| ● | increasing our flights to markets we currently serve;

| ● | expanding the number of markets we serve, focusing on new markets where we expect our ultra-low-cost structure to be successful; and

| ● | acquiring additional aircraft.

We face numerous challenges in implementing our growth strategy, including our ability to:

| ● | maintain profitability;

| ● | access airports located in our targeted geographic markets where we can operate routes in a manner that is consistent with our cost strategy;

| ● | continuous development and investment of airport infrastructure;

| ● | maintain our high level service notwithstanding the number of different ground transportation services and airport companies that we use in the course of our business;

| ● | maintain satisfactory economic arrangements (including benefits) with our executives and our union;

| ● | access sufficient gates, slots and other services at airports we currently serve or may seek to serve;

| ● | obtain authorization of new routes;

| ● | manage through, and have adequate response for, epidemics or global pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

| ● | comply with environmental regulations;

| ● | renew or maintain our Concessions, permits and authorizations;

| ● | gain access to international routes;

| ● | hire, train and retain qualified; pilots, flight attendants, maintenance technicians, ground personnel and other personnel; and

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| ● | obtain financing to acquire new aircraft and in connection with our operations.

Our growth depends upon our ability to maintain a safe and secure operation. Failure to hire and retain trained personnel, maintain suitable arrangements with our union, timely secure the required equipment, facilities and airport services in a cost-effective manner, operate our business efficiently or obtain or maintain the necessary regulatory approvals may adversely affect our ability to achieve our growth strategy, which could harm our business. In addition, expansion to new international markets may have other risks due to factors specific to those markets. When entering new international markets, we may be unable to foresee all of the risks associated with such market or respond adequately to these risks, and our growth strategy and our business may suffer as a result. In addition, our competitors may reduce their fares and/or offer special promotions following our entry into a new market. As a result, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to profitably expand our existing markets or enter new markets.

Our target growth markets are in Mexico, the United States and Latin America, including countries with less developed economies that may be vulnerable to more unstable economic and political conditions, such as significant fluctuations in GDP, interest and currency exchange rates, civil disturbances, government instability, nationalization and expropriation of private assets and the imposition of taxes or other charges by governments. The occurrence of any of these events in markets served by us may adversely affect our ability to implement our growth strategy.

Expansion of our markets and services may also strain our existing management resources and operational, financial and management information systems to the point that they may no longer be adequate to support our operations, requiring us to make significant expenditures in these areas. We currently expect that we will need to develop further financial, operational and management controls, reporting systems and procedures to accommodate future growth. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to develop these controls, systems or procedures on a timely basis or at all, and the failure to do so could harm our business.

Our ultra-low-cost structure is one of our primary competitive advantages and many factors could affect our ability to control our costs.

Our ultra-low-cost structure is one of our primary competitive advantages but we have limited control over many of our costs. For example, we have limited control over the price and availability of fuel, aviation insurance, airport and related infrastructure taxes, the cost of meeting changing regulatory requirements, and our cost to access capital or financing. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain a cost advantage over our competitors. If our cost structure increases and we are no longer able to maintain a cost advantage over our competitors, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our fuel hedging strategy may not reduce our fuel costs.

Our fuel hedging policy allows us to enter into fuel derivative instruments to hedge against changes in fuel prices when we have excess cash available to support the costs of such hedges. As of December 31, 2023, we did not have hedge positions for our projected fuel requirements.

To the extent we decide to start a hedging program to hedge a portion of our future fuel requirements, such hedging program may not be successful in mitigating higher fuel costs and any price protection provided may be limited due to the choice of hedging instruments and market conditions, including breakdown of correlation between hedging instrument and market price of aircraft fuel and failure of hedge counterparties. To the extent that we decide to use hedge contracts that have the potential to create an obligation to pay upon settlement if fuel prices decline significantly, such hedge contracts may limit our ability to benefit fully from lower fuel prices in the future. If fuel prices decline significantly from the levels existing at the time we enter into a hedge contract, we may be required to post collateral (margin) beyond certain thresholds. There can be no assurance that our hedging arrangements, if any, would provide any particular level of protection against rises in fuel prices or that our counterparties will be able to perform under our hedging arrangements.

Furthermore, our ability to react to the cost of fuel is limited since we set the price of tickets in advance of incurring fuel costs. Our ability to pass on any significant increases in fuel costs through fare increases is also limited by our ULCC model. Additionally, deterioration in our financial condition could negatively affect our ability to enter into hedge contracts in the future. As a result, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to secure new fuel derivative contracts or transactions on terms which are commercially acceptable to us or at all.

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We have a significant amount of fixed obligations that could impair our liquidity and thereby harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The airline business is capital intensive and, as a result, many airlines are highly leveraged. Most of our aircraft and spare engines are leased, and we paid the lessors rent and maintenance deposits aggregating U.S. $529.1 million and U.S. $52.6 million, respectively, in 2023, and have future operating lease obligations aggregating U.S. $2.9 billion over the next 12 years. In addition, we have significant obligations for aircraft and engines that we ordered from Airbus, IAE, and P&W, respectively, for delivery over the next seven years. Our ability to pay the fixed costs associated with our contractual obligations will depend on our operating performance and cash flow, which will in turn depend on, among other things, the success of our current business strategy, fuel prices, further weakening or improvement in the Mexican and U.S. economies, whether financing is available on reasonable terms or at all, as well as general economic and political conditions and other factors that are, to some extent, beyond our control. The amount of our aircraft related fixed obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and could:

| ● | require a substantial portion of cash flow from our operations for operating lease and maintenance deposit payments, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;

| ● | limit our ability to make required pre-delivery deposit payments to Airbus for our aircraft on order;

| ● | limit our ability to obtain additional financing to support our expansion plans and for working capital and other purposes on acceptable terms or at all;

| ● | make it more difficult for us to pay our other obligations as they become due during adverse general economic and market industry conditions because any related decrease in revenues could cause us to not have sufficient cash flows from operations to make our scheduled payments;

| ● | reduce our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the airline industry and, consequently, place us at a competitive disadvantage to our competitors with less fixed payment obligations; and

| ● | cause us to lose access to one or more aircraft and forfeit our rent and purchase deposits if we are unable to make our required aircraft lease rental payments or purchase installments and our lessors exercise their remedies under the lease agreement including under cross default provisions in certain of our leases.

A failure to pay our operating leases and other fixed cost obligations or a breach of our contractual obligations could result in a variety of adverse consequences, including the exercise of remedies by our creditors and lessors. In such a situation, it is unlikely that we would be able to fulfill our obligations, make required lease payments or otherwise cover our fixed costs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Inability to obtain lease or debt financing for additional aircraft would impair our growth strategy.

We currently finance our aircraft through operating leases, as well as sale and leaseback arrangements. In the future, we may elect to own a portion of our fleet, as well as continue to lease aircraft through long-term operating leases. We may not be able to obtain lease or debt financing on terms attractive to us or at all. To the extent we cannot obtain such financing on acceptable terms or at all, we may be required to modify our aircraft acquisition plans or to incur higher than anticipated financing costs, which would have an adverse impact on the execution of our growth strategy and business.

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Furthermore, upon the adoption of the Cape Town Treaty, an international treaty intended to standardize transactions for movable property such as aircraft and aircraft engines, Mexico selected the Alternative B insolvency provision, which gives more discretion to debtors and local courts to determine if and when defaults must be cured, or the aircraft returned to its owner or creditor. Mexico’s selection of this insolvency provision may limit our access to, or increase our costs of, financing in the event we elect to own a portion of our fleet. Uncertainty regarding the rights of creditors in a Mexican bankruptcy proceeding and the factors discussed above may inhibit our ability to lease or acquire new aircraft on attractive terms or at all, which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we are unable to obtain the financing necessary to acquire an aircraft for which we have entered into a binding purchase agreement and fail to cancel the order or delay delivery of the aircraft, we would be in default under the related purchase agreement. Potential liability for damages in the event of such a default could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our limited lines of credit and borrowing facilities make us highly dependent upon our operating cash flows.

We have limited lines of credit and borrowing facilities and rely primarily on operating cash flows to provide working capital. Unless we secure additional lines of credit, borrowing facilities or equity financing, we will be dependent upon our operating cash flows to fund our operations and to make scheduled payments on our debt and other fixed obligations. If we fail to generate sufficient funds from our operations to meet these cash requirements or are unable to secure additional lines of credit, other borrowing facilities or equity financing, we could default on our debt and other fixed obligations. Our inability to meet our obligations as they become due would materially adversely affect our ability to grow and seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are highly dependent on the Mexico City, Tijuana, Guadalajara and Cancun airports for a large portion of our business.

Our business is heavily dependent on our routes to and from the Mexico City, Tijuana, Guadalajara and Cancun. Routes through these cities make up a large portion of our total routes. The Mexico City International Airport has been declared saturated since 2014, on August 31, 2023, the AFAC issued a resolution that further reduced the number of operations in the Mexico City International Airport to a maximum of 43 operations per hour, and we cannot guarantee that in the future we may maintain or obtain additional slots in Mexico City.

In addition, we cannot provide any kind of assurance with respect to the changes, risks and costs related to the operation of Mexico City’s Airport System (Sistema Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de México), including having to operate more than one airport in the Mexico City metropolitan area due to the opening of the Felipe Ángeles International Airport on March 21, 2022, which results in having to operate multiple airports within the catchment area of Mexico City metropolitan region. Any significant increase in competition, redundancy in demand for air transportation or disruption in service or the fuel supply at these airports, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The conditions affecting services at the airports or our slots in these cities, such as adverse changes in local economic or political conditions, negative public perception of these destinations, unfavorable weather conditions, violent crime or drug related activities, could also have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our maintenance costs will increase as our fleet ages.

As of December 31, 2023, the average age of our 129 aircraft in service was 5.7 years. Our relatively new aircraft require less maintenance now than they will in the future. Our fleet will require more maintenance as it ages and our maintenance and repair expenses for each of our aircraft will be incurred at approximately the same intervals. In addition, the terms of most of our lease agreements require us to pay supplemental rent, also known as maintenance deposits, to be paid to the lessor in advance of the performance of major maintenance, resulting in our recording significant aircraft maintenance deposits on our statements of financial position. We expect scheduled and unscheduled aircraft maintenance expenses to increase as a percentage of our revenue over the next several years. Any significant increase in maintenance and repair expenses would have a material adverse effect on our margins and our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Our business could be harmed by a change in the availability or cost of air transport infrastructure and airport facilities.

The lack of adequate air transport infrastructure can have a direct adverse impact on our business operations, including our future expansion plans. The availability and cost of terminal space, slots and aircraft parking are critical to our operations. Additional ground and maintenance facilities, including gates, hangars and support equipment, will be required to operate additional aircraft in line with our expansion plans and may be unavailable in a timely or economic manner in certain airports. Our inability to lease, acquire or access airport facilities on reasonable terms, at preferred times or based upon adequate service, to support our operations and growth could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Further, the modernization of old airports and the construction of new airports may lead to increases in the costs of using airport infrastructure and facilities and may also result in an increase in related costs, such as landing charges. Such increases may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to pass on such increased costs to our passengers is limited by several factors, including economic and competitive conditions.

We are exposed to increases in landing charges and other airport access fees and restrictions, and cannot be assured access to adequate facilities and landing rights necessary to achieve our expansion plans.

We must pay fees to airport operators for the use of their facilities. Any substantial increase in airport charges could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Passenger taxes and airport charges have also increased in recent years, sometimes substantially. We cannot assure you that the airports used by us will not impose, or further increase, passenger taxes and airport charges in the future, and any such increases could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Certain airports that we serve (or that we plan to serve in the future) are subject to capacity constraints and impose slot restrictions during certain periods of the day. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain a sufficient number of slots, gates and other facilities at airports to maintain or expand our services. It is also possible that airports not currently subject to capacity constraints may become so in the future. In addition, an airline must use its slots on a regular and timely basis or risks having those slots reallocated to other airlines. We may have to amend our schedules, change routes or reduce aircraft utilization slots or other airport resources are not available or their availability is restricted in some way, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, some of the airports we serve impose various restrictions, including limits on aircraft noise levels, limits on the number of average daily departures and curfews on runway use. We cannot assure you that airports at which there are no such restrictions may not implement restrictions in the future or that, where such restrictions exist, they may not become more onerous. Such restrictions may limit our ability to continue to provide or to increase services at such airports.

Our reputation and business could be adversely affected in the event of an emergency, accident or similar incident involving our aircraft.

We are exposed to potential significant losses and material adverse effects on our business in the event that any of our aircraft is subject to an emergency, accident, terrorist incident or other similar incident, and significant costs related to passenger claims, repairs or replacement of a damaged aircraft and its temporary or permanent loss from service. There can be no assurance that we will not be affected by such events, or that the amount of our insurance coverage will be adequate in the event such circumstances arise and any such event could cause a substantial increase in our insurance premiums. See “—Increases in insurance costs and/or significant reductions in coverage would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.” In addition, any future aircraft emergency, accident or similar incident, even if fully covered by insurance or even if it does not involve our airline, may create a public perception that our airline or the equipment we fly is less safe or reliable than other transportation alternatives, which could have an adverse impact on our reputation and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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We are exposed to certain risks against which we do not have insurance.

In line with industry practice, we leave some business risks uninsured including business interruption, loss of profit, environmental/pollution liability or revenue and consequential business losses arising from mechanical breakdown. To the extent that uninsured risks materialize, we could be materially and adversely affected. There can also be no assurance that our insurance coverage will cover actual losses incurred. To the extent that actual losses incurred by us exceed the amount insured, we may have to bear substantial losses which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A failure to comply with covenants contained in our aircraft or engine lease agreements, or the occurrence of an event of default thereunder, could have a negative impact on us and our financial condition and results of operations.

We have entered into aircraft and engine operating lease agreements and sale and leaseback arrangements with various lessors. These agreements contain certain events of default and also require us to comply with certain covenants, including covenants triggered by a change of control, during the term of each agreement. The lease agreements generally provide for events of default if:

| ● | we fail to obtain or maintain the insurance required;

| ● | we breach any covenant or representation and warranty and do not cure it within the agreed time periods;

| ● | we do not have unencumbered control or possession of the aircraft or engines;

| ● | we discontinue (temporarily or otherwise) business or sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets;

| ● | we no longer possess the licenses, certificates and permits required for the conduct of our business as a certificated air carrier;

| ● | Volaris Opco experiences a change of control;

| ● | we fail to pay when due any airport or navigation charges or any landing fees assessed with respect to the aircraft or any aircraft operated by us which, if unpaid, may give rise to any lien, right of detention, right of sale or other security interest in relation to the aircraft or parts thereof;

| ● | in case of certain insolvency events; and

| ● | if a material adverse change occurs in our financial condition which, in lessor’s reasonable opinion, would materially and adversely affect our ability to perform our obligations under the lease agreements and related documents.

Failure to comply with covenants could result in a default under the relevant agreement, and ultimately in a re-possession of the relevant aircraft or engine. Certain of these agreements also contain cross default clauses, as a result of which defaults under one agreement may be treated as defaults under other lease agreements. As such, a failure to comply with the covenants in our aircraft and engine lease agreements, or the occurrence of an event of default thereunder, could have a negative impact on us and, as a result, on our financial condition and results of operations.

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We rely on maintaining a high daily aircraft utilization rate to implement our ultra-low-cost structure, which makes us especially vulnerable to flight delays or cancellations or aircraft unavailability.

One of the key elements of our business strategy is to maintain a high daily aircraft utilization rate. Our average daily aircraft utilization was 12.53 block hours in 2021, 13.28 block hours in 2022, and 13.37 block hours in 2023. Aircraft utilization is the average amount of time per day that our aircraft spend carrying passengers. Our revenue per aircraft can be increased by high daily aircraft utilization, which is achieved in part by reducing turnaround times at airports, so we can fly more hours on average in a day. Aircraft utilization is reduced by delays and cancellations arising from various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including air traffic congestion at airports or other air traffic control problems, adverse weather conditions, increased security measures or breaches in security, international or domestic conflicts, terrorist activity, health outbreaks, changes to supply chain and demand conditions, quality issues related to our limited suppliers or other changes in business conditions. In addition, pulling aircraft out of service for unscheduled and scheduled maintenance, which will increase as our fleet ages, may materially reduce our average fleet utilization. High aircraft utilization increases the risk that if an aircraft falls behind schedule during the day, it could remain behind schedule during the remainder of that day and potentially into the next day, which can result in disruption in operating performance, leading to passenger dissatisfaction related to delayed or cancelled flights and missed connections. Due to the relatively small size of our fleet and high daily aircraft utilization rate, the unavailability of one or more aircraft and resulting reduced capacity or our failure to operate within time schedules, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The growth of our operations to the United States is dependent on continued favorable safety assessment in Mexico and the Central and South American countries in which we operate.

The FAA regularly conducts audits of foreign aviation regulatory authorities and assigns an IASA rating to each country, based on the country’s compliance with ICAO standards for safety oversight of civil aviation. Under the IASA rating system, Category 1 means the FAA has determined the country meets the ICAO standards, and Category 2 means the FAA has determined the country does not meet those standards. When a country is ranked Category 2, its airlines cannot add new service or routes to the United States or engage in code sharing arrangements involving the display of U.S. carrier designator codes. In February 2021, Costa Rica’s IASA rating was upgraded to Category 1 from Category 2, 21 months after it was downgraded due to alleged deficiencies in the Costa Rican air safety standards. In May 2021, Mexico’s IASA rating was downgraded from Category 1 to Category 2, and was upgraded back to Category 1 in September 2023. During the period of the downgrade, we were prevented from adding new services or routes to the United States or expanding our fleet of aircraft authorized to serve the United States. We cannot assure you that the governments of Mexico, Costa Rica and El Salvador, and the AFAC, the General Directorate of Civil Aviation (Dirección General de Aviación Civil) of Costa Rica and the Civil Aviation Authority (Autoridad de Aviación Civil) of El Salvador in particular, or the aviation authorities in the Central and South American countries in which we operate, will continue to meet the ICAO standards. If the IASA ratings of Mexico or the other Central and South American countries in which we operate were to be downgraded in the future, it could restrict our ability to maintain or increase service to the United States (including but not limited to expanding the number of aircraft we operate to and from the United States), which would in turn adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We rely heavily on technology and automated systems to operate our business and any failure of these technologies or systems or failure by their operators could harm our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

We are highly dependent on technology and automated systems to operate our business and achieve low operating costs. These technologies and systems include our computerized airline reservation system, domain names system, revenue management system, flight operations system, enterprise resource planning system, human resources systems, maintenance systems, telecommunications, network, infrastructure, website, app, maintenance systems and check-in kiosks. For our operations to work efficiently, our website and reservation system must be able to accommodate a high volume of passengers, maintain secure information and deliver flight information. Substantially all of our tickets are issued to passengers as electronic tickets. We depend on our reservation system, which is hosted and maintained by third-party service providers, to be able to issue, track and accept these electronic tickets. If our reservation system fails or experiences interruptions or denial of service and we are unable to book seats for any period of time, we could lose significant amounts of revenues as customers book seats on competing airlines. We have experienced short duration reservation system outages from time to time and may experience similar outages in the future. Furthermore, if our flight operations system were to fail, our operations would be materially and adversely affected.

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We also rely on third-party service providers of our other automated systems for technical support, software licensing, telecommunications, network, system maintenance, back-office systems and software upgrades. If our automated systems are not functioning or function partially or if the current providers were to fail to adequately provide updates or technical support for any one of our key existing systems, we could experience service disruptions and delays, which could harm our business and result in the loss of important data, increase our expenses and decrease our revenues. In the event that one or more of our primary technology or systems’ vendors goes into bankruptcy, ceases operations or fails to perform as contemplated in the agreements, replacement services may not be readily available on a timely basis, at competitive rates or at all and any transition time to a new system may be significant.

In addition, our automated systems cannot be completely protected against events that are beyond our control, including natural disasters, computer viruses, cybersecurity incidents or telecommunications failures. Substantial or sustained system failures could cause service delays or failures and result in our customers purchasing tickets from other airlines. We have implemented security measures, back-up procedures and disaster recovery plans; however, we cannot assure you that these measures are adequate to prevent disruptions. Disruption in, changes to or a breach of, these systems could result in the disruption to our business and the loss of important data. These disruptions may also result in adverse economic consequences. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on third-party service providers to perform functions integral to our operations.

We have entered into agreements with third-party service providers to furnish certain facilities and services required for our operations, including Lufthansa Technik AG for certain technical services and Aeromantenimiento S.A., or Aeroman, a FAA-approved maintenance provider, for our heavy airframe and engine maintenance, as well as other third-party service providers, including the concessionaries’ of the Mexican airports in which we operate, for ground handling, catering, passenger handling, engineering, refueling and airport facilities as well as administrative and support services. We are likely to enter into similar service agreements in new markets we decide to enter, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain the necessary services at acceptable rates.

Although we seek to monitor the performance of third-party service providers, their efficiency, timeliness and quality of contract performance are often beyond our control, and any failure by any of them to perform their contracts may have an adverse impact on our business and operations. We expect to be dependent on such third-party arrangements for the foreseeable future.

Furthermore, our agreements with third parties are subject to termination upon short notice. The loss or expiration of these contracts or any inability to renew them or negotiate and enter into contracts with other providers at comparable rates could harm our business. Our reliance upon others to provide essential services on our behalf also gives us less control over costs, and the efficiency, timelines and quality of contract services.

Our processing, storage, use and disclosure of Personal Information, and any actual or perceived failure to comply with applicable privacy and cybersecurity laws, could give rise to liabilities and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In the processing of our customer transactions and otherwise running our business, we receive, process, transmit and store a large volume of information that relates to individuals and/or constitutes “personal data,” “personal information,” “personally identifiable information,” or similar terms under applicable data privacy laws (collectively, “Personal Information”) such personal information includes some sensitive categories of data (such as payment card information) managed by our reservation system provider, which purpose is to maintain compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard. This data is subject to legislation, regulation and other requirements intended to protect the privacy of Personal Information that is collected, processed and transmitted. In addition, we or our service providers collect, retain and otherwise process certain categories of Personal Information that are deemed particularly sensitive and subject to heightened legal protection and requirements, such as biometrical information received from customers.

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As a result, we must comply with a proliferating and fast-evolving set of legal requirements in this area, including substantive cybersecurity standards as well as requirements for notifying regulators and affected individuals in the event of a data security incident. The regulatory environment is increasingly challenging and may present material obligations and risks to our business, including significantly expanded compliance burdens, costs and enforcement risks. For example, Mexico’s Federal Personal Data Protection Law (Ley Federal de Protección de Datos Personales en posesión de los particulares), the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (and the United Kingdom’s equivalent regulation), and the California Consumer Privacy Act each impose data privacy and security requirements, imposing significant costs on us and carrying substantial penalties for non-compliance. Similar regulations have been (and may in the future be) enacted by other countries and states, including in Central and South America. In addition, many of our commercial partners, including credit card companies, have imposed data security standards that we must meet. While we continue our efforts to meet these standards, new and revised standards may be imposed that may be difficult for us to meet and could increase our costs, and we may be liable to such commercial partners should any payment card information be accessed and misused as a result of a lack of sufficient security measures.

More generally, we rely on consumer confidence in the security of our systems, including our internet site on which we sell the majority of our tickets, and our proper handling of Personal Information. Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected if we are unable to comply with existing privacy obligations or legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in our business practices or otherwise hinder our ability to grow our business. Furthermore, lawsuits may be initiated against us and our reputation may be negatively affected if we fail to comply with applicable law and privacy obligations.

We depend on our non-passenger revenue to remain profitable, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our non-passenger revenue base.

Our business strategy significantly relies upon our portfolio of non-passenger revenues, including ancillary products and services and cargo revenue, on which we depend to remain profitable due to our ULCC strategy of low base fares. There can be no assurance that passengers will pay for additional ancillary products and services or that passengers will continue to choose to pay for the ancillary products and services we currently offer. Failure to maintain our non-passenger revenues would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, if we are unable to maintain and grow our non-passenger revenues, we may not be able to execute our strategy to continue to lower base fares in order to stimulate demand for air travel. In addition, our strategy to increase and develop non-passenger revenue by charging for additional ancillary services may be adversely perceived by our customers and negatively affect our business.

Restrictions on or increased taxes applicable to fees or other charges for ancillary products and services paid by airline passengers could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our non-passenger revenues are generated from (i) air travel-related services, (ii) revenues from non-air-travel related services and (iii) cargo services. Air travel-related services include but are not limited to fees charged for excess baggage, bookings through the call center or third-party agencies, advanced seat selection, itinerary changes, charters and passenger charges for no-show tickets. Revenues from non-passenger revenues include commissions charged to third parties for the sale of hotel rooms, trip insurance and rental cars. Additionally, services not directly related to air transportation include sales of V-Club memberships and advertising spaces to third parties. Restrictions on or increased taxes applicable to fees or other charges for ancillary products and services paid by airlines passengers could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The DOT has implemented many rules that affect foreign air carriers. For example, DOT rules require that any airfare advertisement or other solicitation state the entire price to be paid by the consumer, including mandatory taxes, fees and carrier-imposed charges. DOT rules also require the disclosure of the cost of optional products and services, including baggage charges. The rules additionally restrict airlines from increasing ticket prices post-purchase (other than increases resulting from changes in government-imposed fees or taxes, the possibility of which must be disclosed to the consumer, and the consumer’s consent regarding same must be obtained, prior to purchase). Failure to remain in full compliance with these and other DOT rules may subject us to fines or other enforcement action, including requirements to modify our passenger reservations system, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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In addition, the U.S. Congress and Federal administrative agencies have undertaken investigations of the airline industry practice of unbundling fees for optional services. If new taxes are imposed on non-passenger revenues, or if other laws or regulations are adopted that make unbundling of services impermissible or more cumbersome or expensive than the existing rules, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Congressional and other government agency scrutiny may also change industry practice or public willingness to pay for ancillary services. See also “—Compliance with airline industry regulations involves significant costs and regulations enacted in Mexico, the United States, Central America and South America may increase our costs significantly in the future.”

Changes in how we or others are permitted to operate at airports could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our results of operations may be affected by actions taken by the airports’ concessionaires, governmental or other agencies or authorities having jurisdiction over our operations at airports, including, but not limited to:

| ● | termination of our airport use agreements, some of which can be terminated by the other party or airport authorities with little notice to us;

| ● | international travel regulations such as customs and immigration;

| ● | increases in taxes;

| ● | allocation of slots;

| ● | changes in the law that affect the services that can be offered by airlines in particular markets and at particular airports;

| ● | strikes and other similar disruptions affecting airports;

| ● | restrictions on competitive practices;

| ● | hire, train and retain qualified pilots, flight attendants, maintenance technicians, ground personnel and other personnel;

| ● | the adoption of statutes or regulations that impact customer service standards, including security and health standards and termination of licenses or concessions to operate airports; and

| ● | the adoption of more restrictive locally-imposed noise regulations or curfews.

In general, any changes in airport operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for fuel, aircraft and engines.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for fuel, aircraft and engines. For domestic fuel, we purchase from Airports and Auxiliary Services (Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares), also known as ASA, where we do most of the fillings. For our international destinations, we have entered into fuel supply agreements with suppliers such as World Fuel Services, AvFuel, Shell, BP Products North America, Chevron, Associated Energy Group, Puma Energy Group, Total Energies, Titan, Vitol and Terpel, pursuant to which those companies or their affiliates sell fuel to us at various airports as specified in the agreements. The agreement with ASA expires on December 31, 2024 and may be terminated by us with 30-days prior notice and by ASA only if we do not pay for the fuel provided. If ASA or our other fuel providers offer fuel to one or more of our competitors at a more competitive price or with better terms, it may materially affect our ability to compete against other airlines and may have a material effect on our business. If ASA or our other fuel providers terminate their agreements with us, are unwilling to renew them upon termination or are unable or unwilling to cover our fuel needs, we would have to seek alternative fuel sources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to find other fuel providers or whether we will be able to find one that provides fuel in such a cost-effective manner as our current agreements. Failure to renew agreements or to source fuel from alternate sources will materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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One of the elements of our business strategy is to save costs by operating an aircraft fleet consisting solely of Airbus A319, A320 and A321 aircraft, narrow body aircraft, powered by engines manufactured by IAE, and P&W.

We currently intend to continue to rely exclusively on these aircraft and engine manufacturers for the foreseeable future.

Additionally, global supply chain challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic, strict lockdown measures in China which slowed down the freight market, the invasion of Ukraine which resulted in international sanctions impacting a portion of the supply chain and potentially the Middle East conflict, among others, have caused shortages to the aircraft and engine manufactures, and as a result may impact our ability to receive aircraft and engines as planned. Our growth plans and operations could be materially affected as a result of the delays caused by shortages.

Furthermore, if any of Airbus, IAE or P&W is unable to perform its contractual obligations, or if we are unable to acquire or lease aircraft or engines or spare parts from other owners, operators or lessors on acceptable terms, we would have to find other suppliers for a similar type of aircraft, engine or spare parts. If we have to lease or purchase aircraft from another supplier, we would lose the significant benefits we derive from our current single fleet composition. We may also incur substantial transition costs, including costs associated with retraining our employees, replacing our manuals and adapting our facilities and maintenance programs. Our operations could also be materially affected by the failure or inability of aircraft, engine and parts suppliers to provide sufficient spare parts or related support services on a timely basis.

Any real or perceived problem with the Airbus A320 family aircraft or IAE and P&W engines could adversely affect our operations.

We operate a uniform fleet of Airbus A319, A320 and A321 aircraft, which belong to the Airbus A320 family aircraft. Our aircraft also exclusively use IAE and P&W engines. Our dependence on the Airbus A319, A320 and A321 aircraft and IAE and P&W engines makes us particularly vulnerable to any problems that might be associated with the Airbus A320 family aircraft or engines. If any design defect or mechanical problem is discovered, or if the technology relating to such aircraft or engine should become obsolete, our aircraft may have to be grounded while such defect or problem is corrected, assuming it could be corrected at all. Any such defect or problem may also result in aviation authorities in Mexico and the United States implementing certain airworthiness directives which may require substantial cost to comply with. Further, our operations could be materially adversely affected if passengers avoid flying with us as a result of an adverse perception of the Airbus A320 family aircraft or IAE and P&W engines due to real or perceived safety concerns or other problems. Since 2017, P&W’s GTF engines have experienced technical and production issues worldwide. As a result, several A320neo operators, including us, have reportedly caused their aircraft to be inoperative for long periods of time. This problem has also resulted in the delay of delivery of our A320 and A321neo aircraft. We cannot assure you when such problems will be resolved by P&W.

Since the third quarter of 2023, we are subject to the removal of certain GTF P&W engines for preventive accelerated inspections. Consequently, the Company’s GTF engines are being reviewed to ensure compliance with these requirements. The Company currently expects each removed engine to take approximately 365 days to complete a shop visit and return to a serviceable condition and expects the number of service aircraft to rise during 2024 and 2025. The engine removals, including but not limited to a reduction in capacity, could adversely impact our future operations and financial results.

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Cyber-attacks or other cyber-incidents involving our IT Systems and Confidential Information could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

We rely on computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations that are critical to our business (collectively, “IT Systems”). We own and manage some of these IT Systems but also rely on third parties for a range of IT Systems and related products and services. We and certain of our third-party providers collect, maintain and process data about customers, employees, business partners and others, including Personal Information, as well as proprietary information belonging to our business such as trade secrets (collectively, “Confidential Information”). Cyber-attacks or other cyber-incidents involving our service providers’ IT Systems and Confidential Information may cause equipment failures, disruptions to our operations, or otherwise threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and Confidential Information. An increase in the spread and destructiveness of cyberattacks involving critical infrastructure, particularly as remote working and automation increase, may affect our ability to operate our networks and as a result of such events, even for a limited period of time, may result in significant expenses or loss of market share to other airlines. Moreover, any integration of artificial intelligence in our or any service providers’ operations, products or services is expected to pose new or unknown cybersecurity risks and challenges.

Cyberattacks, which include malware, ransomware, computer viruses, phishing or other social engineering, denial of service and other means of disruption or unauthorized access to companies, have increased in frequency, scope and potential harm in recent years, as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools – including artificial intelligence – that circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. As a result, we may be unable to detect, investigate, remediate or recover from future attacks or incidents, or to avoid a material adverse impact to our IT Systems, Confidential Information or business. Cyberattacks may also result from malicious code embedded in open-source software, or misconfigurations, bugs or other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT Systems, products or services. Further, we regularly identify and track security vulnerabilities, and we are unable to comprehensively apply patches or confirm that measures are in place to mitigate all such vulnerabilities, or that patches will be applied before vulnerabilities are exploited by a threat actor. We and certain of our third-party providers regularly experience cyberattacks and other incidents, and we expect such attacks and incidents to continue in varying degrees. While to date no incidents have had a material impact on our operations or financial results, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future.

We take certain preventive actions to reduce the risk of cyber incidents and protect our IT Systems and Confidential Information, but there is always a risk that we may suffer a cyber-attack that we are unable to repel. Moreover, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information. A cyber-attack could result in restoration and remediation costs, an increase in our expenditures on cyber security measures, litigation (including class action lawsuits), damage to our reputation, lost revenues from business interruption and the loss of existing customers and business partners. In addition, if we fail to prevent the theft of valuable information such as financial data and sensitive information, or if we fail to protect the privacy of customer and employee Confidential Information against breaches of network or information technology security, it could result in damage to our reputation, which could adversely impact customer and investor confidence. Any of these occurrences could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Finally, we cannot guarantee that any costs and liabilities incurred in relation to an attack or incident will be covered by our existing insurance policies or that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.

Political, social and geopolitical events, possible changes in public policies and other risks in some of the countries where we operate, which are inherent to the operations of an international company, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

We are exposed to the circumstances prevalent in the countries in which we operate. Although the majority of our revenue originates from our Mexican domestic operations, we also conduct an important part of our operations in the United States and Central and South America. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 37% of our total revenues were attributable to international operations. Like other companies with international operations, political, economic, geopolitical or social developments in the countries where we operate or elsewhere, such as elections, new governments, changes in public policy, economic circumstances, laws and/or regulations, trade policies, political agreements or disagreements, civil disturbances and a rise in violence or the perception of violence, could have a material adverse effect in the countries where we operate or on the global financial markets, and in turn on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

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A change in federal or national government or its conditions and the political party in control of the legislature in any of the countries in which we operate could result in changes to the countries’ economic, political, or social conditions, and in changes to laws, regulations and public policies, which may contribute to economic uncertainty or adverse business conditions and could also materially impact our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Similarly, if no political party wins a clear majority in the legislative bodies of these countries, legislative gridlock and political and economic uncertainty may continue or result.

These and other political, economic, social and geopolitical issues have the potential to materially and adversely impact the global economy, financial markets and the overall stability of the countries and regions in which we operate and, in turn, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel or fail to maintain our company culture, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

We require large numbers of pilots, flight attendants, maintenance technicians and other personnel, and our growth strategy will require us to hire, train and retain a significant number of new employees in the future. The airline industry has from time to time experienced a shortage of qualified personnel, particularly with respect to pilots and maintenance technicians. This has been particularly acute for Mexico. Retaining and recruiting people with the appropriate skills is particularly challenging as the economy in general, and the airline industry in particular, continue to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in competition for the human resources necessary to operate our business successfully. We may be required to increase wages and/or benefits or to implement additional training programs in order to attract and retain qualified personnel. If we are unable to hire, train and retain qualified employees, our business could be adversely affected and we may be unable to complete our growth plans. In addition, the airline industry has, from time to time, experienced a shortage of qualified personnel and employee turnover may occur from time to time, which may not always be predictable. When we experience higher turnover, our training costs may be higher due to the significant amount of time required to train each new employee and, in particular, each new pilot. We cannot be certain that we will be able to recruit, train and retain the qualified employees that we need to replace departing employees and continue our current operations. If we are unable to hire, train and retain qualified employees, our business could be adversely affected and we may be unable to successfully complete our growth plans.

In addition, as we hire new employees, it may be increasingly challenging to maintain our company culture. Our company culture, which is one of our competitive strengths, is important to providing high-quality customer service and having a productive, accountable workforce that helps keep our costs low. As our operations and geographic diversity continue to grow, we may be unable to identify, hire or retain enough people who meet the above criteria, including those in management or other key positions. If we fail to maintain the strength of our company culture, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Increased labor costs, union disputes, employee strikes, and other labor-related disruption may adversely affect our operations.

Our business is labor intensive, with labor costs representing 13%, 10%, and 13% of our total operating expenses for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, 75% of our workforce was represented by the general aviation union (Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria Aeronaútica, Similares y Conexos de la República Méxicana-STIAS) and thereby covered by substantially the same collective bargaining agreement entered into between us and each of our subsidiaries. The collective bargaining agreements are negotiated every two years in respect of general labor conditions and every year in connection with wages. Our current agreements with this union will expire in February 2025 with respect to salaries and benefits. The terms and conditions of our future collective bargaining agreements may be affected by the results of collective bargaining negotiations at other airlines that may have a greater ability, due to larger scale, greater efficiency or other factors, to bear higher costs than we can. We cannot assure you that our labor costs going forward will remain competitive because in the future our labor agreements may be amended and new agreements could have terms with higher labor costs or more onerous conditions, one or more of our competitors may significantly reduce their labor costs, thereby reducing or eliminating our comparative advantages as to one or more of such competitors, or our labor costs may increase in connection with our growth. Traditionally, the relationship between Mexican legacy carriers and their unions has been complex. We may also become subject to additional collective bargaining agreements in the future as non-unionized workers may unionize or unionized workers may decide to join a different union. If we are unable to reach agreement with any of our unionized work groups on future negotiations regarding the terms of their collective bargaining agreements, we may be subject to work interruptions or stoppages. Any such action or other labor dispute with unionized employees (including negotiation of more onerous conditions), or the deterioration of the relationship between unions and businesses in Mexico, could disrupt our operations, reduce our profitability, or interfere with the ability of our management to focus on executing our business strategies.

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Furthermore, changes in labor laws, such as the amendments to Mexican labor laws and other related regulations regarding labor subcontracting in Mexico, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected if we lose the services of our key personnel.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon the efforts and abilities of our senior management team and key financial and operating personnel. Competition for highly qualified personnel is intense, and the loss of any executive officer, senior manager or other key employee without adequate replacement or the inability to attract new qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Experienced executives in the airline industry are difficult to source. We do not maintain key-man life insurance on our management team.

Our results of operations will fluctuate.

The airline industry is by nature cyclical and seasonal, and our operating results can be expected to vary from quarter to quarter. We generally expect demand to be greater during the summer months in the northern hemisphere, in December and around Easter, which can fall either in the first or second quarter, compared to the rest of the year. We generally experience our lowest levels of passenger traffic in February, September and October. Given our high proportion of fixed costs, seasonality can affect our profitability from quarter to quarter. Demand for air travel is also affected by factors such as economic conditions, war or the threat of war, fare levels, security and health concerns and weather conditions.

In addition, we expect our quarterly operating results to fluctuate in the future based on a variety of other factors, including:

| ● | the timing and success of our growth plans as we increase flights in existing markets and enter new markets;

| ● | changes in fuel, security, health and insurance costs;

| ● | increases in personnel, marketing, aircraft ownership and other operating expenses to support our anticipated growth; and

| ● | the timing and amount of maintenance expenditures.

Due to the factors described above and others described in this annual report, quarter-to-quarter comparisons of operating results may not be good indicators of our future performance. In addition, it is possible that in any quarter our operating results could be below the expectations of investors and any published reports or analyses regarding our company. In that event, the price of the ADSs could decline, perhaps substantially.

We do not have a control group.

Since the completion of our initial public offering on September 23, 2013, we have not had a control group and corporate decisions requiring shareholder approval, such as the election of a majority of the board of directors, are made by the majority of our Series A shareholders, which shares are required to be owned by Mexican nationals. We do not have a control group because holders of ADSs and CPOs do not have voting rights, and the CPOs and ADSs are voted by the CPO trustee in the same manner as the majority of the holders of Series A shares that are not represented by CPOs or ADSs. Thus, there are no large groups holding a large block. Furthermore, it is unlikely that a significant block of shareholders will form in the future because no person or group of persons is permitted to acquire more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock without our board of directors’ consent. As a result, a shareholder or shareholders of a very small number of Series A shares could determine the outcome of any shareholder vote without being a control group.

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We are a holding company and do not have any material assets other than the shares of our subsidiaries and our trademarks.

We are a holding company and conduct our operations through a series of operating subsidiaries. We support these operating subsidiaries with technical and administrative services through various other subsidiaries. All of the assets we use to perform administrative and technical services and to operate the concessions and authorizations are held at the subsidiary level. As a result, we do not have any material assets other than the shares of our subsidiaries and our trademarks. Dividends or payments that we may be required to make will be subject to the availability of cash provided by our subsidiaries. Transfers of cash from our subsidiaries to us may be further limited by corporate and legal requirements, or by the terms of the agreements governing our indebtedness. If a shareholder were to assert a claim against us, the enforcement of any related judgment would be limited to our available assets, rather than our assets and our combined subsidiaries.

Changes in accounting standards could impact our reported earnings.

The accounting standard setters and other regulatory bodies periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Any change made to accounting standards can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in the restatement of prior period financial statements.

Risks related to our securities and the ADSs

The trading prices for the ADSs and our Series A shares may fluctuate significantly.

Future trading prices of the ADSs or Series A shares may be volatile, and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, including:

| ● | changes in the market valuation of companies that provide similar services;

| ● | economic, regulatory, political and market conditions in Mexico, the United States and other countries;

| ● | industry conditions or trends;

| ● | availability of routes and airport space;

| ● | the introduction of new services by us or by our competitors;

| ● | real or perceived health and safety standards in air travel and related services;

| ● | our historical and anticipated quarterly and annual operating results;

| ● | variations between our actual or anticipated results and analyst and investor expectations;

| ● | announcements by us or others and developments affecting our business;

| ● | changes in technology affecting our aircraft;

| ● | announcements, results or actions taken by our competitors;

| ● | investors’ perceptions of us or the services we provide;

| ● | changes in financial or economic estimates by securities analysts;

| ● | our announcement of significant transactions or capital commitments;

| ● | currency devaluations and imposition of capital controls;

| ● | additions or departures of key management;

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| ● | future sales of the ADSs and Series A shares;

| ● | strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

| ● | accidents, health concerns, pandemics, and other events affecting airline operations;

| ● | media reports and publications about the safety of our aircraft or the aircraft type we operate;

| ● | changes in the price of fuel;

| ● | announcements concerning the availability and reliability of the type of aircraft or engines we use;

| ● | changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts or failure to meet analysts’ performance expectations; or

| ● | sales of our common stock or other actions by investors with significant shareholdings.

Many of these factors are beyond our control. Broad market and industry factors could materially and adversely affect the market price of the ADSs and Series A shares, regardless of our actual operating performance.

The stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These types of broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our Series A shares and ADSs. In the past, stockholders have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. Any such litigation against us could result in substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources, and harm our business or results of operations.

The relatively low liquidity and high volatility of the Mexican securities market may cause trading prices and volumes of our Series A shares and the ADSs to fluctuate significantly.

The Mexican Stock Exchange is one of Latin America’s largest exchanges in terms of aggregate market capitalization of the companies listed therein, but it remains relatively illiquid and volatile compared to other major foreign stock markets. Although the public participates in the trading of securities on the Mexican Stock Exchange, a substantial portion of trading activity on the Mexican Stock Exchange is conducted by or on behalf of large institutional investors. The trading volume for securities issued by emerging market companies, as Mexican companies, tends to be lower than the trading volume of securities issued by companies in more developed countries. These market characteristics may limit the ability of a holder of our Series A shares to sell its Series A shares and may also adversely affect the market price of the Series A shares and, as a result, the market price of the ADSs.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

If we issue additional equity securities in the future, shareholders may suffer dilution, and trading prices for our securities may decline.

In connection with our business strategy of expanding through acquisitions, we may finance corporate needs and expenditures, or future transactions, by issuing additional capital stock. Any such issuances of capital stock would result in the dilution of shareholders’ ownership stake. In addition, future issuances of our equity securities or sales by our shareholders or management, or the announcement that we or they intend to make such an issuance or sale, could result in a decrease in the market price of the ADSs and Series A shares.

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Provisions of Mexican law and our by-laws make a takeover more difficult, which may impede the ability of holders of Series A shares or ADSs to benefit from a change in control or to change our management and board of directors.

Provisions of Mexican law and our by-laws may make it difficult and costly for a third party to pursue a tender offer or other takeover attempt resulting in a change of control. Holders of ADSs may desire to participate in one of these transactions, but may not have an opportunity to do so. For example, our by-laws contain provisions which, among other things, require board approval prior to any person or group of persons acquiring, directly or indirectly, (i) 5% or more of our shares (whether directly or by acquiring ADSs or CPOs), or (ii) 20% or more of our shares (whether directly or by acquiring ADSs or CPOs) and in the case of this item (ii) if such approval is obtained, require the acquiring person to make a tender offer to purchase 100% of our shares and CPOs (or other securities that represent them) at a substantial premium over the market price of our shares to be determined by the board of directors, based upon the advice of a financial advisor.

These provisions could substantially impede the ability of a third party to control us, and be detrimental to shareholders desiring to benefit from any change of control premium paid on the sale of the company in connection with a tender offer. See Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Overview—Change of Control Provisions” and “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Overview—Voting Rights.”

Substantial sales of the ADSs or Series A shares could cause the price of the ADSs or Series A shares to decrease.

We may finance future corporate needs and expenditures by using shares of Series A common stock, to be evidenced by Series A shares, CPOs or ADSs. Any such issuances of such shares could result in a dilution of your ownership stake or a decrease in the market price of the ADSs or the Series A shares. In addition, our principal shareholders are entitled to rights with respect to registration of their shares under the Securities Act, pursuant to the registration rights agreement we have on file with the SEC. See Item 7: “Major Shareholders and related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders.” For example, on December 11, 2020 we completed a primary follow-on equity offering in which we offered 134,000,000 CPOs, in the form of ADSs, at a price to the public of U.S. $11.25 per ADS in the United States and other countries outside of Mexico, pursuant to our shelf registration statement filed with the SEC. In connection with that offering, the underwriters exercised their option to purchase up to 20,100,000 additional CPOs in the form of ADSs, for a total offering of 154,100,000 CPOs in the form of ADSs. The securities issued pursuant to the offering are eligible for trading in the public market, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Series A shares and ADSs.

Non-Mexican investors may not hold our Series A shares directly and must have them held in a CPO trust, which releases CPOs underlying Series A shares, at all times.

Each ADS represents ten CPOs and each CPO represents a financial interest in one Series A share. Non-Mexican investors in the ADSs may not directly hold the underlying Series A shares, but may hold them only indirectly through CPOs issued and released by a Mexican bank as trustee under the CPO trust or ADSs evidencing CPOs. Upon expiration of the 50-year term of our CPO trust agreement, the underlying Series A shares must be placed in a new trust similar to the current CPO trust for non-Mexican investors to hold an economic interest (but no voting rights) in such Series A shares, or be sold to third parties or be delivered to non-Mexican holders to the extent then permitted by applicable law (not currently permitted).

We cannot assure you that a new trust similar to the CPO trust will be created if the current CPO trust terminates, or that, if necessary, the Series A shares represented by the CPOs will be sold at an adequate price, or that Mexican law will be amended to permit the transfer of Series A shares to non-Mexican holders in the event that the trust is terminated. In that event, unless Mexican law has changed to permit non-Mexican investors to hold our shares directly, non-Mexican holders may be required to cause all of the Series A shares represented by the CPOs to be sold to a Mexican individual or corporation.

We have obtained authorization from the Mexican Ministry of Economy (Secretaría de Economía) for the issuance up to 90% of our outstanding capital stock in CPOs. Since non-Mexican investors are required to invest in CPOs in order to hold a financial interest in our capital stock, if this 90% threshold were to be met, we would be unable to obtain additional capital contributions from non-Mexican investors, or we would be required to obtain a new authorization from the Mexican Ministry of Economy (Secretaría de Economía) for the issuance of more than 90% of our outstanding capital stock in CPOs. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain such authorization.

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Holders of the ADSs and CPOs have no voting rights.

Holders of the ADSs and CPOs are not entitled to vote the underlying Series A shares. As a result, holders of the ADSs and CPOs do not have any influence over the decisions made relating to our company’s business or operations, nor are they protected from the results of any such corporate action taken by our holders of Series A shares. Mexican investors determine the outcome of substantially all shareholder matters. For a more complete description of the circumstances under which holders of our securities may vote, see Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Overview.”

Preemptive rights may be unavailable to non-Mexican holders of the ADSs and CPOs and, as a result, such holders may suffer dilution.

Except in certain limited circumstances, under Mexican law, if we issue new shares of common stock for cash as part of a capital increase, we must grant our shareholders the right to subscribe and pay for a sufficient number of shares to maintain their existing ownership percentage in our company. Rights to subscribe and pay for shares in these circumstances are known as preemptive rights. We may not legally be permitted to allow holders of ADSs and CPOs in the United States to exercise any preemptive rights in any future capital increase unless we file a registration statement with the SEC with respect to that future issuance of shares or the offering qualifies for an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act and take certain corporate steps, including the publication of a preemptive rights notice in Mexico. Similar restrictions may apply to holders of ADSs and CPOs in other jurisdictions. We cannot assure you that we will file a registration statement with the SEC, or any other regulatory authority, to allow holders of ADSs and CPOs in the United States, or any other jurisdiction, to participate in a preemptive rights offering. At the time of any future capital increase, we will evaluate the costs and potential liabilities associated with filing a registration statement with the SEC and any other factors that we consider important to determine whether we will file such a registration statement. Under Mexican law, sales by the depositary of preemptive rights and distribution of the proceeds from such sales to you, the ADS holders, is not possible.

In addition, additional CPOs may be released only if the CPO deed permits the release of a number of CPOs sufficient to represent the shares to be issued to and held by the CPO trustee upon the exercise of preemptive rights. Because non-Mexican holders of ADSs and CPOs are not entitled to acquire direct ownership of the underlying Series A shares in respect of such ADSs and CPOs, they may not be able to exercise their preemptive rights if the CPO deed will not permit additional CPOs to be delivered in an amount sufficient to represent the shares of common stock to be issued as a result of the exercise of preemptive rights on behalf of non-Mexican ADS or CPO holders, unless the CPO deed is modified, or a new CPO deed is entered into, which permits delivery of the number of CPOs necessary to represent the shares to be subscribed and paid as a result of the exercise of such preemptive rights. Although we expect to take all measures necessary to maintain sufficient CPOs available to permit non-Mexican holders of ADSs and CPOs to exercise preemptive rights, if and when applicable, no assurances can be made that we will be able to do so, particularly because regulatory approvals in Mexico are necessary for the issuance and delivery of CPOs. As a result of the limitations described above, if we issue additional shares in the future in connection with circumstances giving rise to preemptive rights, the equity interests of holders of ADSs and CPOs may be diluted. See Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Preemptive Rights.”

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future, and our revolving line of credit with Banco Santander México and Bancomext may limit our ability to declare and pay dividends.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors, will require the approval of our general shareholders meeting, may only be paid if losses for prior fiscal years have been paid and if shareholders have approved the net income from which the dividends are paid and legal reserves have been created to the required levels, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in current or future financing instruments and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.

In addition, our revolving line of credit with Banco Santander México, or Santander, and Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior, S.N.C., or Bancomext, may limit our ability to declare and pay dividends in the event that we fail to comply with the payment terms thereunder. See Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Loan Agreements” and Item 8: “Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.”

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Minority shareholders may be less able to enforce their rights against us, our directors, or our controlling shareholders in Mexico.

Under Mexican law, the protections afforded to minority shareholders are different from those afforded to minority shareholders in the United States. For example, because Mexican laws concerning fiduciary duties of directors (i.e., the duty of care and the duty of loyalty, the only duties recognized under Mexican law) have been in existence for a relatively short period of time and the laws concerning such duties are not as developed as the laws in the United States, it is more difficult for minority shareholders to bring an action for breach of fiduciary duties in Mexico as compared to the United States. Also, such actions may not be initiated as a direct action, but as a shareholder derivative suit (that is for the benefit of our company and not the initiating shareholder). The grounds for shareholder derivative actions under Mexican law are limited. Even though applicable law has been modified to permit shareholder derivative actions, and procedures for class action lawsuits have been adopted in Mexico, there is very limited precedent with regards to such class action lawsuits and how procedures for such suits are followed in Mexico. Therefore, it will be much more difficult for our minority shareholders to enforce their rights against us, our directors, or our controlling shareholders than it would be for minority shareholders of a U.S. company.

Mexico has different corporate disclosure and accounting standards than those in the United States and other countries.

A principal objective of the securities laws of the United States, Mexico and other countries is to promote full and fair disclosure of all material corporate information, including accounting information. However, there may be different or less publicly available information about issuers of securities in Mexico than is regularly made available by public companies in countries with highly developed capital markets, including the United States.

Our interest rate expense for any particular period will fluctuate based on LIBOR, SOFR and other variable interest rates.

On July 27, 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR), or the FCA, announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR. In 2021, the FCA announced that one-week and two-month U.S. dollar-denominated LIBOR settings will no longer be provided or be representative after December 31, 2021, and that all other remaining U.S. dollar-denominated LIBOR settings will no longer be provided or be representative after June 30, 2023. The U.S. Federal Reserve also advised banks to cease entering into new contracts that use U.S. dollar-denominated LIBOR as a reference rate. In the United States, the Alternative Reference Rate Committee, a committee convened by the U.S. Federal Reserve that includes major market participants, has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, a new index calculated by short-term repurchase agreements backed by U.S. Treasury securities, as its preferred alternative rate for U.S. dollar-denominated LIBOR. Working groups formed by financial regulators in other jurisdictions, including the U.K., the European Union, Japan and Switzerland, have also recommended alternatives to LIBOR denominated in their local currencies. Although SOFR appears to be the preferred replacement rate for U.S. dollar-denominated LIBOR, it is unclear if other benchmarks may emerge or if other rates will be adopted outside of the United States. At this time, it is not possible to predict how markets will respond to SOFR or other alternative reference rates as the transition away from LIBOR in the coming years, or what effect these changes in views or alternatives may have on financial markets for LIBOR-linked financial instruments.

A portion of our long-term indebtedness/derivative instruments bear interest at fluctuating interest rates, which may be based on the London Interbank Offered Rate, LIBOR, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, SOFR, and the Tasa de Interés Interbanciaria de Equilibrio, TIIE. LIBOR, tends to fluctuate based on general short-term interest rates, rates set by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks, market the supply of and demand for credit in the London interbank market and general economic conditions. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight collateralized by Treasury securities. TIIE is determined by the Mexican Central Bank (Banco de Mexico) based on quotes presented by credit institutions. We have not hedged our interest rate exposure with respect to our floating rate debt, except for TIIE. Accordingly, our interest expense for any period will fluctuate based on LIBOR, SOFR, TIIE and other variable interest rates. To the extent the interest rates applicable to our floating rate debt increase, our expense will increase, in which event we may have difficulties making interest payments and funding our other fixed costs, and our available cash flow for general corporate requirements may be adversely affected. As of December 31, 2023, all our U.S. dollar-denominated credit facilities bear interest based on SOFR. See Item 11: “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk—Interest Rates.”

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If we are classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, holders of our ADSs subject to U.S. federal income taxation may realize adverse tax consequences.

We would be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year if, after the application of certain look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of our subsidiaries, either: (1) 75% or more of our gross income for such taxable year is “passive income” (as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended), or (2) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets (which may be determined in part by our market capitalization, which is subject to change) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, passive income includes, subject to certain exceptions, dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, gains from commodities and securities transactions, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such passive income, net foreign currency gains and amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds. Based on the market price of our ADSs and the composition of our income, assets and operations, we do not believe that we were classified as a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2023. However, this is a factual determination that must be made annually after the close of each taxable year. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or for any future taxable year. Certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a U.S. Holder (as discussed in more detail in “Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences”) if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs.

ITEM 4 INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. | History and Development of the Company

We were founded on October 27, 2005 under the name Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A. de C.V. by Blue Sky Investments, S.à r.l., Discovery Air Investments, L.P., Corporativo Vasco de Quiroga, S.A. de C.V. and Sinca Inbursa, S.A. de C.V., Sociedad de Inversión de Capitales.

On July 16, 2010, we became a variable capital investment promotion stock corporation (sociedad anónima promotora de inversión de capital variable). In June 2013, we became a variable capital public stock corporation (sociedad anónima bursátil de capital variable), under the name Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V. See Item 9: “The Offer and Listing—Markets—The Mexican Stock Market—Mexican Securities Market Law” for a description of the differences between these two forms of legal entities.

On September 23, 2013, we and certain of our shareholders completed a dual-listing initial public offering on the NYSE and the Mexican Stock Exchange. We raised approximately U.S. $207.7 million of gross proceeds from the global offering of 173,076,910 Series A shares, consisting of (i) an offering of Series A shares in Mexico and (ii) a concurrent international offering of CPOs in the form of ADSs in the United States and other countries outside of Mexico, at a public offering price of U.S. $1.20 dollars per share or U.S. $12.00 per ADS. Each ADS represents ten CPOs and each CPO represents a financial interest in one of our Series A shares. The Series A shares were listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “VOLAR” and the ADSs were listed on NYSE under the trading symbol “VLRS.” The Series A shares and ADSs began trading on September 18, 2013.

On December 11, 2020, pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form F-3 and the pre-effective Amendment No. 1 to Form F-3 filed with the SEC, we sold 134,000,000 CPOs in the form of ADSs at a price to the public of U.S. $11.25 per ADS in the United States and other countries outside of Mexico. In connection with that offering, the underwriters also exercised their option in full to purchase 20,100,000 additional CPOs in the form of ADSs, for a total offering of 154,100,000 CPOs in the form of ADSs.

Overview

We are a ULCC incorporated under the laws of Mexico. Our primary corporate offices and headquarters are located in Mexico City at Av. Antonio Dovalí Jaime No. 70, 13th Floor, Tower B, Colonia Zedec Santa Fe, México City, México, zip code 01210. Our agent in the United States is Puglisi & Associates, located at 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware 19711. Our telephone number is +52-55-5261-6400.

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Since we began operations in 2006, we have increased our routes from five to more than 231 and grown our cost-efficient Airbus A320 family aircraft from four to 129 as of December 31, 2023. We currently operate up to 455 average daily flight segments on routes that connect 44 cities in Mexico, 23 cities in the United States, four cities in Central America and two cities in South America. We have substantial market presence in the top five airports in Mexico (based on number of passengers): Cancun, Guadalajara, Mexico City, Monterrey and Tijuana. The main U.S. cities we currently serve are home to some of the most populous Mexican communities in the United States based on data from the Pew Hispanic Research Center. Additionally, our operating subsidiary in Costa Rica, Vuela Aviación, began operations on December 1, 2016, and our operating subsidiary in El Salvador, Vuela El Salvador, began operations on September 15, 2021. We seek to replicate our ultra-low-cost model in Central and South America by offering low base fares and point-to-point service in the region.

In addition, on January 16, 2018, we signed a codeshare agreement with U.S. ULCC Frontier, which started operations on August 23, 2018. We expect this agreement, one of the first ever between ULCCs, to open additional ultra-low fare travel options between Mexico and the United States. In particular, we currently serve 23 destinations in the United States and 44 in Mexico, of which 18 coincide with Frontier destinations in both countries.

We are one of the lowest unit cost publicly traded operators worldwide, based on CASM. In 2023, our CASM was U.S. $7.81 cents, compared to an average non-stage-length adjusted CASM of U.S. $10.90 cents for the other Latin American publicly traded airlines, including Azul, Copa, and Gol. We also have lower costs than our U.S.-based publicly traded target market competitors, including Alaska, Frontier, Spirit, American, Delta, JetBlue, Southwest, Allegiant and United, which had an average non-stage-length adjusted CASM of U.S. $14.49 cents in 2023. With our ULCC business model, we have grown significantly while maintaining a low CASM over the last several years. We have achieved this through our efficient and uniform fleet, high asset utilization, our emphasis on direct sales and distribution and our variable, performance-based compensation structure. We have a relentless focus on low costs as part of our organizational culture, and we believe that we can further lower our CASM by deploying additional Airbus A320neo family aircraft and leveraging our existing infrastructure to drive economies of scale. We believe that our unit cost advantage will allow us to continue to lower base fares, stimulate market demand and increase non-passenger revenue opportunities.

Our ULCC business model and low CASM allow us to compete principally through offering low base fares to stimulate demand. We use our yield management system to set our fares in an effort to achieve appropriate yields and load factors on each route we operate. We use promotional fares to stimulate demand and price our base fares to compete with long-distance bus fares in Mexico.

During 2023, our average base fare was U.S. $49.27, and we regularly offered promotional fares as low as U.S. $1.62 or U.S. $0.78 for V-Club members, excluding airport fees. We have unbundled certain components of our air travel service as part of a strategy to enable our passengers to only pay for the products and services they want to use. This unbundling strategy has allowed us to significantly grow our non-passenger revenue and total revenue. We plan to continue to use low base fares to stimulate additional passenger demand, shift bus passengers to air travel and increase our load factor. In 2023, our average load factor was 86.0%, compared to an average load factor of 83.1% for the other Latin American publicly traded airlines and 83.0% for our U.S.-based publicly traded target market competitors. Higher load factors help us generate additional non-passenger revenue and total revenue, which in turn, allow us to further lower base fares and stimulate new demand.

In addition to offering low fares, we also aim to deliver a suitable and efficient flying experience to our passengers. We strive to deliver on-time performance to our customers, with an 76.9% on-time performance rate in 2023. We believe that we have developed strong brand recognition due to our focus on delivering good value and a positive traveling experience to our customers. We believe that our corporate culture of positive “customer relationship management” has also been a key element of our success.

Principal Capital Expenditures

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 we incurred capital expenditures of U.S. $196.3 million, U.S. $353.9 million, and U.S. $491.1 million, respectively, which included acquisitions of flight equipment, spare engines, rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment and acquisitions of intangible assets. For a discussion of our capital expenditures and future projections. See Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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Mexican Regulation

Operational Regulation

Air transportation services for passengers provided on a regular basis, as opposed to charter flights and permits, are considered a public service in Mexico. To render regular air transportations services, a concession granted by the Mexican federal government is required. The legal framework of the air transportation industry in Mexico is primarily established by the Mexican Aviation Law (Ley de Aviación Civil) and its regulations, the Mexican Airport Law (Ley de Aeropuertos) and its regulations, the Mexican General Communications Ways Law (Ley de Vias Generales de Comunicación), and applicable Mexican Official Rules (Normas Oficiales Mexicanas). The main regulatory authority overseeing air transportation is the SICT, acting mainly through the AFAC.

Pursuant to the Mexican Aviation Law, the SICT, through the AFAC, is responsible and has the authority, among others, to (i) impose and conduct the policies and programs for the regulation and development of air transportation services; (ii) grant concessions and permits, oversee compliance with, and, if applicable, resolve amendments to or termination of such concessions or permits; (iii) issue the Mexican Official Rules and other administrative provisions; (iv) provide and control the air navigation services; (v) issue and enforce the safety and health rules that must be observed in air transportation services; (vi) issue certificates of registration, certificates of airworthiness, and certificates to air services providers and declare the suspension, cancellation, revalidation or revocation of such certificates; (vii) maintain and operate the Mexican Aeronautical Registry (Registro Aéronautico Mexicano), where aircraft and leases over aircraft are regulated; (viii) participate in the international agencies and in the negotiation of treaties; (ix) promote the development and training of the aeronautical technical staff; (x) issue and, if applicable, revalidate or cancel the licenses of the aeronautical technical staff; (xi) interpret the Mexican Aviation Law and its regulations for administrative purposes; (xii) authorize the verification visits; (xiii) appoint or, if applicable, remove the regional commanding officer and the commanding officers for airports, heliports and civil airdromes in general, and (xiv) approve flight plans.

The AFAC primarily oversees and verifies compliance by the concessionaires, licensees, operators and airline services providers with the Mexican Aviation Law, its regulations, the Mexican Official Rules and any other applicable provisions.

A concession granted by the SICT is required to render domestic and regular air transportation services in Mexico. Any such concession may only be granted to Mexican entities which meet certain technical, financial, legal and administrative requirements that are deemed necessary to adequately provide services with quality, safety, and timeliness.

Other requirements to be met to obtain a concession are (i) the availability of aircraft and aircraft equipment, which is required to comply with technical requirements of safety, airworthiness conditions and environmental conditions; (ii) the availability of hangars, repair shops and infrastructure needed for operations, as well as the availability of technical and administrative staff trained for the operation of the concession; and (iii) experience in the industry. To provide any other air transportation service in Mexico, different from domestic and regular air transportation, a permit from the SICT is required pursuant to the Mexican Aviation Law.

Concession and Permits

Through our subsidiary Volaris Opco, we hold (i) the Concession, which authorizes us to provide domestic regular passenger, cargo and mail air transportation services within Mexico, (ii) a permit for domestic charter air transportation passenger services, and (iii) a permit for international regular passenger and charter passenger air transportation services.

Our Concession was granted by the Mexican federal government through SICT on May 9, 2005. On February 24, 2020, our Concession was extended for a 20-year term starting on May 9, 2020. The Concession authorizes us to use certain aircraft and certain routes. Pursuant to the terms of the Mexican Aviation Law, our Concession, together with specific authorizations granted to us by the AFAC, allow us to provide domestic and international regular air transportation services. Pursuant to our Concession, we have to pay to the Mexican federal government certain fees arising from the services we render. The exhibits to the Concession must be updated each time a new aircraft is operated by Volaris Opco, new routes are added, or existing routes are modified. For more information regarding our aircraft and routes. See Item 4: “Information on the Company—Business Overview.”

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The permit for domestic charter air transportation of passengers was granted to us by the SICT on April 16, 2007. Such permit, which does not have a termination date, authorizes certain aircraft to operate and specifies, among other terms and conditions, that Volaris Opco is required to request authorization from the AFAC before carrying out any charter flight.

The permit for international charter air transportation of passengers was granted by the AFAC on June 3, 2009 for an unspecified period of time. Such permit authorizes certain aircraft to operate under such permit and indicates, among other terms and conditions, that Volaris Opco is required to request authorization from the AFAC, before carrying out any charter flight.

In order to operate our aircraft, each aircraft is required to have on board all documents and equipment required by the treaties, the Mexican Aviation Law and all applicable provisions, including its certificate of registration, its certificate of airworthiness, and its insurance policy. We believe we hold all necessary operating and airworthiness authorizations, certificates and licenses, and carry all necessary insurance policies and are operating in compliance with applicable law.

The Mexican Aviation Law provides that concessions and permits may be revoked for any of the following reasons: (i) failure to exercise rights conferred by the concessions or permits for a period exceeding 180 calendar days from the date that such concessions or permits were granted; (ii) failure to maintain in effect the insurance required pursuant to the Mexican Aviation Law; (iii) change of nationality of the holder of the concession or permit; (iv) assignment, mortgage, transfer or conveyance of concessions, permits or rights thereunder to any foreign government or foreign state; (v) assignment, mortgage, transfer or conveyance of concessions, permits or rights thereunder to any person without the approval of the SICT; (vi) applying fares different from the registered or approved fares, as applicable; (vii) interruption of the services without authorization from the SICT, except in the events of acts of God or force majeure; (viii) rendering services different to those set forth in the respective permit or concession; (ix) failure to comply with safety conditions; (x) failure to indemnify from damages arising from the services rendered and (xi) in general, failure to comply with any obligation or condition set forth in the Mexican Aviation Law, its regulations or the respective concession or permit. In the event that our Concession is revoked for any of the reasons specified above, we will not be entitled to any compensation, and we will be unable to continue to conduct our business.

Aircraft

Pursuant to the Mexican Aviation Law and our Concession, all the aircraft used to provide our services must be registered in Mexico with the Mexican Aeronautical Registry and flagged as Mexican aircraft and, if registered in other countries, such aircraft need to be authorized to operate in Mexico. The registration with the Mexican Aeronautical Registry is granted subject to compliance with certain legal and technical requirements. All the aircraft which comprise our fleet as of the date of this annual report have been authorized by and registered with the AFAC.

We have to maintain our aircraft in airworthiness condition. The maintenance must be provided as specified in the manufacturers’ maintenance manuals and pursuant to a maintenance program approved by the AFAC. The AFAC has authority to inspect our aircraft, their maintenance records and our safety procedures. Based on such inspections, the AFAC may declare an aircraft unfit to fly and in certain cases revoke our Concession.

Routes

Pursuant to the Mexican Aviation Law and our Concession, we may only provide our services on routes approved under our Concession. Any new route or change in existing routes must be approved by the AFAC. Domestic routes are subject to our Concession and the Mexican Aviation Law. Our international routes to the United States are subject to our Concession, the international routes authorization permits issued by the AFAC, the Mexican Aviation Law, the Air Transport Agreement between the United States and Mexico, dated December 18, 2015 (“US-Mexico ATA”), a permit from the DOT to allow us to operate any route into the United States, and authorization from the FAA. The US-Mexico ATA provides a legal framework for the international routes of Mexican and U.S. carriers between the United States and Mexico. Under the US-Mexico ATA, any U.S. or Mexican carrier may apply for a permit or authorization to fly between Mexico and the United States.

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Fares

According to the Mexican Aviation Law, concessionaries or licensees of air transportation may freely set fares for the services provided by them on terms that permit the rendering of services in satisfactory conditions of quality, competitiveness, safety and consistency. International fares must be approved by the SICT pursuant to applicable treaties except that fares for routes to and from the United States do not require approval or registration from either the SICT or any other authority. The fares (both domestic and international) must be registered with the SICT and be permanently available to users of the services. The SICT may deny the registration of fares set by the concessionaires or licensees if such fares imply predatory or monopolistic practices, dominance in the market from a competition perspective or disloyal competition which prevents the participation in the market of other concessionaires or licensees. The SICT may also set minimum and maximum levels of fares (restricting, in that case, the ability of concessionaires and holders of licenses to freely determine rates), as applicable, for the corresponding services, to promote competition. The fares will describe clearly and explicitly the restrictions such fares are subject to and will remain valid for the time and under the conditions offered. The Mexican Aviation Law provides that in the event that the SICT considers that there is no competition among concession and permit holders, the SICT may request the opinion of the Mexican Antitrust Commission and then approve regulations governing fares that may be charged for air transportation services, thus limiting the ability of participants to freely determine rates. Such regulations will be maintained only during the existence of the conditions that resulted in the negative effects of competition.

Slots

Under Mexican Law, a “slot” is the schedule for the landing and take-off of aircraft. The regulation of the slots is provided by the Mexican Airport Law and its regulations. A slot is assigned to an operator by the airport administrator considering the recommendation of a committee of operations, for the organization and planning of the flights at the relevant airport. According to the regulations to the Mexican Airport Law, the operating rules of each airport in Mexico, must contain the guidelines for the assignment of slots. Therefore, the different airports’ administrations will establish in such guidelines how slots are to be assigned considering (i) the operation schedule of the airport, (ii) safety and efficiency criteria, (iii) capacity of the services providers, (iv) schedule availability, and (v) compliance with the requirements for the assignment of the slots.

Taking or Seizure

Pursuant to Mexican law and our Concession, the Mexican federal government may take or seize our assets temporarily or permanently, in the event of natural disasters, war, serious changes to public order or in the event of imminent danger to the national security, internal peace or the national economy. The Mexican federal government, in all cases, except in the event of international war, must indemnify us by paying the respective losses and damages at market value. See Item 3: “Key Information—Risk Factors—Under Mexican law, our assets could be taken or seized by the Mexican government under certain circumstances.”

Foreign Ownership

The Mexican Foreign Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Extranjera) limits foreign investment in companies rendering domestic air transportation services to 49% of such companies’ voting stock. This limit applies to Volaris Opco, but not to us as a holding company. We, as a holding company, must remain a Mexican-investor controlled entity, as a means to control Volaris Opco. The acquisition of our Series A shares through the CPOs, which strips out voting rights but grants any and all economic rights, by foreign investors, is deemed neutral, from a foreign investment perspective, and is not, as a result, counted as foreign investment and is excluded from this restriction. For a discussion of the procedures we instituted to ensure compliance with these foreign ownership rules. See Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Other Provisions—Foreign Investment Regulations.”

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Environmental Regulation

We are subject to international treaties, bilateral agreements, laws, official Mexican standards, or other regulations applicable to the aviation industry related to the protection of the environment, such as the Mexican General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection (Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente), the Regulation of the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection Regarding Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (Reglamento de la Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente en Materia de Prevención y Control de la Contaminación de la Atmósfera), the Mexican General Law for Prevention and Handling of Wastes (Ley General para la Prevención y Gestión Integral de los Residuos) and the Mexican National Waters Law (Ley Nacional de Aguas) and its regulations. Moreover, we are subject to the Official Rule NOM 036 SICT3 2000, which regulates the maximum limits of the aircraft noise emissions as well as the requirements to comply with such limits.

On a voluntary basis, the processes of operational control center, crew planning, pilot training planning, emergency response management, cargo operations, monitoring of gas emissions into the atmosphere, fuel saving program, purchase of carbon credits, environmental programs for waste management and energy management in our corporate offices (ecological offices) are certified under ISO 9001 and 14001 Standards, which are certified by the Mexican norms NMX - CC - 9001 - IMNC - 2015 and NMX - SAA - 14001 - IMNC - 2015 respectively.

Additionally, Article 151 Bis of the Regulations of the Mexican Civil Aviation Law (Reglamento de la Ley de Aviación Civil) requires that every concessionaire and permit holder report to the AFAC, on an annual basis, the greenhouse emissions produced by the aircraft it operates, as well as the operational, technical, and economic measures required by Mexican law and the international treaties to which Mexico is a party.

Civil Liability

The Mexican Aviation Law, the Warsaw Convention, as amended by the Montreal Convention, and the Mexican Federal Civil Code (Código Civil Federal) set forth guidelines related to the liability of an aircraft operator for damages caused to third parties during its air and ground operations, or resulting from persons or things ejected from the aircraft. Mexican courts, however, have occasionally disregarded these limitations provided by the Warsaw Convention and have awarded damages purely based on the Mexican Federal Civil Code and Mexican consumer protection regulations, resulting in awards of damages higher than those established in the Mexican Aviation Law.

Insurance

Pursuant to Article 74 of the Mexican Aviation Law and ancillary regulations, we are required to maintain insurance policies with reputable insurance companies, covering damages and/or losses for passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, as well as general third-party legal liability, for at least certain minimum amounts. Airlines must submit their insurance contracts to the SICT prior to initiating operations. For international air transport, our insurance must comply with the provisions of the applicable international treaties.

Labor Regulation

We are subject to the provisions of the Mexican Labor Law (Ley Federal del Trabajo) and the provisions contained in the collective bargaining agreements with Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria Aeronáutica, Similares y Conexos de la República Mexicana (“STIAS”). For more information on our relationship with such labor union and our labor collective bargaining agreements. See Item 6: “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Employees.”

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U.S. and International Regulation

Operational Regulation

The airline industry is heavily regulated by the U.S. government. Two of the primary regulatory authorities overseeing air transportation in the United States are the DOT and the FAA. The DOT has jurisdiction over economic issues affecting air transportation, including but not limited to unfair or deceptive practices, unfair methods of competition, advertising and other consumer protection matters, baggage liability and air travel by persons with disabilities. The DOT has authority to issue permits and other authorizations required for international airlines to provide air transportation to and from the United States. We hold foreign air carrier permits issued by the DOT that authorize us to engage in scheduled and charter air transportation of passengers, property and mail to and from the United States, consistent with the scope of traffic rights provided for under the air transport agreements in place between the United States and each of the Governments of Mexico, Costa Rica, and El Salvador.

The FAA is responsible for regulating and overseeing matters relating to air carrier flight operations and safety, including airline operating certificates, aircraft certification and maintenance and other matters affecting air safety. The FAA requires each non-U.S. commercial airline to obtain and hold FAA operations specifications and to conduct their operations in accordance with Parts 91 and 129 of the Federal Aviation Regulations. Operations specifications authorize holders to operate at specific U.S. airports using procedures and aircraft approved by the FAA.

As of the date of this annual report, we had FAA airworthiness certificates for 42 of our aircraft (the remainder being registered with the AFAC in Mexico), we had obtained the necessary FAA authority to fly to all the cities we currently serve, and all our aircraft had been certified for over-water operations. Pilots operating and mechanics providing maintenance services on “N” or U.S.-registered aircraft require a special license issued by the FAA. We hold all necessary operating and airworthiness authorizations, certificates and licenses and operate in compliance with applicable DOT and FAA regulations.

We are also subject to the regulation of the aviation authorities in the Central and South American countries in which we currently operate. We hold all necessary operating authorizations, certificates and licenses and are operating in compliance with applicable regulations in such Central and South American countries.]

International Regulation

Our service to the United States is also subject to various air commerce and immigration laws and regulations, which are administered at U.S. airports by CBP, a law enforcement agency that is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the requirements of equivalent foreign governmental agencies. Like other airlines flying international routes, from time to time we may be subject to civil fines and penalties imposed by CBP if un-manifested or illegal cargo, such as illegal narcotics, is found on our aircraft. These fines and penalties, which in the case of narcotics are based upon the retail value of the seizure, may be substantial. We have implemented a comprehensive security program at our airports to reduce the risk of illegal cargo being placed on our aircraft, and we seek to cooperate actively with CBP and other U.S. and foreign law enforcement agencies in investigating incidents or attempts to introduce illegal cargo onto our flights.

Our flight operations are also subject to Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, or APHIS (an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture) requirements. APHIS imposes restrictions on the agricultural products that may be transported to and from the United States, how we cater our flights and how we handle trash generated during flights landing in the United States. APHIS can impose fines and penalties for non-compliance with these requirements. We comply with all APHIS cargo requirements and regulations related to our flights.

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Security Regulation

TSA was created in 2001 with the responsibility and authority to oversee the implementation, and ensure the adequacy, of security measures at airports and other transportation facilities in the United States. Since the creation of TSA, airport security has seen significant changes including enhancement of flight deck security, the deployment of federal air marshals onboard flights, increased airport perimeter access security, increased airline crew security training, enhanced security screening of passengers, baggage, cargo and employees, training of security screening personnel, increased passenger and crew manifest collections and CBP transmittal requirements, expanded background checks, and additional restrictions on carry-on baggage. Funding for passenger security is provided in part by a per enplanement ticket tax (passenger security fee) of U.S. $5.60 for air transportation that originates at an airport in the United States. TSA was granted authority to impose additional fees on air carriers if necessary to cover additional federal aviation security costs. Pursuant to its authority, TSA may revise the way it assesses this fee, which could result in increased costs for passengers and/or us. We cannot predict what additional security and safety requirements may be imposed in the future or the costs or revenue impact that would be associated with complying with such requirements.

Environmental Regulation

We are subject to various federal, state, and local U.S. laws and regulations administered by numerous agencies relating to the protection of the environment and affecting matters such as aircraft engine emissions, aircraft noise emissions, and the discharge or disposal of materials and chemicals.

U.S. law recognizes the right of airport operators with special noise issues to implement local noise abatement procedures so long as those procedures do not interfere unreasonably with interstate and foreign commerce and the national air transportation system. These restrictions can include limiting nighttime operations, directing specific aircraft operational procedures during take-off and initial climb, and limiting the overall number of flights at an airport. None of the airports we serve currently restricts the number of flights (except New York’s John F. Kennedy Airport, which restricts the number of flights allowed for capacity reasons, not noise abatement) or hours of operation, although it is possible one or more of such airports may do so in the future with or without advance notice.

In 2016, ICAO adopted a resolution creating CORSIA and provided a framework for a global market-based measure to stabilize CO2 emissions in international civil aviation (i.e., civil aviation flights that depart in one country and arrive in a different country). CORSIA has been implemented in phases, starting with the participation of ICAO members on a voluntary basis during a pilot phase (from 2021 through 2023), and a first phase (from 2024 through 2026), followed by an obligatory second phase (from 2027) for member states whose civil aviation CO2 emissions exceed certain thresholds. In 2016, Mexico signed the “North American Leaders’ Declaration on Climate, Clean Energy and Environment Partnership” and committed to participate in the pilot phase of CORSIA. The countries in which we operate are ICAO member states, and thus we may be affected by regulations adopted pursuant to the CORSIA framework.

In January 2021, the EPA finalized greenhouse gas emission standards for new aircraft engines designed to implement the ICAO standards on the same timeframe contemplated by ICAO. Like the ICAO standards, the EPA standards would apply to new fleet types in 2020 and would apply to in-production aircraft no later than 2028; however, they would not apply to engines in-service aircraft. The EPA standards have been challenged by several states and environmental groups. The outcome of the legal challenge cannot be predicted at this time.

Other Regulations

In the United States, we are subject to certain provisions of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and are required to obtain an aeronautical radio license from the FCC. To the extent we are subject to FCC requirements, we take all necessary steps to comply with those requirements. We are also subject to state and local laws and regulations at locations where we operate and the regulations of various local authorities that operate the airports we serve.

Concessions and Permits

Through our subsidiaries Vuela Aviación and Vuela El Salvador, we hold concessions, which authorize us to provide regular passenger, cargo and mail air transportation services in Costa Rica and El Salvador, respectively.

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The Exploitation Certificate (Certificado de Explotación) of Vuela Aviación was granted by the government of Costa Rica on November 9, 2016, and remains valid until December 20, 2036. The Operating Permit (Permiso de Operación) of Vuela El Salvador was granted by the government of El Salvador on August 23, 2021, and remains valid until May 30, 2024 and its renewal is currently in process. For more information regarding our aircraft and routes, see Item 4: “Information on the Company—Business Overview.”

Taking or Seizure in El Salvador

In accordance with Salvadoran law and Vuela El Salvador´s concession, the Salvadoran government can, temporarily or permanently, seize our assets in El Salvador, specifically when a state of emergency is declared and our assets are determined to be of national interest. A state of emergency could be declared in the event of natural disasters, war, serious disturbances of public order or of imminent danger to national security, internal peace or the national economy. The Salvadoran government must indemnify us following calculations established by law. However, such law is unclear about how compensation is determined and when it is paid.

Future Regulations

The Mexican, U.S. and other foreign governments may consider and adopt new laws, regulations, interpretations and policies regarding a wide variety of matters that could directly or indirectly affect our results of operations. We cannot predict what laws, regulations, interpretations and policies might be considered in the future, nor can we judge what impact, if any, the implementation of any of these proposals or changes might have on our business.

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Where You Can Find Other Information

Our website is www.volaris.com. The information and contents on our website are not a part of, and are not incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report. Information we furnish or file with the SEC, including our Annual Reports on Form 20-F, Current Reports on Form 6-K and any amendments to or exhibits included in these reports are available for download, free of charge, on our website soon after such reports are filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our SEC filings, including exhibits filed therewith, are also available at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

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B. | Business Overview

Industry

There are three primary categories of passenger airlines in the Mexican market: (i) traditional legacy network carriers, such as Grupo Aeroméxico, (ii) ultra low-cost carriers, such as Volaris and VivaAerobus, and (iii) regional carriers that operate exclusively in niche markets within Mexico, constituting less than 2% of the total market share. The ULCC business model is a subset of the low-cost carrier market.

Legacy carriers offer scheduled flights to major domestic and international routes (directly or through membership in an alliance, such as Star Alliance, Oneworld and/or SkyTeam) and serve numerous smaller cities. These carriers operate mainly through a “hub-and-spoke” network route system. This system concentrates most of an airline’s operations in a limited number of hub cities, serving other destinations in the system by providing one-stop or connecting service through hub airports to end destinations on the spokes. Such an arrangement permits travelers to fly from a given point of origin to more destinations without switching to another airline. Traditional legacy carriers typically have higher cost structures than low-cost carriers due to higher labor costs, flight crew and aircraft scheduling inefficiencies, concentration of operations in higher cost airports, and multiple classes of services. Other examples of legacy carriers in the Latin American market include Avianca, Copa, and LATAM.

Low-cost carriers typically fly direct, point-to-point flights, which tends to improve aircraft and crew scheduling efficiency. In addition, low-cost carriers often serve major markets through secondary, lower cost airports in the same regions as major population centers. Many low-cost carriers only provide a single class of service, thereby increasing the number of seats on each flight and avoiding the significant and incremental cost of offering premium-class services. Finally, low-cost carriers tend to operate fleets with only one or two aircraft families at most, in order to maximize the utilization of flight crews across the fleet, improve aircraft scheduling flexibility and minimize inventory and aircraft maintenance costs. The Mexican market, which has a large population of VFR and leisure travelers, has seen demand for these low-cost carriers expand in recent years.

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In recent years, many traditional legacy network carriers globally have undergone significant financial restructuring, including ceasing operations or merging and consolidating with one another. These restructurings have allowed legacy carriers to reduce high labor costs, restructure debt, modify or terminate pension plans and generally reduce their cost structure. This has resulted in improved workforce flexibility and reduced costs while simultaneously improving product offerings similar to those of other low-cost carriers. Furthermore, many of the legacy carriers have made these improvements while still maintaining their expansive route networks, alliances and frequent flier programs. One result of the restructuring of the network carriers is that the difference in the cost structures, and the competitive advantage previously enjoyed by low-cost airlines, has somewhat diminished. The ULCC business model involves, among other things, intense focus on low cost, efficient asset utilization, unbundled revenue sources aside from the basic fare with multiple products and services offered for additional fees. Globally, ULCCs business models include Allegiant, Frontier and Spirit in the United States, Ryanair and Wizz in Europe, and AirAsia in Asia.

ULCCs are able to achieve low-cost operations due to highly efficient and uniform fleets with high density seating and single aisle configurations. Additionally, ULCCs provide extremely low fares to customers in order to stimulate market demand and generate high aircraft utilization rates. With high aircraft utilization rates, ULCCs are able to generate substantial ancillary revenues through the offering of additional products and services, such as baggage fees, advanced seat selection, extra legroom, ticket change fees, and/or itinerary attachments such as hotels, airport transportation, and rental cars. ULCCs focus on VFR and leisure customers as opposed to business travelers. The ULCC product appeals to the cost-conscious customer because they are offered a low base-fare and are able to choose to pay for only the additional products and services they want to receive.

Economic and Demographic Trends

We believe the Mexican airline industry has strong potential for growth, given the country’s young demographics, the long-term trend for improving macroeconomic base and growing middle class, which will likely facilitate organic expansion of the airline sector. In addition, the national airline industry is relatively underpenetrated when compared to other countries of similar economic size and demographic characteristics, in terms of trips per capita. These elements combine at a time when the industry is under considerable attrition due in part from some of the legacy operators ceasing operations.

In terms of the macroeconomic environment, GDP growth in Mexico is expected to be 3.0% in 2024 and 1.5% in 2025 according to the Mexican Central Bank’s mid-point projections. Mexico’s GDP grew at a CAGR of 1.4% from 2013 to 2023, according to INEGI. The expected growth of U.S. GDP for 2024 of 1.2% and for 2025 of 1.9%, according to the U.S. Federal Reserve.

As of 2020, according to the Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 of INEGI intercensal survey, approximately 70% of the Mexican population was over 18 years of age, which we believe benefits us by providing a strong base of young, potential passengers in the future. These contrasts favorably with more mature aviation markets like the United States, where, as of 2022, approximately 78.3% of the population was over 18 years of age according to the U.S Census Bureau.

However, despite these favorable demographic indicators, the Mexican domestic aviation market remains underpenetrated. According to data from the local Civil Aviation Authorities in Mexico, such as the AFAC, as of 2022 the domestic flights per capita in Mexico was 0.5 per capita, indicating a lower level of domestic air travel penetration compared to countries with similar economies and geographies. Specifically, according to data from the Unidad Administrativa Especial de Aeronáutica Civil (UAEAC), Colombia’s domestic flights per capita was 0.6 in 2022, compared to 0.7 in Chile during the same year, according to data from the Junta de Aeronáutica Civil (JAC). Lastly, Turkey’s domestic air trips per capita stood at 0.9 as of 2022, according to the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure of the Republic of Turkey (UAB).

The Mexican low-cost airline industry competes with ground transportation alternatives, primarily long-distance bus companies. Given the limited passenger rail services in Mexico, travel by bus has traditionally been the predominant low-cost option for long-distance travel for a significant portion of the Mexican population. In 2022, bus companies transported over 3.0 billion passengers in Mexico in the domestic market, of which approximately 81.3 million were executive and luxury passenger segments, as measured in segments which include both long-distance (five hours or greater) and short-distance travel, according to the SICT. We believe that an increased shift in demand from bus to air travel in Mexico presents a significant opportunity as the macroeconomic environment improves and rising demographics take shape across the country. Furthermore, we believe that long-distance bus passengers will continue to shift to airplane travel when certain promotional fares are priced lower than bus fares for similar routes.

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In the past the Mexican federal government has made a substantial investment in developing Mexico’s airport infrastructure. In 1998, the Mexican federal government created a program to open Mexico’s airports to private investments. Three private airport operators (Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico, S.A.B. de C.V., Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte, S.A.B. de C.V. and Aeropuertos del Sureste de México, S.A.B. de C.V.) were incorporated and granted 50-year concessions to operate airports in Mexico. In the first stage of the privatization process, the Mexican federal government sold a minority stake to strategic partners. The privatization process culminated in mid-2006, when the Mexican federal government sold the balance of its holdings to the public via initial public offerings.

The Mexican federal government still manages and operates the Mexico City International Airport, which it considers strategic, as well as other minor airports in the country. We believe that strong foundational infrastructure, and continued investment and development will result in significant growth potential for the Mexican airline market. In September 2014, the Mexican federal government announced the construction of a new international airport for Mexico City to replace the current international airport. In January 2019, the Mexican federal government announced the cancellation of the construction of the new Mexico City International Airport and introduced plans to invest in the expansion of the existing airport and build a new airport in the Mexico City metropolitan area. In March 2022, the first phase of Felipe Angeles International Airport was completed, and it began operations. This new airport is managed and operated by the Mexican federal government.

According to the Airbus Global Market Forecast 2023 (GMF23), Airbus forecasts a CAGR of 3.8% for domestic air traffic within the Latin America and Caribbean region, from 2019 to 2042. Specifically, the Mexican domestic market is forecasted to exhibit a CAGR of 3.7%, from 2019 to 2032, with a corresponding CAGR of 3.8% for routes between Mexico and the United States during the same period. Similarly, traffic originating from Central America to the United States is expected to achieve a CAGR of 4.1%. The projected growth is primarily driven by intra-regional flows, supported by the continued growth of low-cost carrier networks. The continued growth of the middle class as well as rising income levels is expected to continue to drive long-term economic expansion in Latin America. Traffic between Central America and the Caribbean and North America is expected to remain strong, as North and Latin American LCCs continue to grow their service in this flow.

The Mexican aviation industry has transformed significantly since the emergence of ultra-low-cost carriers and the exit of more than nine carriers since 2007, according to the SICT. Furthermore, the pandemic led to an unprecedented market consolidation. As of December 31, 2023, the top three carriers in Mexico collectively held 99% of the domestic market, with 71.5% of this share attributed to ultra-low-cost carriers, Volaris and Viva Aerobus. Changes in the Mexican airline competitive environment have resulted in an increase in the domestic market load factor for the remaining carriers.

Market Environment

The airline industry is highly competitive. The principal competitive factors in the airline industry include fare pricing, total ticket price, flight schedules, aircraft type, passenger amenities, number of routes/destinations, customer service, safety record and reputation, code-sharing relationships, frequent flier programs and redemption opportunities. The airline industry is particularly susceptible to price discounting because once a flight is scheduled, airlines incur only nominal incremental costs to provide service to passengers occupying otherwise unsold seats. The expenses of a scheduled aircraft flight do not vary significantly with the number of passengers carried, and, as a result, a relatively small change in the number of passengers or in pricing can have a disproportionate effect on an airline’s operating and financial results. Price competition occurs on a market-by-market basis through price discounts, changes in pricing structures, fare matching, targeted promotions and frequent flier initiatives. Airlines typically use discount fares and other promotions to stimulate traffic during normally slower travel periods to generate cash flow and to maximize revenue per ASM. The prevalence of discount fares can be particularly acute when an airline has excess capacity and/ or is under financial pressure to sell tickets.

In Mexico, the United States and the Central and South American countries in which we operate, the scheduled passenger service market consists of three principal groups of travelers: business travelers, leisure travelers, and VFR travelers. Leisure travelers and VFR travelers typically place most of their emphasis on lower fares, whereas business travelers, in addition to lower fares, typically also place a high emphasis on flight frequency, scheduling flexibility, breadth of network and service enhancements, including loyalty programs and airport lounges.

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VFR and leisure passengers travel for a number of reasons, including social visits and vacation travel. We believe that VFR and leisure traffic are the most important components of the traffic in the markets we target and serve and are important contributors to our non-passenger revenue production. We estimate that VFR and leisure passengers represent a significant percentage of our total passenger volume. As part of our route development strategy, we target markets that will likely appeal to VFR and leisure travels at price points that were previously not available. This approach allows us to stimulate demand in new markets by catering to VFR and leisure travelers’ preferences.

Domestic passenger traffic in Mexico has shown consistent growth, with a CAGR of 5.6% from 2008 to 2023, based on data from the AFAC. Similarly, international passenger volumes have increased at a CAGR of 4.6% over the same period. The following table sets forth the historical passenger volumes on international and domestic routes in Mexico from 2008 to 2023:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Passenger Volumes(1) |  | 2008 |  | 2009 |  | 2010 |  | 2011 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 | ​
(millions of segment passengers) |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Domestic |  | 28.2 |  | 24.6 | ​ | 24.6 | ​ | 25.6 | ​ | 28.2 | ​ | 30.6 |  | 33.0 | ​ | 37.3 | ​ | 41.9 | ​ | 45.4 | ​ | 49.7 | ​ | 53.7 | ​ | 28.3 | ​ | 44.4 | ​ | 57.2 | ​ | 63.6 | ​
(% growth increased) |  | 0.5 | % | (12.9) | % | 0.2 | % | 3.9 | % | 10.3 | % | 8.5 | % | 7.7 | % | 13.0 | % | 12.5 | % | 8.2 | % | 9.5 | % | 8.1 | % | (47.4) | % | 57.2 | % | 28.8 | % | 11.2 | %
International |  | 27.9 | ​ | 24.2 | ​ | 25.8 | ​ | 26.8 | ​ | 28.5 | ​ | 30.9 | ​ | 33.6 | ​ | 37.5 | ​ | 40.8 | ​ | 45.1 | ​ | 47.6 | ​ | 48.8 | ​ | 20.1 | ​ | 35.8 | ​ | 50.1 | ​ | 54.7 | ​
% growth increased) |  | 2.5 | % | (13.2) | % | 6.3 | % | 4.1 | % | 6.5 | % | 8.1 | % | 8.8 | % | 11.7 | % | 8.9 | % | 10.4 | % | 5.6 | % | 2.5 | % | (58.8) | % | 78.2 | % | 40.0 | % | 9.2 | %
Total |  | 56.2 | ​ | 48.8 | ​ | 50.4 | ​ | 52.4 | ​ | 56.8 | ​ | 61.5 | ​ | 66.6 | ​ | 74.8 | ​ | 82.8 | ​ | 90.4 | ​ | 97.3 | ​ | 102.5 | ​ | 48.4 | ​ | 80.2 | ​ | 107.3 | ​ | 118.3 | ​
% growth increased) |  | 1.5 | % | (13.1) | % | 3.2 | % | 4.0 | % | 8.3 | % | 8.3 | % | 8.3 | % | 12.3 | % | 10.7 | % | 9.3 | % | 7.6 | % | 5.4 | % | (52.8) | % | 65.9 | % | 33.8 | ​ | 10.3 | %

Source: AFAC – “Traffic Statistics by Airline”

| ● | Our international growth strategy has focused on targeting markets in the United States with large Mexican and Latin-American communities in order to stimulate VFR demand and leisure traffic in those markets. During 2023, approximately 68% of international passengers in Mexico flew to the United States, making it the largest international destination for air passengers in Mexico. All of the major U.S. legacy carriers fly to and from Mexico, but at a higher cost than low-cost carriers. Many Mexicans in the United States purchase airline tickets for family members living in Mexico to fly to the United States to visit. For this reason, we focus our international routes on U.S. cities with significant Mexican and Mexican-American communities. These cities are generally located in and near to counties with Hispanic populations of over one million as of 2020, according to PEW Research Hispanic Center. Additionally, according to the same source, as of 2021, the top 5 U.S. metropolitan areas by Hispanic population were as follows:

| ● | Los Angeles, CA: 5.9 million;

| ● | New York, NY: 5.1 million;

| ● | Miami, FL: 2.8 million;

| ● | Houston, TX: 2.8 million; and

| ● | Riverside, CA: 2.5 million;

iIn recent years, we have also been growing our operations in Central and South America.

In 2023, the Mexican ULCCs (Volaris and VivaAerobus) together maintained 71.5% of the domestic market, based on passenger flight segments, according to the AFAC. The following table sets forth the historical market shares on domestic routes, based on passenger flight segments, of each major market participant for each of the periods indicated:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Market Share(1) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Domestic |  | 2008 |  | 2009 |  | 2010 |  | 2011 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 | ​
Volaris | % | 11.94 | % | 12.74 | % | 14.71 | % | 17.96 | % | 20.39 | % | 23.04 | % | 23.23 | % | 24.67 | % | 27.42 | % | 27.42 | % | 28.31 | % | 31.23 | % | 38.34 | % | 41.22 | % | 41.00 | % | 38.27 | %
Grupo Aeroméxico | % | 27.74 | % | 32.13 | % | 35.69 | % | 40.07 | % | 37.78 | % | 35.77 | % | 36.04 | % | 33.74 | % | 31.13 | % | 28.96 | % | 27.59 | % | 24.21 | % | 25.31 | % | 27.48 | % | 26.50 | % | 27.53 | %
Former Grupo Mexicana(2) | % | 12.81 | % | 11.70 | % | 6.01 | % | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 0.00 | %
Interjet(3) | % | 10.62 | % | 12.65 | % | 16.26 | % | 24.78 | % | 23.83 | % | 24.37 | % | 23.69 | % | 24.53 | % | 21.63 | % | 21.18 | % | 20.48 | % | 19.69 | % | 8.75 | % | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
VivaAerobus | % | 4.74 | % | 5.79 | % | 8.80 | % | 11.49 | % | 12.49 | % | 12.19 | % | 11.81 | % | 11.70 | % | 14.25 | % | 16.87 | % | 18.35 | % | 20.12 | % | 24.41 | % | 28.31 | % | 30.40 | % | 33.23 | %

Source: AFAC– “Traffic Statistics by Airline”

(1) | Market share is obtained by dividing each airline’s number of passengers by the total number of passengers for all airlines for the period indicated.

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(2) | Ceased operations in August 2010 and resumed operations in 2023.

(3) | Suspended operations in December 2020 and declared bankruptcy in April 2023.

The airline industry in Mexico has seen sharp attrition, with the exit of more than nine airlines since 2007, including Former Grupo Mexicana´s bankruptcy in April 2014, Interjet´s bankruptcy in April 2023 and Transportes Aeromar, S.A. de C.V.’s cessation of operations in February 2023. This allowed us to further expand our international service offering in a very short timeframe.

The following table sets forth the historical market shares on international routes between Mexico, the United States and other countries, based on passenger flight segments, of key Mexican industry participants for each of the periods indicated:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Market Share(1) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
International |  | 2008 |  | 2009 |  | 2010 |  | 2011 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |
Volaris |  | — |  | 2.92 | % | 9.38 | % | 21.11 | % | 21.45 | % | 20.42 | % | 21.24 | % | 22.75 | % | 24.70 | % | 22.80 | % | 19.63 | % | 21.83 | % | 35.96 | % | 39.20 | % | 35.83 | % | 38.08 | %
Grupo Aeroméxico | % | 31.73 | % | 31.06 | % | 39.83 | % | 75.73 | % | 67.24 | % | 64.63 | % | 66.05 | % | 61.67 | % | 56.82 | % | 55.65 | % | 53.20 | % | 45.58 | % | 37.28 | % | 41.59 | % | 47.63 | % | 45.47 | %
Former Grupo Mexicana(2) | % | 66.08 | % | 65.36 | % | 49.94 | % | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
Interjet(3) | % | 0.28 | % | — | ​ | — | ​ | 1.51 | % | 8.80 | % | 13.42 | % | 11.09 | % | 13.69 | % | 17.60 | % | 20.72 | % | 24.57 | % | 28.65 | % | 17.93 | % | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
VivaAerobus |  | 0.85 | % | 0.43 | % | 0.84 | % | 1.54 | % | 2.13 | % | 0.81 | % | 0.91 | % | 1.52 | % | 0.55 | % | 0.64 | % | 2.46 | % | 3.60 | % | 8.08 | % | 18.11 | % | 15.37 | % | 15.55 | %

Source: AFAC– “Traffic Statistics by Airline”

(1) | Market share is obtained by dividing each Mexican airline’s number of passengers by the total number of passengers for all Mexican airlines for the period indicated.

(2) | Ceased operation in August 2010 and resumed operations in 2023.

(3) | Suspended operations in December 2020 and declared bankruptcy in April 2023.

We have been able to grow our international market share substantially over the past five years even with significant competition from leading U.S. carriers. As of December 31, 2023, we were the third largest international carrier in terms of passenger flight segments out of all airlines flying internationally to and from Mexico. We have been able to grow our international market share and our strategy to target and stimulate markets in the United States with large Mexican and Mexican-American communities.

In terms of both domestic and international ticketed passengers, our total passenger volume increased at a CAGR of 23.7% from 2006 to 2023, with approximately 0.9 million booked passengers in 2006 and 33.5 million booked passengers in 2023.

Our Business Model

Our business model is similar to that of other ULCCs operating elsewhere in the world, such as Allegiant, Frontier and Spirit in the United States, Ryanair and Wizz in Europe and AirAsia in Asia. We utilize our ULCC business model and efficient operations to offer low base fares and to stimulate demand while aiming to provide suitable and efficient customer service. Our unbundled pricing strategy allows us to provide low base fares and enables our passengers to select and pay for a range of optional products and services for additional fees. We target VFR travelers, cost-conscious business travelers and leisure travelers in Mexico and to select destinations in the United States, Central and South America.

Since May 2012, we have unbundled certain components of our air travel service as part of a strategy to enable our passengers to select and pay only for the products and services they want to use. This unbundling strategy has allowed us to significantly grow our non-passenger and total revenue. We plan to continue to use low base fares to stimulate additional passenger demand, shift bus passengers to air travel and increase our load factor. Higher load factors help us generate additional non-passenger and total revenue, which in turn, allow us to further lower base fares and stimulate new demand.

We have a relentless focus on low costs as part of our organizational culture. We are the lowest cost publicly traded airline carrier in Latin America, based on CASM. We are also one of the lowest cost carriers in our target markets in Mexico and the United States, compared to our target market competitors, according to public information available from such competitors. We are able to keep our costs low due to our efficient and uniform fleet, high asset utilization, our emphasis on direct sales and distribution and our variable, performance-based compensation structure.

Since our inception, we have aimed to achieve the following goals:

| ● | to create a profitable and sustainable business model;

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| ● | to successfully compete by creating structural advantages over other carriers serving Mexico through our ULCC business model;

| ● | to provide affordable air travel with a suitable and efficient experience for our customers; and

| ● | to create a dynamic, cost conscious and entrepreneurial working culture for our employees.

Our Strengths

We believe that our strengths are:

Low Cost Structure. We believe that in 2023 we had the lowest cost structure of any Latin American publicly traded airline, with CASM of U.S. $7.81 cents, compared to Azul at U.S. $11.55 cents, Copa at U.S. $9.60 cents, and Gol at U.S. $11.55 cents. In 2023, we also had significantly lower costs than our U.S. based publicly traded target market competitors, including Alaska at U.S. $14.64 cents, American at U.S. $17.92 cents, Delta at U.S. $19.31 cents, Jet Blue at U.S. $14.37 cents, Southwest at U.S. $15.16 cents, Frontier at U.S. $9.50 cents, Spirit at U.S. $10.52 cents, Allegiant at U.S. $12.02 cents and United at U.S. $16.99 cents, according to publicly available financial information.

We achieve our low operating costs in large part due to:

| ● | Efficient and Single-Family Fleet. We operate a single and efficient fleet of Airbus A320 family aircraft, which is one of the youngest fleets in the Americas, with an average age of 5.7 years as of December 31, 2023.

| ● | High Asset Utilization. Our fleet has a, high - density seat configuration, and we had one of the highest worldwide average aircraft utilization rates at 13.37 block hours per day in 2023.

| ● | Direct Sales Distribution. We encourage our customers to purchase tickets via our website, mobile app, call center, or airport service desks, as these distribution channels have the lowest cost to us. In 2023, we sold 82.4% of our tickets through these channels. We do not use a global distribution system.

| ● | Variable, Performance-Based Compensation Structure. We compensate our employees based on the contribution they make to our success, rather than seniority, by basing their compensation on their performance each year.

Ancillary Revenue Generation. By offering our passengers the flexibility to choose which additional products and services they purchase and use through our “You Decide” (“Tú Decides”) strategy, we have increased average non-ticket revenue per passenger flight segment from approximately U.S. $9.61 in 2010 to U.S. $46.74 in 2023 by, among other things:

| ● | checked baggage;

| ● | charging for excess baggage;

| ● | utilizing our excess aircraft belly space to transport cargo;

| ● | passing through all distribution-related expenses;

| ● | charging for advance seat selection, extra legroom, and carriage of sports equipment;

| ● | consistently enforcing revenue policies, including change fees;

| ● | generating subscription fees from our ultra-low-fare subscription service, V-Club and Annual Pass;

| ● | deriving brand-based fees from proprietary services, such as our Volaris affinity credit card program;

| ● | selling itinerary attachments, such as hotel and car rental reservations and airport parking, and making available trip interruption insurance commercialized by third parties, through our website; and

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| ● | selling onboard food and beverages advertising.

Core Focus on VFR Travelers, Cost-conscious Business Travelers and Leisure Travelers. We primarily target VFR travelers, cost-conscious business travelers and leisure travelers in Mexico and the United States. We believe these demographics represent the highest potential for growth in our target markets. By offering low promotional fares, we stimulate demand for VFR and leisure travel, and attract new customers, including those who previously may have only traveled by bus. We use our yield management system to set prices based on the time of booking and load factor.

During 2023, we managed yield and load factor, including through targeted promotional fares that can be as low as U.S. $1.62 or U.S. $0.78 for V-Club members, excluding airport fees. We have found that many Mexicans and Mexican Americans living in the United States buy airline tickets for themselves and their family members in Mexico. In addition, we have over 99,800 points of payment throughout Mexico, the United States, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Peru and Colombia that allow travelers, particularly in Mexico, who do not have credit cards, or are reluctant to provide credit card information over the web or call center, to reserve seats using the web or call center and pay with cash within 72 hours. Furthermore, we offer night flights, which appeal to our domestic and international customer base that seek to save on lodging expenses.

Disciplined Approach to Market and Route Selection. We select target markets and routes where we believe we can achieve profitability within a reasonable timeframe, and we only continue operating on routes where we can achieve and maintain our target level of profitability. When developing our route network, we focus on gaining market share on routes that have been underserved or are served primarily by higher cost airlines where we have a competitive cost advantage. We thereby stimulate new demand with low base fares and attempt to shift market share from other operators. Based on our 2023 results, we have developed a profitable route network and achieved a leading market share in several of our markets. As of December 31, 2023, we held over 50% passenger market share in 151 of our 231 routes. As of December 31, 2023, we faced no competition from any other carrier on over 49% of our routes. In 2023, 29.38% of our passenger revenues derived from our U.S. routes and 28.7% of our ASMs were attributed to U.S. routes.

Market Leading Efficiency and Performance. We believe we are one of the most efficient airline carriers in Latin America. In 2023, we achieved an average passenger load factor of 86.0% and an average aircraft utilization rate of 13.37 block hours per day with a standard turnaround time between flights of approximately 67 minutes. For our fleet type, our average aircraft utilization rate of 11.37 flight hours per day in 2023 was among the highest worldwide and was 34% higher than the industry average of 7.78 flight hours per day for all Airbus A319 aircraft, 33% higher than the 8.72 flight hours per day for all Airbus A320 aircraft and 14% higher than the 9.62 flight hours per day for all Airbus A321 aircraft, according to Airbus. The high-density, single-class seating configurations on our aircraft allow us to increase ASMs and reduce fixed costs per seat better than the lower-density configurations flown by certain of our competitors. In addition, we strive for market-leading operational performance, with a 76.9% on-time performance rate, 97.8% flight completion rate and a mishandled baggage rate of only 0.7 bags per 1,000 passengers in 2023.

Brand Recognition with a Fast-Growing Fan Base. We believe that we have developed strong brand recognition due to our focus on delivering good value and a positive traveling experience to our customers. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 5.2 million fans on Facebook, 1.9 million followers on X (formerly Twitter), 592 thousand followers on Instagram, 51 thousand subscribers on YouTube and 199 thousand followers on TikTok, where we primarily focus on marketing, customer service and promotion. Our social media reach has been an effective and very low-cost marketing tool for us and has afforded us the capability to develop highly effective, targeted marketing promotions on very short notice. We have also established various programs to make air travel more inviting for first-time travelers and other passengers who may desire additional services. On April 16, 2021, we received the Famous Brand Declaration from the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property for the “Volaris” brand.

Solid Balance Sheet. We have a healthy level of financial debt, since we have principally financed our operations through equity and operating cash flows, and we have only used operating leases for our aircraft. We believe that our strong financial position enables us to prudently finance new growth opportunities in our markets and to defend our existing network from our competitors. As of December 31, 2023, we had a balance of U.S. $774.2 million in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, representing 24% of our last twelve months operating revenues. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, our credit lines totaled U.S. $1,388.8 million, which include U.S. $960.9 million were related to financial debt (U.S. $228.4 million are undisbursed) and U.S. $427.9 million were related to letters of credit (U.S. $178.8 million are undisbursed). As of December 31, 2023, we had available lines of credit of U.S. $407.2 million.

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Strong Company Culture, Experienced Management Team and Principal Shareholders. We have developed a strong company culture among our employees that is focused on safety, meritocracy, efficiency and profitability, with a significant component of variable, performance-based compensation structure. Our management team has been assembled with experienced executives in their respective fields, including in the aviation, sales and marketing, finance or IT industries in Latin America. In addition, our principal shareholders have extensive prior experience in funding, establishing and leading airline carriers around the world. Their expertise has helped us develop our ULCC business model and allowed us to benefit from their procurement power and relationships with key vendors.

Our Growth Strategy

Our goal is to continue to grow and maintain our leadership in the Mexican aviation market by operating our ULCC business model and focusing on VFR travelers, cost-conscious business travelers and leisure travelers. The key elements of our growth strategy include:

Remain the ULCC of Choice in our Markets. We strive to remain the ultra-low cost carrier of choice for our existing and new customers as we continue to focus on providing an affordable, suitable, and efficient travel experience to our customers across our expanding operations in Mexico, the United States, Central and South America. Our ULCC business model enables us to operate based on low fare levels, and we intend to continue to maintain low fares to stimulate demand. We believe that we can continue to improve operating efficiencies while maintaining low costs by:

| ● | fleet transition to cost-efficient Airbus A320neo and A321neo aircraft with higher seat density and lower fuel consumption;

| ● | spreading our low fixed-cost infrastructure over a larger scale of operations;

| ● | contracting operating services functions;

| ● | keeping sales and marketing overhead low; and;

| ● | leveraging joint procurement benefits.

Grow Non-passenger Revenues while Maintaining Low Base Fare to Stimulate Demand. We intend to increase our non-passenger revenues by further unbundling our fare structure and by offering our passengers new and innovative products and services. Through our multiple points of interaction with our customers during each stage of their travel, from ticket purchase through flight and post-trip, we have the opportunity to offer third party products on which we receive commissions, such as hotel rooms, car rentals and trip interruption insurance. In addition, we sell in-flight products and we plan to introduce and expand upon products and services that are unrelated to passenger travel. We provide a membership-based ultra-low-fare subscription service called V-Club which had approximately 818,000 members as of December 31, 2023. The number of V-Club members increased by 8.11% in 2023, compared to 2022. In 2023, we introduced zero-fare, which includes a V-Club membership to incentivize more customers to join our discount club and generate repeat business that will reduce our customer acquisition cost. We also continue to expand the cargo transportation services we provide on our aircraft. As we broaden our ancillary products and services and increase our non-passenger revenue, we believe that we will be able to further lower base fares and continue to stimulate demand.

Grow by Stimulating Demand in our Existing Markets. We plan to continue to grow our existing markets by adding routes that connect cities in which we currently have operations and by adding capacity on existing routes where we believe we can continue to stimulate demand. We also intend to continue to target long-distance bus passengers who we believe may be inclined to transition to air travel. To incentivize this shift, we set certain promotional fares priced lower than bus fares for similar routes. We believe that these initiatives will encourage bus travelers to opt for air travel, thereby driving growth in passenger volume.

Continue our Disciplined Fleet Growth. As of the date of this annual report, we have firm commitments for 138 Airbus A320 family aircraft that will be delivered over the next eight years, 138 from our purchase agreement with Airbus, including 26 of the next generation Airbus A320neo and 112 of the next generation Airbus A321neo, the delivery of which commenced in 2016 and 2018, respectively. During 2023, we incorporated three A320neo and ten A321neo into our fleet.

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In December 2017, we entered into an agreement with Airbus to purchase 80 aircraft (46 A320neo and 34 A321neo), which Airbus committed to deliver between 2022 and 2026.

Under such agreement, we agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which shall be calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft following a formula established for such purpose in the agreement.

In July 2020, we amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule the delivery of 80 aircraft between 2023 and 2028. In October 2020, we amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule 18 aircraft deliveries between 2020 and 2022.

In November 2021, we entered into a new amendment to the purchase agreement with Airbus to purchase 39 additional A320 family NEO aircraft which Airbus committed to deliver between 2023 and 2029, under this amendment we have the option to purchase 25 additional A320 family NEO aircraft and we exercised our right to convert 20 A320neo aircraft to A321neo, one of which has been delivered as of the date of this annual report. In October 2022, we entered into a new amendment to the agreement with Airbus pursuant to which we exercised our right to purchase 25 additional A321neo aircraft which Airbus committed to deliver in 2030.

Our fleet has reached 134 aircraft as of the date of this annual report. We intend to maintain a young and a common fleet family because we believe it is the most efficient option for our markets and operations.

Grow Passenger Volume by Profitably Establishing New Routes. We believe our focus on low fares and customer service will stimulate growth in overpriced, underserved and inefficient new markets. We will continue our disciplined approach to domestic and international market entry by using our rigorous selection process where we identify and survey possible target markets that have the potential to be profitable within our business model.

For example, in 2023, we added 58 new routes, including 53 domestic routes and 5 international routes. As part of our continuous monitoring of routes and markets for profitability, we have a proven track record of withdrawing routes that do not meet our profitability expectations. For our future growth opportunities, we have identified approximately 152 routes within Mexico serving markets in excess of 250,000 inhabitants and other leisure destinations, and that have stage lengths of at least 180 miles, and approximately 196 routes internationally that have stage lengths of at least 410 miles.

Our Operations

Passenger Revenues

Passenger revenues accounted for U.S. $3,123.5 million or 95.8% of our total operating revenues in 2023. VFR traffic makes up the largest component of our customers and we believe that our VFR customers are the most cost conscious and time/schedule flexible of all of our travelers. VFR and leisure, the second largest component of our customers, are stronger during the summer, Christmas and New Year season, followed by Easter and responds well to demand stimulation based on low fares. Cost-conscious business travelers make up the third largest component of our customers. Although business travel can be cyclical with the economy, this segment tends to travel steadily throughout the year regardless of the season.

The most significant passenger revenue includes revenues generated from: (i) fare revenue and (ii) other passenger revenues. Other passenger services include, but are not limited to, fees for excess baggage, bookings through the call center or third-party agencies, advanced seat selection, itinerary changes and charters. These fees are recognized as revenue when the obligation of passenger transportation service is provided or when the non-refundable ticket expires on the date of the scheduled travel.

The average fees for advance seat selection, extra legroom, carriage of sports equipment, pets and ticket changes are up to U.S. $35, U.S. $63, U.S. $210, U.S. $192 and U.S. $110, respectively. We also make trip insurance by third parties available through our website.

We recognize revenue from V-Club and other similar services as other passenger revenues when the service is provided.

V-Club membership generates income by incentivizing customers to make frequent purchases of flight tickets with Volaris, thereby strengthening our base of frequent customers and helping to reduce acquisition costs. V-Club subscriptions accounted for 1% of our other passenger revenues in 2023.

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We do not operate a frequent flyer program. However, on January 23, 2023, through our subsidiary Concesionaria, we entered into an agreement with Lealtad Mercadotecnia y Conocimientos Agregados, S.A.P.I. de C.V., or the Supplier, a subsidiary of Fomento Económico Mexicano, S.A.B. de C.V., or FEMSA. Pursuant to such contract, Concesionaria became a participating company in the loyalty program, or the Program, established and managed by the Supplier.

Non-Passenger Revenues

The most significant non-passenger revenues include revenues generated from: (i) revenues from other non-passenger services described below and (ii) cargo services. In 2023, we derived U.S. $135.4 million, or 4.2%, of our total operating revenues from these sources.

Revenues from other non-passenger services mainly include, but are not limited to, commissions charged to third parties for the sale of trip insurance, rental cars, and advertising spaces to third parties. These revenues, as well as cargo services, are recognized as revenue at the time the service is provided.

Revenues from cargo services are recognized when the cargo transportation is provided (upon delivery of the cargo to the destination).

We make efficient use of extra capacity in our aircraft by carrying cargo on our passenger flights. We offer cargo transportation services on all domestic routes. We outsourced all ground cargo handling services, including storage, to several third-party providers and the related cost of such services are paid by our cargo customers. We offer competitive rates and our services include reception, check-in, shipping and delivery to the final destination.

We also offer charter services, which do not represent a significant part of our total operating revenues.

We also generate revenues from the Volaris cobranded credit card, or Volaris INVEX, from multiple revenue streams, such as: billing, redemption, free flights for new customers, among others. Revenue from the Volaris INVEX accounted for 3% of our other non-passenger revenues as of December 31, 2023. We closed 2023 with approximately 818,000 V-Club members and 688,000 Volaris INVEX holders. For more information on V-Club and the Volaris INVEX, see “—Sales, Distribution, Marketing and Advertising—Marketing and Advertising.”

Route Network

We currently serve 73 cities throughout Mexico, the United States, Central and South America. We operate up to 455 average daily segments on routes that connect 44 cities in Mexico and 29 cities in the United States and Central and South America.

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The map below sets forth the destinations we currently serve:

Our route network is designed to provide service within Mexico and between Mexico, the United States, and Central and South America, and in particular those with large Hispanic and Mexican American communities, which are primarily concentrated in California. As part of our point-to-point strategy, we generally offer direct flights between cities with high traffic demand. We believe this scheduling approach allows us to serve a greater number of cities more frequently, leading to higher load factors and increased aircraft utilization, providing us with greater flexibility in our scheduling options.

To minimize turnaround times, we schedule flights to arrive at each destination and depart shortly after. Many of our evening flights are intended to provide red-eye travel options for longer routes, appealing to customers seeking to save on lodging expenses. Meanwhile, our day flights allow us to maximize fleet utilization and airport staff efficiently.

Sales, Distribution, Marketing and Advertising

Sales and Distribution. We currently sell our products through four primary distribution channels:

| ● | our website and mobile app;

| ● | our call center;

| ● | airports; and

| ● | third parties, such as travel agents.

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The following table sets forth the approximate percentage of our ticket sales and applicable fees attributed to each of our main distribution sources in 2023:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Distribution Source |  | % of tickets Sold |  | Fee in dollars(1)
Website and mobile app |  | 75.96 | % | $ | 0
Call center |  | 3.61 | % | $ | 12.0
Third-party travel agents |  | 16.61 | % | $ | 11.3
Airport counters | ​ | 2.87 | % | $ | 0

(1) | Standard fee charged per customer.

Our website is our primary platform for ticket sales. Sales through our website and mobile app represent our lowest-cost distribution channel, and it is the channel through which we offer our lowest fares. For all other channels, we pass the additional costs associated with them to our customers.

Our passengers may pay for tickets by credit or debit card at the time of booking on our website or through our call center or in cash within 72 hours at one of the various points of payment located at several different businesses vendors we have made available. In 2023, 92.16% of our sales were paid by credit or with debit card and 7.84% by cash and other forms of payment. We have entered into agreements with Cadena Comercial OXXO, S.A. de C.V., and certain banks in Mexico, the United States, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Peru and Colombia to provide our customers with the opportunity to pay in cash for their tickets at over 99,800 points of payment. These agreements are generally entered into for one- or two-year periods, are subject to termination upon short notice and are renewable by mutual agreement. In 2023, we paid an aggregate of U.S. $66.6 million in commissions, a portion of the cost of which was transferred to the customers using this service.

We have entered into an agreement with One Link México, S.A. de C.V., or Onelink, for call center services. Pursuant to this agreement, Onelink fields incoming calls from our customers and provides them with information about our fares, schedules and availability. The agreement with Onelink expires in August 2025.

We have signed agreements with Navitaire LLC and Jeppessen Systems AB, major suppliers of IT solutions in the global airline industry. Through these agreements we are provided with technology systems that allow us to conduct our operations.

Pursuant to our agreement with Navitaire LLC, they provide us with reservation services, revenue accounting services and operations management and recovery, as well as certain services related thereto. This agreement expires in February 2028, unless it is terminated with prior notice subject to certain conditions. The foregoing description of the terms of the agreement with Navitaire LLC is intended as a summary only and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the copy filed as an exhibit to this annual report.

Marketing and Advertising. Our marketing and advertising efforts include the use of the internet, television, radio and billboards. We focus on direct consumer marketing in our targeted markets, by offering promotional fares and maintaining a strong presence in digital media, such as Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), Google, Instagram, YouTube and TikTok. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 5.2 million fans on Facebook, 1.9 million followers on X (formerly Twitter), 592 thousand followers on Instagram, 51 thousand subscribers on YouTube and 199 thousand followers on TikTok, which we primarily use for marketing, customer service and promotion.

We reach our customers directly by holding promotional events that build brand recognition. We also advertise on billboards, in venues that our core consumers frequently attend, radio, television and shopping malls. We have internet promotions directed at current customers, who can register on our website. In addition, we send emails with promotions and advertisement to approximately 800 thousand e-mail addresses on a weekly basis. We strive to have the highest marketing impact at the lowest cost.

We recently launched a new marketing campaign called “Ponle tu apodo a un avión,” which is designed to connect with younger audiences through music and a fun dynamic. Participants had the chance to win a year of unlimited flights and have their nickname displayed on a fuselage, creating relevant brand awareness among upcoming generations.

Additionally, we launched “Atrévete a volar” which targets low-to-middle income travelers. Our efforts are focused on new channels and on educating individuals about the ease of air travel, with the goal of accelerating the substitution of long-distance bus travel with air transportation.

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V-Club, our annual subscription-based service, grants members exclusive first access to our lowest fares offerings. In addition, it provides members with guaranteed member-only fare sales and exclusive offers on hotels, rental cars and other travel necessities with YaVas. V-Club members may access their benefits through our website and our mobile app. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 818,000 V-Club members, an increase of 8.11% compared to 2022.

We offer three types of Volaris INVEX credit cards: the Volaris INVEX 0, Volaris INVEX, and the Volaris INVEX 2.0. The Volaris INVEX 0, which has no annual fee, was launched in October 2017, and offers the following benefits:

| ● | 1% cash back on all purchases to be used in Volaris;

| ● | priority boarding in our flights; and additional baggage at no cost (as long as the client pays more than 50% of their reservation with their Credit Card or e-credit);

| ● | deferred payment on purchases with no interest; and

| ● | a 15% discount on the purchase of on-board menu items.

The Volaris INVEX launched in March 2015, and has the same benefits as the above plus 0.5% more in cashback.

The Volaris INVEX 2.0 launched in March 2015, and in the addition to the benefits listed above, it also offers at no cost: individual V-Club, 2% cash back on all purchases, LoungeKey memberships, among other benefits. As of December 31, 2023, there were 688,000 Volaris INVEX holders.

Pricing and Yield Management

Our emphasis on keeping our operating costs low has allowed us to set low base fares and increase ancillary revenues while achieving and maintaining profitability. We have designed our fare structure to balance our load factors and yields in a way that we believe will generate the highest revenue per block hour on our flights. Most of our seats are sold in the low and mid-fare ranges. Except for special offers and promotions, we do not have advance purchase restrictions, minimum stays, or any other fare restrictions, such as required Saturday night stays. For some of our flights, we set very low discounted base fares based on fares charged by bus lines for travel to the same destinations, aiming to expand our customer base by adding customers who have previously used other forms of transportation.

Our base fare (“zero”) includes access to a V-Club membership and one personal item for domestic and international flights. Our customers may purchase additional products and services for a fee by choosing another type of fare (“basic” or “plus”) or by customizing their trip with products and services directly at any time before the flight. We increase the prices of these products and services the closer the customer purchases them to the departure date as well as using dynamic pricing. Some examples of the additional products and services that our customers may purchase include higher baggage allowances, preferred seating, and food, beverages, or other products on board. All of our fares are non-refundable and subject to change fees.

We use yield management in an effort to maximize revenues per flight, which is also linked to our route and schedule planning and sales and distribution methods. Yield management is an integrated set of business procedures, mathematical models, and historical trends that allows us to understand markets, anticipate customer behavior and respond quickly to opportunities.

The number of seats we offer at each fare class in each market is based on a continuous process of analysis and forecasting. Past booking history, seasonality, the effects of competition and current booking trends are used to forecast demand. Current fares and knowledge of upcoming events at destinations we serve that we believe will affect traffic volumes are also included in our forecasting model to arrive at an optimal seat allocation for our fares on specific routes. We use a combination of approaches, taking into account yields and flight load factors, depending on the characteristics of the markets served, to design a strategy to achieve the best possible TRASM by balancing the average fare charged and ancillary services sold against the corresponding effect on our load factors.

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Customer Service

We are committed to providing our customers with value for their money and reliable, on-time performance. We believe that our low fares initially attract customers, and our service strengthens customer loyalty and enhances our brand recognition through word-of-mouth as our customers tell others about their experience.

We hire employees who we believe will treat customers in a courteous and friendly manner and emphasize customer service during their training and as part of our company culture. We call our employees ambassadors. We also focus on other details that can improve the travel experience, including on-line check-in, seat assignment options, e-ticket travel, single-class seating, and modern aircraft. We provide personalized in-cabin support for customers who need it and the option of special assistance for unaccompanied minors and seniors. We believe our customer relationship management has been a key element of our success.

We are committed to compensating our employees based on their performance and rewarding them for their contribution to our success instead of seniority. We base part of our employee compensation on customer service, which is measured through a net promoter score obtained from customer interviews. In 2023, we conducted Net Promoter Score (NPS) surveys during the year with an average of 61,017 monthly responses; as we expand our operations, this number will likely increase.

We understand that efficient and punctual operations are important to our customers, and we intend to continue to excel in operational performance. The following table sets forth certain performance-related customer service measures for the years ended 2021, 2022, and 2023:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 | ​
On-time performance(1) |  | 77.3 | % | 71.2 | % | 76.9 | %
Completion factor(2) |  | 97.5 | % | 98.3 | % | 97.8 | %
Mishandled baggage(3) |  | 0.5 | ​ | 0.7 | ​ | 0.7 | ​

(1) | Percentage of our scheduled flights that were operated by us and that arrived on time (within 15 minutes of the scheduled arrival time).

(2) | Percentage of our scheduled flights that were operated by us, whether or not delayed (i.e., not cancelled).

(3) | Our incidence of delayed, mishandled or lost baggage per 1,000 passengers.

Competition

The airline industry is highly competitive. The principal competitive factors in the airline industry are fare pricing, total price (including ancillary services), flight schedules, aircraft type, passenger amenities, number of routes served from a city, customer service, safety record and reputation, code sharing relationships, and frequent flier programs and redemption opportunities. Our current and potential competitors include traditional legacy airlines, low-cost carriers, regional airlines and new entrant airlines. Some of our current or future competitors may have greater liquidity, access to capital and serve more routes than we do.

Our main competitive advantages are our low base fares and our focus on VFR travelers, leisure travelers and cost-conscious business travelers. These low base fares are facilitated by our low CASM, which is the lowest among the other Latin American publicly traded airlines. In 2023, our CASM was U.S. $7.81 cents, compared to an average non-stage length adjusted CASM of U.S. $10.90 cents for the other Latin American publicly traded airlines, including Azul, Copa, and Gol. We also have lower costs than our U.S.-based publicly traded target market competitors, including Alaska, American, Delta, JetBlue, Southwest, Frontier, Spirit, Allegiant and United, which had an average non-stage-length adjusted CASM of U.S. $14.49 cents in 2023.

Our main competitors in Mexico are Grupo Aeroméxico and VivaAerobus. Internationally, we compete with Grupo Aeroméxico, VivaAerobus and many U.S.-based carriers, including Alaska, American, Delta and United. In the Mexico - Central America market, our main competitors are Grupo Aeroméxico and Avianca, while in the Central America - U.S. market our main competitors are Avianca and Delta. In the Mexico - South America market our main competitors are Grupo Aeroméxico, VivaAerobus and LATAM.

In 2023, the two Mexican ultra low-cost carriers, Volaris and VivaAerobus, held 71.5% of the domestic market based on passenger flight segments. Volaris had 38.3% of the domestic market, according to the AFAC.

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As of December 31, 2023, the number of commercial aircraft in service in Mexico increased to 368, as compared to 358 as of December 31, 2022, according to AFAC. This 3% increase was comprised mainly of narrow body aircraft, including 52 Airbus A320neos, 66 Airbus A320s, 45 Boeing 737s, 50 Airbus A321neos and 20 Airbus A321s.

On June 30, 2020, Grupo Aeroméxico, announced that it was filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States. On March 17, 2022 Grupo Aeroméxico announced that it had concluded its restructuring process. As of December 31, 2023, AFAC reports indicate that Grupo Aeroméxico’s subsidiaries Aeroméxico and Aeroméxico Connect, had fleets of 105 and 40 aircraft, respectively, as compared to 102 and 42, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

In addition, Interjet has been unable to resume international flights since suspending the routes in March 2020. Interjet’s fleet decreased from three aircraft as of December 31, 2020 to zero as of December 31, 2021, according to information published by the AFAC. Interjet has not operated any domestic flights since December 2020. In April, 2023, Interjet declared bankruptcy in Mexico.

VivaAerobus, our largest competitor by domestic market share in 2023, has increased its fleet from 66 as of December 31, 2022 to 80 as of December 31, 2023, according to AFAC.

As of 2023, our international market share considering all airlines flying internationally to and from Mexico, increased 1.2pp to 11.4%, compared to our market share as of December 2022.

Fleet

Since we began operations in March 2006, we have increased our fleet from four to 129 aircraft as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2023, we flew only Airbus A320 family aircraft, which provides us with significant operational and cost advantages compared to airlines that operate multiple fleet types. The Airbus A320 family is based on a common aircraft type with the same cabin cross-section, and virtually the same systems, cockpit controls, operating and maintenance procedures, and pilot type rating. The Airbus A320 family aircraft are fuel efficient and allow flight crews to be interchangeable across all of our aircraft while decreasing training, maintenance, spare parts inventory and other operational costs. Due to the commonality among the Airbus A320 family, we can retain the benefits of a fleet comprised of a single type of aircraft while still having the flexibility to match the capacity and range of the aircraft to the demands of each of our routes.

In December 2017, we entered into an agreement with Airbus to purchase 80 aircraft (46 A320neo and 34 A321neo), which Airbus committed to deliver between 2022 and 2026. Under such agreement, we agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which shall be calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft following a formula established for such purpose in the agreement.

In 2020, we amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule the delivery of 98 aircraft from the order placed in December 2017 and the previous order between 2020 and 2028.

In November 2021, we entered into a new amendment to the agreement with Airbus to purchase 39 additional A320neo family aircraft which Airbus committed to deliver between 2023 and 2029. The new order includes 39 A321neo. Under such agreement, we agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which shall be calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft following a formula established for such purpose in the agreement. In connection with this amendment, we also exercised our right to convert 20 A320neo aircraft into A321neo aircraft, one of which has been delivered as of the date of this annual report.

In October 2022, we entered into a new amendment to the agreement with Airbus to purchase 25 additional A320neo family aircraft which Airbus committed to deliver in 2030. The new order includes 25 A321neo. Under such agreement, we agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which shall be calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft following a formula established for such purpose in the agreement.

As of December 31, 2023, our fleet of 129 Airbus narrow-body aircraft consisted of three Airbus A319s, 91 A320s (51 of them are NEO) and 35 A321s (25 of them are NEO). We have a young fleet with the average age of our fleet being 5.7 years as of December 31, 2023, compared to an average of 7.9 years for the other Mexican airlines according to the AFAC. A young fleet leads to better performance reliability, greater fuel efficiency and lower maintenance costs.

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Consistent with our ULCC business model, each of our aircraft is configured with a single-class high density seating configuration. Our Airbus A319s accommodate up to 144 passengers, our Airbus A320s accommodate up to 186 passengers and our Airbus A321s accommodate up to 239 passengers. Each of our Airbus A320 family aircraft is equipped with IAE or P&W engines. We have taken delivery of 32 spare engines (20 of them leased, 11 under financing and one owned) for service replacement and for periodic rotation through our fleet.

The following table shows the historical development of our fleet from the start of our operations in March 2007 through December 31, 2023:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fleet additions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(Returns) |  | 2007 |  | 2008 |  | 2009 |  | 2010 |  | 2011 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023
A319 | ​ | 8 | ​ | 5 | ​ | — | ​ | 5 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (4) | ​ | (2) | ​ | — | ​ | (3) | ​ | (3) | ​ | (4) | ​ | — | ​ | (2) | ​ | — | ​ | (2) | ​ | (1)
A320 | ​ | — | ​ | 2 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 8 | ​ | 7 | ​ | 7 | ​ | 8 | ​ | 4 | ​ | 8 | ​ | 5 | ​ | 6 | ​ | 3 | ​ | 6 | ​ | 15 | ​ | 9 | ​ | 3
A321 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 2 | ​ | 8 | ​ | — | ​ | 4 | ​ | 2 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 9 | ​ | 10
Total fleet | ​ | 14 | ​ | 21 | ​ | 21 | ​ | 26 | ​ | 34 | ​ | 41 | ​ | 44 | ​ | 50 | ​ | 56 | ​ | 69 | ​ | 71 | ​ | 77 | ​ | 82 | ​ | 86 | ​ | 101 | ​ | 117 | ​ | 129

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We have financed the acquisition of our aircraft through a combination of pre-delivery payment financing (including: (i) a revolving line of credit with Santander and Bancomext under which we act as a guarantor and (ii) financing provided by certain lessors in respect of 25 aircraft to be delivered between 2024 and 2026), purchase, sale and leaseback transactions and direct lease agreements, all of which meet the conditions for consideration as operating leases. With respect to purchases, sale and leaseback transactions, we have entered into agreements to purchase aircraft from Airbus, which are sold to lessors and simultaneously leased back through leaseback agreements. We have obtained financing for the pre-delivery payments of all the aircraft to be delivered through 2025. As of December 31, 2023, we had 129 aircraft leased pursuant to long-term lease agreements for an average term of 12.36 years. The operating leases for these aircraft expire between 2024 and 2035. We make monthly lease payments and are not required to make termination payments at the end of the lease unless there is an event of default or total loss of the aircraft. Our aircraft leases provide for fixed lease payments. We are required to make certain non-refundable monthly maintenance payments and to return the aircraft in the agreed upon condition at the end of the lease term. We are responsible for the maintenance, servicing, insurance, repair and overhaul of the aircraft during the term of the lease.

The current purchase agreement with Airbus requires us to accept delivery of 141 Airbus A320 family aircraft in the next seven years (from January 2024 to October 2030). The contractual agreement provides for the addition of 141 aircraft to our fleet as follows: 10 in 2024, 23 in 2025, 29 in 2026, 21 in 2027, 19 in 2028, 14 in 2029 and 25 in 2030. As of the date of this annual report, Airbus continues reviewing its delivery schedules in light of supply chain disruptions and production line slowdowns. Since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, and further since the war conflicts in Europe and Middle East, Airbus has notified us of the delay of several aircraft deliveries. Airbus has notified us of possible further delays for the following years, which could be in excess of six months. The basic price for each of the firm-order aircraft to be delivered pursuant to our contracts may be adjusted for changes in economic conditions as published by the United States Department of Labor. We must make pre-delivery payments at specific dates prior to the scheduled delivery. The purchase agreement with Airbus does not include the option to have fewer aircraft delivered.

Additionally, during December 2017, we entered into an agreement with Airbus to purchase 80 aircraft, which Airbus committed to deliver between 2022 and 2026. The new order includes 46 A320neo and 34 A321neo. Under such agreement, we agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which shall be calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft following a formula established for such purpose in the agreement. In November 2018, we amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule the remaining 26 aircraft deliveries between 2019 and 2022. During 2020, we amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule 98 aircraft, both from this new 80 aircraft order and the previous order, between 2020 and 2028. In November 2021 we entered into a new amendment to the referred agreement to purchase 39 additional aircraft which Airbus committed to deliver between 2023 and 2029. Additionally, we exercised its right under the agreement with Airbus to convert 20 A320neo aircraft into A321neo aircraft, one of which has been delivered as of this dat. Finally in November 2022, we entered into a new amendment to the referred agreement to purchase 25 additional aircraft, which Airbus committed to deliver in 2030.

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We have one scheduled A319 aircraft return in 2025. Additionally, as of the date of this annual report, we have 27 A320 aircraft returns in the next four years. We also have nine A321 aircraft returns in the next four years. However, if necessary, we believe we can negotiate extensions under our lease agreements as we have done in the past, which increases our fleet flexibility. In addition, in the past we have been able to lease aircraft from lessors and expect to have flexibility to do so again in the future. For more information on the risks related to our lease agreements, see Item 3: “Key Information—Risk Factors—A failure to comply with covenants contained in our aircraft or engine lease agreements, or the occurrence of an event of default thereunder, could have a negative impact on us and our financial condition and results of operations.”

Maintenance

We have mandated and approved maintenance programs required by the applicable aviation authorities, administered by our maintenance and planning engineering department. Our maintenance technicians undergo extensive initial and ongoing training (as applicable by the aviation regulations) to ensure the safety of our operations. Line maintenance is performed by our qualified technicians, under our repair station certificates issued by the FAA and AFAC and by maintenance providers that hold the necessary certifications.

Aircraft maintenance and repair consists of routine and non-routine works and is mainly divided into three general categories: routine maintenance, major maintenance and component service. Routine line maintenance requirements consist of scheduled maintenance checks on our aircraft, including pre-flight, daily, weekly, and overnight checks, any diagnostics and routine repairs and any unscheduled tasks that are performed as required. Routine line maintenance events are normally performed by in-house mechanics and are primarily completed at the main airports we currently serve, supported by sub-contracted companies. Routine line maintenance also includes scheduled tasks that can take typically from six to 12 days to complete and are required every 24 or 36 months, as applicable, such as 24-month checks and C checks.

Major maintenance consists of a series of more complex tasks, including structural checks of the airframe, that can take up to six weeks to complete and are typically required every six years. Due to our fleet size and projected fleet growth, we believe outsourcing all of our major maintenance, such as engine servicing and major part repairs, is more efficient. We have entered into a long-term flight hour agreement with IAE and P&W for our engine overhaul services and Lufthansa Technik AG on a power-by-hour basis for component services. We contract with Lufthansa Technik AG for certain technical services and Aeroman for our heavy airframe maintenance. Aeroman is a FAA-approved maintenance provider.

Safety

We are committed to the safety and security of our passengers and employees. Some of the safety and security measures we have taken include (i) aircraft security and surveillance, (ii) positive bag matching procedures, (iii) enhanced passenger and baggage screening and search procedures, and (iv) secured cockpit doors. We strive to comply with or exceed health and safety regulation standards. In pursuing these goals, we maintain an active aviation safety program and all of our personnel are expected to participate in the program and take an active role in the identification, reduction and elimination of hazards.

Our ongoing focus on safety relies on training our employees to use the proper safety equipment and take the proper safety measures by providing them with the tools and equipment they require to perform their job functions in a safe and efficient manner. Safety in the workplace targets several areas of our operation including flight operations, maintenance, in-flight, dispatch and station operations. We have received the IOSA (IATA’s Operational Safety Audit) certification.

The TSA is charged with aviation security for both airlines and airports in the United States. We maintain active, open lines of communication with the TSA at all of our locations to ensure proper standards for the security of our personnel, customers, equipment and facilities are exercised throughout our operation. In Mexico, the Mexican Civil Aeronautic Authority through the Assistant General Aviation Authority (Dirección General Adjunta de Aviación) is in charge of air traffic safety and has the authority to establish or modify the operations condition of air traffic and to coordinate and control the airports. See Item 4: “Information of the Company—History and Development of the Company.”

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Fuel

Fuel is a major cost component for airlines and is our largest operating expense. Fuel accounted for 34%, 46%, and 38% of our total operating expenses in 2021, 2022, and 2023 (including derivative and non-derivative financial instruments for 2021), respectively. We purchase fuel in Mexico from Airports and Auxiliary Services (Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares), or ASA, who is also in charge of supplying it directly to our aircraft in Mexico. As established in our agreement with ASA, the fuel price is determined weekly by ASA based on international prices published by S&P Platt’s, the price of the services is determined by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, and the storage costs are determined by the Energy Regulatory Commission. Our agreement with ASA may be terminated without penalty by either party with a 30-days prior notice. We purchase our fuel outside of Mexico under fuel supply service contracts with World Fuel Services, AvFuel, Shell, BP Products North America, Chevron, Associated Energy Group, Puma Energy Group, Total Energies, Titan, Vitol and Terpel fuel service contracts. Historically, fuel costs have experienced substantial variances, which cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty since it is subject to many global and geopolitical factors. Fuel prices are dependent on crude oil prices, which are quoted in U.S. dollars. If the value of the U.S. dollar rises against the peso, our fuel costs, expressed in pesos, may increase even absent any increase in the U.S. dollar price of crude oil. Our fuel hedging policy allows us to enter into fuel derivative contracts to hedge against changes in fuel prices up to 18 months forward subject to certain financing controls. See Item 3: “Key Information—Risk Factors—Our fuel hedging strategy may not reduce our fuel costs.”

Insurance

We maintain insurance policies we believe are customary in the airline industry and as required by the Mexican and U.S. aviation authorities. We maintain all insurance policies required by the aviation authorities in the markets we operate in, as well as our leasing and financing agreements. We believe that this insurance coverage is consistent with airline industry standards and appropriate to protect us from material loss in light of the activities we conduct. No assurances can be given, however, that the amount of insurance we carry will be sufficient to protect us from material losses.

In connection with our operations, we carry insurance coverage against loss and damages, including those caused by war and terrorist risks or to our passengers or third-party property, for our entire fleet of aircraft, spares and equipment. We also hold non-aviation insurance coverage that includes directors’ and officers’ liability, cyber risk liability, damage to property, vehicles value and liability, life and major medical expenses insurance for our employees.

Events such as conflict between Russia and Ukraine could increase aircraft damage and liability premiums or reduce coverage scope. See Item 3: “Key Information—Risk Factors—Increases in insurance costs and/or significant reductions in coverage would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

Corporate Sustainability Strategy

In 2023, we continue to make efforts to advance the incorporation of our corporate sustainability strategy into business practices. The strategy is comprised of three main pillars: Environmental, Social, and Economic and Corporate Governance areas, which are aimed at allowing the efforts of the business to be directed toward sustainable future growth while simultaneously creating value for our stakeholders.

The Environmental pillar is defined by our climate change strategy, through which we aim to achieve our commitments related to emissions reduction and respond to regulatory requirements. We have taken the following initiatives:

| ● | Through our fuel saving program, we manage our jet fuel consumption and aim to reduce carbon emissions. We address this goal by acquiring the best available and cost-efficient technology. In 2023, the average age of our fleet was 5.7 years, 59% of our aircraft are NEO and 88% of our aircraft are equipped with sharklets, which are more fuel-efficient and release fewer CO ₂ emissions per ASM. Moreover, we implement operational initiatives such as optimal fuel planned arrival, flight techniques, reduction of auxiliary power unit usage, and reduction of onboard weight, among others.

| ● | We also have initiatives to reduce paper and electricity consumption, reduce waste, promote recycling, and promote efforts of voluntary carbon offsetting with our customers.

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| ● | Moreover, on April 2023, the Company announced an investments agreement alongside Indigo Partners, GenZero, Cleanhill Partners, Frontier Airlines, and Wizz Air. The investments aim to accelerate the production of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) worldwide through the North American CleanJoule. As a crucial means to mitigate carbon emissions in the aviation sector. SAFs offer a low-carbon alternative to conventional jet fuel, derived from renewable sources like waste oils, agricultural residues, and non-food crops. Despite their potential, SAFs currently lack widespread availability and cost-competitiveness to replace fossil fuels in our operations. SAFs contribute to less than 1% of global commercial aviation fuel usage due to limited supply.

| ● | Additionally, we manage and improve our environmental programs through the Integrated Airline Management System, which is certified by the ISO 14001 and 9001.We comply with the applicable international and national regulations regarding environmental matters, such as CORSIA, and on voluntary basis adopted standards and frameworks to disclose information. Moreover, we have third-party limited assurances that support that we are complying with CO2 emissions measurement, as required by the national and international regulations.

In 2021, we joined IATA’s aviation industry initiative Fly Net Zero, to contribute to the decarbonization of the industry.

The Social pillar aims to strengthen our commitment to people. This includes our employees, customers, and the communities in which we operate. Our labor practices are designed to support solid labor relationships and the well-being of our employees through the Volaris Culture, which is comprised of: (i) our vision: transcending by creating and materializing the best travel experiences; (ii) our mission: with the best people and at a low cost, we enable more people to travel well; (iii) our behaviors: credibility, respect, impartiality, camaraderie, and pride, and (iv) our focus areas: safety, customer service, and sustained profitability.

We seek to attract, develop, and retain the talent of competent and professional people, the driving desire behind our competitive benefits plan that exceeds applicable legal requirements. We are also committed to maintaining the occupational safety and health of our employees. To that end, we have a series of initiatives that are focused on promoting a workplace free of violence and harassment, fostering the conditions necessary for equal opportunities, and providing appropriate and frequent training to assure the sustained well-being of our employees. Additionally, our corporate volunteer program aims to promote a culture of volunteering and a sense of belonging among our employees.

In terms of diversity, equity and inclusion, we remain committed to IATA’s “25 by 2025” initiative, which aims to increase 25% by 2025 the number of women in senior positions and underrepresented areas, such as pilots, technical staff, and STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math).

Moreover, the positive relationships with the communities in which we operate are integral to our Social pillar, as we believe it generates value and engagement. In 2023, we continued extending our community support. With our Avión Ayuda Volaris Program, we utilize available seats in our aircraft to transport free of charge organs and tissues for transplant purposes, volunteers, medical personnel, and humanitarian cargo, and bring humanitarian aid to communities in crisis, including those impacted by natural disasters and other emergencies, through strategic alliances. Moreover, we seek to promote the protection of the rights of children and teenagers who travel with us, to safeguard them from potential human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation in the context of travel and tourism. A decade ago, we became the first airline in Latin America to commit to protecting children and teenagers through the implementation of a protocol and annual training for all our ambassadors. As of the end of 2023, we decided to update and expand the protocol to our destinations in Central and South America. In line with these efforts, we have also launched a campaign titled “Ojos en el Cielo” (Eyes in the sky), aimed at raising awareness among our stakeholders about this program and inviting them to join the fight against human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation.

The Social pillar also prioritizes the well-being, safety, health, and rights protection of our customers. We strive to strictly comply with the highest safety standards according to domestic and international regulations. In a year of growth for us, as 2023 was, we continued to focus on operational safety, maintained the IOSA certification, and were rated as one of the safest airlines worldwide by Airlineratings.com.

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Through our Economic and Corporate Governance pillar we developed initiatives and actions that allow us to reduce costs, optimize resources, increase operational efficiency and reliability. We also aim to influence the creation of public policies consistent with our corporate sustainability strategy, manage our corporate reputation, and develop clear communication channels with our stakeholders. Moreover, our business values, ethics, and legality are influenced through our anti-corruption and anti-bribery practices, as well as through risk and crisis management systems, as we aim to protect information, and personal data, and transparency in all our processes.

In 2023, these efforts culminated in our current inclusion in the S&P Dow Jones Sustainability Index, as one of the seven airlines included worldwide, and the only airline in the MILA Pacific Alliance Index.

C.Organizational Structure

The following is an organizational chart showing Volaris and its subsidiaries as well as our ownership and voting percentage in each as of the date of this annual report:

Volaris Opco is our airline operating subsidiary in Mexico and the United States. Comercializadora is primarily engaged in marketing, advertising and other commercial matters. Volaris Opco, Volaris and Servicios Corporativos employs some of our employees. Servicios Corporativos renders specialized services to its affiliates. Viajes Vuela performs travel agency services. Comercializadora V. Frecuenta has not started operations and may be engaged in providing air travel-related ancillary services. These subsidiaries are incorporated in Mexico. Vuela is our operating subsidiary in Guatemala and Servicios Earhart employ some of our employees in Guatemala. Vuela, Servicios Earhart and GDS are incorporated in Guatemala. Vuela Aviación is our operating subsidiary in Costa Rica and is incorporated there. Vuela El Salvador is incorporated in El Salvador. See Exhibit 21.1 to this annual report for a complete list of our subsidiaries.

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On July 14, 2021, Volaris Opco and Servicios Administrativos agreed to a merger, with Volaris Opco as the surviving company. The merger took full legal, accounting and tax effect on August 31, 2021, and the assets, liabilities, and equity of these companies were merged.

On October 5, 2021, we entered into a share transfer agreement to acquire all the capital stock of GDS through our subsidiaries Vuela and Servicios Earhart. Vuela acquired four shares that represent 80% of the subscribed and paid capital of GDS, while Servicios Earhart acquired one share that represents 20% of the subscribed and paid capital of GDS. On June 13, 2022, we increased the capital of GDS and issued 5,790 new shares, all of them acquired by our subsidiary Vuela. The current shares of Vuela represent 99.98% of the subscribed capital of GDS, while the current share of Servicios Earhart represents 0.02% of the subscribed capital of GDS. GDS holds a Certificate of Aeronautical Technical Services Operator and a Certificate / Exploitation Contract, issued by the General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics of Guatemala, which expires on July 26, 2026.

Additionally, under IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, we exercise control over other trusts as described below.

| ● | Pre-delivery payments financing trusts: We have assigned our rights and obligations under our purchase agreement with Airbus with respect to certain aircraft, including our guaranteed obligation to make pre-delivery payments under such agreement to certain Mexican trusts for purposes of financing such pre-delivery payments. These trusts are as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Equity interest | ​
Name |  | Principal Activities |  | Country |  | 2023 | ​
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso 1710* | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing | ​ | Mexico | ​ | — | ​
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso 1711* | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing | ​ | Mexico | ​ | — | ​
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso CIB/3855 | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100.00 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso CIB/3866 | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100.00 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso CIB/3867 | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100.00 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso CIB/3921 | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100.00 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso CIB/3853 | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing |  | Mexico | ​ | 100.00 | %

* The Trust was terminated on January 20, 2023.

| ● | Trust for the first issuance of asset backed securities: On June 20, 2019, our subsidiary Volaris Opco issued 15,000,000 asset backed trust notes under the ticker VOLARCB 19 in the amount Ps.1.5 billion (U.S. $78.5 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.19.10 to U.S. $1 on June 20, 2019) through Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número CIB/3249 created by Volaris Opco. This issuance is part of a program approved by the Mexican Banking and Securities Commission (Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores) (the “CNBV”) for an amount of up to Ps.3.0 billion (U.S. $157.1 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.19.10 to U.S. $1 on June 20, 2019).

| ● | Trust for the second issuance of asset backed securities: On October 13, 2021, our subsidiary Volaris Opco issued 15,000,000 asset backed trust notes under the ticker VOLARCB 21L in the amount of Ps.1.5 billion (U.S. $72.1 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.20.80 to U.S. $1 on October 13, 2021) through Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249 created by Volaris Opco. This issuance is part of a program approved by the CNBV for an amount of up to Ps.3.0 billion (U.S. $144.2 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.20.80 to U.S. $1 on October 13, 2021).

| ● | Trust for the third issuance of asset backed securities: On September 28, 2023, our subsidiary Volaris Opco issued 15,000,000 asset backed trust notes under the ticker VOLARCB 23 in the amount of Ps.1.5 billion (U.S. $85.8 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.17.47 to U.S. $1 on September 28, 2023) through Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249 created by Volaris Opco. This issuance is part of a program approved by the CNBV for an amount of up to Ps.5.0 billion (U.S. $286.2 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.17.47 to U.S. $1 on September 28, 2023).

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Equity | ​
Name |  | Principal Activities |  | Country |  | Interest 2023 |
Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número CIB/3249 “Administrative Trust” | ​ | Asset-backed securities trustee and administrator | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100.00 | %

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| ● | Share-based payment trusts: We have formed the following share-based payment trusts:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Equity |
Name |  | Principal Activities |  | Country |  | Interest 2023 |
Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número F/745291 “Administrative Trust” | ​ | Share administration trust | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100.00 | %
Fideicomiso de Administración número CIB/3081 “Administrative Trust” | ​ | Share administration trust | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100.00 | %

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D.Property, Plants and Equipment

We lease all of our facilities at each of the airports we serve. Our leases for our terminal passenger service facilities, which include ticket counter, gate space, operations support area and baggage service offices, generally are for terms ranging from one to three years and contain provisions for periodic adjustments of lease rates. We expect to either renew these leases or find alternative space that would permit us to continue providing our services. Under the terms of these leases, we are responsible for maintenance, insurance and other facility-related expenses and services. We have also entered into use agreements at each of the airports we serve that provide for the non-exclusive use of runways, taxiways and other facilities. Landing fees under these agreements are based on the number of landings and weight of the aircraft. In addition, we sublease a hangar facility at the Tijuana airport, which expires on July 15, 2027.

Our primary corporate offices and headquarters are located in Mexico City at Av. Antonio Dovalí Jaime No.70, 13th Floor, Tower B, Colonia Zedec Santa Fe, México City, zip code 01210, where we lease 6,656 square meters pursuant to a lease that is expected to expire in June 2031.

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ITEM 4A UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 5 OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

A.Operating Results

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this annual report, particularly in “Risk Factors.”

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Description of Our Principal Line Items

Passenger Revenues

Our passenger revenues include income generated from: (i) fare revenues and (ii) other passenger revenues.

We derive our operating revenues primarily from transporting passengers on our aircraft and some tickets sold by other airlines such as Frontier. 51% of our total operating revenues were derived from passenger fares in 2023. Passenger revenues are based upon our capacity, load factor and the average passenger revenue per booked passenger. Our capacity is measured in terms of ASMs, which represents the number of seats we make available on our aircraft multiplied by the number of miles the seats are flown. Load factor, or the percentage of our capacity that is actually used by paying customers, is calculated by dividing RPMs by ASMs. The average passenger revenues per booked passenger represents the total passenger revenue divided by booked passengers.

Other passenger revenues include but are not limited to fees charged for excess baggage, bookings through our call center or third-party agencies, advanced seat selection, itinerary changes, V-Club memberships and charters. They are recognized as revenue when the obligation of passenger transportation service is provided by us or when the non-refundable ticket expires on the date of the scheduled travel. 45% of our total operating revenues were derived from other passenger revenues in 2023.

Non-Passenger Revenues

Our non-passenger revenues include income generated from (i) other non-passenger revenues and (ii) cargo services. In 2023, we derived U.S. $135.4 million, or 4.2% of our total operating revenues from these sources.

Revenues from other non-passenger services mainly include but are not limited to commissions charged to third parties for the sale of hotel reservations, trip insurance, rental cars, and advertising spaces to third parties. They are recognized as revenue at the time the service is provided.

Revenues from cargo services are recognized when the cargo transportation is provided (upon delivery of the cargo to the destination).

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The following table shows each of the line items in our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated as a percentage of our total operating revenues for that period:

Statements of Operations data

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 | ​
Operating revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Passenger revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fare revenues | ​ | 58 | % | 58 | % | 51 | %
Other passenger revenues | ​ | 39 | % | 38 | % | 45 | %
Non-passenger revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other non-passenger revenues | ​ | 3 | % | 3 | % | 3 | %
Cargo | ​ | 1 | % | 1 | % | 1 | %
Non-derivative financial instruments: | ​ | (1) | % | 0 | % | 0 | %
Total operating revenues | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %
Other operating income | ​ | 0 | % | (1) | % | (2) | %
Fuel expense, net | ​ | 28 | % | 46 | % | 36 | %
Landing, take-off and navigation expenses | ​ | 13 | % | 13 | % | 15 | %
Salaries and benefits | ​ | 11 | % | 10 | % | 12 | %
Depreciation of right of use assets | ​ | 12 | % | 11 | % | 11 | %
Sales, marketing and distribution expenses | ​ | 4 | % | 4 | % | 5 | %
Other operating expenses | ​ | 3 | % | 4 | % | 6 | %
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | 3 | % | 3 | % | 4 | %
Aircraft and engine variable lease expenses | ​ | 4 | % | 4 | % | 3 | %
Maintenance expenses | ​ | 4 | % | 3 | % | 3 | %
Total operating expenses, net | ​ | 82 | % | 97 | % | 93 | %
Operating income | ​ | 18 | % | 3 | % | 7 | %
Finance income | ​ | 0 | % | 0 | % | 1 | %
Finance cost | ​ | (6) | % | (7) | % | (7) | %
Foreign exchange (loss) gain, net | ​ | (6) | % | 0 | % | (1) | %
Income (loss) before income tax | ​ | 6 | % | (4) | % | 0 | %
Income tax (expenses) benefit | ​ | (1) | % | 2 | % | 0 | %
Net income (loss) | ​ | 5 | % | (2) | % | 0 | %

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Revenue Recognition

Passenger revenues

Revenues from the air transportation of passengers are recognized at the earlier of when the service is provided or when the non-refundable ticket expires on the date of the scheduled travel.

Ticket sales for future flights are initially recognized as contract liabilities under the caption “unearned transportation revenue” and, once we provide the transportation service or when the non-refundable ticket expires on the date of the scheduled travel, the earned revenue is recognized as passenger ticket revenues and the unearned transportation revenue is reduced by the same amount. All of our tickets are non-refundable and are subject to change upon a payment of a fee. Additionally, we do not operate a frequent flier program.

The most significant passenger revenue includes revenues generated from: (i) fare revenue and (ii) other passenger revenues. Other passenger services include but are not limited to fees charged for excess baggage, bookings through the call center or third-party agencies, advanced seat selection, itinerary changes and charters. They are recognized as revenue when the obligation of passenger transportation service is provided by us or when the non-refundable ticket expires on the date of the scheduled travel.

We also classify as other passenger revenues “V-Club” and other similar services, which are recognized as revenue over time when the service is provided.

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We sell certain tickets with connecting flights with one or more segments operated by other airline partners. For segments operated by one of our airline partners, we have determined that we are acting as an agent on behalf of such airline partner as we are responsible for a portion of the contract (i.e., transportation of the passenger). We as the agent, recognize revenue within other operating revenues at the time of travel, for the net amount retained by us for any segments flown by the other airline.

Non-passenger revenues

The most significant non-passenger revenues include revenues generated from: (i) revenues from other non-passenger services described below and (ii) cargo services.

Revenues from other non-passenger services mainly include, but are not limited to, commissions charged to third parties for the sale of trip insurance, rental cars, and advertising spaces to third parties. These revenues, as well as cargo services, are recognized as revenue at the time the service is provided.

We also evaluate, in each new transaction where applicable, the principal versus agent considerations concerning certain non-air travel service arrangements with third-party providers. When we determine that the underlying services are provided through third parties who are primarily responsible for providing the services, revenue for these specific non-air travel services is presented on a net basis (agent). We are also required to collect certain taxes and fees from customers on behalf of government agencies and airports and remit these back to the applicable governmental entity or airport on a periodic basis. These taxes and fees include value added tax, federal transportation taxes, federal security charges, airport passenger facility charges, and foreign arrival and departure taxes. These items are collected from customers at the time they purchase their tickets but are not included in passenger revenue. We record a liability upon collection from the customer and discharge the liability when payments are remitted to the applicable governmental entity or airport.

Contract with FEMSA

Under the “Spin Premia” agreement customers participating in this program are entitled to accumulate or redeem points when they purchase goods or use services with any of the companies that are part of the coalition.

The points accumulated for services provided by us are recorded as a reduction in revenues. The points redeemed for our services are recorded as deferred revenue until the time when the service is provided, or the points expire. The value of points is determined according to contractual conditions between Volaris Opco and FEMSA.

Operating Expenses, net

Our operating expenses consist of the following line items.

Other Operating Income. Other operating income primarily includes the gains from sale and leaseback operations of our aircraft and engines.

Fuel expense, net. Fuel expense is our single largest operating expense. It includes the cost of fuel, fuel taxes, fueling into-plane fees and transportation fees. It also includes realized gains and losses that arise from any fuel price derivative activity qualifying for hedge accounting and gains and losses that arise from non-derivative financial instruments.

Landing, Take-off and Navigation Expenses. Landing, take-off and navigation expenses include airport fees, handling charges, and other rents, which are fixed and variable facilities’ expenses, such as the fees charged by airports for the use or lease of airport facilities, as well as costs associated with ground handling services that we outsource at certain airports. This expense also includes route charges, which are the costs of using a country’s or territory’s airspace and are levied depending on the distance flown over such airspace.

Depreciation of right–of–use assets. Depreciation of right-of-use assets includes the depreciation of all aircraft and engine leases and some land and building leases that qualify under IFRS 16.

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Under IFRS 16, at the commencement date of a lease, a lessee recognizes a liability to make lease payments (i.e., the lease liability) and an asset representing the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term (i.e., the right-of-use asset). Lessees are required to separately recognize the interest expense on the lease liability and the depreciation expense on the right-of-use asset. Lessees are also required to remeasure the lease liability upon the occurrence of certain events (e.g., a change in the lease term or a change in future lease payments). The lessee generally recognizes the amount of the remeasurement of the lease liability as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset. In addition, for leases denominated in a foreign currency other than our functional currency the lease liability will be remeasured at each reporting date, using the foreign exchange of the period.

Salaries and Benefits. Salaries and benefits expense includes the salaries, hourly wages, employee health insurance coverage and variable compensation that are provided to employees for their services, as well as the related expenses associated with employee benefit plans and employer payroll taxes.

Maintenance Expenses. Maintenance expenses includes all parts, materials, repairs and fees for repairs performed by third party vendors directly required to maintain our fleet. It excludes the direct labor cost of our own mechanics, which is included under salaries and benefits and includes only routine and ordinary maintenance expenses. Major maintenance expenses are capitalized and subsequently amortized as described in “Depreciation and Amortization.”

Sales, Marketing and Distribution Expenses. Sales, marketing and distribution expenses consist of advertising and promotional expenses directly related to our services, including the cost of web support, our outsourced call center, travel agent commissions, and credit card discount fees that are associated with the sale of tickets and other products and services.

Aircraft and Engine Variable Lease Expenses. Aircraft and engine variable expenses consist of the maintenance deposits we pay to the lessor as maintenance deposits when we determine that we will not recover such deposits in whole or in part. In these cases, we record these amounts in the results of operations as additional aircraft rent (supplemental rent) from the time we make the determination over the remaining term of the lease. Aircraft and engine variable lease expense also includes the estimated return costs of our fleet, which in no case are related to scheduled major maintenance. The return costs are recognized on a straight-line basis as a component of supplemental rent.

Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses include (i) administrative support such as travel expenses, stationery, administrative training, professional fees and all other administrative and operational overhead expenses; (ii) costs for technological support, communication systems, cell phones, and internal and operational telephone lines; (iii) premiums and all expenses related to the aviation insurance policy (hull and liability); and (iv) outsourced ground services and the cost of snacks and beverages that we serve on board to our passengers.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense includes the depreciation of all flight equipment, furniture and equipment we own and leasehold improvements to flight equipment. It also includes the amortization of major maintenance expenses we defer under the deferral method of accounting for major maintenance events associated with the aging of our fleet and recognize over the shorter period of the next major maintenance event or the remaining lease term.

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A common measure of per unit costs in the airline industry is cost per available seat mile (CASM). The following table shows the breakdown of CASM for the periods indicated:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (In dollars cents)
Other operating income | ​ | (0.0) | ​ | (0.1) | ​ | (0.1)
Fuel expense, net | ​ | 2.2 | ​ | 3.7 | ​ | 3.0
Landing, take-off and navigation expenses | ​ | 1.1 | ​ | 1.1 | ​ | 1.3
Salaries and benefits | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | 0.8 | ​ | 1.0
Depreciation of right of use assets | ​ | 1.0 | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | 0.9
Sales, marketing and distribution expenses | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | 0.4 | ​ | 0.4
Aircraft and engine variable lease expenses | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | 0.4 | ​ | 0.3
Maintenance expenses | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | 0.3
Other operating expenses | ​ | 0.1 | ​ | 0.2 | ​ | 0.4
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | 0.2 | ​ | 0.2 | ​ | 0.3
Total operating expenses, net | ​ | 6.4 | ​ | 7.9 | ​ | 7.8

​

Trends and Uncertainties Affecting Our Business

We believe our operating and business performance is driven by various factors that affect airlines and their markets, trends affecting the broader travel industry, and trends affecting the specific markets and customer base that we target. The following key factors may affect our future performance.

Impact of COVID-19. COVID-19 drastically reduced demand for air travel and caused major disruptions and volatility in global financial markets. There have been other broad and continuing concerns related to the COVID-19 effects on international trade (including supply chain disruptions and export levels), travel, restrictions on our ability to access our facilities or aircraft, requirements to collect additional passenger data, employee productivity, employee illness, increased unemployment levels, securities markets, and other economic activities.

Despite the gradual recovery we saw in ASMs and route operation during 2023, a resurgence of COVID-19 may have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations as a result of the following indicators:

| ● | an increase in COVID-19 infection rates could lead Mexico and the countries in which we operate to return to partial or total lockdowns, which would most likely result in a decrease in demand for our flights and aircraft utilization rate and, consequently, a decrease in our total operating revenues and a cost increase;

| ● | volatility in the international capital markets could result in (i) the fall of stock prices, including the price of our stock and (ii) financial losses associated with our financial portfolio, which may cause a deterioration of our financial condition or limitations on our ability to meet our liabilities;

| ● | if our revenues decrease for a significant portion of time, we may have less cash available to meet our obligations under our aircraft and engine lease agreements and additional sources of financing may be difficult to obtain at favorable rates;

| ● | even after the COVID-19 pandemic eased, there is a risk that we will experience reduced demand in the near to mid-term due to the potential economic impact of the pandemic on the travel industry (business and leisure) and on our customers, as well as customer health concerns about the safety of air travel.

Continued conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East. Following the recent geopolitical crisis in Eastern Europe, on February 21, 2022, the Russian Federation recognized the independence of the Ukrainian separatist regions of Donetsk and Luhansk in the Donbas region. The next day, the Federal Council of Russia authorized use of military force abroad, which triggered an invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Armed Forces on February 24, 2022.

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The invasion was widely condemned internationally with several sanctions being imposed against Russia and Belarus. As a result, the global markets reacted negatively, with fuel prices surging to their highest level since 2008 amid global concerns on the commodity supply, affecting costs for the aviation industry in 2022. However, according to IATA, as of 2023, the war in Ukraine has not yet significantly impacted the profitability of most airlines. Nonetheless, if the conflict continues to escalate, it holds the potential for adverse effects on the global aviation industry. Political conflicts are already impacting global trade and could potentially lead to a downturn in aviation.

Moreover, the recent escalation of conflict in the Middle East, triggered by attacks between Israel and Iran in April 2024, has heightened geopolitical tensions in the region. This direct confrontation between Iran and Israel marks a significant escalation in their long-standing political and religious tensions. The uncertainty surrounding the conflict and the potential responses of each country has reverberated throughout the financial markets. Notably, the price of Brent crude oil has surged to over U.S. $90 per barrel reaching its highest level since the Gaza Strip conflict in October 2023. This uptick in oil prices, which has been observed over the past months, poses a significant risk to the aviation industry.

The Iran-Israel conflict has broader implications beyond the immediate region, and the tensions between these two nations have the potential to impact other countries in the Middle East and beyond, with the possibility of the conflict further exacerbating geopolitical instability and economic uncertainty globally.

The airline industry is impacted by the price and availability of fuel. Fuel is our largest cost, representing 38% of our total operating expense in 2023, and continued volatility in fuel costs or significant disruptions in the supply of fuel could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The sensitivity analysis provided below presents the impact of a change of U.S. $0.01 per gallon in fuel market spot price in our financial performance. Considering these figures, an increase of U.S. $0.01 per gallon in the fuel prices during 2022 and 2023 would have impacted our operating expenses in U.S. $3,399 thousand and U.S. $3,719 thousand, respectively.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2022 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | Operating costs | ​ | Operating costs
​ |  | (In thousands of U.S. dollars)
+ U.S. $0.01 per gallon | ​ | 3,399 | ​ | 3,719
- U.S. $0.01 per gallon | ​ | (3,399) | ​ | (3,719)

​

We have been proactively trying to mitigate this impact over our business through revenue yielding and a continued effort towards a reduced fuel consumption. Nonetheless, our ability to pass on any significant increases in fuel costs through fare increases is also limited by our ultra-low-cost business model and market high elasticity to price.

We cannot assure that this macroeconomic disruption would not adversely affect our financial performance since we can neither control nor accurately predict the performance of fuel prices in the global markets or its availability in the airports in which we operate. Due to the large proportion of fuel costs in our total operating cost base, even a relatively small increase in the price of fuel can have a significant negative impact on our operating expenses and on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Along with the cost pressure due to the higher fuel price, this major disruption in the global economy has also raised concerns regarding inflationary pressures and the global economic growth rate. Such disruption in inflation indexes could affect our cost in the near future, as several contracts are subject to annual adjustments based on historical inflation ratios. A reduction in the economy’s growth pace could also adversely impact demand for air transport services, potentially affecting our financial performance.

Economic Conditions in Mexico. Mexico’s GDP is expected to grow by 2.3% per year for the next ten years according to the Mexican Central Bank, which is in line with the expected annual growth for the United States during the same period as reported by the U.S. Federal Reserve. See “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Airline Industry—Public health threats, such as the H1N1 flu virus, the bird flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), the Zika virus, COVID-19 and other highly communicable diseases, could affect suspension of domestic and international flights, travel behavior and could have a material adverse effect on the Mexican economy, airline industry reputation, the price of our shares, our business, results of operations and financial condition” for more recent information on the impact of COVID-19 on Mexico’s future macroeconomic condition.

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In terms of population dynamics as of 2020, the INEGI intercensal survey revealed that approximately 34% of the Mexican population was under 20 years of age. This presents a favorable outlook as it provides a solid foundation for potential passenger growth. Furthermore, the inflation rate in Mexico in 2023 was 4.66%, based on data from the INEGI. Despite this inflation rate, as of December 31, 2023, Mexico’s international reserves were U.S. $212.8 billion.

Competition. The airline industry is highly competitive. The principal competitive factors in the airline industry are fare pricing, total price, flight schedules, aircraft type, passenger amenities and related services, number of routes served from a city, customer service, safety record and reputation, code-sharing relationships and frequent flier programs and redemption opportunities. Our current and potential competitors include traditional legacy airlines, low-cost carriers, regional airlines and new entrant airlines, such as New Mexicana de Aviación. We typically compete in markets served by legacy carriers and other low-cost carriers, and, to a lesser extent, regional airlines. Some of our current or future competitors may have greater liquidity and access to capital and may serve more routes than we do.

Our main competitive advantages are our low base fares and our focus on VFR travelers, leisure travelers and cost-conscious business travelers. These low base fares are facilitated by our low CASM, which is the lowest among Latin American publicly traded airlines. In 2023, our CASM was U.S. $7.81 cents, compared to an average non-stage length adjusted CASM of U.S. $10.90 cents for the other Latin American publicly traded airlines, including Azul, Copa, and Gol. We also have lower costs than our U.S.-based publicly traded target market competitors, including Alaska, American, Delta, JetBlue, Southwest, Frontier, Spirit, Allegiant and United, which had an average non-stage-length adjusted CASM of U.S. $14.49 cents in 2023.

Our main competitors in Mexico are Grupo Aeroméxico and VivaAerobus. Internationally, we compete with Grupo Aeroméxico, VivaAerobus and many U.S.-based carriers, including Alaska, American, Delta and United. In the Mexico - Central America market, our main competitors are Grupo Aeroméxico and Avianca, while in the Central America - U.S. market our main competitors are Avianca and Delta. In the Mexico - South America market our main competitors are Grupo Aeroméxico, VivaAerobus and LATAM.

In 2023, the two Mexican ultra low-cost carriers, Volaris and Viva Aerobus, held 71.5% of the domestic market based on passenger flight segments. Volaris had 38.3% of the domestic market, according to the AFAC.

As of December 31, 2023, the number of commercial aircraft in service in Mexico increased to 368, as compared to 358 as of December 31, 2022, according to AFAC. This 3% increase was comprised mainly of narrow body aircraft, including 52 Airbus A320neos, 66 Airbus A320s, 45 Boeing 737s, 50 Airbus A321neos and 20 Airbus A321s.

On June 30, 2020, Grupo Aeroméxico, announced that it was filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States. On March 17, 2022, Grupo Aeroméxico announced that it had concluded its restructuring process. As of December 31, 2023, AFAC reports indicate that Grupo Aeroméxico’s subsidiaries Aeroméxico and Aeroméxico Connect, had fleets of 105 and 40 aircraft, respectively, as compared to 102 and 42, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

In addition, Interjet has been unable to resume international flights since suspending the routes in March 2020. Interjet’s fleet decreased from three aircraft as of December 31, 2020 to zero as of December 31, 2021, according to information published by the AFAC. Interjet has not operated any domestic flights since December 2020. In April 2023, Interjet declared bankruptcy in Mexico.

VivaAerobus, our largest competitor by domestic market share in 2023, has increased its fleet from 66 as of December 31, 2022 to 80 as of December 31, 2023, according to AFAC.

As of 2023, our international market share considering all airlines flying internationally to and from Mexico, increased 1.2pp to 11.4%, compared to our market share as of December 2022.We also face domestic competition from ground transportation alternatives, primarily long-distance bus companies. There is a large bus industry in Mexico, with total passenger segments of approximately 3.0 billion in 2022, of which approximately 81.3 million were executive and luxury passenger segments, according to the SICT in Mexico and which could include both long- and short-distance travel. We set certain of our promotional fares at prices lower than bus fares for similar routes in order to stimulate demand for air travel among passengers who in the past have traveled long distances primarily by bus. There are limited passenger rail services in Mexico.

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Our main competitors for the international routes between Mexico and the United States are Grupo Aeroméxico, Alaska, American, Delta and United. We reached 48.1% market share on the routes that we operate and 14.1% market share considering all routes between Mexico and the United States in 2023, according to the AFAC.

Seasonality and Volatility. Our results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of those for the entire year because our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations. We generally expect demand to be greater during the summer, during December and around Easter, which can fall either in the first or second quarter, compared to the rest of the year. Our business is also volatile and highly affected by economic cycles and trends. Consumer confidence and discretionary spending, fear of terrorism or war, health outbreaks, weakening economic conditions, fare initiatives, fluctuations in fuel prices, labor actions, weather and other factors have resulted in significant fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations in the past. We believe, however, that demand for business travel historically has been more sensitive to economic pressures than demand for low-price leisure and VFR travel, which are the primary markets we serve.

Fuel. Fuel costs represent the single largest operating expense for most airlines, including ours, and accounted for 34%, 46%, and 38% of our total operating expenses for 2021, 2022, and 2023 (including derivative and non-derivative financial instruments for 2021), respectively. Fuel availability and pricing are subject to refining capacity, periods of market surplus and shortage, and demand for heating oil, gasoline and other petroleum products, as well as economic, social and political factors and other events occurring throughout the world, which we can neither control nor predict. For 2024, we expect the fuel prices to remain volatile due to uncertainties regarding the political and macroeconomic environment.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, we did not enter into new hedging positions for Jet Fuel.

Our fuel cost is referenced mainly to Platts US Gulf Coast and Platts US West Coast, which are the crudes utilized to determine the cost of the fuel provided by most of our suppliers. As of December 31, 2023, we purchase all domestic fuel under the ASA fuel service contract, and our international fuel under the World Fuel Services, AvFuel, Shell, BP Products North America, Chevron, Associated Energy Group, Puma Energy Group, Total Energies, Titan, Vitol and Terpel fuel service contracts. The cost and future availability of fuel cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty.

Currency fluctuations. The value of the U.S. dollar has been subject to significant fluctuations with respect to the Mexican peso in the past and may be subject to significant fluctuations in the future. If the U.S. dollar increases in value against the Mexican peso, our operating demand could be adversely affected.

We manage our foreign exchange risk exposure by a policy of matching, to the extent possible, receipts and local payments in each individual currency. However, we are exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the peso.

As of December 31, 2021, our net monetary liability position denominated in U.S. dollars was U.S. $1.6 billion. As of December 31, 2022, and 2023, our net monetary Mexican peso and other currencies liability position denominated in U.S. dollars was U.S. $0.2 billion and U.S. $0.2 billion, respectively. In 2021, due to the appreciation or depreciation of the peso against the U.S. dollar, our net monetary liability position denominated in U.S. dollars resulted in a foreign exchange loss, net of U.S. $124.2 million. In 2022 and 2023, as a consequence of either the appreciation or depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the peso, and our net monetary liability position in Mexican peso and other currencies, we recorded foreign exchange gains (losses) of U.S. $3.6 million and U.S. $(34.1) million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021, due to the change in functional currency from the Mexican peso to the U.S. dollar, hedging strategies were no longer effective and accounted for the discontinuation of the hedge relationships. Accordingly, the cash flow hedge reserve in other comprehensive income at the date of the change of U.S. $109 million was reclassified to the consolidated statements of operations, which represented a loss within the foreign exchange (loss) gain, net caption. See Item 3: “Currency fluctuations or the devaluation and depreciation of the U.S. dollar could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.”

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Maintenance Expenses. We are required to conduct varying levels of aircraft and engine maintenance, which involve significantly different labor and materials inputs. Maintenance requirements depend on the age and type of aircraft and the route network over which they operate (flight duration and frequency of flights). Fleet maintenance requirements may involve short cycle maintenance checks, for example, daily checks, weekly checks, component checks, monthly checks, annual airframe checks and periodic major maintenance and engine checks. Aircraft maintenance and repair costs for routine and non-routine maintenance are divided into three general categories:

| ● | Routine maintenance requirements (including line maintenance) consist of scheduled maintenance checks on our aircraft, including pre-flight, daily, weekly and checks, performed during the aircraft overnights, diagnostic and routine repairs and any necessary unscheduled tasks performed. These types of line maintenance are currently serviced by our mechanics and are primarily completed at the main airports that we currently serve.

| ● | Certain maintenance activities, due to limited internal capabilities or capacity, are sub-contracted to qualified maintenance, repair and overhaul organizations. Routine maintenance also includes scheduled tasks that require a hangar to be completed and can take from seven to 14 days to accomplish and are required approximately every 24 or 36 months, such as 24-month checks and C checks. All routine maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

| ● | Heavy or major maintenance to the airframe (structural checks) consists of a series of more complex tasks, including structural checks to the airframe, that can take from four to six weeks to accomplish and are generally required approximately every six years. Major maintenance is accounted for under the deferral method, whereby the cost of major maintenance and major overhaul and repair is capitalized as improvements to leased assets and amortized over the shorter period of the next major maintenance event or the remaining lease term.

| ● | Engine services are provided pursuant to an engine flight hour agreement that guarantees a cost performance restoration, provides miscellaneous engine coverage, contributes to the cost of foreign objects damage events, ensures protection from annual escalations for engine repair services. We also have a power-by-hour agreement for component maintenance, which guarantees the availability of most of the aircraft parts for our fleet when they are required and provides support for aircraft components to meet redelivery conditions of the leasing contract with a capped cost at the time of redelivery. The costs associated with the miscellaneous engine coverage and the component services agreements are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

Due to the young age of our fleet, 5.7 years on average as of December 31, 2023, maintenance expense in 2021, 2022, and 2023, remained relatively low. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, we capitalized major maintenance events as part of leasehold improvements to the flight equipment in the amount of U.S. $85.9 million, U.S. $138.8 million, and U.S. $139.8 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, the amortization of these deferred major maintenance expenses was U.S. $40.7 million, U.S. $83.1 million, and U.S. $114.9 million, respectively. The amortization of deferred maintenance expenses is included in depreciation and amortization rather than total maintenance costs as described in “Other Accounting Polices and Estimates.” In 2021, 2022, and 2023 total maintenance expenses amounted to U.S. $96.3 million, U.S. $97.8 million, and U.S. $98.4 million, respectively. As the fleet ages, we expect that maintenance costs will increase in absolute terms. The amount of total maintenance costs and related amortization of heavy maintenance expense is subject to many variables such as future utilization rates, average stage length, the size and makeup of the fleet in future periods and the level of unscheduled maintenance events and their actual costs. Accordingly, we cannot reliably quantify future maintenance expenses for any significant period. However, we estimate that based on our scheduled maintenance events, current major maintenance expense and maintenance-related amortization expense will be approximately U.S. $239.4 million and U.S. $158.3 million, respectively, in 2024.

Aircraft Maintenance Deposits Paid to Lessors. The terms of some of our aircraft lease agreements require us to pay maintenance deposits to lessors to be held as collateral for the performance of major maintenance activities, resulting in our recording significant prepaid deposits on our consolidated statements of financial position. As a result, the cash costs of scheduled major maintenance events are paid well in advance of the recognition of the maintenance event in our results of operations. See Item 5: “Other Accounting Policies and Estimates.”

Ramp-up Period for New Routes. We opened six new routes, 25 new routes, and 58 new routes during 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively. As we continue to grow, we would expect to continue to experience a lag between when new routes are put into service and when they reach their full profit potential. See Item 3: “Key Information—Risk Factors—Airline consolidations and reorganizations could adversely affect the industry.”

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of supplemental assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements. Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included herein provides a detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies.

Critical accounting policies are defined as those policies that reflect significant judgments or estimates about matters that are both inherently uncertain and material to our financial condition or results of operations.

Return obligations.

The aircraft and engine lease agreements require specific return conditions, which are described as follows:

| a) | Dismantling and removing the underlying asset to meet the conditions stipulated in the lease agreement, typically related to aircraft standardization and painting which can be reasonably estimated at the beginning of the lease. These costs are initially recognized at present value as part of the cost of right-of-use assets.

| b) | Aircraft components (airframe, APU and landing gears) and engines (overhaul and limited life parts) must be returned to lessors under specific conditions of maintenance. The costs of return, which in no case are related to scheduled major maintenance, are estimated, and recognized ratably as a provision from the time it becomes likely such costs will be incurred and can be estimated reliably. These return costs are recognized on a straight-line basis as a component of variable lease expenses and the provision is included as part of other liabilities, through the remaining lease term. We estimate the provision related to aircraft components and engines using certain assumptions including the projected usage of the aircraft and the expected costs of maintenance tasks to be performed. This provision is made in relation to the present value of the expected future costs of meeting the return conditions.

As a result of aircraft and engine lease extension agreements entered into during the year ended December 31, 2023, we reassessed our return liabilities, which were presented as aircraft and engines variable lease expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 we recorded redelivery expenses of U.S. $83.4 million, U.S. $124.5 million, and U.S. $103.8 million, respectively.

Other Accounting Policies and Estimates

Other accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Statement Financial Position and Consolidated Statement of Operations are presented as follows:

Aircraft Maintenance Deposits Paid to Lessors. Some of our lease agreements provide that we pay maintenance deposits or supplement rent to aircraft lessors to be held as collateral in advance of our performance of major maintenance activities. Maintenance deposits are held as collateral in cash. These lease agreements provide that maintenance deposits are reimbursable to us upon completion of the maintenance event in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) the amount of the maintenance deposits held by the lessor associated with the specific maintenance event or (ii) the qualifying costs related to the specific maintenance event. Substantially all of these maintenance deposits are calculated based on a utilization measure, such as flight hours or cycles, and are used solely to collateralize the lessor for maintenance time run off the aircraft until the completion of the maintenance of the aircraft and engines. We paid U.S. $78.7 million, U.S. $63.8 million, and U.S. $52.6 million, in maintenance deposits, net of reimbursements, to our lessors for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023 respectively.

At lease inception and at each consolidated statement of financial position date, we assess whether the maintenance deposit payments required by the lease agreements are substantively and contractually related to the maintenance of the leased asset. Maintenance deposit payments that are substantively and contractually related to the maintenance of the leased asset are accounted for as maintenance deposits. Maintenance deposits expected to be recovered from lessors are reflected as guaranteed deposits in the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position.

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The portion of prepaid maintenance deposits that are deemed unlikely to be recovered, primarily relate to the rate differential between the maintenance deposits payments and the expected cost for the next related maintenance event that the deposits serve to collateralize is recognized as supplemental rent.

Thus, any excess of the required deposit over the expected cost of the major maintenance event is recognized as supplemental rent starting from the period the determination is made. When it is not probable that we will recover amounts currently on deposit with a lessor, such amounts are expensed as supplemental rent. We expensed U.S. $38.2 million in 2021, U.S. $48.2 million in 2022, and U.S. $83.5 million in 2023, of maintenance deposits as supplemental rent.

As of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 we had prepaid maintenance deposits of U.S. $425.4 million, U.S. $441.1 million, and U.S. $417.1 million, respectively, recorded in our consolidated statements of financial position. We currently expect that these prepaid maintenance deposits are likely to be recovered primarily because there is no rate differential between the maintenance deposit payments and the expected cost for the related next maintenance event that the deposits serve to collateralize.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we extended the lease period for aircraft and engines, through lease agreements for 15 aircraft and three engines. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we extended the lease period for aircraft and engines, through lease agreements for five aircraft and two engines. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we extended the lease period for aircraft and engines, through lease agreements for nine aircraft and six engines.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2023, we added 18 and 13 net new aircraft to our fleet, respectively. The lease agreements of these aircraft do not require the obligation to pay maintenance deposits to lessors in advance in order to ensure major maintenance activities, so we do not record guarantee deposits regarding these aircraft. However, some of these agreements provide the obligation to make a maintenance adjustment payment to the lessors at the end of the contract period. This adjustment covers maintenance events that are not expected to be made before the termination of the contract. We recognize this cost as supplemental rent during the lease term of the related aircraft, in the consolidated statements of operations.

Aircraft and Engine Maintenance. We account for major maintenance under the deferral method, whereby the cost of major maintenance, major overhaul and repair is capitalized (leasehold improvements to flight equipment) and amortized over the shorter of the period to the next major maintenance event or the remaining contractual lease term. The next major maintenance event is estimated based on assumptions including estimated usage maintenance intervals mandated by the FAA in the United States and the AFAC in Mexico and average removal times suggested by the manufacturer. These assumptions may change based on changes in the utilization of aircraft, changes in government regulations and changes in suggested manufacturer maintenance intervals. In addition, these assumptions can be affected by unplanned incidents that could damage an airframe, engine, or major component to a level that would require a major maintenance event prior to a scheduled maintenance event. To the extent the planned usage increases, the estimated useful life would decrease before the next maintenance event, resulting in additional amortization expense over a shorter period.

In 2021, 2022, and 2023, we capitalized costs of major maintenance events of U.S. $85.9 million, U.S. $138.8 million, and U.S. $139.8 million, respectively and we recognized amortization expenses of U.S. $40.7 million, U.S. $83.1 million, and U.S. $114.9 million, respectively. The amortization of deferred maintenance expenses is included under the caption depreciation and amortization expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

In August 2012, we entered into a total support agreement with Lufthansa Technik AG, or LHT, as amended in December 2016, that expires December 2031, which includes a total component support agreement (power-by-hour) and ensures the availability of aircraft components for our fleet when they are required. The cost of the total component support agreement is applied monthly to our results of operations. As part of this total support agreement, we received credit notes of U.S. $5.0 million in 2022 and of U.S. $1.5 million in 2017, which were deferred on our consolidated statements of financial position and are being amortized on a straight-line basis, prospectively during the term of the agreement.

During 2021, 2022, and 2023, we amortized a corresponding benefit from these credit notes of, U.S. $0.2 million, U.S. $0.7 million and U.S. $0.5 million, respectively, which is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as a reduction of maintenance expenses.

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Fair Value. The fair value of our financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the consolidated statements of financial position cannot be derived from active markets. They are determined using valuation techniques such as the discounted cash flow model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgment is required in establishing fair values. The judgments include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and expected volatility. Changes in assumptions regarding these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments.

Gains and Losses on Sale and Leaseback. We enter into sale and leaseback agreements whereby an aircraft or engine is sold to a lessor upon delivery and the lessor agrees to lease such aircraft or engine back to us.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, we sold and transferred aircraft and engines to third parties, giving rise to a gain of U.S. $9.7 million, U.S. $21.2 million, and U.S. $8.3 million, respectively, that was recorded as other operating income in the consolidated statements of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2011, we entered into aircraft and spare engine sale and leaseback transactions, which resulted in a loss of U.S. $1.5 million. This loss was deferred on the consolidated statements of financial position and is being amortized over the contractual lease term. For the years ended December 31, 2021, we amortized a loss of U.S. $0.1 million as additional aircraft rental expense. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we did not amortize any losses.

Share-based payments

Long Term Incentive Plan (LTIP)

- Share purchase plan (equity-settled)

Certain key employees receive additional benefits through a share purchase plan denominated in Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”), which has been classified as an equity-settled share-based payment. The cost of the equity-settled share purchase plan is measured at grant date, considering the terms and conditions on which the share options were granted. The equity-settled compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits, over the required service period.

- SARs plan (cash settled)

We granted SARs to key employees, which entitle them to a cash payment after a service period.

The amount of the cash payment is determined based on the increase in the share price of the Company between the grant date and the time of exercise. The liability for the SARs is measured, initially and at the end of each reporting period until settled, at the fair value of the SARs, considering the terms and conditions on which the SARs were granted. The compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits, over the required service period.

The cost of the SARs plan is measured initially at fair value at the grant date. This fair value is expensed over the period until the vesting date with recognition of a corresponding liability. Similar to the equity settled awards described above, the valuation of cash settled award also requires using similar inputs, as appropriate.

Management incentive plan (“MIP”)

- MIP I

Certain key employees receive additional benefits through a share purchase plan, which has been classified as an equity-settled share-based payment. The equity-settled compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits, over the required service period. The total cost of this plan has been totally recognized during the required service period.

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- MIP II

On February 19, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized an extension to the MIP for certain key employees, this plan was named MIP II. In accordance with this plan, we granted SARs to key employees, which entitle them to a cash payment after a service period. The amount of the cash payment is determined based on the increase in the share price of the Company between the grant date and the time of exercise. The liability for the SARs is measured initially and at the end of each reporting period until settled at the fair value of the SARs, considering the terms and conditions on which the SARs were granted. The compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits, over the required service period.

Board of Directors Incentive Plan (BoDIP)

Certain members of the Board of Directors receive additional benefits through a share-based plan, which has been classified as an equity-settled share-based payment and therefore accounted under IFRS 2 “Share-based payment”.

In April 2018, the Board of Directors authorized a Board of Directors Incentive Plan “BoDIP”, for the benefit of certain board members. The BoDIP grants options to acquire shares of the Company or CPOs during a five-year period, which was determined on the grant date. Under this plan, no service or performance conditions are required to the board members for exercise the option to acquire shares, and therefore, they have the right to request the delivery of those shares at the time they pay for them. In April 2023, the Company’s Annual General Shareholders’ Meeting modified the terms of the BoDIP so that starting in 2023 certain members of the Board of Directors receive additional benefits through a stock-based plan.

Additional details of these plans can be consulted in note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in this document. (Exhibit 17 and 18)

Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedge Accounting

We mitigate certain financial risks, such as volatility in the price of jet fuel, adverse changes in interest rates and exchange rate fluctuations, through a controlled risk management policy that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. The derivative financial instruments are recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position at fair value. The effective portion of a cash flow hedge’s unrecognized gain or loss is recognized in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) items,” while the ineffective portion is recognized in current year earnings. The realized gain or loss of derivative financial instruments that qualify as hedging is recorded in the same statements of operations as the realized gain or loss of the hedged item. Derivative financial instruments that are not designated as or not effective as a hedge are recognized at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current year earnings. Outstanding derivative financial instruments may require collateral to guarantee a portion of the unsettled loss prior to maturity. The amount of collateral delivered in guarantee, which is presented as part of “Guarantee deposits,” is reviewed and adjusted daily, based on the fair value of the derivative position. As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any collateral recorded as a guaranteed deposits associated with jet fuel hedges.

| (i) | Aircraft Fuel Price Risk. We account for derivative financial instruments at fair value and recognize them in the consolidated statements of financial position as an asset or liability. The cost of aircraft fuel consumed in 2021, 2022, and 2023 (including derivative and non-derivative financial instruments for 2021), represented 34%, 46%, and 38% of our operating expenses, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, we did not enter into derivative financial instruments to hedge our jet fuel exposure.

Our fuel cost is referenced to US Gulf Coast Jet Fuel 54 and US West Coast Jet Fuel, which are the reference utilized to determine the cost of the fuel provided by our suppliers.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the US Gulf Coast Jet Fuel 54 Asian Zero-Cost collar options were designated to hedge approximately 3% of our 2021 fuel consumption, as well as US Gulf Coast fuel 54 Asian call options to hedge approximately 3% of projected fuel consumption for 2021.

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We apply IFRS 9, which comprises aspects related to classifications and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities, as well as hedge accounting treatment. Paragraph 6.2.4 (a) of IFRS 9 allows us to separate the intrinsic value and time value of a derivatives contract and to designate as the hedging instrument only the change in the intrinsic value of the contract. As further required in paragraph 6.5.15 therein, because the external value (time value) of the Jet fuel derivatives contracts are related to a “transaction related hedged item,” it is required to be segregated and accounted for as a “cost of hedging” in other comprehensive income, or OCI, and accrued as a separate component of stockholders’ equity until the related hedged item affects profit and loss.

Since monthly forecasted jet fuel consumption is considered the hedged item of the “related to a transaction” type, then the time value included as accrued changes on external value in capital is considered as a “cost of hedging” under IFRS 9. The hedged item (jet fuel consumption) contracted by us represent a non-financial asset (energy commodity), which is not in our inventory. Instead, it is directly consumed by our aircraft at different airport terminals. Therefore, although a non-financial asset is involved, its initial recognition does not generate a book adjustment in our inventories. Rather, it is initially accounted for in our OCI and a reclassification adjustment is made from OCI toward the profit and loss and recognized in the same period or periods during which the hedged item is expected to be allocated to profit and loss (in accordance with IFRS 9.6.5.15, B6.5.29 (a), B6.5.34 (a) and B6.5.39). As of January 2015, we began to reclassify these amounts (previously recognized as a component of equity) to our consolidated statement of operations in the same period in which our expected jet fuel volume consumed affects our jet fuel purchase line item therein.

All of our Asian calls matured throughout the first quarter of 2021. The Zero-Cost Collars matured throughout the second quarter of 2021, leaving no outstanding fuel position going forward as of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the net cost of these options recycled to our fuel cost totaled U.S. $0.6 million.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, there was no cash flow to recycle for the Zero-Cost collar position.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, all the derivative financial instruments were effective.

For the period ended December 31, 2021, there was no cost of hedging as all the derivatives position matured all through second quarter of 2021.

| (ii) | Foreign Currency Risk. Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. Our exposure to the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates relates primarily to our operating activities (when revenue or expense is denominated in a different currency than dollars). Exchange exposure relates to amounts payable arising from pesos-denominated and pesos-linked expenses and payments. To mitigate this risk, we may use foreign exchange derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Company did not enter into foreign currency derivative contracts.

Our foreign exchange exposure as of December 31,2021, was a net liability position of U.S. $1.6 billion. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, our foreign exchange exposure also was a net liability position of U.S.$0.2 billion and U.S. $0.2 billion, respectively, primarily denominated in Mexican Pesos.

Hedging relationships with non-derivative financial instruments.

We mitigate certain financial risks, such as volatility in the price of jet fuel, adverse changes in interest rates and exchange rate fluctuations, through risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments.

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In accordance with IFRS 9, derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments are recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position at fair value. At the inception of a hedge relationship, we formally designate and document the hedge relationship to which we wish to apply hedge accounting, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes the hedging strategy and objective, identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risks being hedged and how we will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrument’s fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item’s fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risks.

Only if such hedges (i) are expected to be effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedge items and (ii) are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they have been effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated, can hedge accounting treatment be used.

Under the cash flow hedge, or CFH, accounting model, the effective portion of the hedging instrument’s changes in fair value is recognized in OCI, while the ineffective portion is recognized in current year earnings in the statement of profit or loss. The cash flow hedge reserve is adjusted to the lower of the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument and the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item. The amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to earnings in the period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

The realized gain or loss of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments that qualify as CFH are recorded in the same caption as the hedged item in the consolidated statement of operations.

Regarding the foreign currency risk since January 1, 2019, we implemented two hedging strategies for our forecasted foreign exchange exposures using non derivative financial assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollar as hedging instruments. As of December 31, 2021, as a result of the change in functional currency from the Mexican peso to the U.S. dollar, we concluded that these hedging strategies will no longer be effective, for which reason it accounted for the discontinuation of the hedge relationships. Accordingly, the cash flow hedge reserve in other comprehensive income at the date of the change of U.S. $109 million was reclassified to the consolidated statement of operations, which represented a loss within the foreign exchange gain (loss), net caption.

See Item 3: “Key Information—Risk Factors—Currency fluctuations or the devaluation and depreciation of the peso could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.”

| (iii) | Interest Rate Risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. Our exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to our long-term debt obligations and lease obligations with floating interest rates. As of December 31, 2021, we had an outstanding hedging contract in the form of an interest rate cap with a notional amount of Ps.2.75 billion (U.S. $133.6 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.20.58 to U.S. $1 on December 31, 2021) and a fair value of U.S. $1.4 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had an outstanding hedging contract in the form of an interest rate caps with a notional amount of Ps.2.25 billion (U.S. $116.2 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.19.36 to U.S. $1 on December 31, 2022) and a fair value of U.S. $1.6 million. As of December 31, 2023, we had an outstanding hedging contract in the form of an interest rate caps with a notional amount of Ps.3.16 billion (U.S. $187.4 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to U.S. $1 on December 31, 2023) and a fair value of U.S. $1.7 million. These instruments are included as assets in our consolidated statements of financial position.

The table below presents the payments required by our financial liabilities:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Within one | ​ | One to five | ​ | ​
​ |  | Year |  | Years |  | Total
Interest-bearing borrowings: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Pre-delivery payment facilities | ​ | 157,318 |  | 151,322 |  | 308,640
Asset backed trust notes | ​ | 44,396 |  | 143,054 |  | 187,450
Other financing agreements | ​ | 12,157 | ​ | 140,906 | ​ | 153,063
Total | ​ | 213,871 | ​ | 435,282 | ​ | 649,153

​

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Deferred Taxes.

Deferred taxes are recorded based on differences between the financial statement basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities and available tax loss and credit carry-forwards. In assessing our ability to realize deferred tax assets, our management considers whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. In evaluating our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. As of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, we had tax loss carry-forwards amounting to U.S. $16.3 million, U.S. $127.9 million, U.S. $131.2 million, respectively. These losses relate to our and our subsidiaries’ operations on a stand-alone basis, which in conformity with current Mexican Income Tax Law may be carried forward against taxable income generated in the succeeding years in each country and may not be used to offset taxable income elsewhere in our consolidated group. During the year ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, we used tax-loss carry-forwards of U.S. $94.5 million, U.S. $4.0 million and U.S. $15.5 million, respectively.

Central America (Guatemala, Costa Rica and El Salvador)

According to Guatemala corporate income tax law, under the regime on profits from business activities net operating losses cannot offset taxable income in prior or future years. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, we generated tax (loss) profit of U.S. $(32) thousand, U.S. $(10) thousand and U.S. $623 thousand respectively.

According to Costa Rica corporate income tax law, the tax is based on the net income earned from traffic whose origin or final destination is Costa Rica and net operating losses can offset taxable income in a term of three years. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we generated a net operating loss of U.S. $5.9 million, for which have not been recognized as deferred tax assets. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we generated a net operating gain of U.S. $3.9 million for which have not been recognized as deferred tax assets. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we generated a net operating loss of U.S. $9.5 million, for which have not been recognized as deferred tax assets.

According to El Salvador corporate income tax law, under the regime on profits from business activities, net operating losses cannot offset taxable income in prior or future years. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we generated a net operating loss of U.S. $2.6 million. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we generated a net operating gain for an amount of U.S. $17.1 million and U.S. $3.2 million, respectively.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. The carrying value of flight equipment, furniture, and equipment and right of use assets is reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable.

We have identified one Cash Generating Unit (CGU), which includes the long-lived assets and the entire fleet, including right-of-use assets and flight equipment. We assess at each reporting date, whether there is objective evidence that long-lived assets and the entire fleet, including right-of-use assets and flight equipment are impaired in the CGU. We record impairment charges in operations when events and circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired or when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset or related cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of (i) its fair value less cost to sell and (ii) its value in use.

The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow model, using our projections of operating results for the near future, typically extending no more than five years. The recoverable amount of long-lived assets is sensitive to the uncertainties inherent in the preparation of projections and the discount rate used in the calculation.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we performed an impairment test on our only Cash Generating Unit (CGU), comprising the long-lived assets and the entire aircraft fleet, including right-of-use assets and flight equipment. The recoverable amount of the CGU was determined using a discounted cash flow model based on projections covering a five-year period. The determination of the recoverable amount considered a post-tax discount rate of 13% (pre-tax of 17.3%) and a long-term growth rate of 2.16%. We concluded that the carrying amount of the CGU did not exceed its recoverable amount, based on the applied methodologies and assumptions, and therefore, no impairment charges were recorded.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we evaluated through an analysis if there were signs of impairment in its long- lived assets and right- of use assets, and according to the result, we concluded there were no signs of impairment.

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Allowance for Expected Credit Losses. An allowance for expected credit losses is established using the life-time expected credit loss approach, based on objective evidence that we will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the original terms of the receivables. At December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023 the allowance for credit losses were U.S. $0.8 million, U.S. $1.7 million, and U.S. $1.3 million, respectively.

Operating Revenues

2022 compared to 2023

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Variation |
​ |  | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) | ​
Operating Revenues | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Passenger revenues: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Fare revenues | ​ | 1,661,176 | ​ | 1,650,287 | ​ | (10,889) | ​ | (0.7) | %
Other passenger revenues | ​ | 1,078,251 | ​ | 1,473,237 | ​ | 394,986 | ​ | 36.6 | %
Non-passenger revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Other non-passenger revenues | ​ | 92,977 | ​ | 115,424 | ​ | 22,447 | ​ | 24.1 | %
Cargo | ​ | 14,786 | ​ | 20,025 | ​ | 5,239 | ​ | 35.4 | %
Total operating revenues | ​ | 2,847,190 | ​ | 3,258,973 |  | 411,783 |  | 14.5 | %
Operating Data | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capacity (in ASMs in thousands) | ​ | 35,280,830 | ​ | 38,890,127 |  | 3,609,297 |  | 10.2 | %
% Load factor booked | ​ | 86 | % | 86 | % | ​ | ​ | 0.4 | pp
Booked passengers (in thousands) | ​ | 31,051 | ​ | 33,497 |  | 2,446 |  | 7.9 | %
Average passenger revenue per booked passenger | ​ | 54 | ​ | 49 | ​ | (5) | ​ | (9.3) | %
Average other passenger revenue per booked passenger | ​ | 35 | ​ | 44 |  | 9 |  | 25.7 | %
Average total ancillary revenue per booked passenger | ​ | 38 | ​ | 48 |  | 10 |  | 26.3 | %
Revenue passenger miles (RPMs in thousands) | ​ | 30,191,210 | ​ | 33,448,937 |  | 3,257,727 |  | 10.8 | %

​

Fare revenues. The 0.7% decrease in fare revenues in 2023 was primarily driven by 9.3% decrease in the average fare revenue per booked passenger, partially offset by a 7.9% increase in booked passengers. Additionally, during 2023, ASM capacity increased in response to passenger demand in our markets.

Other passenger revenues. The 36.6% increase in other passenger revenues in 2023 was primarily driven by a higher volume of passengers opting to purchase additional services and dynamic pricing in ancillaries compared to 2022. Additionally, new products and initiatives were implemented to increase the sales of ancillary revenues.

Other non-passenger revenues. The 24.1% increase in other non-passenger revenues in 2023 was primarily driven by higher revenues, mainly from our affinity credit card commissions. The remainder of the increases was attributable to various other services, including advertising spaces to third parties, trip insurance revenues, vacations packages among others compared to 2022.

Cargo. The 35.4% increase in cargo revenues in 2023 was primarily due to a higher volume of cargo operations recorded as compared to 2022.

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2021 compared to 2022

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Variation |
​ | ​ | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) |
Operating Revenues | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Passenger revenues: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Fare revenues | ​ | 1,265,980 | ​ | 1,661,176 | ​ | 395,196 | ​ | 31.2 | %
Other passenger revenues | ​ | 866,944 | ​ | 1,078,251 | ​ | 211,307 | ​ | 24.4 | %
Non-passenger revenues: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Other non-passenger revenues | ​ | 76,872 | ​ | 92,977 | ​ | 16,105 | ​ | 21.0 | %
Cargo | ​ | 11,882 | ​ | 14,786 | ​ | 2,904 | ​ | 24.4 | %
Non-derivative financial instruments | ​ | (21,378) | ​ | — | ​ | 21,378 | ​ | n/a | ​
Total operating revenues | ​ | 2,200,300 |  | 2,847,190 |  | 646,890 |  | 29.4 | %
Operating Data | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capacity (in ASMs in thousands) | ​ | 28,096,701 |  | 35,280,830 |  | 7,184,129 |  | 25.6 | %
%Load factor booked | ​ | 85 | % | 86 | % | ​ | ​ | 1.0 | pp
Booked passengers (in thousands) | ​ | 24,405 |  | 31,051 |  | 6,646 |  | 27.2 | %
Average passenger revenue per booked passenger | ​ | 53 | ​ | 54 | ​ | 1 | ​ | 1.9 | %
Average other passenger revenue per booked passenger | ​ | 36 |  | 35 |  | (1) |  | (2.8) | %
Average total ancillary revenue per booked passenger | ​ | 39 |  | 38 |  | (1) |  | (2.6) | %
Revenue passenger miles (RPMs in thousands) | ​ | 23,802,381 |  | 30,191,210 |  | 6,388,829 |  | 26.8 | %

​

Fare revenues. The 31.2% increase in fare revenues in 2022 was primarily due to a 25.6% growth in our ASM capacity resulting from recovery of passenger demand in our markets, as well as our growth strategy. Additionally, in 2022, our booked passengers increased 27.2%, and our average passenger revenue per booked passenger increased 1.9% as compared to 2021.

Other passenger revenues. The 24.4% increase in other passenger revenues in 2022 was primarily due to higher volume of passengers electing to purchase additional services as a result of a substantial increase in customer demand as compared to 2021.

Other non-passenger revenues. The 21.0% increase in other non-passenger revenues in 2022 was primarily due to higher other services, including increases in advertising spaces to third parties and trip insurance revenues from airport incentives as compared to 2021.

Cargo. The 24.4% increase in cargo revenues in 2022 was primarily due to a higher volume of cargo operations recorded as compared to 2021.

Operating Expenses, net

2022 compared to 2023

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Variation |
​ |  | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) | ​
Other operating income | ​ | (25,066) | ​ | (54,710) | ​ | (29,644) | ​ | 118.3 | %
Fuel expense | ​ | 1,299,254 | ​ | 1,165,078 | ​ | (134,176) | ​ | (10.3) | %
Landing, take-off and navigation expenses | ​ | 379,108 | ​ | 503,366 | ​ | 124,258 | ​ | 32.8 | %
Salaries and benefits | ​ | 283,089 | ​ | 386,723 | ​ | 103,634 | ​ | 36.6 | %
Depreciation of right of use assets | ​ | 320,443 | ​ | 362,015 | ​ | 41,572 | ​ | 13.0 | %
Sales, marketing and distribution expenses | ​ | 124,287 | ​ | 167,341 | ​ | 43,054 | ​ | 34.6 | %
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | 97,486 | ​ | 134,296 | ​ | 36,810 | ​ | 37.8 | %
Other operating expenses | ​ | 102,585 | ​ | 169,864 | ​ | 67,279 | ​ | 65.6 | %
Aircraft and engine variable lease expenses | ​ | 124,532 | ​ | 103,845 | ​ | (20,687) | ​ | (16.6) | %
Maintenance expenses | ​ | 97,783 | ​ | 98,445 | ​ | 662 | ​ | 0.7 | %
Total operating expenses, net | ​ | 2,803,501 | ​ | 3,036,263 | ​ | 232,762 | ​ | 8.3 | %

​

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Total operating expenses, net increased 8.3% in 2023 primarily attributed to the growth of our operations and other contributing factors described below.

Other Operating Income. The U.S. $29.6 million, or 118.3%, increase in other operating income in 2023 was primarily due to the compensation from the engines manufacturer recorded in the period and sale and leaseback gains.

Fuel Expense. The 10.3% decrease in fuel expense in 2023 was primarily attributed to an 18.0% decrease in the average economic fuel cost per gallon, partially offset by a 9.5% increase in the gallons of fuel consumed as compared to 2022.

Landing, Take-off and Navigation Expenses. The 32.8% increase in landing, take-off, and navigation expenses in 2023 was primarily driven by a 4.3% rise in total departures and a 7.9% increase in passengers as compared to 2022. The rise in operational indicators, particularly in the international market, resulted in increased landing, take-off, and navigation expenses.

Depreciation of Right of Use Assets. The 13.0% increase in depreciation of right-of-use assets in 2023 was primarily attributed to the expansion of our fleet, incorporating 13 new aircraft.

Salaries and Benefits. The 36.6% increase in salaries and benefits in 2023 was primarily driven by the appreciation of the Mexican Peso, and the annual rise in salaries compensation and higher variable compensation resulting from the performance-based structure for our workforce due to increased operational activity. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in the total number of employees. See Item 6: “Directors, Senior Management and Employees.”

Sales, Marketing and Distribution Expenses. The 34.6% increase in sales, marketing, and distribution expenses during 2023 was primarily driven by higher marketing expenses, sales commissions, and distribution expenses, aimed at bolstering our total operating revenue growth. Furthermore, increased investments were directed towards marketing and distribution efforts to enhance the promotion of our other passenger revenues and non-passenger revenues.

Maintenance Expenses. The 0.7% increase in maintenance expenses in 2023 was driven by routine maintenance activities carried out during the year attributable from higher average fleet size.

Aircraft and Engine Variable Lease Expenses. The 16.6% decrease in aircraft and engine variable expenses in 2023 was primarily attributed to lower redelivery costs resulting from the remeasurement of aircraft and engine lease extension agreements recorded during 2023.

Other Operating Expenses. The 65.6% increase in other operating expenses in 2023 was primarily driven by administrative and operational support expenses, accounting for 65% of this category. This increase includes higher travel and per diem expenses for our crew, as well as a rise in technology and communication expenses compared to the previous year.

Depreciation and Amortization. The 37.8% increase in depreciation and amortization in 2023 was primarily due to higher amortization of major maintenance events associated with the aging of our fleet. The cost of these major maintenance events is accounted for under the deferral method. In 2022 and 2023, we recorded amortization of major maintenance leasehold improvements amounting to U.S. $83.1 million and U.S. $114.9 million, respectively.

2021 compared to 2022

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Variation |
​ |  | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) | ​
Other operating income | ​ | (10,758) | ​ | (25,066) | ​ | (14,308) |  | 133.0 | %
Fuel expense, net | ​ | 609,390 | ​ | 1,299,254 | ​ | 689,864 | ​ | 113.2 | %
Landing, take-off and navigation expenses | ​ | 296,831 | ​ | 379,108 | ​ | 82,277 | ​ | 27.7 | %
Depreciation of right of use assets | ​ | 269,351 | ​ | 320,443 | ​ | 51,092 | ​ | 19.0 | %
Salaries and benefits | ​ | 239,215 | ​ | 283,089 | ​ | 43,874 | ​ | 18.3 | %
Aircraft and engine variable lease expenses | ​ | 83,373 | ​ | 124,532 | ​ | 41,159 | ​ | 49.4 | %
Sales, marketing and distribution expenses | ​ | 96,705 | ​ | 124,287 | ​ | 27,582 | ​ | 28.5 | %
Other operating expenses | ​ | 65,858 | ​ | 102,585 | ​ | 36,727 | ​ | 55.8 | %
Maintenance expenses | ​ | 96,256 | ​ | 97,783 | ​ | 1,527 | ​ | 1.6 | %
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | 57,049 | ​ | 97,486 | ​ | 40,437 | ​ | 70.9 | %
Total operating expenses, net | ​ | 1,803,270 | ​ | 2,803,501 | ​ | 1,000,231 | ​ | 55.5 | %

​

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Total operating expenses, net increased 55.5% in 2022 primarily as a result of growth of operations and other factors described below.

Other Operating Income. The U.S. $14.3 million, or 133.0%, increase in other operating income in 2022 was primarily due to higher sale and leaseback transactions recorded as compared to 2021.

Fuel Expense, net. The 113.2% increase in fuel expense in 2022 was primarily due to a 67.9% increase in the average economic fuel cost per gallon and a 24.3% increase in the gallons of fuel consumed as compared 2021.

During 2022, we did not enter into new derivative financial instruments to hedge US Gulf Coast Jet Fuel 54 Asian call options and US Gulf Coast Jet Fuel 54 Asian Zero-Cost collar options. In addition, there was no cost of hedging during 2022 as all derivative positions matured through the second quarter of 2021.

Landing, Take-off and Navigation Expenses. The 27.7% increase in landing, take-off and navigation expenses in 2022 was primarily due to a 25.4% increase in our number departures and an increase in the number of airports in which we operated as compared to 2021.

Depreciation of Right of Use Assets. The 19.0% increase in depreciation of right of use assets in 2022 was primarily due to an increase in our fleet size as we incorporated 18 new aircraft and two spare engines to our fleet.

Salaries and Benefits. The 18.3% increase in salaries and benefits in 2022 was primarily driven by a 9.6% increase in the total number of employees, an increase in variable, performance-based compensation of our workforce due to higher operation recorded and increases in annual salaries as compared to 2021. See Item 6: “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Employees.”

Sales, Marketing and Distribution Expenses. The 28.5% increase in sales, marketing and distribution expenses in 2022 was mainly due to higher marketing and distribution expenses incurred to grow our operating revenue as compared to 2021.

Maintenance Expenses. The 1.6% increase in maintenance expenses in 2022 was driven by the ordinary maintenance activities recorded during 2022.

Aircraft and Engine Variable Lease Expenses. The 49.4% increase in aircraft and engine variable expenses in 2022 was primarily due to higher redelivery costs and resulting from the age of our fleet and supplemental rents recorded as compared to 2021.

Other Operating Expenses. The 55.8% increase in other operating expenses in 2022 was primarily due to an increase in administrative and operational support expenses, and technology and communication expenses as compared to 2021.

Depreciation and Amortization. The 70.9% increase in depreciation and amortization in 2022 was primarily due to higher amortization of major maintenance events associated with the age our fleet. The cost of the major maintenance events is accounted under the deferral method. We recorded amortization of major maintenance lease hold improvements of U.S. $40.7 million and U.S. $83.1 million in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Operating Results

2022 compared to 2023

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Variation | ​
​ | ​ | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) | ​
Operating Results | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Total operating revenues | ​ | 2,847,190 | ​ | 3,258,973 | ​ | 411,783 | ​ | 14.5 | %
Total operating expenses, net | ​ | 2,803,501 | ​ | 3,036,263 | ​ | 232,762 | ​ | 8.3 | %
Operating income | ​ | 43,689 | ​ | 222,710 | ​ | 179,021 | ​ | 409.8 | %

​

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Operating income. As a result of the factors outlined above, our operating income increased from U.S. $43.7 million in 2022 to U.S. $222.7 million in 2023.

2021 compared to 2022

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Variation |
​ |  | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) | ​
Operating Results | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Total operating revenues | ​ | 2,200,300 | ​ | 2,847,190 | ​ | 646,890 | ​ | 29.4 | %
Total operating expenses, net | ​ | 1,803,270 | ​ | 2,803,501 | ​ | 1,000,231 | ​ | 55.5 | %
Operating income | ​ | 397,030 | ​ | 43,689 | ​ | (353,341) | ​ | (88.9) | %

​

Operating income. As a result of the factors outlined above, our operating income decreased from U.S. $397.0 million in 2021, to U.S. $43.7 million in 2022.

Financial Results

2022 compared to 2023

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Variation |
​ |  | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) | ​
Financing results | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Finance income | ​ | 12,902 | ​ | 38,222 | ​ | 25,320 | ​ | 196.2 | %
Finance cost | ​ | (192,535) | ​ | (219,343) | ​ | (26,808) | ​ | 13.9 | %
Foreign Exchange gain (loss), net | ​ | 3,581 | ​ | (34,147) | ​ | (37,728) | ​ | n/a | ​
Total financing results | ​ | (176,052) | ​ | (215,268) | ​ | (39,216) | ​ | 22.3 | %

​

Total Financing Results. The 22.3% increase in our total financing loss in 2023 was primarily due to higher financial cost related to aircraft and engine lease agreements, as well as an increase in foreign exchange losses recorded during the year compared to 2022.

2021 compared to 2022

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Variation |
​ |  | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) | ​
Financing results | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Finance income | ​ | 3,531 | ​ | 12,902 | ​ | 9,371 | ​ | 265.4 | %
Finance cost | ​ | (139,374) | ​ | (192,535) | ​ | (53,161) | ​ | 38.1 | %
Foreign Exchange (loss) gain, net | ​ | (124,161) | ​ | 3,581 | ​ | 127,742 | ​ | n/a | ​
Total financing results | ​ | (260,004) | ​ | (176,052) | ​ | 83,952 | ​ | (32.3) | %

​

Total Financing Results. The 32.3% decrease in our total financing loss in 2022 was primarily due to a decrease in our foreign exchange result as compared to 2021.

As of December 31, 2021, a result of the change in functional currency from the Mexican peso to the U.S. dollar, Volaris Opco concluded that its hedging strategies (non-derivative financial instruments) will no longer be effective, for which reason we recorded the discontinuation of the hedge relationships, which represented a loss of U.S. $109 million within the foreign exchange (loss) gain, net caption.

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Income Tax Expense and Net Income

2022 compared to 2023

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Variation
​ |  | (In thousands of dollars, except for %)
(Loss) income before income tax | ​ | (132,363) | ​ | 7,442 | ​ | 139,805 |  | n/a
Income tax benefit | ​ | 52,139 | ​ | 377 | ​ | (51,762) | ​ | (99.3)%
Net (loss) income | ​ | (80,224) | ​ | 7,819 | ​ | 88,043 | ​ | n/a

​

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we recorded an income tax benefit of U.S. $52.1 million and U.S. $0.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, our tax loss carry-forwards amounted to U.S. $131.2 million (compared to U.S. $127.9 million as of December 31, 2022).

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we utilized U.S. $4.0 million in available tax loss carry-forwards, while in 2023, the utilization increased to U.S. $15.5 million. The effective tax rate for 2022 was 39.4%, whereas in 2023, it was (5.1%).

2021 compared to 2022

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Variation |
​ |  | (In thousands of dollars, except for %) | ​
Income (loss) before income tax | ​ | 137,026 | ​ | (132,363) | ​ | (269,389) |  | n/a | ​
Income tax (expense) benefit | ​ | (30,573) | ​ | 52,139 | ​ | 82,712 | ​ | n/a | ​
Net income (loss) | ​ | 106,453 | ​ | (80,224) | ​ | (186,677) | ​ | n/a | ​

​

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, we recorded a tax (expense) benefit of U.S. $(30.5) million and U.S. $52.1 million, respectively. The income tax benefit in 2022, as compared to the income tax expense in 2021, resulted mainly from the statutory loss before income tax of the year ended December 31, 2022, the sharp increase in fuel prices, increase in annual inflation effects for tax purposes, including inflation of tax losses, furniture, intangible and equipment, as well as the difference in foreign exchange income (loss) for tax purposes as a result of the difference in functional currency as compared to 2021. As of December 31, 2022, our tax loss carry-forwards amounted to U.S. $127.9 million (U.S. $16.3 million as of December 31, 2021).

During the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, we utilized U.S. $94.5 million and U.S. $4.0 million in available tax loss carryforwards. The effective tax rate during 2021 and 2022 was of 22.3% and 39.4%, respectively.

​

Selected Consolidated Financial Information and Operating Data

The following tables summarize selected financial and operating data for our business for the periods presented. You should read this selected consolidated financial data in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, including the related notes thereto, included elsewhere in this annual report. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS.

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We derived the selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, and the selected consolidated statements of financial position data as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, from our audited financial statements included in this annual report. See Item 18: “Financial Statements.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of and for the Years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |
​ | ​ | (in thousands of dollars) |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Passenger revenues: |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Fare revenues | ​ | 1,265,980 |  | 1,661,176 |  | 1,650,287 | ​
Other passenger revenues | ​ | 866,944 | ​ | 1,078,251 | ​ | 1,473,237 | ​
Non-passenger revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other non-passenger revenues | ​ | 76,872 | ​ | 92,977 | ​ | 115,424 | ​
Cargo | ​ | 11,882 | ​ | 14,786 | ​ | 20,025 | ​
Non-derivative financial instruments | ​ | (21,378) | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
​ |  | 2,200,300 |  | 2,847,190 | ​ | 3,258,973 | ​
Other operating income |  | (10,758) |  | (25,066) |  | (54,710) | ​
Fuel expense, net | ​ | 609,390 |  | 1,299,254 |  | 1,165,078 | ​
Landing, take-off and navigation expenses | ​ | 296,831 |  | 379,108 |  | 503,366 | ​
Salaries and benefits | ​ | 239,215 |  | 283,089 |  | 386,723 | ​
Depreciation of right of use assets | ​ | 269,351 |  | 320,443 |  | 362,015 | ​
Sales, marketing and distribution expenses | ​ | 96,705 | ​ | 124,287 | ​ | 167,341 | ​
Depreciation and amortization (2) | ​ | 57,049 |  | 97,486 |  | 134,296 | ​
Other operating expenses | ​ | 65,858 | ​ | 102,585 | ​ | 169,864 | ​
Aircraft and engine variable lease expenses | ​ | 83,373 | ​ | 124,532 | ​ | 103,845 | ​
Maintenance expenses (1) | ​ | 96,256 |  | 97,783 |  | 98,445 | ​
​ | ​ | 1,803,270 | ​ | 2,803,501 | ​ | 3,036,263 | ​
Operating income | ​ | 397,030 |  | 43,689 |  | 222,710 | ​
Finance income | ​ | 3,531 |  | 12,902 |  | 38,222 | ​
Finance cost | ​ | (139,374) |  | (192,535) |  | (219,343) | ​
Foreign exchange (loss) gain, net | ​ | (124,161) |  | 3,581 |  | (34,147) | ​
Income (loss) before income tax | ​ | 137,026 |  | (132,363) |  | 7,442 | ​
Income tax (expense) benefit | ​ | (30,573) |  | 52,139 |  | 377 | ​
Net income (loss) | ​ | 106,453 |  | (80,224) |  | 7,819 | ​
Weighted average shares outstanding: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic | ​ | 1,152,256,138 |  | 1,155,029,942 |  | 1,152,609,485 | ​
Diluted | ​ | 1,165,612,152 |  | 1,165,135,294 |  | 1,165,450,734 | ​
Earnings (loss) per share Basic (3) | ​ | 0.09 | ​ | (0.07) | ​ | 0.01 | ​
Earnings (loss) per share Diluted (3) | ​ | 0.09 | ​ | (0.07) | ​ | 0.01 | ​
Earnings (loss) per ADS Basic (4) | ​ | 0.92 |  | (0.69) |  | 0.07 | ​
Earnings (loss) per ADS Diluted (4) | ​ | 0.91 | ​ | (0.69) | ​ | 0.07 | ​
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION DATA | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | 741,122 | ​ | 711,853 | ​ | 774,154 | ​
Short-term investments | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 15,265 | ​
Accounts receivable, net | ​ | 106,084 |  | 240,126 |  | 250,599 | ​
Guarantee deposits-current portion | ​ | 78,990 | ​ | 64,357 | ​ | 147,836 | ​
Total current assets (9) | ​ | 978,980 |  | 1,066,078 |  | 1,247,647 | ​
Total assets | ​ | 3,984,568 | ​ | 4,467,653 | ​ | 5,145,972 | ​
Total current liabilities | ​ | 1,251,534 |  | 1,419,740 |  | 1,621,583 | ​
Total non-current liabilities | ​ | 2,419,897 |  | 2,813,176 |  | 3,281,795 | ​
Total liabilities | ​ | 3,671,431 | ​ | 4,232,916 | ​ | 4,903,378 | ​
Capital stock | ​ | 248,278 |  | 248,278 |  | 248,278 | ​
Total equity | ​ | 313,137 |  | 234,737 |  | 242,594 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOW DATA | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Net cash flows provided by operating activities | ​ | 785,356 |  | 613,602 |  | 729,825 | ​
Net cash flow used in investing activities | ​ | (134,645) |  | (130,694) |  | (462,044) | ​
Net cash flow used in financing activities | ​ | (435,184) |  | (513,088) |  | (214,386) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
OPERATING DATA (7) (8) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft at end of period | ​ | 101 | ​ | 117 |  | 129 | ​
Average daily aircraft utilization (block hours) | ​ | 12.53 | ​ | 13.28 | ​ | 13.37 | ​
Average daily aircraft utilization (flight hours) | ​ | 10.77 | ​ | 11.29 |  | 11.37 | ​
Average pesos/U.S. dollar exchange rate | ​ | 20.28 | ​ | 20.12 |  | 17.76 | ​
End of period pesos/U.S. dollar exchange rate | ​ | 20.58 | ​ | 19.36 |  | 16.89 | ​
Airports served at end of period | ​ | 69 | ​ | 72 | ​ | 71 | ​
Departures (5) | ​ | 153,913 | ​ | 193,050 |  | 201,376 | ​
Passenger flight segments (thousands) (5) | ​ | 22,560 | ​ | 29,064 |  | 31,537 | ​
Booked passengers (thousands) (5) | ​ | 24,405 | ​ | 31,051 |  | 33,497 | ​
Revenue passenger miles (RPMs) (thousands) (5) | ​ | 23,802,381 | ​ | 30,191,210 | ​ | 33,448,937 | ​
Available seat miles (ASMs) (thousands) (5) | ​ | 28,096,701 | ​ | 35,280,830 |  | 38,890,127 | ​
Load factor (6) | ​ | 85 | % | 86 | % | 86 | %
Average fare revenue per booked passenger (6) (11) | ​ | 52 | ​ | 54 | ​ | 49 | ​
Average other passenger revenue per booked passenger (5) (7) (11) | ​ | 36 | ​ | 35 |  | 44 | ​
Total ancillary revenue per booked passenger (5) (7) (11) | ​ | 39 |  | 38 |  | 48 | ​
Total operating revenue per ASM (TRASM) (cents) (5) (7) (11) | ​ | 7.9 |  | 8.1 |  | 8.4 | ​
Passenger revenue per ASM (RASM) (cents) (5) (7) (11) | ​ | 4.5 |  | 4.7 |  | 4.2 | ​
Operating expenses per ASM (CASM) (cents) (5) (7) (11) | ​ | 6.4 |  | 7.9 |  | 7.8 | ​
CASM ex fuel (cents) (5) (7) (11) | ​ | 4.2 |  | 4.3 |  | 4.8 | ​
Fuel gallons consumed (thousands) | ​ | 273,515 |  | 340,053 |  | 372,195 | ​
Average economic fuel cost per gallon USD (7) | ​ | 2.3 |  | 3.8 | ​ | 3.1 | ​
Average of employees per aircraft at end of period (10) | ​ | 63 |  | 60 |  | 54 | ​

(1) | Includes routine and ordinary maintenance expenses only. See Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results.”

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(2) | Includes, among other things, major maintenance expenses, which are capitalized and subsequently amortized. See Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results.”

(3) | Basic and diluted earnings per share amounts are calculated by dividing the net (loss), income, for the year attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of ordinary shares in accordance with IAS 33 “Earnings per share.”

(4) | The basis used for the computation of the information is to multiply the earnings per basic and diluted share obtained pursuant to footnote (3) above by ten, which is the number of CPOs represented by each ADS. Each CPO, in turn, represents a financial interest in one Series A share of common stock of Volaris.

(5) | Includes scheduled and charter.

(6) | Includes scheduled.

(7) | Excludes non-derivative financial instruments.

(8) | See “Glossary of Airlines and Airline Terms” elsewhere in this annual report for definitions of terms used in this table.

(9) | See detail of other current assets in Item 17: “Financial Statements”.

(10) | Traffic agents are considered on a 60% FTE (Full-Time Equivalent) basis for this calculation, as they are part-time employees.

(11) | Non-IFRS financial measure. For more information on the non-IFRS measures, please refer to Key Information Indicator.

B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity

Our primary source of liquidity is cash provided by operations, with our primary uses of liquidity being working capital and capital expenditures.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (In thousands of dollars)
Net cash flows provided by operating activities | ​ | 785,356 | ​ | 613,602 | ​ | 729,825
Net cash flows used in investing activities | ​ | (134,645) | ​ | (130,694) | ​ | (462,044)
Net cash flows used in financing activities | ​ | (435,184) | ​ | (513,088) | ​ | (214,386)

​

In recent years, we have been able to meet our working capital requirements through cash from our operations. Our capital expenditures consist primarily of the acquisition of flight equipment, including pre-delivery payments for aircraft acquisitions. From time to time, we finance pre-delivery payments related to our aircraft with revolving lines of credit with the commercial banks. We have obtained financing for pre-delivery payments in respect to all the aircraft to be delivered through 2025.

Our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash increased by U.S. $62.4 million, from U.S. $711.8 on December 31, 2022 to U.S. $774.2 million on December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, our credit lines total U.S. $1,388.8 million, of which U.S. $960.9 million were related to financial debt (U.S. $228.4 million were undrawn) and U.S. $427.9 million were related to letters of credit (U.S. $178.8 million were undrawn). As of December 31, 2023, we had available lines of credit of U.S. $407.2 million. As of December 31, 2022, our credit lines total U.S. $859.1 million, of which U.S. $701.2 million were related to financial debt (U.S. $390.3 million were undrawn) and U.S. $157.9 million were related to letters of credit (U.S. $16.1 million were undrawn). As of December 31, 2021, our credit lines totaled U.S. $483.4 million, of which U.S. $338.5 million were related to financial debt of which (U.S. $9.7 million were undrawn) and U.S. $144.9 million were related to letters of credit (U.S. $23.2 million were undrawn).

We have an investment policy to optimize the performance and ensure availability of, and minimize the risk associated with, the investment of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Such policy provides for guidelines regarding minimum balance, currency mix, instruments, deadlines, counterparties, and credit risk. As of December 31, 2023, 85% of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments were denominated in U.S. dollars while 13% were denominated in pesos. See Note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

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Net cash flows provided by operating activities. We primarily rely on cash flows from operating activities to provide working capital for current and future operations. Net cash flows provided by operating activities amounted to U.S. $613.6 million and U.S. $729.8 million in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The increase in our net operating cash flows is primarily attributable to higher net income and other operating cash flows related to recoverable and prepaid expenses, as well as suppliers.

Net cash flows provided by operating activities totaled U.S. $785.3 million and U.S. $613.6 million in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Our net operating cash flows decreased primarily due to the loss before income tax recorded during 2022, which was partially offset by higher operating cash flows related to the unearned transportation revenue, and the accounts receivables.

Net cash flows used in investing activities. During 2023, our net cash flow used in investing activities totaled U.S. $462.0 million. This primarily consisted of acquisitions of rotable spare parts, furniture, and equipment of: (i) U.S. $480.8 million (which included investments of U.S. $147.7 million in major maintenance events, U.S. $102.7 million in rotable spare parts and U.S. $230.4 million in aircraft pre-delivery payments), (ii) U.S. $10.4 million in intangible assets acquisitions and (iii) U.S.$17.0 million in other investments. These investments were partially offset by pre-delivery payment reimbursements of U.S. $45.1 million and other minor proceeds of U.S. $1.1 million.

During 2022, net cash flow used in investing activities totaled U.S. $130.7 million, which consisted primarily of acquisitions of rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment totaling U.S. $347.1 million, including (i) U.S. $180.5 million in acquisitions of rotable spare parts and major maintenance cost and (ii) U.S. $166.6 million in aircraft pre-delivery payments. Additionally, we acquired intangible assets of U.S. $6.8 million. These acquisitions were partially offset by pre-delivery payments reimbursements of U.S. $221.3 million and other proceeds of U.S. $1.9 million.

During 2021, net cash flow used in investing activities totaled U.S. $134.6 million, which consisted primarily of acquisitions of rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment totaling U.S. $186.2 million, including (i) U.S. $130.5 million in acquisitions of rotable spare parts and major maintenance cost and (ii) U.S. $55.7 million in aircraft pre-delivery payments. Additionally, we acquired intangible assets of U.S. $10.1 million. These acquisitions were partially offset by pre-delivery payments reimbursements of U.S. $43.8 million and other proceeds of U.S. $17.9 million.

Net cash flow used in financing activities. During 2023, net cash flows used in financing activities totaled U.S. $214.4 million which primarily consisted of : (i) lease liabilities payments of U.S. $529.1 million (aircraft and spare engines rent payments), (ii) financial debt payments of U.S. $97.9 million, (iii) interest expenses of U.S. $37.2 million, (iv) treasury shares purchase of U.S. $3.0 million, (v) expenses related to the offering of U.S. $2.5 million and (vi) other financial instruments of U.S. $1.5 million. These outflows were partially offset by proceeds from financial debt under our asset-backed trust notes (CEBUR) of U.S. $85.1 million and the proceeds from our financial debt of U.S. $371.7 million.

During 2022, net cash flows used in financing activities totaled U.S. $513.0 million, which consisted primarily in payments of lease liabilities of U.S. $449.0 million (aircraft and spare engines rent payments), payments of financial debt of U.S. $196.6 million, payments of interest expenses of U.S. $17.6 million and treasury shares purchase of U.S. $5.2 million; which were partially offset by proceeds from financial debt (working capital) of U.S. $17.5 million and the proceeds from our financial debt of U.S. $137.9 million related to our revolving credit facility with Santander and Bancomext.

During 2021, net cash flows used in financing activities totaled U.S. $435.1 million, which consisted primarily in payments of lease liabilities of U.S. $459.0 million (aircraft and spare engine rent payment), payments of financial debt of U.S. $76.9 million, payments of interest expenses of U.S. $15.3 million and treasury shares purchase of U.S. $4.4 million; which were partially offset by proceeds from financial debt from working capital under our asset backed trust notes (CEBUR) of U.S. $74.0 million and, proceeds from our financial debt of U.S. $43.6 million related to our revolving credit facility with Santander and Bancomext and proceeds from exercised stock options of U.S. $2.9 million.

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Loan Agreements

A revolving credit facility with Santander and Bancomext, was signed on July 27, 2011, as amended and restated on August 1, 2013, and as further amended on February 28, 2014, and November 27, 2014, under which we were a guarantor, to provide financing for pre-delivery payments in connection with our purchase of A320 family aircraft. On August 25, 2015, we entered into an additional amendment to such loan agreement to finance pre-delivery payments of additional A320 aircraft. In November 2016, we entered into an additional amendment to such loan agreement to finance the pre-delivery payments for the remaining A320 aircraft under the Airbus purchase agreement. In December 2017, we entered an additional amendment to extend the term of the loan agreement to November 2021. In November 2018, we entered an amendment to extend the term of the loan agreement to May 2022. Finally, we entered into one further amendment to this loan agreement in October 2020 to extend the term to October 2022.

The aggregate principal amount of this revolving line was for up to U.S. $183.0 million, of which U.S. $103.7 million were provided by Santander and U.S. $79.3 million by Bancomext. This revolving credit facility accrued an annual interest at three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 260 basis points. As of October 2022, this credit line expired.

A revolving credit facility with Santander and Bancomext, was signed on June 8, 2022, under which we are a guarantor, to provide financing for pre-delivery payments in connection with our purchase of A320 family aircraft. This revolving credit facility matures on June 8, 2027, and bears an annual interest rate at three-month SOFR plus a spread of 298 basis points and a five basis points adjustment linked to sustainability goals. On August 31, 2023, the interest rate increased by five basis points, with the possibility of reducing the additional rate if the objectives are met in the upcoming years. This revolving credit facility may limit our ability to, among others, declare and pay dividends in the event that we fail to comply with the payment terms thereunder, dispose of certain assets, incur indebtedness and create certain liens.

In December 2021, we renewed the working capital facility with Banco Sabadell S.A., Institución de Banca Multiple (“Sabadell”) in Mexican pesos. The facility had a maturity date of December 31, 2023, with an annual interest rate of TIIE 28 days plus a 240-basis points. As of December 2023, this facility has expired.

In December 2022, we signed a working capital facility with Actinver (“Actinver”) in Mexican pesos, bearing an annual interest rate at TIIE 28 days plus 250 basis points spread. As of December 31, 2023, the facility is not disbursed.

On June 20, 2019, our subsidiary Volaris Opco issued 15,000,000 asset-backed trust notes under the ticker VOLARCB 19 in the amount of Ps.1.5 billion (U.S. $88.8 million as of December 31, 2023, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to U.S. $1) through Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249 created by Volaris Opco. This issuance is part of a program approved by the CNBV for an amount of up to Ps.3.0 billion (U.S. $177.6 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to U.S.$1 on December 31, 2023). The asset-backed trust notes have a five-year maturity annual amortization of Ps.250.0 million, Ps.500.0 million, Ps.500.0 million and Ps.250.0 million (U.S. $14.8 million, U.S. $29.6 million, U.S. $29.6 million and U.S. $14.8 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to U.S. $1 on December 31, 2023), in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, with a floating coupon rate of TIIE 28 plus 175 basis points.

On October 13, 2021, our subsidiary Volaris Opco issued 15,000,000 asset-backed trust notes under the ticker VOLARCB 21L in the amount of Ps.1.5 billion (U.S. $88.8 million as of December 31,2023 based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to U.S. $1) through Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249 created by Volaris Opco. The issuance amount is part of a program approved by the CNBV for an amount of up to Ps.3.0 billion (U.S. $177.6 million as of December 31, 2023 based on an exchange rate of Ps. 16.89 to U.S. $1). With this second issuance the total amount approved for the program has been reached. The asset backed trust notes mature in five years, have principal amortizations of Ps.83.3 million, Ps.500.0 million, Ps.500.0 million and Ps.416.7 million (U.S. $4.9 million, U.S. $29.6 million, U.S. $29.6 million and U.S. $24.7 million as of December 31, 2023, based on an exchange rate of Ps. 16.89 to U.S. $1) in 2023, 2024, 2025 and 2026, respectively, and bear annual interest at TIIE 28 days plus 200 basis points.

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The asset backed trust notes issued in 2021 comply with the Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles of 2020, developed by the International Capital Market Association, or ICMA. The notes have Sustainability Objectives, or SPT, for the KPI, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions measured as grams of CO2 emissions per revenue passenger/kilometer (gCO2 / RPK) by 21.54%, 24.08% and 25.53% by 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, compared to 2015 levels. This offering will help us accomplish our long-term sustainable goals, among which are to reduce CO2 emissions by 35.42% by 2030, compared to 2015 levels. A feature of the asset backed trust notes is that they will pay an additional 25 basis points to the interest rate if the sustainability goals are not met for 2022, with the possibility of reducing the additional rate if the 2023 or 2024 targets are met. On September 20, 2023, the interest rate increased by 25 basis points, with the possibility of mitigating the additional rate if goals are met for the incoming years.

On September 28, 2023, the CNBV approved an increase amount of the actual program up to Ps. 5.0 billion (US$296.0 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023) with this authorization, our subsidiary Volaris Opco issued 15,000,000 asset backed trust notes under the ticket VOLARCB23 for Ps.1.5 billion (US$88.8 million, as of December 31, 2023 based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to U.S.$1) through Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249 created by Volaris Opco. The asset backed trust notes have five years maturity annual reduction of Ps.187.5, Ps.750.0 and Ps.562.5 (U.S.$11.1 million, U.S.$44.4 million and U.S.$33.3 million, as of December 31, 2023 based on an exchange rate of Ps.16,89 to U.S.$1) in 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively, with a floating one-month coupon rate referenced to TIIE 28 plus 215 basis points spread. The asset backed trust notes will start amortizing at the end of the third year.

The facility agreement with JSA International U.S. Holdings, LLC, dated April 1, 2022, provides financing for pre-delivery payments in connection with our purchase of A320 family aircraft. The aggregate principal amount of this line is for up to U.S. $53.7 million, an annual interest at SOFR plus 300 basis points along with a SOFR adjustment. The maturity is upon delivery of the last financed aircraft thereunder. For this purpose, we created the Trust 3866 for JSA International U.S. Holdings, LLC with CIBanco, S.A. Institución de Banca Múltiple.

The facility agreement with GY Aviation Lease 1714 Co. Limited, dated April 1, 2022, provides financing for pre-delivery payments in connection with our purchase of A320 family aircraft. The aggregate principal amount of this line is for up to U.S. $73.6 million and bearing annual interest of SOFR plus a spread of 425 basis points, along with a SOFR adjustment. The maturity is upon delivery of the last financed aircraft thereunder. For this purpose, we created the Trust 3855 for GY Aviation Lease 1714 Co. Limited with CIBanco, S.A. Institución de Banca Múltiple.

The facility agreement with Incline II B Shannon 18 Limited, dated April 13, 2022, provides financing for pre-delivery payments in connection with our purchase of the A320 family aircraft. The aggregate principal amount of this line is for up to U.S. $134.5 million and bearing annual interest of SOFR plus a spread of 390 basis points. The maturity is upon delivery of the last financed aircraft thereunder. For this purpose, we created the Trust 3867 for Incline II B Shannon 18 Limited with CIBanco, S.A. Institución de Banca Múltiple.

The facility agreement with Oriental Leasing 6 Company Limited, Oriental Leasing 26 Company Limited and Oriental Leasing 36 Company Limited, dated July 27, 2022, provides financing for pre-delivery payments in connection with our purchase of the A320 family aircraft. The aggregate principal amount of this line is for up to U.S. $123.0 million bearing annual interest of SOFR plus a spread of 200 basis points, along with a SOFR adjustment. The maturity is upon delivery of the last financed aircraft thereunder. For this purpose, we created the Trust 3921 for Oriental Leasing 6 Company Limited, Oriental Leasing 26 Company Limited and Oriental Leasing 36 Company Limited with CIBanco, S.A. Institución de Banca Múltiple.

Other financing agreements

During 2023, we entered into several agreements that qualified as failed sale and leaseback transactions. Consequently, these agreements were accounted for as financing transactions. The details of these agreements are presented as follows:

In September 2023, we entered into financing agreements with Tarquin Limited for the acquisition of engines, bearing an annual interest of 6.20%.

In September 2023, we entered into financing agreements with NBB-V11218 Lease Partnership and with NBB-V11951 Lease Partnership, for the acquisition of engines, bearing an annual interest of 6.20%.

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In September and October 2023, we entered into financing agreements with Wilmington Trust SP Services (Dublin) Limited (not in its individual capacity but solely as Owner Trustee) for the acquisition of engines, bearing an annual interest of 7.16%.

In November 2023, we entered into financing agreements with NBB Pintail Co Ltd for the acquisition of engines, bearing an annual interest of 6.99%.

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C. | Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.

We have registered the trademark “Volaris” and several additional trademarks and slogans with the trademark offices in Mexico, the United States and in the Central and South American countries in which we operate. Our most important trademark is “Volaris,” as it is the trademark under which the passenger air transportation services we provide are offered and advertised. On April 15, 2021, the Mexican authorities declared the trademark “Volaris” a famous brand, being the first trademark in the Mexican aviation industry to receive such recognition.

We own approximately 308 registrations of word mark, unnamed and mixed trademarks, as well as slogans including “Volaris,” “Volaris (y Diseño),” “Innominada (Diseño de Estrella),” “Your name on a plane,” “Precios que te hacen viajar,” “Wanna Save,” “Wanna Travel,” “Want it all,” “Want to Save,” “Want to Travel,” “Quiero Ahorrar,” “Quiero todo,” “Quiero viajar, “Volaris carga,” “Volaris TV,” “Volaris cargo,” “Familia de tarifas Volaris,” “Fare Families Volaris,” “Viajes Volaris,” “www.volaris.com.mx,” “V de Volaris,” “Volaris vive viajando,” “Volaris ponle tu nombre a un avión,” “V con todo,” “La Aerolínea Ecológica,” “El lado V de Volaris,” “Tú Decides,” “Volemos juntos,” “V Fundación,” “Tarifa Limpia,” “Volaris por un Cielo azul,” “#CielitoLimpio,” “Volaris#CielitoLimpio,” “Con Volaris tú pones las promos,” “V. Pass,” “Volemos diferente,” “Hot Tickets,” “Pásate a modo Avión,” “Avión Ayuda Volaris,” “Entre Nubes,” “Menú Entre Nubes,” “Volaris Cargo.” “Deja volar tu antojo,” “Aniversario 16 la promos + reveldes de Volaris,” “Para vivir viajando,” “To live traveling,” “Ya Vas/Volaris,” “Gran venta de aniversario 17 años Volaris,” “Annual Pass,” “Pase Anual,” “Pase Anual de Volaris,” “Annual Pass by Volaris,” “Con Volaris Alcanza Más,” “ZeroV.Club,” “Zero viaja a nuestro precio más bajo,” “Básica la más comprada,” “Plus viaja sin preocupaciones,” “Zero travel at our lowest Price,” “Basic best value,” “Plus worry free,” “Viaja todo lo que puedas,” “Fly as much as you can,” “#AvioncitoVolarisChallehge,”.We have registered the trademark “Volaris” with the trademark office in Mexico, the United States and in the countries in which we operate in Central and South America. We have also registered several additional trademarks and slogans with the trademark office in Mexico, the United States and the countries in which we operate in Central and South America. The validity of the aforementioned trademarks have expiration dates ranging from 2025 to 2032.

For the development of the issuer our most important trademark is “Volaris,” as it is the trademark under which the passenger air transportation services we provide are offered and advertised.

We operate software products under licenses from our vendors, including Jeppesen Systems AB, Navitaire LLC and Juniper Technologies Corporation. Under our agreements with Airbus, we use Airbus’ proprietary information to maintain our aircraft.

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D. | Trend Information

See Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Trends and Uncertainties Affecting our Business.”

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E. | Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth certain contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Contractual Obligations*
​ | ​ | Payments due by Period
​ |  | ​ |  | Less than 1 |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | More than
​ | ​ | Total | ​ | year | ​ | 1 to 3 years | ​ | 3 to 5 years | ​ | 5 years
​ | ​ | (In thousands of dollars)
Debt(1) | ​ | 656,223 | ​ | 220,941 | ​ | 243,697 | ​ | 191,585 | ​ | —
Lease liabilities(2) | ​ | 2,891,442 | ​ | 372,697 | ​ | 944,918 | ​ | 513,141 | ​ | 1,060,686
Future lease liabilities(3) | ​ | 1,162,429 | ​ | 19,440 | ​ | 181,599 | ​ | 193,738 | ​ | 767,652
Flight equipment, spare engines and spare parts purchase obligations(4) | ​ | 6,589,904 | ​ | 280,818 | ​ | 2,119,983 | ​ | 2,175,835 | ​ | 2,013,268
Total future payments on contractual obligations | ​ | 11,299,998 | ​ | 893,896 | ​ | 3,490,197 | ​ | 3,074,299 | ​ | 3,841,606

(1) | Includes scheduled interest payments.

(2) | Does not include maintenance deposit payments because they depend on the utilization of the aircraft.

(3) | These refer to upcoming lease payments in connection with our committed sale and lease back agreements as of December 31, 2023.

(4) | Our contractual purchase obligations consist primarily of aircraft and engine acquisitions through manufacturers and aircraft leasing companies. In December 2017, we signed an amendment to our purchase agreement with Airbus to purchase 80 aircraft which Airbus committed to deliver between 2022 and 2026. In July 2020, we amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule the delivery of 80 aircraft between 2023 and 2028. In October 2020, we amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule 18 fleet deliveries between 2020 and 2022, In November 2021, we entered into a new amendment to the agreement with Airbus to purchase 39 additional aircraft which Airbus committed to deliver between 2023 and 2029. Additionally, we exercised our right under the agreement with Airbus to convert 20 A320neo aircraft into A321neo aircraft, one of which has been delivered as of the date of this annual report. Finally, in October 2022 we entered into a new agreement with Airbus to purchase 25 additional aircraft which Airbus committed to deliver in 2030.

* | Disclosure of contractual obligations does not include obligations relating to our post-employment benefits which totaled U.S. $15 million at December 31, 2023.

In 2024, we expect our capital expenditures, including estimated amounts for contractual prices escalations and pre-delivery payments, to be U.S. $400 million, consisting primarily of aircraft parts and rotable spare parts, construction and improvements to leased assets, and major maintenance costs (leasehold improvements to flight equipment recorded into rotable spare parts furniture and equipment, net).

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F. | SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON NON-GAAP MEASURES

We evaluate our financial performance by using various financial measures that are not performance measures under International Financial Reporting Standards (“non-IFRS measures”). These non-IFRS measures include CASM and CASM ex-fuel.

These non-IFRS measures are provided as supplemental information to the financial information presented in this report that is calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS because we believe that they, in conjunction with the IFRS financial information, provide useful information to management’s, analysts and investors overall understanding of our operating performance.

Because non-IFRS measures are not calculated in accordance with IFRS, they should not be considered superior to and are not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related IFRS measures presented in this release and may not be the same as or comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies due to possible differences in the method of calculation and the items being adjusted.

We encourage investors to review our financial statements and other filings with the SEC in their entirety for additional information regarding the Company and not to rely on any single financial measure.

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ITEM 6 DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. | Directors and Senior Management

Board of Directors

Our by-laws provide that the board of directors be comprised of no more than 21 members and their corresponding alternates, in which at least 25% of the members and their corresponding alternates are required to be independent pursuant to the LMV. A determination about independence must be made by our shareholders and it may be challenged by the CNBV. As of the date of this annual report, our board of directors is comprised of 14 members, of which 71% are independent.

Under our by-laws and the LMV, any shareholder or group of shareholders representing 10% of our outstanding capital stock, have the right to appoint one director for each such 10% ownership stake.

Set forth below are the name, age, position and biographical description of each of our directors as of the date of this annual report. The business address of our directors is that of our principal office.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Name |  | Age |  | Title |  | Alternate*
Brian H. Franke | ​ | 60 | ​ | Chairman | ​ | ​
Andrew Broderick | ​ | 39 | ​ | Director | ​ | ​
Harry F. Krensky | ​ | 60 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | ​
Marco Baldocchi Kriete | ​ | 50 | ​ | Director | ​ | Rodrigo Antonio Escobar Nottebohm
Alfonso González Migoya | ​ | 79 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | ​
Stanley L. Pace | ​ | 70 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | ​
William Dean Donovan | ​ | 62 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | ​
Enrique Javier Beltranena Mejicano | ​ | 61 | ​ | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director | ​ | ​
José Luis Fernández Fernández | ​ | 64 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | José Carlos Silva Sánchez-Gavito
Joaquín Alberto Palomo Déneke | ​ | 73 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | José Carlos Silva Sánchez-Gavito
John A. Slowik | ​ | 73 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | José Carlos Silva Sánchez-Gavito
Ricardo Maldonado Yañez | ​ | 56 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | Eugenio Macouzet de León
Guadalupe Phillips Margain | ​ | 53 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | ​
Mónica Aspe Bernal | ​ | 46 | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | ​

* | Alternate directors are authorized to act on behalf of their respective directors in the event of such directors’ inability to attend board meetings.

Brian H. Franke has served as a member of our board of directors since 2010 and as Chairman of our board of directors since 2020. He is currently a principal specializing in aviation investments with Indigo Partners LLC, a private equity firm based in the United States. Mr. Franke is also a member of the board of directors of Frontier Airlines (USA), JetSMART Airlines (South America), APiJET and Cebu Pacific Airlines (Philippines). He previously served on the board of directors of Tiger Airways Holdings (Singapore) from 2008 to 2010 and Tiger Airways Australia from 2009 to 2010 and Lynx Air in 2023. Prior to that, Mr. Franke was vice president of Franke & Company inc., a boutique private equity firm focused on small and medium enterprises investments. He was also a director in marketing for Anderson Company, a U.S. real estate developer, from 1989 to 1992 and a marketing manager for United Brands Inc., a U.S. distribution and licensing company for consumer goods, from 1987 to 1989. Mr. Franke holds a B.S. in Business from the University of Arizona and a M.A. in International Management from Thunderbird School of Global Management. He also serves on the University of Arizona Foundation Board and participates on its Investment and Executive Committees.

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Andrew Broderick has served as a member of our board of directors since 2023, Mr. Broderick, is a Managing Director of Indigo Partners LLC, a private equity fund focused on air transportation, which he joined in July 2008. He has served on the board of directors of Frontier Airlines Holdings, Inc., an airline based in the United States, since January 2018; JetSMART Airlines SpA, an airline based in Chile, since September 2018; Wizz Air Holdings Plc, an airline based in Europe, since April 2019; and APiJET, LLC, a software company focused on providing real-time cost saving analytics to airlines, since November 2020; and CleanJoule Inc. since May 2023, a sustainable aviation fuel development company. Additionally, Mr. Broderick serves on various committees of these companies, including finance, sustainability and culture, safety and security, and compensation committees. Prior to joining Indigo, Mr. Broderick was employed at a macroeconomic hedge fund and a stock-option valuation firm. Mr. Broderick holds a B.S. in Economics and a B.A. in Spanish from Arizona State University and a Masters of Business Administration from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Harry F. Krensky is a co-founder of the Company and has served as a member of our board of directors since our establishment in 2005 and member of our corporate governance committee since 2023. He is also a member of the board of directors of Traxion, MasAir, Merited and Kidzania. Mr. Krensky is founder and managing partner of the private equity firm Discovery Americas, through which he evaluates risk and opportunities of investment decisions. Previously, he was a founder of emerging market hedge fund managers Discovery Capital Management and Atlas Capital Management, and a founder of Deutsche Bank’s emerging market hedge fund. Mr. Krensky holds a B.A. in Government from Colby College, a MSc from the London School of Economics and Political Science and a M.B.A. from the Columbia University Graduate School of Business.

Marco Baldocchi Kriete has served as a member of our board of directors since 2020, previously serving as an interim director since July 2019. Previously serving as our alternate director since 2010. Mr. Baldocchi currently serves as chief executive officer of Centroamérica Comercial, S.A. de C.V., a high-growth retail company operating more than 500 locations in Central America, Colombia and Peru. Mr. Baldocchi was an independent director of Avianca Holdings, S.A. (formerly Avianca Taca Holdings, S.A.) from 2010 to 2014. He was a founding member of Transactel Inc. and a member of the board of directors of Banco Agricola from 2003 to 2007. He also serves on the boards of other aviation-related companies, such as Aeromantenimiento in El Salvador. Mr. Baldocchi holds a master’s degree in business administration from the Kellogg School of Management and a bachelor’s degree in economics from Vanderbilt University.

Alfonso González Migoya has served as a member of our board of directors since 2014. He previously served as Chairman of our board of directors from 2014 to 2020. He is also a member of the board of directors of FEMSA, Coca Cola FEMSA and Business School of the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), among others. Mr. Gonzalez previously served as chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors of Grupo Industrial Saltillo, and as executive vice president of Grupo Financiero Bancomer where its activities included the evaluation of financial and operational risks. He has also held various senior roles in Grupo ALFA. Mr. González holds a B.S. in Electromechanical Engineering from Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey and a M.B.A. from Stanford University Graduate School of Business.

Stanley L. Pace has served as a member of our board of directors since 2017. He is a partner at Bain & Company where he has served as a member and chair of most of its key governance board of directors. Mr. Pace was the founder of the transformation and airline practices at Bain & Company and has led many of its largest and most successful relationships and transformations. Mr. Pace served as the chief executive officer of ATA from 1996 to 1997, at that time, ATA was the largest charter airline in the world. Mr. Pace holds a B.A. in Accounting and Finance from University of Utah -BYU, where he graduated as valedictorian, and a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, where he graduated with high distinction.

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William Dean Donovan has served on our board of directors since 2010 first as an alternate director and then as a full director starting in 2017. In 2009, Mr. Donovan joined the board of Prophet Brand Strategy, a marketing consultancy. At Prophet, he sits on the compensation committee and chaired the capital committee, which provided board oversight for the recapitalization of the company. He served on the board of the Metropolitan Bank from 2008 to 2015, where he chaired the compensation committee. He co-founded Volaris in 2005. Mr. Donovan worked with Bain & Company from 1989 to 2003. He was Managing Director of Bain Africa from 1999 to 2002, worked with aerospace clients, and led Bain’s aviation practice and auto practice at various times. Mr. Donovan co-founded Casino Marketing Alliance, a provider of analytics services to the casino industry. Mr. Donovan has served as COO of Nimblefish Technologies, a specialized micromarketing agency and as CEO of SearchForce, a paid search workflow and optimization platform. Mr. Donovan currently leads DiamondStream Partners, an investment firm that specializes in aviation and aerospace technology. In this role, he assists companies focused on mid-mile freight, electric and hybrid electric propulsion, aircraft maintenance, revenue management, fleet management, irregular operations, unmanned aircraft, aerial inspection, drones, and the energy transition. He sits on the board or advises the following aviation and aerospace companies GPMS, Verdego Aero, Ampaire, Wingtra, Stellar Labs, SwissDrones, and Volantio, He has previously served as Chairman and on the compensation committee of Stellar Labs. He is a frequent speaker on the future of aviation and aerospace. Mr. Donovan holds a B.A. in Rhetoric and Economics from the University of California Berkeley, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa and Summa Cum Laude, and a M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Enrique Beltranena is one of our co-founders and has served as our Chief Executive Officer since 2006 and as a member of our board of directors since 2016. He previously worked as Grupo TACA’s chief operating officer, human resources and institutional relations vice president, cargo vice president and commercial director for Mexico and Central America. He also held the position of general director of Aviateca in Guatemala. Mr. Beltranena started his career in the aerospace industry in 1988. During the 1990s, he was responsible for the commercial merger of Aviateca, Sahsa, Nica, Lacsa and TACA Peru, which consolidated them into a single management entity called Grupo TACA. While at Grupo TACA, Mr. Beltranena also led the development of single operating codeshare and the negotiation of open skies bilateral agreements among each of the Central American countries and the United States, as well as the certification of the aeronautic authorities in Central America and Mexico and the compliance of the OACI regulation. In 2001, Mr. Beltranena led Grupo TACA’s complete restructuring as its chief operating officer. In 2017, Mr. Beltranena participated in one of the biggest joint negotiations for the purchase of single aisle aircraft with Airbus. In 2009, Mr. Beltranena was awarded the Federico Bloch Award by the Latin American & Caribbean Air Transport Association. Mr. Beltranena was named to the Ernst & Young’s Entrepreneur of The Year Hall of Fame in 2012 after winning the 2011 Mexico Entrepreneur of the Year award. He also received the National Order of Merit (Knight’s Badge) from the President of France in 2014. In 2017, he was president of the Board of Directors of IPADE-UP Business School. He is currently a member of the IATA Board of Governors, where he has been a keynote speaker at the Flight Safety Foundation in 2018. In 2022, he participated as a mentor of IATA Board of Governors, in order to incorporate the vision of the CEOs in safety within the aviation. In February 2022, he started as national counselor of the Coordinating Council of Women Entrepreneurs.

José Luis Fernández Fernández has been one of our independent directors since 2012 and is also the chairman of our audit committee. Mr. Fernandez is also a member of the audit committees of several companies where he oversees cybersecurity issues, among other matters. These companies include Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. de C.V., and he is also an alternate member of the board of directors of Arca Continental, S.A.B. de C.V. Mr. Fernández is a non-managing limited partner of Chevez Ruiz Zamarripa where he provides advice on financial and tax matters. Mr. Fernández holds a Public Accounting Degree (Licenciatura en Contaduría) from Universidad Iberoamericana and a certification issued by the Mexican Institute of Public Accountants. Mr. Fernandez participated in the “Director Development Program” offered by the Center of Excellence in Corporate Governance and the Mexican Stock Exchange, as well as in the “Introduction to the Stock Market” course offered by the same institution. In addition, he attended the “Corporate Governance and Performance Program” organized by the Yale University School of Business.

Joaquín Alberto Palomo Déneke has served as a member of our board of directors since 2005 and as a member of our audit committee. He is also a member of the board of directors of Aeroman and of Banco Agrícola in El Salvador. Mr. Palomo has over two decades of experience in the financial air transportation and commercial aerospace sectors, assessing financial and operational risks, where he created and implemented the first organization for Grupo TACA. He also actively participated in the planning, purchasing negotiations, closing, organization and final merger of AVIATECA, Tan/Sahsa, TACA de Honduras, Nica, Lacsa, Isleña de Inversiones, La Costeña, Aeroperlas and Trans American Airlines to form Grupo TACA. Mr. Palomo has negotiated the financing of more than $1 billion in aircraft leases, sales and leasebacks. Mr. Palomo holds a B.S. in Agricultural Economics from Texas A&M University.

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John A. Slowik has served as a member of our board of directors and as a member of our audit committee since 2012. Prior to joining our board, Mr. Slowik has had over three decades of experience in the air transportation and commercial aerospace sectors as a banker at Citi (and its predecessors) and Credit Suisse, where he managed its America’s Airline Industry investment banking practice. Mr. Slowik’s experience includes corporate and investment banking, where his activities involved financial risk assessment, public and private market capital raising, highly structured debt issuance, aircraft leasing, principal investment, mergers and acquisitions advisory work and restructuring troubled situations in and out of court. His cross-cultural experiences include managing teams of bankers and professionals while executing various transactions for clients in Central and South America, North America, Western Europe, the Middle East and the Asia and Pacific regions. Mr. Slowik served as a member of the board of directors and chairman of the audit committee of Quintillion Subsea Holdings, LLC, a privately held company operating a subsea fiber optic cable system, a role which included oversite for the company’s cybersecurity platforms and policies, until February, 2024, when Mr. Slowik left its board of directors (relinquishing his audit committee responsibilities) at that time. Mr. Slowik serves as a senior advisor to volofin Capital Management Ltd., a specialty finance company focused on delivering innovative financing solutions for the commercial aviation market. He is a licensed, but now inactive private pilot. Mr. Slowik has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Marquette University and a M.B.A. from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.

Ricardo Maldonado Yáñez has been member of our board of directors since 2018 and is also the chairman of our corporate governance committee since 2023. He is a partner at the law firm of Mijares, Angoitia, Cortés y Fuentes, S.C., since 1999. Mr. Maldonado served as Secretary of the Board of Mexicana de Aviación from 2006 to 2010; represented the Mexican Ministry of Communications and Transportation and Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte, in its initial public offering and listing on the stock exchange in 2006, and the Mexican Ministry of Communications and Transportation in the sale of its remaining 11% equity interest in Grupo Aeroportuario del Sureste through a follow-on offering in 2005. Mr. Maldonado focuses his practice in M&A, securities and corporate governance matters, and is a member of the Board of ICA Tenedora, one of Mexico’s largest construction and engineering companies. Mr. Maldonado is a member of the National Association of Corporate Directors and of the International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN). Mr. Maldonado recently attended the Chief Sustainability Officer Acceleration Program in collaboration with the BIVA Institute and the Social Value Institute. He has a master’s degree (LL.M.) from the University of Chicago Law School, a corporate law diploma from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a lawyer’s degree from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).

Guadalupe Phillips Margain has served as a member of our board of directors since 2020. She is the Chief Executive Officer of ICA Tenedora, S.A. de C.V., and also a member of the board of directors. She previously worked in Grupo Televisa where she was Vice-president of Finance and Risk and served in other positions. Ms. Phillips serves as member of the board of directors of several companies including Grupo Televisa, Innova, Grupo Axo, Open Bank and Club de Industriales. Ms. Phillips holds a Law Degree (Licenciatura en Derecho) from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México a M.A.L.D. (Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy) and a Ph.D. from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.

Mónica Aspe Bernal has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2020, and is a member of our corporate governance committee. She is the Chief Executive Officer of AT&T Mexico and serves in the boards of Nemak and Sky Mexico. She previously was Mexico’s Ambassador to the OECD. She served as Vice-Minister in the former of Communications of the Ministry of Communications and Transportation. Ms. Aspe holds a B.A. in Political Science from Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México and a M.A. in Political Science from Columbia University.

Senior Management

Our executive officers are appointed by our board of directors, pursuant to a proposal made by the corporate governance committee, for an indefinite term and may be removed by our board of directors at will, provided the corresponding severance payments are made, if applicable, in accordance with Mexican labor law and the applicable labor contract.

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Set forth below are the name, age, position and a description of the business experience of each of our executive officers not described above, as of the date of this annual report. The business address of our executive officers is that of our principal office.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Name |  | Age |  | Title
Enrique Beltranena | ​ | 61 | ​ | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Holger Blankenstein | ​ | 49 | ​ | Executive Vice President Airline Commercial and Operations
Jaime E. Pous | ​ | 54 | ​ | Senior Vice President Chief Financial Officer
José Luis Suárez | ​ | 56 | ​ | Senior Vice President Chief Operating Officer
José Alejandro de Iturbide | ​ | 57 | ​ | Vice President and Chief Legal Officer
Jimmy Zadigue | ​ | 51 | ​ | Senior Corporate Audit Services and Risk Assessment Director

​

Holger Blankenstein has served as our Executive Vice President Airline Commercial and Operations since 2018, in charge of our commercial, digital, operations, customer service and maintenance areas. Prior to his current role, Blankenstein served as Chief Commercial Officer from 2009 to 2017, leading the areas of sales, marketing, planning, itineraries, revenue management and cargo and leading the IT department. Blankenstein has been with us since our founding in 2005 and was part of the team that took us public in 2013. Before 2005, he was Director of Strategic Development at TACA International Airlines in El Salvador, from 2003 to 2005, where he led many key projects such as the integrated airline systems migration, TACA’s maintenance business growth strategy and the business plan for Volaris. He began his career as a consultant for Bain & Company in 1998 in the Munich office. Blankenstein transferred to the Sydney office in 2000. He was involved with assignments in financial services, automotive and retail industries. Blankenstein holds a B.S. in Business and Economics from Goethe University and a M.B.A. from the University of Iowa.

Jaime E. Pous has served as our Chief Financial Officer since 2021. He previously served as our interim Chief Financial Officer from June 2020, he joined in 2013 as our General Counsel and served as our Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Affairs Senior Vice President from 2016 to 2020. Additionally, he served as secretary of our board of directors from 2018 to 2022 and as secretary of our audit and corporate governance committee from 2013 to 2022. Prior to joining us, he worked at Grupo Televisa, where he was legal director from 1999 to 2012. Mr. Pous holds a law degree (licenciatura en derecho) from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México and an LL.M. from The University of Texas at Austin, School of Law.

José Luis Suárez has served as our Chief Operating Officer since 2015. He joined Volaris in 2006 as Sales Director. On 2012, he served as Retail and Customer Director. where he supervised the airport operations, ramp management, flight attendants and customer solutions. Prior to joining us, Mr. Suárez worked at Sabre Holdings from 1996 to 2006. Mr. Suárez holds a licenciatura in Industrial Engineering from the Universidad Iberoamericana, a Degree in Executive Management from IPADE Business School, a M.S. in Industrial Engineering and a M.B.A. from the University of Missouri, Columbia.

José Alejandro de Iturbide has served as our Vice President Chief Legal Officer since 2021 and as Secretary of our board of directors since April 2022. Mr. Iturbide served as General Counsel, Managing Director and Secretary of the board of directors of Grupo Financiero Citibanamex, having also served as General Counsel in Mexico at General Electric and Barclays Capital, among others. Mr. de Iturbide received and holds a law degree (licenciatura en derecho) from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and an LL.M. from the University of Notre Dame, School of Law (Program in London, England).

Jimmy Zadigue has served as our Senior Corporate Audit Services and Risk Assessment Director (formerly Internal Audit Director) since 2020. He previously served as our Internal Audit Director from 2011 to 2019. Mr. Zadigue worked as the internal audit director of Sempra Infrastructure Mexico (IEnova), the director of operations, finance and administration at Swarovski in Mexico and as the director of finance and business control at Bombardier North America. Mr. Zadigue is also a Chartered Public Accountant in Canada and a certified internal auditor. Mr. Zadigue holds a B.B.A. from HEC-Montreal and a M.S. in Accounting Sciences from the Université du Québec.

Activities of Senior Management

Our chief executive officer and members of our senior management (directivos relevantes) are required to focus their activities on creating value and could be liable for damages to the company for:

| ● | favoring a shareholder or group of shareholders;

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| ● | approving transactions between the company (or its subsidiaries) with related persons without satisfying legal requirements, such as obtaining a fairness opinion and the approval of our board of directors, on a case-by-case basis;

| ● | using (or authorizing a third party to use) our assets in a manner that is against our policies;

| ● | making inappropriate use of our non-public information;

| ● | taking advantage of corporate opportunities or consulting a third party to take advantage of corporate opportunities without approval from our board of directors;

| ● | knowingly disclosing or revealing false or misleading information or omitting the disclosure of material information;

| ● | ordering that transactions undertaken be omitted from registration;

| ● | destroying or modifying company results or information; or

| ● | filing false or misleading information with the CNBV.

Our chief executive officer is responsible, among other things, for:

| ● | implementing the instructions established at our shareholders’ meeting and that of our board of directors;

| ● | submitting to the board of directors for approval the principal strategies for the business;

| ● | submitting to the audit committee proposals for our internal control system;

| ● | disclosing all material information to the public;

| ● | complying with applicable law in connection with share repurchases and subsequent purchases;

| ● | complying with applicable law in respect of dividend payments; and

| ● | maintaining adequate accounting and registration internal control systems and mechanisms.

B. | Compensation

Director and Executive Compensation

In 2021, 2022 and 2023, the senior management positions listed in this annual report received an aggregate compensation for short-term of U.S. $4.2 million, U.S. $4.9 million, and U.S. $5.9 million, respectively as well as long-term of U.S. $7.0 million, U.S. $4.4 million, and U.S. $4.2 million, respectively.

In 2021, 2022 and 2023, all our senior management positions received an aggregate compensation for short-term benefits of U.S. $10.5 million, U.S. $11.7 million, and U.S. $13.8 million, respectively as well as long-term of U.S. $8.4 million, U.S. $6.0 million, and U.S. $5.7 million, respectively. These amounts were recognized in salaries and benefits in our consolidated statements of operations.

In 2021, 2022 and 2023, the chairman and the independent members of our board of directors received a net compensation of U.S. $0.6 million, U.S. $0.6 million and U.S. $0.7 million, respectively, and the rest of the directors received a net compensation of U.S. $0.2 million, U.S. $0.2 million and U.S. $0.2 million, respectively.

In 2023, the amount paid to the chairman and independent members included payment through shares of the Company totaling U.S. $0.3 million.

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Our directors or executive officers are not entitled to any benefits upon termination, except for indemnification payments provided under the Mexican Federal Labor Law (Ley Federal del Trabajo), if any.

Long-term Retention Plans

Management Incentive Plan

During 2021, the key employees participating in the management incentive plan exercised 7,653,981 Series A shares. As a result, the key employees paid Ps.40.7 million (U.S. $1.98 million) to the Management Trust corresponding to the shares exercised. Thereafter, we received from the Management Trust the payment related to such exercised shares as a repayment of the loan between the Company and the Management Trust.

At December 31, 2021, the shares held in trust to satisfy the management options were considered treasury shares. As of December 31, 2021, all share options were vested.

On August 9, 2022, the Irrevocable Trust number F-307750 with HSBC Mexico S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, was terminated through payment of the outstanding amounts.

Management Incentive Plan II

The carrying amount of the liability relating to these SARs as of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023 was U.S. $5.9 million, U.S. $1.6 million and U.S. $1.4 million respectively. The compensation cost is recognized in our consolidated statements of operations under the caption salaries and benefits over the service period. During the year ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 we recorded a benefit of U.S. $(2.9) million, $(4.4) and $(0.1) million respectively, associated with these SARs in our consolidated statements of operations. No SARs were exercised during 2021, 2022 and 2023.

Board of Directors Incentive Plan (BoDIP)

The number of shares held by the trustee as of December 31, 2021, was 4,589,726, of which 610,848 shares were priced at Ps.32.23; 2,458,827 shares were priced at Ps.9.74; 807,255 shares were priced at Ps.16.80; 586,263 shares were priced at Ps.16.12 and 126,533 shares were priced at Ps.26.29.

The number of shares held by the trustee as of December 31, 2022, was 5,945,417, of which 669,834 shares were priced at Ps.33.80; 610,848 shares were priced at Ps.32.23; 2,458,827 shares were priced at Ps.9.74; 807,255 shares were priced at Ps.16.80; 586,263 shares were priced at Ps.16.12.; and 812,390 shares for future vesting.

The number of shares held by the trustee as of December 31, 2023, was 4,781,769 of which 3 shares were priced at Ps.26.29; 586,263 shares were priced at Ps.16.12; 807,255 shares were priced at Ps.16.80; 2,107,566 shares were priced at Ps.9.74; 610,848 shares were priced at Ps.32.23; and 669,834 shares were priced at Ps.33.80.

In April 2023, our Annual General Shareholders’ Meeting modified the terms of the BoDIP. Starting in 2023, certain members of the Board of Directors receive additional benefits through a stock-based plan administered by the LTIP Trust. These benefits are delivered to the beneficiaries once the established conditions are met. As of December 31, 2023, the trustee held 370,860 shares were priced at Ps.21.14.

Long-term Incentive Plan

During 2010, we adopted an employee long-term incentive plan, the purpose of which is to retain high performing employees within the organization by paying incentives depending on our performance. During the years ended December 31, 2013, and 2012, we expensed Ps.6.3 million (U.S. $482 thousand as of December 31, 2013, based on an exchange rate of Ps.13.07 to U.S. $1) and Ps.6.5 million (U.S. $500 thousand as of December 31, 2012, based on an exchange rate of Ps.13.01 to U.S. $1), respectively, as bonuses as part of the caption salaries and benefits. During 2014, this plan was structured as a long-term incentive plan, which consists of a long-term incentive plan (equity-settled) and share appreciation rights plan (cash-settled), each as further described below.

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Share Purchase Plan (Equity-Settled)

Under the share purchase plan (equity-settled), in November 2014, Servicios Corporativos granted a special bonus to certain of our key employees in an amount of Ps.10.8 million (U.S. $797 thousand as of November 11, 2014, based on an exchange rate of Ps.13.58 to U.S. $1), to be used to purchase our Series A shares.

The bonus amount of Ps.7.1 million (U.S. $520 thousand as of November 11, 2014 based on an exchange rate of Ps.13.58 to U.S. $1), net of withheld taxes, was transferred on November 11, 2014, as per the written instructions of each key employee, to the Administrative Trust for the acquisition of our Series A shares through an intermediary authorized by the Mexican Stock Exchange based on the Administration Trust’s Technical Committee instructions.

Subject to specified terms and conditions set forth in the Administrative Trust, the acquired shares are held in escrow under the Administrative Trust for its administration until the vesting period date for each key employee, when such key employee can fully dispose of the shares as desired.

The share purchase plan provides that if the terms and conditions are not met by the vesting period date, then the shares will be sold in the Mexican Stock Exchange, and Servicios Corporativos would be entitled to receive the proceeds of the sale of such shares.

Each key employee’s account balance is tracked by the Administrative Trust. The Administrative Trust objectives are to acquire Series A shares on behalf of the key employees and to manage the shares granted to such key executive based on instructions set forth by the Technical Committee.

As the Administrative Trust is controlled and therefore consolidated by Controladora, shares purchased in the market and held within the Administrative Trust are presented for accounting purposes as treasury stock in the consolidated statement of changes in equity.

In November 2021, 2022, and 2023 allocations to this plan were approved by our board of directors. The total cost of the allocations approved were U.S. $5.1 million (U.S. $3.3 million net of withheld taxes), U.S. $5.7 million (U.S. $3.7 million net of withheld taxes) and U.S. $ 5.7 million (U.S. $3.7 million net of withheld taxes). Under the terms of the incentive plan, certain of our key employees were granted a special bonus that was transferred to the administrative trust for the acquisition of our Series A shares.

During 2021, 2022 and 2023, we recognized U.S. $4.4 million, U.S. $5.1 million and U.S. $6.0 million, respectively, as compensation expense associated with the long-term incentive plan in our consolidated statements of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, some key employees left the Company; therefore, these employees did not fulfill the vesting conditions. In accordance with the plan, Servicios Corporativos, the Company and Volaris Opco are entitled to receive the proceeds of the sale of such shares. As of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, 551,732 shares, 103,712 shares and 330,453 shares, respectively, were forfeited. As of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, 4,490,421 shares, 6,579,214 shares and 9,163,300 shares, respectively, were held in trust under this plan as all shares granted remained unvested. Such shares were considered as treasury shares and considered outstanding for diluted earnings per share purposes because the holders are entitled to dividends if and when distributed.

C. | Board Practices

Board Practices

The members of our board of directors are elected annually at our ordinary general meeting of shareholders. All board members hold their positions for one year and may be reelected.

Authority of the Board of Directors

For a description of the authority of our directors, see Item 10: “Additional Information-Memorandum and Articles of Association—Provisions of Our By-laws and Mexican Law Relating to Directors.”

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Duty of Care and Duty of Loyalty

The LMV imposes duties of care and of loyalty on directors.

For a description of the duties of care and loyalty of our directors, see Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Provisions of Our By-laws and Mexican Law Relating to Directors.”

Restructuring of Committees of the Board of Directors

On April 21, 2023, our shareholders approved a plan, or the April 2023 Committee Restructuring Plan, to amend our by-laws and restructure the two committees of our board of directors. The audit and corporate governance committee was split into two committees: (i) the audit committee and (ii) the corporate governance committee. Additionally, the compensation and nominations committee ceased to exist and the corporate governance committee assumed its compensation and nomination duties.

Audit Committee

The LMV requires us to have an audit committee, which must be comprised of at least three independent members, which was established in April 2023, as a result of the 2023 Committee Restructuring Plan We believe that all of the members of the audit committee are independent under the LMV and Exchange Act Rule 10A-3.

The audit committee’s principal duties are to:

| ● | call shareholders meetings and request the inclusion of matters in the agenda;

| ● | supervise and evaluate our external auditors and analyze their reports (including their opinion of our annual report);

| ● | analyze and supervise the preparation of our financial statements and make recommendations to the board of directors on their approval;

| ● | inform the board of directors of the status of our internal controls, our internal audit and their adequacy;

| ● | supervise the execution of related party transactions and transactions representing 20% or more of our consolidated assets being undertaken pursuant to applicable law;

| ● | render its opinion to the board of directors regarding transactions with related parties;

| ● | request reports from our executive officers or independent experts whenever it deems appropriate;

| ● | investigate and inform the board of directors of any irregularities that it may encounter;

| ● | receive and analyze recommendations and observations made by the shareholders, members of the board of directors, executive officers or any third party and take the necessary actions;

| ● | supervise compliance by our chief executive officer of instructions provided by our board of directors or shareholders;

| ● | provide an annual report to the board in respect of accounting policies and their sufficiency, adequacy and consistency;

| ● | request opinions from independent third party experts;

| ● | assist our board of directors in the preparation of reports for the annual shareholders’ meeting; and

| ● | hire or recommend auditors to shareholders and approve them.

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As of the date of this annual report, the audit committee has at least one financial expert, José Luis Fernández Fernández, and is composed of three members.

The current members of our audit committee are:

​ | ​ | ​
Name |  | Title
José Luis Fernández Fernández | ​ | Chairman and Independent Director
Joaquín Alberto Palomo Déneke | ​ | Independent Director
John A. Slowik | ​ | Independent Director

​

Mr. José Carlos Silva Sanchez-Gavito is the alternate member of the audit committee.

Corporate Governance Committee

The LMV requires us to have a corporate governance committee, which must be comprised of at least three independent members, which was established in April 2023, as a result of the 2023, Committee Restructuring Plan We believe that all of the members of the corporate governance committee are independent under the LMV and Exchange Act Rule 10A-3.

The corporate governance committee’s principal duties are to:

| ● | call shareholders’ meetings and request the inclusion of matters in the agenda;

| ● | supervise and report on the performance of our chief executive officer and render opinions to our board of directors regarding his nomination, election, removal, compensation, and related policies;

| ● | supervise and report on the performance of our officers to our board of directors and render opinions to our board of directors regarding their nomination, election, removal, compensation, and related policies;

| ● | submit proposals to the board of directors relating to the nomination or removal of officers within the first two corporate levels;

| ● | propose the remuneration schemes of the first four corporate levels of the Company or those determined by it, for approval of the board of directors;

| ● | assist our board of directors in the preparation of reports for the annual shareholders’ meeting;

| ● | consult with third-party experts in connection with any issues related to compensation, organizational development, and other related matters;

| ● | propose to the board of directors the adoption, modification or termination of any incentive plan for employees of the Company;

| ● | propose to our board of directors the entering into, amendment or termination of any collective bargaining agreements;

| ● | inform our board of directors of relevant labor contingencies; and

| ● | provide an annual report to the board in respect of corporate governance and nomination and compensations matters; and

| ● | assist our board of directors in the preparation of reports for the annual shareholders’ meeting.

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As of the date of this annual report, the current members of the corporate governance committee are:

​ | ​ | ​
Name |  | Title
Ricardo Maldonado Yáñez | ​ | Chairman and Independent Director
Mónica Aspe Bernal | ​ | Independent Director
Harry F. Krensky | ​ | Independent Director

​

​

D. | Employees

We believe that having well-trained and driven employees impacts our growth potential and the quality of the service we provide. We therefore expend significant effort on selecting and training individuals who we believe are the best qualified for our company and will fit well within our corporate culture of customer service, meritocracy and efficient operations.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 7,198 employees, which consisted of 1,427 pilots, 2,748 flight attendants, 196 ramp operations personnel, 972 airport and customer service personnel, 574 maintenance personnel and 1,281 management and administrative personnel. 5,383 of our employees 75% are part of the Union of Workers of the Aeronautic, Similar or Connected Industries (Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Indústria Aeronaútica, Similares y Conexos de la República Méxicana), or STIAS, and the remaining 25% of our employees are not part of any union. Volaris Opco entered into a collective bargaining agreement with our union employees in February 2023 for a term of two years for benefits and in February 2024 for a term of one year for salaries. Salaries under these collective bargaining agreements are negotiated yearly, whereas other benefits are negotiated every two years. We believe we have a good relationship with our employees and have never had labor strikes or work stoppages.

The following table sets forth the number of our employees per category and average employees per aircraft for the periods indicated below:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Years ended December 31,
Employees |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023
Pilots | ​ | 1,453 | ​ | 1,463 | ​ | 1,427
Flight attendants | ​ | 2,690 | ​ | 2,819 | ​ | 2,748
Ramp operations personnel | ​ | 109 | ​ | 152 | ​ | 196
Airport and customer service personnel (1) | ​ | 874 | ​ | 1,020 | ​ | 972
Maintenance personnel | ​ | 427 | ​ | 847 | ​ | 574
Management and administrative personnel | ​ | 1,161 | ​ | 1,063 | ​ | 1,281
Total | ​ | 6,714 | ​ | 7,364 | ​ | 7,198
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average employees per aircraft (2) | ​ | 63 | ​ | 60 | ​ | 54

(1)For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the number of employees that were considered traffic agents is 767, 844 and 650, respectively.

(2)Traffic agents are considered on a 60.0% FTE (Full-Time Equivalent) basis for this calculation, as they are part-time employees.

We provide extensive training to our pilots, flight attendants, technical staff and customer service representatives, which complies with Mexican and international standards. We have implemented employee accountability initiatives both at the time of hiring and on an ongoing basis in order to maintain the quality of our crew and customer service.

Our compensation strategy is meant to retain talented and motivated employees and is designed to align the interests of our employees with our own. All of our employees, including pilots, flight attendants, ground employees and management, are subject to variable, performance-based compensation employment arrangements, which are intended to promote efficiency, operating performance and profitable results. In addition, there is no seniority pay escalation among our pilots in order to encourage meritocracy.

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E. | Share Ownership

For information regarding the share ownership of directors and officers, see Item 7A: “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.” For information as to our equity incentive plans, see Item 6B: “Director, Senior Management and Employees— Compensation.”

F. | Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

None.

​

ITEM 7 MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. | Major Shareholders Our Principal Shareholders

Our shareholders are Mexican investors, international investors, and investment funds managed by Indigo Partners LLC, or Indigo. Our shareholders have a long history of investing in Mexico and some of them have experience in the airline industry by having formed, or by holding interests in,Frontier, Jet SMART, Spirit, Tiger and Wizz.

Major Shareholders and Share Ownership

The following table set forth information as of the date of this annual report with respect to beneficial ownership of our capital stock:

| ● | each person that is a beneficial owner of 5% or more of our outstanding shares of capital stock;

| ● | each of our executive officers;

| ● | each of our directors; and

| ● | all of our executive officers and directors as a group.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Common Stock
Shareholders | ​ | Series A Shares Number | ​ | Percentage
5% Shareholders: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Funds managed by Indigo(1) | ​ | 212,575,660 |  | 18.2%

(1) | Consists of 135,974,070 Series A shares (deposited in the CPO trust) held by Indigo LatAm LP., 4,229,270 Series A shares (deposited in the CPO trust) held by Long Bar LatAm, LLC, 178,220 Series A shares (deposited in the CPO trust) held by Long Bar LatAm II LP, 30,000,000 Series A shares (deposited in the CPO trust) held by Indigo Mexico LLC and 42,194,100 Series A shares (deposited in the CPO trust) held by Indigo Mexico Cöoperatief U.A. William A. Franke is the managing member of a fund that is the general partner of Indigo Mexico Cöoperatief U.A, and is manager of the funds of Long Bar LatAm, LLC, Indigo LatAm LP, Long Bar LatAm II LP and Indigo Mexico LLC, and as such, has voting and dispositive power over these shares. Mr. Franke disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by these entities except to the extent of any pecuniary interest therein. Indigo Mexico Coöperatief U.A. has a principal business address at: Schiphol Boulevard 231, 1118 BH Amsterdam, Netherlands. All other entities listed herein, whose shares are beneficially owned by Indigo, have a principal business address at: 2525 East Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85016.

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As of the date of this annual report, our directors and officers owned shares as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Name |  | Title |  | Number of shares |
Harry F. Krensky | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | 6,012,590 | *
Brian H. Franke | ​ | Chairman of the Board | ​ | 3,027,000 | *
John A. Slowik | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | 77,500 | *
William Dean Donovan | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | 2,225,070 | *
Alfonso González Migoya | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | 107,971 | ​
Marco Baldocchi | ​ | Director | ​ | 1,870,500 | *
Stanley L. Pace | ​ | Independent Director | ​ | 126,530 | *
Enrique Beltranena | ​ | Director, President and Chief Executive Officer | ​ | 10,542,988 | ​
Holger Blankenstein | ​ | Executive Vice President Airline Commercial and Operations | ​ | 4,500,000 | *
Jaime E. Pous | ​ | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | ​ | 956,678 | ​
José Luis Suárez | ​ | Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer | ​ | 465,630 | ​
José Alejandro de Iturbide Gutiérrez | ​ | Vice President and Chief Legal Officer | ​ | 159,711 | ​
Jimmy Zadigue | ​ | Senior Corporate Audit Services and Risk Assessment Director | ​ | 38,576 | *

*Shares owned through CPOs or ADSs.

This share ownership represents less than 2.5% of our shares. No other director or member of senior management owns any of our capital stock as of the date of this annual report. Except for the management incentive plan disclosed in this annual report, we have no arrangements for the issuing or granting of our options, shares or securities to our employees, nor do we have any other arrangement for involving our employees in our capital.

Securities Held in Host Country

As of December 31, 2023, 74,525,616 ADSs (equivalent to 745,256,160 shares, or 63.9% of the total outstanding shares of our common stock) were outstanding and held of record by 20 registered shareholders of depositary receipts. We are aware that many ADSs are held of record by brokers and other nominees, and accordingly the above numbers are not necessarily representative of the actual number of U.S. persons who are beneficial holders of ADSs or the number of ADSs beneficially held by such persons.

Registration Rights

We have granted the registration rights described below to our principal shareholders, to register shares of capital stock (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) owned by each of them after our initial public offering with SEC under the Securities Act, pursuant to the terms of a registration rights agreement filed as Exhibit 4.7 to our registration statement on Form F-1 field with the SEC on September 16, 2013, or the Registration Rights Agreement. No registration rights were granted to our principal shareholders in respect of the registration of our shares with the RNV maintained by the CNBV, because all of our Series A shares were registered thereat concurrently with our initial public offering, and such registration will be updated, from time to time, as required under applicable Mexican law.

The following description of the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement is intended as a summary only and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the copy filed as Exhibit 4.7 to our registration statement on Form F-1 field with the SEC on September 16, 2013.

Demand and Short-Form Registration Rights

Since the completion of our initial public offering, our principal shareholders are entitled to certain demand and short-form registration rights. The holders of at least a majority of the shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) subject to the registration rights can, on not more than two occasions, request that we register all or a portion of their shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) under the Securities Act.

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In addition, since our initial public offering, these holders became entitled to certain short-form registration rights. The holders of shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) with a proposed aggregate offering price of at least U.S. $20 million at the time of the request may make a written request that we register their shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) on a short form registration, if we are eligible to file a registration statement on Form F-3. These holders may make an unlimited number of requests for registration on Form F-3. However, we will not be required to effect a demand or short-form registration within 90 days after the effective date of a previous demand or short-form registration.

Moreover, once every 12 months, we may postpone for up to six months the filing or the effectiveness of a registration statement for a demand or a short-form registration, if our board of directors determines that such registration would have a material adverse effect on any of our proposals or plans to engage in any acquisitions of assets, merger, consolidation, tender offer or any other material transaction.

Piggyback Registration Rights

In the event that we propose to register any of our securities under the Securities Act, our principal shareholders will be entitled to certain “piggyback” registration rights allowing the holder to include their shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) in such registration, subject to certain marketing and other limitations. As a result, whenever we propose to file a registration statement under the Securities Act (pursuant to a demand or short-form registration, or pursuant to a registration on Form F-4 or F-8 or any successor or similar forms), our current principal shareholders holding these shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) are entitled to notice of the registration and have the right, subject to limitations that the underwriters may impose on the number of shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) included in the registration, to include their shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) in the registration.

Expenses of Registration, Restriction and Indemnification

We will pay all registration expenses, including the legal fees of one counsel for all holders under the Registration Rights Agreement. In addition, we will reimburse such holders for the reasonable fees and disbursements of each additional counsel retained for the purpose of rendering any legal opinion if and to the extent required by underwriters or us.

The demand, short-form and piggyback registration rights are subject to customary restrictions such as blackout periods and any limitations on the number of shares (and/or CPOs having such shares as underlying securities) to be included in the underwritten offering imposed by any lead underwriter. The Registration Rights Agreement also contains indemnification provisions that we believe are customary for similar transactions.

Significant Changes in Share Ownership

None.

Differences in Voting Rights

See Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Overview—Voting Rights.”

B. | Related Party Transactions

We have engaged in a number of transactions with related parties.

Servprot S.A. de C.V., or Servprot

Servprot was a related party until June 13, 2023, because Enrique Beltranena Mejicano, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and director was shareholder of such Company. Servprot provides security services for Mr. Beltranena and his family. As of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, there were no outstanding balances due to Servprot. As of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, we accrued expenses of U.S. $0.2 million, U.S. $0.2 million, and U.S. $0.1 million, respectively, in connection with these services.

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Aeromantenimiento, S.A., or Aeroman

Aeroman is a related party, because Marco Baldocchi is a member of the board of the Company’s board of directors is an alternate director of Aeroman. On January 1, 2017, we entered into an aircraft repair and maintenance service agreement with Aeroman. On January 1, 2022, we entered into an amendment with Aeroman and MRO Commercial, S.A., or MRO, an affiliate of Aeroman, to extend the agreement until January 1, 2027. The agreement provides for the exclusive use of Aeroman´s services for the repair and maintenance of aircraft, subject to availability. Under such agreement, Aeroman provides us with inspection, maintenance, repair and overhaul services for our aircraft. We make payments under this agreement depending on the services performed.

As of December 31, 2021, the balance due under the agreement with Aeroman was U.S. $0.4 million. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, there are no outstanding balances due to Aeroman under the agreement. We incurred expenses in aircraft maintenance and technical support of U.S. $8.1 million and U.S. $3.9 million, for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2022, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not have expenses transaction.

As of December 31, 2022, and 2023, the balance due to MRO under the agreement was U.S. $1.0 thousand and U.S. $8.0 thousand, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2023, we incurred expenses with MRO of U.S. $11.0 million and U.S. $15.7 million, respectively.

Mijares, Angoitia, Cortés y Fuentes, S.C., or MACF

MACF, is a related party because Ricardo Maldonado Yañez, and independent member of our board of directors, and chairman of our corporate governance committee is partner at MACF, which provides legal services to us. Additionally, Eugenio Macouzet de León, an alternate member of our board of directors, is also a partner at MACF. As of December 31, 2021, the Company did not have outstanding balance due to MACF. As of December 31, 2022, and 2023, the balance due for the services received from MACF was U.S. $22.0 thousand, and U.S. $105.0 thousand, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, we recognized expenses of legal services with MACF of U.S. $0.2 million, U.S. $0.2 million, and U.S. $0.2 million, respectively.

Frontier Airlines Inc, or Frontier

Frontier is a related party because Brian H. Franke and Andrew Broderick, members of our board of directors, are members of the board of directors of Frontier. Mr. Franke and Mr. Broderick are also managers of Indigo Partners, which is one of our shareholders and also a shareholder of Frontier. Additionally, William A. Franke, although not a member of our board of directors, is our honorary director and the chairman of the board of directors of Frontier. As of December 31, 2021, and 2022, the accounts receivable from Frontier were U.S. $4.7 million and U.S. $2.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there is not outstanding balance due to Frontier under this agreement. Additionally, as of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the account payable was U.S. $2.0 thousand, U.S. $2.0 thousand and U.S. $1.9 million, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2022, we recognized revenue under this agreement of U.S. $3.5 million and U.S. $5.0 thousand, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not have revenue transactions.

Chevez, Ruiz, Zamarripa y Cia, S.C., or Chevez

Chevez, is a related party because Mr. José Luis Fernández Fernández, is an independent member of our board of directors, as well as the chairman of our audit committee and non-managing limited partner of Chevez. Chevez provide us with tax advisory services. As of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the account payable with Chevez was U.S. $0.5 million, U.S. $0.8 million, and U.S. $0.6 million, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, we recognized expenses with Chevez of U.S. $0.2 million, $0.9 million, and U.S. $1.2 million respectively.

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Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte, S.A.B. de C.V., or OMA

On April 22, 2020, OMA became a related party because Mr. Ricardo Maldonado Yáñez is an independent member of our board of directors and a member of the board of directors of OMA and Mrs. Guadalupe Phillips Margain, our independent member, was a member of the board of directors of OMA until November 2022. As of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the account payable with OMA was U.S. $9.7 million, U.S. $13.6 million and U.S. $12.9 million, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, we recognized expenses with OMA of U.S. $6.6 million, U.S. $9.8 million, and U.S. $12.3 million, respectively.

A&P International Services, S.A.P.I. de C.V., or AISG

On July 4, 2022, AISG became a related party because Harry F. Krensky, an independent member of our board of directors, is the chairman of the board of directors of AISG. Additionally, Harry F. Krensky is managing partner of Discovery Americas, a private equity firm that indirectly holds/manages an investment position in AISG. As of December 31, 2022, and 2023, the accounts payable from AISG were U.S. $0.2 million and U.S. $0.3 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we recognized expenses with AISG of U.S. $0.9 million and U.S. $2.9 million, respectively.

CleanJoule, Inc. (“CleanJoule”)

CleanJoule is considered a related party because Mr. Brian H. Franke, the chairman of our board of directors, is an officer of Franke Family Joule, LLC. Since May 23, 2023, Mr. Franke has been a shareholder of Clean Joule and has the right to appoint a member of its board of directors. Additionally, on May 23, 2023, Mr. Andrew Broderick, a member of our board of directors, was appointed by Franke Family Joule, LLC, as a member of the board of directors of CleanJoule. CleanJoule is a Company that produces high-performance and cost- effective Sustainable Aviation Fuel from agricultural waste and organic residues. On May 23, 2023, we made an investment of U.S. $1.7 million by purchasing common stock of CleanJoule, Inc. This transaction has been recorded as a financial instrument under the other current assets caption our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position since we does not have significant influence or control over CleanJoule.

C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not Applicable.

ITEM 8 FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Our annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS on pages F-1 through F-90 are filed as part of this annual report.

Legal Proceedings

We are subject to various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business that we believe are incidental to the operation of our business. We believe that the outcome of the proceedings to which we are currently a party will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Certain legal proceedings may require us to incur financial obligations. Based on the plaintiffs’ claims, as of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, these proceedings may amount to a total of U.S. $8.0 million, U.S. $7.8 million, and U.S. $29.4 million, (U.S. $2.8 million related to legal matters, U.S. $6.1 million related to labor matters and U.S. $20.5 million related to other tax matters), respectively.

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Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends in the past and do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any additional future earnings to finance our operations and growth. Any future determination to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our shareholders on the recommendation of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and contractual, regulatory and other restrictions on the payment of dividends and other factors our shareholders deem relevant. In addition, we may not pay any dividend unless such dividend is paid from our net profit account and the financial statements including such net profit and the payment of the relevant dividend have been approved by a shareholder resolution. Furthermore, our revolving line of credit with Santander and Bancomext may limit our ability to declare and pay dividends in the event that we fail to comply with the payment terms thereunder. See Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Loan Agreements.”

Mexican law requires that at least 5% of a company’s net income each year (after profit sharing and other deductions required by Mexican law) be allocated to a legal reserve fund until such fund reaches an amount equal to at least 20% of its capital stock from time to time (without adjustment for inflation). For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, we did not allocate any amount to our legal reserve fund. As of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, the legal reserve was U.S. $17,363 or 7%, respectively, of our capital stock.

Mexican companies may pay dividends only out of earnings (including retained earnings after all losses have been absorbed or paid up), after allocation to the legal reserve fund and only if shareholders have approved the yearly financials from which such earnings are derived and the payment of the dividend. The reserve fund is required to be funded on a stand-alone basis for each company, rather than on a consolidated basis. The level of earnings available for the payment of dividends is determined under IFRS. Our subsidiaries are required to allocate earnings to their respective legal reserve funds prior to paying dividends to us.

Dividends that are paid from a company’s distributable earnings that have not been subject to corporate income tax are subject to a corporate-level tax payable by us. Companies are entitled to apply any such tax on the distribution of earnings as a credit against their Mexican corporate income tax corresponding to the fiscal year in which the dividend was paid or against the Mexican corporate income tax of the two fiscal years following the date in which the dividend was paid. Dividends paid from a company’s distributable earnings that have been subject to corporate income tax are not subject to this corporate-level dividend income tax. Dividends paid to resident and non-resident holders with respect to the CPOs and ADSs are subject to a 10% Mexican tax withholding.

In the event we were to declare dividends, they would be in pesos. In the case of CPOs represented by ADSs, the cash dividends would be paid to the depositary and, subject to the terms of the Deposit Agreement, converted into and paid in U.S. dollars at the prevailing rate of exchange, net of conversion expenses of the depositary and applicable Mexican withholding tax. Fluctuations in exchange rates would affect the amount of dividends that ADS holders would receive. For a more detailed discussion, see Item 12: “Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—American Depositary Shares.”

B. | Significant changes

Except as otherwise disclosed in this annual report, there has been no undisclosed significant change since the date of our annual consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 9 THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. | Offer and Listing Details

New York Stock Exchange

American Depositary Shares

Our ADSs, each representing 10 of our Series A shares, are listed on the NYSE under the trading symbol “VLRS.” The ADSs began trading on the NYSE on September 18, 2013, and were issued initially by the Bank of New York Mellon.

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Mexican Stock Exchange

Series A Shares

The Series A shares are listed on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, S.A.B. de C.V., or the Mexican Stock Exchange, under the trading symbol “VOLAR.” The Series A shares began trading on the Mexican Stock Exchange on September 18, 2013.

B. | Plan of Distribution

Not Applicable.

C. | Markets

The Mexican Stock Market

The information concerning the Mexican securities market set forth below has been prepared based on materials obtained from public sources, including the CNBV, the Mexican Stock Exchange and information made public by market participants. The following summary does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the material aspects related to the Mexican securities market.

Trading on the Mexican Stock Exchange

The Mexican Stock Exchange, located in Mexico City, is the only stock exchange currently operating in Mexico. Operating continuously since 1907, the Mexican Stock Exchange is organized as a variable capital public stock corporation. Securities trading on the Mexican Stock Exchange occurs each business day from 8:30 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., Mexico City time subject to adjustments to operate uniformly with certain markets in the United States.

Since January 1999, all trading on the Mexican Stock Exchange has been effected electronically. The Mexican Stock Exchange may impose a number of measures to promote an orderly and transparent trading price of securities, including the operation of a system of automatic suspension of trading in shares of a particular issuer, when price fluctuations exceed certain limits.

Settlement of transactions with equity securities on the Mexican Stock Exchange are effected three business days after a share transaction is agreed to. Deferred settlement is not permitted without the approval of the Mexican Stock Exchange, even where mutually agreed. Securities traded on the Mexican Stock Exchange are on deposit in book-entry form through the facilities of Indeval, a privately owned securities depositary that acts as a clearinghouse, depositary, and custodian, as well as a settlement, transfer, and registration agent for Mexican Stock Exchange transactions, eliminating the need for physical transfer of securities. Transactions must be settled in pesos except under limited circumstances and in respect of limited transactions in which settlement in foreign currencies may be permitted.

Market Regulation

In 1925, the Mexican National Banking Commission (Comisión Nacional Bancaria) was established to regulate banking activity and in 1946, the Mexican Securities Commission (Comisión Nacional de Valores) was established to regulate stock market activity. In 1995, these two entities merged to form the CNBV.

Among other things, the CNBV regulates the public offering and trading of securities, public companies and their regime and participants in the Mexican securities market (including brokerage houses and the Mexican Stock Exchange), and imposes sanctions for the illegal use of insider information and other violations of the LMV. The CNBV regulates the Mexican securities market, the Mexican Stock Exchange, and brokerage firms, through its staff and a board of governors comprised of 13 members.

Mexican Securities Market Law

The current Mexican Securities Market Law was enacted on December 8, 2005, published in the Official Gazette of the Federation (Diario Oficial de la Federación) or Official Gazette of the Federation on December 31, 2005, and became effective on June 28, 2006. The LMV changed Mexican securities laws in various material respects to further align Mexican laws with the securities and corporate governance standards laws in effect in other jurisdictions that maintained more developed securities markets.

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In particular, the LMV:

| ● | establishes the sociedad anónima promotora de inversión, a form of corporate organization that permits agreements among shareholders, mediating rights of first offer and refusal, tag-along rights, vetoes, non-compete provisions and other terms that enhance rights of minority shareholders;

| ● | establishes the variable capital public stock corporation, a corporate form of organization that is subject to the general requirements of the Mexican Corporations Law, but is subject to specific requirements for issuers with stock registered with the CNBV and listed in the Mexican Stock Exchange;

| ● | includes private placement exemptions directed to Mexican institutional and qualified investors, and specifies the requirements that need to be satisfied for an issuer or underwriter to fall within the exemption;

| ● | includes improved rules for tender offers, dividing them in either voluntary or mandatory;

| ● | establishes standards for disclosure of holdings applicable to shareholders of public companies;

| ● | expands and strengthens the role of the board of directors of public companies;

| ● | defines the role of the chief executive officer and other relevant officers of public corporations;

| ● | defines the standards applicable to the board of directors and the duties and potential liabilities and penalties applicable to each director, the chief executive officer and other executive officer and of members of the technical committee and the corporate governance committee (introducing concepts as the duty of care, duty of loyalty and safe harbors for actions attributable to directors, committee members and officers);

| ● | replaces the statutory auditor (comisario) with the audit committee and establishes the corporate governance committee with clearly defined responsibilities;

| ● | improves the rights of minority shareholders (including rights to initiate shareholders’ derivative suits);

| ● | defines applicable sanctions for violation of law;

| ● | provides for flexibility to allow regulated Mexican brokerage firms to engage in certain limited activities;

| ● | regulates stock exchanges, clearinghouses, futures and derivatives markets, and rating agencies;

| ● | establishes penalties (including incarceration), arising from violations of the Securities Market Law and regulations thereunder;

| ● | establishes that public companies are considered a single economic unit with the entities they control;

| ● | introduces concepts such as consortiums, groups of related persons or entities, control, related parties and decision-making power;

| ● | defines rules relating to types of securities that may be offered by public companies;

| ● | sets forth information for share repurchases; and

| ● | specifies requirements for implementing anti-takeover measures.

In March 2003, the CNBV issued certain general regulations applicable to issuers and other securities market participants, which regulations have since been amended, or the General Regulations, and in September 2004, the CNBV issued certain general regulations applicable to brokerage firms. The General Regulations, which repealed several previously enacted CNBV regulations, provide a consolidated set of rules governing public offerings, reporting requirements and issuer activity, among other things.

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Registration and Listing Standards

In order to offer securities to the public in Mexico, an issuer must meet specific qualitative and quantitative requirements. Only securities that have been registered with the Mexican National Securities Registry (Registro Nacional de Valores) or the RNV, pursuant to an approval by the CNBV may be listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange. In addition, the Mexican Stock Exchange has created a parallel quotation system, named the international quotation system, or SIC, where debt and equity securities issued by non-Mexican issuers may be listed, for trading by institutional and accredited investors. Issuers listed on the SIC have limited disclosure and reporting requirements and may comply with obligations through a sponsor and by providing disclosure made available in their home market. These securities may be listed through the SIC if (i) the securities are not already listed on the RNV, (ii) the market of origin of the company issuing the shares has received, based on its characteristics, recognition from the CNBV, and (iii) the securities satisfy the listing requirements of the applicable stock exchange.

The General Regulations require the Mexican Stock Exchange to adopt minimum requirements for issuers that seek to list their securities in Mexico. These requirements relate to operating history, financial and capital structure, and minimum public floats applicable to shares of public companies, among other things. The General Regulations also require the Mexican Stock Exchange to implement minimum requirements (including minimum public floats) for issuers to maintain their listing in Mexico. These requirements relate to the issuer’s financial condition, capital structure and public float, among others. The CNBV may waive some of these requirements in certain circumstances. In addition, some of the requirements are applicable for each series of shares of the relevant issuer.

The CNBV’s approval for registration with the RNV does not imply any kind of certification or assurance related to the investment quality of the securities, the solvency of the issuer, or the accuracy or completeness of any information delivered to the CNBV or included in any offering document.

The Mexican Stock Exchange may review compliance with the foregoing requirements and other requirements at any time, but will normally do so on an annual, semi-annual and quarterly basis. The Mexican Stock Exchange must inform the CNBV of the results of its review, and this information must, in turn, be disclosed to investors.

If an issuer fails to comply with any of these minimum requirements, the Mexican Stock Exchange will request that the issuer propose a plan to cure the violation. If the issuer fails to propose a plan, if the plan is not satisfactory to the Mexican Stock Exchange, or if an issuer does not make substantial progress with respect to the implementation of the corrective plan, trading of the relevant series of shares on the Mexican Stock Exchange may be temporarily suspended. In addition, if an issuer fails to implement the plan in full, the CNBV may cancel the registration of the shares, in which case the majority shareholder or any controlling group will be required to carry out a tender offer to acquire all of the outstanding shares of the issuer in accordance with the tender offer provisions set forth in the LMV (under which all holders must be treated in the same manner).

Reporting Obligations

Issuers of listed securities are required to file unaudited quarterly financial statements and audited annual financial statements (together with an explanation thereof) and periodic reports, in particular reports dealing with material events, with the CNBV and the Mexican Stock Exchange. Mexican issuers must file the following reports with the CNBV:

| ● | a comprehensive annual report prepared in accordance with the General Regulations, by no later than April 30 of each year;

| ● | quarterly reports, within 20 days following the end of each of the first three quarters and 40 days following the end of the fourth quarter;

| ● | reports disclosing material information;

| ● | reports and disclosure memoranda revealing corporate restructurings such as mergers, spin-offs or acquisitions or sales of assets, to be approved by shareholders’ meeting or the board of directors;

| ● | reports regarding the policies and guidelines with respect to the use of the company’s (or its subsidiaries) assets by related persons; and

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| ● | details dealing with agreements among shareholders.

Pursuant to the General Regulations, the internal rules of the Mexican Stock Exchange were amended to implement an automated electronic information transfer system (Sistema Electrónico de Envío y Difusión de Información), or SEDI, called Sistema Electrónico de Comunicación con Emisoras de Valores, or EMISNET, for information required to be filed with the Mexican Stock Exchange. Issuers of listed securities must prepare and disclose their financial and other information via EMISNET. Immediately upon receipt, the Mexican Stock Exchange makes this financial and other information available to the public.

The General Regulations and the rules of the Mexican Stock Exchange require issuers of listed securities to file through SEDI information that relates to any event or circumstance that could influence an issuer’s share prices and investor decisions to acquire stock. If listed securities experience unusual price volatility, the Mexican Stock Exchange must immediately request that an issuer inform the public as to the causes of the volatility or, if the issuer is unaware of the causes, that it makes a statement to the effect that it is unaware of the causes of such volatility. In addition, the Mexican Stock Exchange must immediately request that issuers disclose any information relating to material events when it deems the available public information to be insufficient, as well as instruct issuers to clarify information when necessary. The Mexican Stock Exchange may request that issuers confirm or deny any material event that has been disclosed to the public by third parties when it deems that the material event may affect or influence the price of the listed securities. The Mexican Stock Exchange must immediately inform the CNBV of any such request. In addition, the CNBV may also make any of these requests directly to issuers. An issuer may delay the disclosure of material events if:

| ● | the issuer implements adequate confidentiality measures (including maintaining a log with the names of parties in possession of confidential information and the date when each such party became aware of the relevant information);

| ● | the information is related to incomplete transactions;

| ● | there is no misleading public information relating to the material event; and

| ● | no unusual price or volume fluctuation occurs.

Similarly, if an issuer’s securities are traded on both the Mexican Stock Exchange and a foreign securities exchange, the issuer must simultaneously file the information that it is required to file pursuant to the laws and regulations of the foreign jurisdiction with the CNBV and the Mexican Stock Exchange.

Suspension of Trading

In addition to the authority of the Mexican Stock Exchange under its internal regulations described above, the CNBV and the Mexican Stock Exchange may suspend trading in an issuer’s securities:

| ● | if the issuer does not disclose a material event; or

| ● | upon price or volume volatility or changes in the trading of the relevant securities that are not consistent with the historic performance of the securities and cannot be explained solely through information made publicly available pursuant to the General Regulations.

The Mexican Stock Exchange must immediately inform the CNBV and the general public of any suspension. An issuer may request that the CNBV or the Mexican Stock Exchange permit trading to resume if it demonstrates that the causes triggering the suspension have been resolved and that it is in full compliance with periodic reporting requirements. If an issuer’s request has been granted, the Mexican Stock Exchange will determine the appropriate mechanism to resume trading (which may include a bidding process to determine applicable prices). If trading in an issuer’s securities is suspended for more than 20 business days and the issuer is authorized to resume trading without conducting a public offering, the issuer must disclose via SEDI, before trading may resume, a description of the causes that resulted in the suspension.

Under consent regulations, the Mexican Stock Exchange may consider the measures adopted by other non-Mexican exchanges to suspend and/or resume trading of an issuer’s shares, in cases where the relevant securities are simultaneously traded on stock exchanges located outside of Mexico.

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Insider Trading, Trading Restrictions and Tender Offers

The LMV contains specific regulations regarding insider trading, including the requirement that persons in possession of information deemed privileged abstain (i) from directly or indirectly, trading in the relevant issuer’s securities, or derivatives with respect to such securities, the trading price of which may be affected by such information, (ii) from making recommendations or providing advice to third parties to trade in such securities, and (iii) disclosing or communicating such privileged information to third parties (except for persons to whom such information must be disclosed as a result of their positions or employment, as governmental authorities).

Pursuant to the LMV, the following persons must notify the CNBV of any transactions undertaken by them with respect to a listed issuer’s securities, whether on a case-by-case basis or quarterly:

| ● | members of a listed issuer’s board of directors;

| ● | shareholders controlling 10% or more of a listed issuer’s outstanding capital stock;

| ● | advisors;

| ● | groups controlling 25% or more of a listed issuer’s outstanding capital stock; and

| ● | other insiders.

These persons must also inform the CNBV of the effect of the transactions within five days following their completion, or, alternatively, that the transactions have not been consummated. In addition, insiders must abstain from purchasing or selling securities of the issuer within three months from the last sale or purchase, respectively.

Also, for purposes of preparing annual reports, holders of 1% or more of the outstanding shares of a Mexican public company, must disclose their holdings and the relevant issuer.

Subject to certain exceptions, any acquisition of a public company’s shares that results in the acquirer owning 10.0% or more, but less than 30.0%, of an issuer’s outstanding capital stock, must be publicly disclosed to the CNBV and the Mexican Stock Exchange by no later than one business day following the acquisition.

Any acquisition or disposition by an insider that results in the insider holding an additional 5% or more of a public company’s outstanding capital stock or that reduces such insider’s holdings by 5% or more, must also be publicly disclosed to the CNBV and the Mexican Stock Exchange no later than one business day following the acquisition or disposition. Some insiders must also notify the CNBV of share purchases or sales that occur within any three-month or five-day period and that exceed certain value thresholds. The Mexican Securities Market Law requires that convertible securities, warrants and derivatives to be settled in kind be taken into account in the calculation of share ownership percentages of public companies.

The LMV requires that convertible securities, warrants, and derivatives to be settled in kind be considered in determining whether any of the foregoing percentages is reached or affected.

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Tender Offers

The LMV contains provisions relating to public tender offers and certain other share acquisitions occurring in Mexico. Under the Securities Market Law, tender offers may be voluntary or mandatory. Voluntary tender offers, or offers where there is no requirement that they be initiated or completed, are required to be made pro rata. Any intended acquisition of a public company’s shares that results in the acquirer owning 30% or more, but less than a percentage that would result in the acquirer obtaining control, of a company’s voting shares requires the acquirer to make a mandatory tender offer for the greater of (a) the percentage of the capital stock intended to be acquired, or (b) 10% of the company’s outstanding capital stock. Finally, any intended acquisition of a public company’s shares that is aimed at obtaining control requires the potential acquirer to make a mandatory tender offer for 100% of the company’s outstanding capital stock (however, under certain circumstances, the CNBV may permit an offer for less than 100%). The tender offer must be made at the same price to all shareholders and classes of shares. The board of directors, with the advice of the audit committee, must issue its opinion in respect of the fairness of the price applicable to any tender offer resulting in a change of control, which opinion must take minority shareholder rights into account and which may be accompanied by an independent fairness opinion. Directors and officers of a public company, in respect of which a tender offer has been made, must disclose whether or not each of them will tender his respective shares in the tender offer.

Under the LMV, all tender offers must be open for at least 20 business days and purchases thereunder are required to be made pro rata to all tendering shareholders. The Mexican Securities Market Law also permits the payment of certain amounts to controlling shareholders over and above the offering price if these amounts are fully disclosed, approved by the board of directors, and paid solely in connection with non-compete or similar obligations. The law also provides exceptions to the mandatory tender offer requirements and specifically sets forth remedies for non-compliance with these tender offer rules (e.g., suspension of voting rights, possible annulment of purchases, etc.) and other rights available to prior shareholders of the issuer.

Joint Trading of Common Shares and Limited or Non-Voting Shares

The LMV does not permit issuers to implement mechanisms for common shares and limited or non-voting shares to be jointly traded or offered to public investors, unless the limited or non-voting shares are convertible into common shares within a period of up to five years, or when, because of the nationality of the holder, the shares or the securities representing the shares limit the right to vote to comply with foreign investment laws. In addition, the aggregate amount of shares with limited or non-voting rights may not exceed 25% of the aggregate amount of publicly held shares. The CNBV may increase this 25% limit by an additional 25%, provided that the limited or non-voting shares exceeding 25% of the aggregate amount of publicly held shares are convertible into common shares within five years of their issuance.

Anti-Takeover Protections

The LMV provides that public companies may include anti-takeover provisions in their by-laws if such provisions (i) are approved by a majority of the shareholders, without shareholders representing 20% or more of the capital stock present at the meeting voting against such provision, (ii) do not exclude any shareholders or group of shareholders, (iii) do not restrict, in an absolute manner, a change of control, and (iv) do not contravene legal provisions related to tender offers or have the effect of disregarding the economic rights related to the shares held by the acquiring party.

Board of Directors and Committees

Under the LMV, public companies must have a board of directors comprised of no more than 21 members, of which at least 25% must be independent. Independent members must be selected based on their experience, ability and reputation at the issuer’s shareholders’ meeting; whether or not a director is independent must be determined by the issuer’s shareholders and such determination may be challenged by the CNBV. As a departure from legislative precedents, the LMV permits then-acting members of the board of directors (as opposed to shareholders) to select, under certain circumstances, on a temporary basis, new members of the board of directors.

Boards of directors of public companies are required to meet at least four times during each calendar year and have the following principal duties:

| ● | determine general strategies applicable to the issuer;

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| ● | approve guidelines for the use of corporate assets

| ● | approve, on an individual basis, transactions with related parties, subject to certain limited exceptions;

| ● | approve unusual or non-recurrent transactions and any transactions that imply the acquisition or sale of assets with a value equal to or exceeding 5% of the issuer’s consolidated assets or that imply the provision of collateral or guarantees or the assumption of liabilities equal to or exceeding 5% of the issuer’s consolidated assets;

| ● | approve the appointment or removal of the chief executive officer;

| ● | approve waivers in respect of corporate opportunities;

| ● | approve accounting and internal control policies;

| ● | approve the chief executive officers’ annual report and corrective measures for irregularities; and

| ● | approve policies for disclosure of information.

Directors have the general duty to act for the benefit of the issuer, without favoring any shareholder or groups of shareholders.

The LMV requires the creation of two committees, the audit committee and the corporate governance committee, each of which must maintain at least three members appointed by the board of directors and which members must all be independent (except for the corporate governance committee of corporations controlled by a person or group maintaining 50% or more of the outstanding capital stock, where the majority must be independent). The audit committee (together with the board of directors, which has added duties) replaces the statutory auditor (comisario) that had been previously required under the Mexican Corporations Law.

The corporate governance committee is required to provide opinions to the board of directors, request and obtain opinions from independent third-party experts, call shareholders’ meetings, provide assistance to the board in the preparation of annual reports and provide a report to the board of directors.

The audit committee’s principal role is to supervise the external auditors of the issuer, analyze the external auditor’s reports, discuss yearly financial statements and, when applicable, recommend their approval, inform the board of directors in respect of existing internal controls, require the issuer’s executive to prepare reports when deemed necessary, inform the board of directors of any irregularities that it encounters, investigate breaches of operating policies internal control and internal audit systems, supervise the activities of the issuer’s chief executive officer, call shareholders’ meetings, and provide an annual report to the board of directors.

Disclosure of Shareholders’ Agreements

Any shareholders’ agreements containing non-compete clauses, any agreements related to the sale, transfer or exercise of preemptive rights, any agreements which allow for the sale and purchase of shares (including any tag-along, drag-along and put or call rights), voting rights, and sale of shares in a public offering, must be notified to the company within five business days following their execution, to allow the company to disclose such agreements to the investors through the stock exchanges on which its securities are traded and to be made public in an annual report prepared by the company. These agreements (i) will be available for the public to review at the company’s offices, (ii) will not be enforceable against the company and a breach of such agreements will not affect the validity of the vote at a shareholders’ meeting, and (iii) will only be effective among the relevant parties once they have been disclosed to the public.

Miscellaneous

The LMV also specifies that any transaction or series of transactions that, during any fiscal year, represent 20% or more of the consolidated assets of a public company, must be considered and approved by a meeting of shareholders.

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In addition to the right granted to minority shareholders of a public company representing 5% or more of the outstanding shares to initiate a shareholder derivative suit against directors for a breach of the duty of care or the duty of loyalty, the LMV recognizes the right of shareholders representing 10% or more of the outstanding shares to appoint a director and call a shareholders’ meeting and request that vote on resolutions in respect of which they were not sufficiently informed be postponed. Holders of 20% or more of the outstanding voting shares may judicially oppose resolutions that were passed by a shareholders’ meeting and file a petition for a court order to suspend the resolution, if the claim is filed within 15 days following the adjournment of the meeting at which the action was taken, provided that (i) the challenged resolution violates Mexican law or the company’s by-laws, (ii) the opposing stockholders either did not attend the meeting or voted against the challenged resolution, and (iii) the opposing stockholders deliver a bond to the court to secure payment of any damages that the company may suffer as a result of suspending the resolution in the event that the court ultimately rules against the opposing stockholder; these provisions have seldom been invoked in Mexico and, as a result, any action that may be taken by a competent court is uncertain.

The New York Stock Market

NYSE traces its origins to 1792, when 24 New York City stockbrokers and merchants signed the Buttonwood Agreement. This agreement set in motion the NYSE’s unwavering commitment to investors and issuers. NYSE Euronext, the holding company created by the combination of NYSE Group, Inc. and Euronext N.V., was launched on April 4, 2007. NYSE Euronext (NYSE/New York and Euronext/Paris: NYX) operates the world’s largest and most liquid exchange group and offers the most diverse array of financial products and services. NYSE Euronext, which brings together six cash equities exchanges in five countries and six derivatives exchanges, is a world leader for listings, trading in cash equities, equity and interest rate derivatives, bonds and the distribution of market data. NYSE Euronext is a leading provider of securities listing, trading and market data products and services. To protect investors, the health of the financial system and the integrity of the capital-formation process, the SEC has designated the NYSE as the examining authority for its members and member firms. Listed companies, individual investors, institutional investors and member firms create the NYSE market. A member organization is a registered broker-dealer organized as a corporation, a partnership or an LLC, which is regulated by the Exchange. A member organization may, or may not, hold a trading license.

At the NYSE, two types of members work on the Trading Floor, each playing a distinct role in the trade execution process: Floor Brokers and Specialists. NYSE is open from Monday through Friday 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST each business day of the year.

On June 19, 2008, the NYSE Regulation, Inc. announced that “eGovDirect.com” was being offered to non-U.S. foreign private issuers listed on NYSE, including companies that trade American Depositary Shares on the NYSE through their Depositary Bank. This password-protected website assists NYSE-listed companies to meet their corporate governance and compliance requirements and allows issuers to save time and resources by filing annual and interim financial reports, disclosing officer and audit committee member information, and publishing declarations of dividends, shareholder meeting dates, shares outstanding and press releases through this website.

On January 29, 2009, NYSE Euronext and BIDS Holdings, L.P., launched a joint venture, the New York Block Exchange, or NYBX, an innovative new platform designed to maximize access to liquidity and improve execution quality in the U.S. equity block trading market. Institutional investors and other market participants can execute block trades on NYBX, the first venue of its kind to allow non-displayed liquidity to anonymously access both the displayed and reserve liquidity of the NYSE order book, creating an innovative platform to re-aggregate blocks of stock. BIDS Holdings and the NYSE Euronext each have a 50% ownership stake in NYBX.

On November 12, 2009, NYSE Euronext established its commission on corporate governance to address U.S. corporate governance and the overall proxy process. Consistent with the NYSE’s role as a leading advocate on governance issues, the commission brings together leading experts and representatives from public companies, institutional and individual investors, broker/dealers and other advisors.

On November 13, 2013, NYSE Euronext was acquired by Intercontinental Exchange Group, Inc. NYSE Euronext continues to operate under its brand name as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Intercontinental Exchange Group, Inc.

D. | Selling Shareholders

Not Applicable.

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E. | Dilution

Not Applicable.

F. | Expenses of the Issue

Not Applicable.

ITEM 10 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. | Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association

Our by-laws were filed as an Exhibit 3.1 to our registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on September 16, 2013 and our amended by-laws were filed on Form 6-K with the SEC on September 30, 2020. On April 21, 2023, our shareholders approved the April 2023 Committee Restructuring Plan to amend our by-laws. Our amended by-laws were furnished on Form 6-K with the SEC on May 16,2023.

Corporate Object and Purpose

Article 2 of our by-laws state that our corporate purpose is, in general, to undertake any type of act, and execute any type of agreements, instruments and documents, including those of commercial and civil nature, permitted by the applicable law, in Mexico or in any other jurisdiction.

Overview

Our capital stock is divided into two series of shares, Series A shares and Series B shares. Series A shares are common shares and may only be owned directly by Mexican individuals or entities controlled by Mexican individuals. Series B Shares are common shares and may be purchased by Mexican or non-Mexican individuals or entities.

On November 22, 2023, the holders of all our outstanding Series B shares converted their Series B shares into Series A Shares represented by Ordinary Participation Certificates (Certificados de Participación Ordinarios) in the form of the corresponding American Depositary Shares. Therefore, we no longer have Series B shares.

Since we are a variable capital public stock corporation, our capital stock must have a fixed portion, currently represented by Series A shares and may have a variable portion currently represented both by Series A shares. Our by-laws set forth that Series B shares may not represent more than 49% of our outstanding capital stock that is not underlying CPOs at any time. As of the date of this annual report our outstanding capital stock consisted of 1,165,976,677.

Series A shares. All or a portion of our Series A shares may underlie CPOs and can be purchased by non-Mexican investors.

Upon the consummation of our initial public offering in September 2013, our non-Mexican shareholders at that time became the holders of all the outstanding Series B shares and a certain number of CPOs and our current Mexican shareholders at that time became holders of Series A shares directly.

Non-Mexican investors are only entitled to hold Series A shares through CPOs (including CPOs in the form of ADSs), which will give non-Mexican investors economic rights but not voting rights.

We have obtained authorization from the Mexican Ministry of Economy (Secretaría de Economía) to issue up to 90% of our outstanding shares representing capital stock in the form of CPOs.

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Changes to Capital Stock

The fixed portion of our capital stock may be increased or decreased by a resolution adopted at a general extraordinary shareholders’ meeting and upon amendment of our by-laws. The variable portion of our capital stock may be increased or decreased by a resolution adopted at a general ordinary shareholders’ meeting without amending our by-laws. Increases or decreases in the fixed or variable portion of the capital stock must be recorded in our registry of capital variations. New shares cannot be issued unless the then-issued shares have been paid in full.

Registration and Transfer

Our shares are evidenced by share certificates in registered form. Our shareholders may hold their Series A shares in the form of physical certificates if they are Mexican, or through Series A shares (in the case of Mexican investors) or CPOs (in the case of non-Mexican investors) that are maintained in book-entry form with institutions which have accounts with the Mexican depositary institution, S.D. Indeval Institución para el Depósito de Valores, S.A. de C.V., or Indeval. The CPO trustee is the holder of record of the Series A shares underlying our CPOs. Accounts may be maintained at Indeval by brokers, banks and other financial institutions and entities authorized for this purpose. We maintain a stock registry and only those persons listed in such stock registry and holding certificates issued in their name as registered holders, or persons holding Series A shares or CPOs through institutions that maintain accounts with Indeval, will be recognized as our shareholders.

Pursuant to Mexican law, any transfer of shares must be registered in our stock registry, if effected physically, or through book entries that may be traced back from our stock registry to the records of Indeval, if effected through book-entry CPOs or Series A shares.

Change of Control Provisions

Subject to certain exceptions (including those applicable to transfers or acquisitions or certain other transactions by or among our current shareholders), our by-laws require that any acquisition of our Series A shares (whether directly or by acquiring ADSs or CPOs), resulting in beneficial ownership of shares representing 5% or more of our outstanding capital stock, or any proposal by any person or group of persons to enter into an agreement among shareholders that would result in such person or group of persons effectively having control of the voting rights of 20% or more of our outstanding capital stock or will result in a change of control, will require the prior approval of our board of directors.

In the event that approval is not granted, our board of directors or our shareholders may decide, among other things, to require any such person or group of persons to reverse the transaction or to transfer the Series A shares (whether held directly or through ADSs or CPOs) to a third party interested in acquiring the securities at a reference price specified by our board of directors. In addition, such person or group of persons desiring to purchase 5% or more of our outstanding capital stock will be required to follow certain procedures, including observing certain time periods specified in our by-laws.

Any potential purchaser who proposes to acquire our Series A shares (whether directly or by acquiring ADSs or CPOs), resulting in beneficial ownership of 20% or more of our outstanding capital stock, will be required to make a tender offer for 100% of our outstanding capital stock (including any Series A shares evidenced by CPOs or ADSs) at a price at least equal to the highest of (i) the most recent publicly reported book value per share, (ii) the highest trading price of our Series A shares on the Mexican Stock Exchange within the 365 days prior to the request for approval or approval of the board of directors of the relevant transaction, and (iii) the highest price per share or CPO, as the case may be, paid by the purchaser or, in the case of the ADSs the equivalent thereto, plus, in each case, a 30% premium or a different premium determined by our board of directors, considering the opinion of a reputable investment bank.

Any acquisition of our Series A shares, CPOs or ADSs in contravention of the procedures described above will result in the purchaser not having any voting rights in respect to the purchased securities. No transfer in breach of these provisions will be registered in our stock registry.

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Shareholders’ Meetings

Calls. Under Mexican law and our by-laws, shareholders’ meetings may be called by:

| ● | our board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors or the secretary of the board of directors;

| ● | shareholders representing at least 10% of our outstanding capital stock who may request that the chairman of the board of directors or the chairman of the audit committee or the chairman of the corporate governance committee to call a shareholders’ meeting;

| ● | any shareholder, provided that no annual ordinary meeting has been held for two consecutive years or the annual shareholders’ meeting did not address the matters required to be addressed in the annual shareholders’ meetings;

| ● | a Mexican court of competent jurisdiction, in the event the board of directors does not comply with a valid request of the shareholders described in the two bullet points above; and

| ● | the audit committee and the corporate governance committee.

Calls for shareholders’ meetings will be required to be published in the electronic system implemented by the ministry of economy at least 15 days before the scheduled date of the shareholders’ meeting in the case of first call. Calls will have to contain the matters to be addressed at the meeting. From the date on which a call is published until the date of the corresponding meeting, all relevant information will be made available to the shareholders at our executive offices. To attend a shareholders’ meeting, shareholders will have to be either registered in the stock registry, present evidence of the deposit of their certificates with a financial institution or deposit them with our secretary, or present certificates issued by the custodian of the holder of our Series A shares, together with an Indeval certification. Investors holding our CPOs may not vote nor cause the underlying Series A shares to be voted by the CPO trustee.

Shareholders’ Meetings. General shareholders’ meetings may be general ordinary shareholders’ meetings or general extraordinary shareholders’ meetings.

General ordinary shareholders’ meetings will be those called to discuss any issues not reserved for extraordinary meetings. General ordinary shareholders’ meetings will have to be held at least once a year, during the first four months following the end of each fiscal year to:

| ● | approve financial statements for the preceding fiscal year;

| ● | discuss and approve the audit committee and corporate governance committees’ annual reports, and determine how to allocate net profits for the preceding year (including, if applicable, the payment of dividends);

| ● | elect directors;

| ● | appoint the president of the audit committee and the corporate governance committees;

| ● | approve any increase or decrease in the variable portion of our capital stock and the issuance of the corresponding shares;

| ● | approve the chief executive officer’s annual report together with the board of directors’ report and the board of directors’ opinion;

| ● | determine the maximum amount of resources allocated to share repurchases; and

| ● | approve any transaction representing 20% or more of our consolidated assets during any fiscal year.

General extraordinary shareholders’ meetings will be those called to consider:

| ● | an extension of our duration or voluntary dissolution;

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| ● | an increase or decrease in the fixed portion of our capital stock and the issuance of the outstanding stock;

| ● | issuance of shares for purposes of a public offering;

| ● | any change in our corporate purpose or nationality;

| ● | any merger or transformation into another type of company;

| ● | any issuance of preferred stock;

| ● | the redemption of shares with retained earnings;

| ● | any amendments to our by-laws including amendments to provisions addressing change of control;

| ● | any other matters provided for by law or our by-laws; and

| ● | the cancellation of the registration of shares at the Mexican National Securities Registry.

A special shareholders’ meeting, comprising a single class of shares, may be called if an action is proposed to be taken that may only affect such class. The quorum for a special meeting of shareholders and the vote required to pass a resolution at a special Series B shareholders’ meeting are identical to those required for extraordinary meetings of shareholders, except that the calculations are based upon the number of outstanding Series B shares.

Except as described below, the attendance quorum for general ordinary shareholders’ meetings will be 51% of the outstanding capital stock, and resolutions may be taken by a majority of the capital stock represented therein. If the attendance quorum is not met upon the first call, a subsequent meeting may be called, the attendance quorum of which will also be 51% of the outstanding capital stock and resolutions may be taken by a majority of the capital stock represented at such meeting. Except as described below, the attendance quorum for general extraordinary shareholders’ meetings will be at least 75% of our outstanding capital stock. If an attendance quorum is not met upon the first call, a subsequent meeting may be called, at which at least 51% of the capital stock must be represented. In either case, resolutions must be taken by the vote of shares representing at least 50% plus one of the shares representing our outstanding capital stock, except for resolutions in respect to the cancellation of the registration of shares at the Mexican National Securities Registry which require that at least 95% of the outstanding capital stock vote in favor of such resolution.

Holders of our shares will not have cumulative voting rights.

Voting Rights

Holders of ADSs and CPOs will not be entitled to vote, at any time, the underlying Series A shares. Mexican holders of Series A shares will be entitled to vote their shares on all matters. Holders of Series B shares were entitled to vote their shares on all matters.

Series A shares underlying the CPOs and CPOs underlying the ADSs will be voted by the CPO trustee in the same manner as the majority of Series A shares votes cast at the relevant shareholders’ meeting under all circumstances.

Provisions of our By-laws and Mexican Law Relating to Directors

Election of Directors

Our board of directors is currently comprised of 14 principal members and three alternate members. Ten members of our board of directors currently qualify as independent. Whether a director qualifies as independent must be determined by our shareholders (at the general shareholders’ meeting at which the director is elected), and such determination may be challenged by the CNBV within 30 days following the date in which the appointment of the director is notified to the CNBV. The CNBV may only challenge the appointment after a hearing with us and the affected director. Our officers, individuals who have a material influence on us or authority to direct our management or business decisions, and individuals who are part of our group of controlling shareholders may not be deemed independent directors.

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Under our by-laws and the Securities Market Law, any shareholder or group of shareholders representing 10% of our outstanding capital stock, have the right to appoint one director for each such 10% ownership stake.

Authority of the Board of Directors

Our management is entrusted to a chief executive officer and a board of directors. The board of directors sets forth the guidelines and general strategy for the conduct of our business and supervises the execution thereof.

Pursuant to the LMV and our by-laws, the board of directors must approve, among other matters:

| ● | our general strategy;

| ● | the monitoring of our management and that of our subsidiaries;

| ● | with the prior opinion of the audit committee: (i) related party transactions, subject to certain limited exceptions, (ii) our internal control and internal audit guidelines, including those of our subsidiaries, (iii) our accounting policies, (iv) our financial statements and those of our subsidiaries, (v) transactions considered unusual or non-recurring as well as any transactions that are executed, either simultaneously or successively, during the course of a fiscal year involving: (a) the acquisition or disposal of assets with a value equal to or greater than 5% of our consolidated assets or (b) the granting of guarantees or the assumption of liabilities for a total amount equal to or greater than 5% of our consolidated assets, and (vi) the selection of external auditors;

| ● | with prior opinion from the corporate governance committee: (i) the appointment, election and, as the case may be, removal of the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, his integral compensation, and the policies for appointing and compensating other officers immediately below the Executive Officer; (ii) the appointmentof provisional directors in accordance with, and subject to, the provisions of the LMV; and (iii) the terms and conditions of a judicial agreement to conclude any liability actions started against a director for breach of the duties of loyalty and care;

| ● | calling shareholders’ meetings and taking action based upon their resolutions;

| ● | the annual submission to our general shareholders’ meeting of (i) the chief executive officer’s report and (ii) the opinion of the board of directors in respect of such report;

| ● | creation of special committees and granting authority to such committees, provided that the committees will not have the authority to take action which by law or under our by-laws is expressly reserved to our shareholders or our board of directors;

| ● | determining how to vote the shares that we hold in our subsidiaries; and

| ● | policies for disclosure of information.

Our by-laws provide that meetings of our board of directors are validly convened and held if a majority of the members or their respective alternates are present. Resolutions passed at these meetings will be valid if approved by a majority of the disinterested members of the board of directors (i.e., members that do not have a conflict of interest). The chairman of the board of directors will not have a tie-breaking vote.

Meetings of our board of directors may be called by (i) 25.0% of our board members, (ii) the president of the board of directors, and (iii) the president of the audit or the corporate governance committee.

Duty of Care and Duty of Loyalty

The LMV imposes duties of care and loyalty on directors.

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The duty of care generally requires that our directors obtain sufficient information and be sufficiently prepared to act in our best interest. The duty of care is discharged, principally, by (i) requesting and obtaining from us all information that may be necessary to make decisions, (ii) obtaining information from third parties, (iii) requiring the attendance of, and information from, our officers that may be necessary to make decisions, and (iv) attending board meetings and disclosing to the board of directors material information in possession of the relevant director. Failure to act with care by a director subjects the relevant director to joint and several liability with other directors involved in the act, for damages and losses caused to us and our subsidiaries. An indemnity for claims related to a breach of a director’s duty of care has been incorporated into our by-laws. Furthermore, we carry insurance to protect our directors for breaches of their duty of care.

The duty of loyalty consists, primarily, of a duty to maintain the confidentiality of information received in connection with the performance of a director’s duties, to abstain from discussing or voting on matters where the director has a conflict of interest and to abstain from taking advantage of corporate opportunities resulting from its actions as a director. In addition, the duty of loyalty is breached if a shareholder or group of shareholders is knowingly favored.

The duty of loyalty is also breached if the director uses corporate assets or approves the use of corporate assets in violation of our policies, discloses false or misleading information, orders not to or causes the failure to, register any transaction in our records that could affect our financial statements, or causes material information not to be disclosed or to be modified.

The violation of the duty of loyalty will render the breaching director jointly and severally liable with all breaching directors, for damages and losses caused to us and to the persons we control. Liability may also arise if damages and losses result from benefits obtained by the directors or third parties as a result of activities carried out by such directors.

Claims for breach of the duty of care and the duty of loyalty may be brought solely for our benefit (as a derivative suit), as opposed to for the benefit of the claimant, and may only be brought by us or by shareholders or groups of shareholders representing at least 5.0% of our outstanding shares. Claims may be exercised by the trustee issuing CPOs or by holders of CPOs, in each case holding underlying shares representing at least 5% of our outstanding Series A shares.

As a safe harbor for the benefit of directors, the LMV provides that liabilities arising from a breach of the duty of care or the duty of loyalty will not arise if the director acted in good faith and (i) complied with applicable law and our by- laws, (ii) acted based upon facts and information provided by officers, external auditors or third-party experts, the capacity and credibility of which may not be the subject of reasonable doubt, and (iii) selected the more adequate alternative in good faith, or if the negative effects of the director’s decision could not have been reasonably foreseeable, based upon the then available information.

Mexican courts have not yet interpreted the meaning of this provision and, as a result, the extent and enforceability of this safe harbor remains uncertain.

Under the LMV and our by-laws, our chief executive officer and our principal officers are also required to act for our benefit and not for the benefit of a shareholder or group of shareholders. Our officers are required to submit to the board of directors for approval, the principal strategies for our business and the business of the companies we control, to submit to the audit committee proposals relating to internal control systems, to prepare all material information related to our activities and the activities of the companies we control, to disclose all material information to the public, to maintain adequate accounting and registration systems and internal control mechanisms, to prepare and submit to the board the yearly financial statements, and to implement internal control mechanisms.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Like all public companies in Mexico, we are required to have an audit committee and corporate governance committee. The members of each of our audit committee and corporate governance committee must be independent members, elected by our board of directors except for the chairman of each committee who is elected by our shareholders. Our audit committee and corporate governance committee are required to prepare annual reports, to be submitted to our board of directors. The audit committee’s report must include (i) a report of our internal control systems and our internal audit procedures and any deficiencies, (ii) the evaluation of our external auditors, (iii) the results arising from the review of our financial statements, and (iv) any amendments to our accounting policies. The quorum for any session of our audit committee and corporate governance committee is the majority of its members and decisions must be taken by majority of its members.

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In addition, our audit committee has the following principal duties:

| ● | call shareholders meetings and request the inclusion of matters in the agenda;

| ● | supervise and evaluate our external auditors and analyze their reports (including their opinion of our annual report);

| ● | analyze and supervise the preparation of our financial statements and make recommendations to the board of directors on their approval;

| ● | inform the board of directors of the status of our internal controls, our internal audit and their adequacy;

| ● | supervise the execution of related party transactions and transactions representing 20% or more of our consolidated assets being undertaken pursuant to applicable law;

| ● | render its opinion to the board of directors regarding transactions with related parties;

| ● | request reports from our executive officers or independent experts whenever it deems appropriate;

| ● | investigate and inform the board of directors of any irregularities that it may encounter;

| ● | receive and analyze recommendations and observations made by the shareholders, members of the board of directors, executive officers or any third party and take the necessary actions;

| ● | supervise compliance by our chief executive officer of instructions provided by our board of directors or shareholders;

| ● | provide an annual report to the board in respect of accounting policies and their sufficiency, adequacy and consistency;

| ● | request opinions from independent third party experts;

| ● | assist our board of directors in the preparation of reports for the annual shareholders’ meeting; and

| ● | hire or recommend auditors to shareholders and approve them.

Our corporate governance committee has the following principal duties:

| ● | call shareholders’ meetings and request the inclusion of matters in the agenda;

| ● | supervise and report on the performance of our chief executive officer and render opinions to our board of directors regarding his nomination, election, removal, compensation, and related policies;

| ● | supervise and report on the performance of our officers to our board of directors and render opinions to our board of directors regarding their nomination, election, removal, compensation, and related policies;

| ● | submit proposals to the board of directors relating to the nomination or removal of officers within the first two corporate levels;

| ● | propose the remuneration schemes of the first four corporate levels of the Company or those determined by it, for approval of the board of directors;

| ● | assist our board of directors in the preparation of reports for the annual shareholders’ meeting;

| ● | consult with third-party experts in connection with any issues related to compensation, organizational development, and other related matters;

| ● | propose to the board of directors the adoption, modification or termination of any incentive plan for employees of the Company;

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| ● | propose to our board of directors the entering into, amendment or termination of any collective bargaining agreements;

| ● | inform our board of directors of relevant labor contingencies; and

| ● | provide an annual report to the board in respect of corporate governance and nomination and compensations matters; and

| ● | assist our board of directors in the preparation of reports for the annual shareholders’ meeting.

Preemptive Rights

Under Mexican law, our shareholders (holding shares directly or through CPOs) have preemptive rights for all share issuances except in the cases noted below. Generally, if we issue additional shares of capital stock, our shareholders will have the right to purchase the number of shares necessary (or CPOs, subject to applicable U.S. securities laws, representing such shares and subject to the CPO trustee being permitted to issue or release the necessary additional CPOs) to maintain their existing ownership percentage. Shareholders must exercise their preemptive rights within the time period set forth by our shareholders at the meeting approving the relevant issuance of additional shares. This period must be equal to at least 15 days following the publication of notice of the issuance in the official newspaper or our corporate domicile and in the electronic system implanted by the ministry of economy. Under Mexican law, shareholders cannot waive their preemptive rights in advance, and preemptive rights may not be represented by an instrument that is negotiable separately from the corresponding share.

The preemptive rights specified in the prior paragraph will not apply (i) in the case of shares issued in connection with mergers, (ii) in the case of resale of shares held in our treasury, as a result of repurchases of shares conducted on the Mexican Stock Exchange or otherwise, (iii) in the event that holders of our shares entitled to vote approve the issuance of the unsubscribed shares for purposes of a public offering at an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting called for such purpose provided requirements specified in Article 53 of the LMV are satisfied, and (iv) in respect of shares issued for conversion of any convertible securities.

If we issue new Series A shares for cash, in accordance with our by-laws and the CPO trust, non-Mexican holders of our CPOs (directly or through ADSs) may not exercise their preemptive rights, unless we cause the CPO trustee to issue additional CPOs (to the extent possible), to permit the non-Mexican holders of CPOs to exercise preemptive rights by purchasing and holding newly issued Series A shares through CPOs. Although we expect to take all measures necessary to maintain sufficient CPOs available to permit non-Mexican holders of CPOs to exercise preemptive rights in respect of underlying Series A shares, no assurances can be made that we will be able to do so, particularly because regulatory approvals in Mexico are necessary for the issuances of additional CPOs. Mexican holders of Series A shares may exercise their preemptive rights if we issue new Series A shares for cash. Non-Mexican holders of CPOs may suffer dilution if we issue new Series A shares in exchange for cash and CPOs are not available to represent the additional Series A shares.

Dividends

Our board of directors must submit our financial statements for the previous fiscal year, proposed and prepared by our chief executive officer and supplemented by a report of our board of directors, at our annual ordinary general shareholders’ meeting for approval. Once our shareholders approve our financial statements, they are required to allocate net profits for the previous fiscal year. Under Mexican law and our by-laws, prior to any distribution of dividends, 5% of our net earnings must be allocated to a legal reserve fund, until such legal reserve fund is equal to at least 20% of our paid-in capital stock. Additional amounts may be allocated to other reserve funds as the shareholders may determine, including the amount allocated to the reserve fund for the repurchase of shares. The remaining balance, if any, may be distributed as dividends. See Item 8: “Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.”

Redemption

In accordance with our by-laws, shares representing our capital stock are subject to redemption in connection with either (i) a reduction of capital stock, or (ii) a redemption with retained earnings, which in either case must be approved by our shareholders. In connection with a capital reduction, the redemption of shares will be made pro rata among the shareholders but in no case will the redemption price be less than the book value of such shares as determined pursuant to our latest statements of financial position approved at a general ordinary shareholders’ meeting or by means of a tender offer conducted on the Mexican Stock Exchange at prevailing market prices, in accordance with the Mexican Corporations Law, the LMV and our by-laws.

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Dissolution or Liquidation

Upon our dissolution or liquidation, our shareholders will appoint one or more liquidators at an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting to wind up our affairs. All fully paid and outstanding shares of capital stock will be entitled to participate equally in any liquidating distributions.

Certain Minority Protections

Pursuant to the LMV and the Mexican Corporations Law, our by-laws include a number of minority shareholder protections. These minority protections will include provisions that permit:

| ● | holders of at least 10% of our outstanding capital stock:

| ● | to request a call for a shareholders’ meeting;

| ● | to request that resolutions with respect to any matter on which they were not sufficiently informed be postponed; and

| ● | to appoint one member of our board of directors and one alternate member of our board of directors.

| ● | holders of 20% of our outstanding capital stock to oppose any resolution adopted at a shareholders’ meeting and file a petition for a court order to suspend the resolution temporarily, within 15 days following the adjournment of the meeting at which the action was taken, provided that (i) the challenged resolution violates Mexican law or our by-laws, (ii) the opposing shareholders neither attended the meeting nor voted in favor of the challenged resolution, and (iii) the opposing shareholders deliver a bond to the court to secure payment of any damages that we may suffer as a result of suspending the resolution, in the event that the court ultimately rules against the opposing shareholder; and

| ● | holders of 5% of our outstanding capital stock may initiate a shareholder derivative suit against some or all of our directors, for violations of their duty of care or duty of loyalty, for our benefit, in an amount equal to the damages or losses caused to us. Actions initiated on these grounds have a five year statute of limitations.

Other Provisions

Foreign Investment Regulations

Mexico’s Foreign Investment Law restricts ownership by non-Mexicans of our capital stock to 49% of the capital stock not otherwise represented by CPOs. Our amended by-laws establish that only Mexican investors may acquire our Series A shares directly. Currently, we do not have any Series B shares, in the event that we were to issue Series B shares, Non-Mexican investors may acquire our Series B shares directly. As required by Mexican law, our by-laws provide that if a non-Mexican investor acquires a direct interest or participation in a Series A share representing our capital stock at any time, such Series A share will be forfeited to the Mexican government. The Mexican Foreign Investment Law permits non-Mexican investors to hold our Series A shares indirectly through neutral shares or securities such as the CPOs.

Duration

Our corporate existence under our by-laws is indefinite.

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Purchase of Shares by Us

We will be able to purchase our shares (or CPOs evidencing such shares) through the Mexican Stock Exchange at the prevailing market prices for the shares at the time of purchase. The economic and voting rights corresponding to repurchased shares will not be exercised during the period the shares are owned by us, and the shares will not be deemed outstanding for purposes of calculation any quorum or vote at any shareholders’ meeting. We will not be required to create a special reserve for the repurchase of shares and we will not require the approval of our board of directors to effect share repurchases. However, we will require the approval of our shareholders in respect of the maximum amount that may be used for share repurchases and our board of directors must appoint an individual or group of individuals for effecting share repurchases. Share repurchases will have to be made subject to the provisions of applicable law, including the LMV, and carried out, reported and disclosed in the manner specified by the CNBV. If we intend to repurchase shares representing more than 1% of our outstanding capital stock at a single trading session, we will be required to inform the public of such intention, at least ten minutes before submitting our bid.

If we intend to repurchase shares representing 3% or more of our outstanding capital stock during any rolling period of twenty trading days, we will be required to conduct a public tender offer for such shares.

On April 21, 2023, our shareholders approved the establishment of a repurchase program, or Repurchase Program, of our shares in accordance with the terms set forth in Article 56 of the LMV and the applicable articles of the Regulations Applicable to Issuers of Securities and Other Participants of the Securities Market (Disposiciones de carácter general aplicables a las emisoras de valores y a otros participantes del mercado de valores) and the development of the terms and conditions of the Repurchase Program.

In addition, our board of directors was given the authority to develop the terms and conditions of the Repurchase Program taking into consideration Article 56 of the LMV, our capital requirements and any other factors it may deem critical. However, we cannot allocate proceeds or capital to the program until it complies with the requirements established in Article 56 of the LMV and other applicable provisions, provided that, the maximum amount of proceeds or capital allocated for the acquisition of our shares would be up to an amount equivalent to 5% of the our capital stock with a cap of U.S. $100,000,000.00, provided, further, that the amount of proceeds or capital allocated for such purposes, in any case, must be approved, for each fiscal year, by the general ordinary shareholders’ meeting, and any such approval shall be in compliance with Article 56 of the LMV.

Purchases of Shares by our Subsidiaries

Our subsidiaries or other entities controlled by us may not purchase, directly or indirectly, shares representing our capital stock or shares of companies or entities that are our shareholders.

Conflicts of Interest

Under Mexican law, any shareholder that has an opposing interest to ours, must abstain from discussing and voting on the relevant matter. Any such shareholder that votes in a transaction in which its interests conflict with our interest may be liable for damages and losses, but only if the transaction would not have been approved without such shareholder’s vote.

A member of the board of directors that has an opposing interest to ours must disclose such opposing interest and abstain from any deliberation or vote in connection therewith. A breach by any member of the board of directors of any such obligations may result in the director being liable for damages and losses.

Exclusive Jurisdiction

Our by-laws provide that, in connection with any controversy between our shareholders and us, or between our shareholders, in connection with any matter related to us, both we and our shareholders must submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of Mexico City, Mexico.

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Appraisal Rights

Whenever our shareholders approve a change in our corporate purpose, jurisdiction of organization or transformation from one corporate form to another, any shareholder entitled to vote that voted against the matters approved has the right to withdraw and receive the book value of its shares as set forth in the financial statements last approved by our shareholders, provided that the shareholder exercises this appraisal right within 15 days after the meeting at which the relevant matter was approved. Since holders of our CPOs may have no voting rights, appraisal rights generally will not be available to them.

Cancellation of Registration in the Mexican National Securities Registry

In accordance with our by-laws, and as set forth in the LMV, we will be required to make a public tender offer for the purchase of stock held by minority shareholders, in the event that the registration of our Series A shares with the Mexican National Securities Registry is cancelled, either as a result of our determination or by an order of the CNBV. Our controlling shareholders will be secondarily liable for these obligations. A controlling shareholder will be deemed to be a shareholder that holds a majority of our capital stock, has the ability to control the outcome of decisions made at a shareholders or board of directors meeting, or has the ability to appoint a majority of the members of our board of directors. The price at which the stock must be purchased is the higher of:

| ● | the average quotation price on the Mexican Stock Exchange for the 30 days prior to the date of the tender offer, or

| ● | the book value, as reflected in the report filed with the CNBV and the Mexican Stock Exchange.

If the tender for cancellation is requested by the CNBV, it must be initiated within 180 days from the date of the request. If initiated by us, under the LMV, the cancellation must be approved by 95% of our shareholders.

Our board of directors must make a determination with respect to fairness of the tender offer price, taking into consideration the minority shareholders’ interest, and disclose its opinion within 10 business days from the commencement of the offering.

The resolution of the board of directors may be accompanied by a fairness opinion issued by an expert selected by our audit committee. Directors and first level officers are required to disclose whether or not each of them will sell their shares in connection with the tender offer.

C. | Material Contracts

For a description of material contracts relating to our indebtedness. See Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Loan Agreements.”

D. | Exchange Controls

Mexico has had a free market for foreign exchange since 1991, and the Mexican federal government has allowed the peso to float freely against the U.S. dollar since December 1994. We have no control over or influence on this exchange rate policy. The Mexican federal government has announced that it does not intend to change its floating exchange rate policy, but there is no guarantee that the Mexican federal government will not change this policy. See Item 3: “Key Information—Exchange Rates.”

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E. | Taxation

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of the ownership and disposition of our ADSs. This discussion applies only to U.S. Holders that hold our ADSs as “capital assets” (within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code) and that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. This discussion is based on the Code, the U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative rulings of the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, and judicial decisions, each as in effect as of the date hereof. All of the foregoing authorities are subject to change or differing interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect, and any such change or differing interpretation could affect the tax consequences described below. Except as expressly described herein, this discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may apply to U.S. Holders under the “Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income,” or the Treaty. This discussion does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to U.S. Holders with respect to their ownership and disposition of our ADSs. This summary does not address any consequences under any U.S. federal tax laws other than those pertaining to the income tax (e.g., estate or gift taxes), any withholding required pursuant to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2010 (including the U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder and intergovernmental agreements entered into in connection therewith) or any state, local or non-U.S. tax consequences.

This discussion also does not address all U.S. federal income tax consequences relevant to a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, including the impact of the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income and any alternative minimum tax. In addition, it does not address consequences relevant to U.S. Holders subject to special rules under the U.S. federal income tax laws, including, without limitation:

| ● | banks, financial institutions or insurance companies;

| ● | regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts or grantor trusts;

| ● | dealers or traders in securities, commodities or currencies;

| ● | tax-exempt entities or organizations, including an “individual retirement account” or “Roth IRA” as defined in Sections 408 or 408A of the Code, respectively;

| ● | certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;

| ● | persons holding our ADSs as part of a straddle, hedging, constructive sale, conversion or other integrated transaction;

| ● | persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of the voting power or value of our stock;

| ● | persons that are resident or ordinarily resident in or have a permanent establishment in a jurisdiction outside the United States or persons that are not U.S. Holders;

| ● | persons subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to our ADSs being taken into account in an applicable financial statement;

| ● | persons who acquired our ADSs pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation for the performance of services; or

| ● | partnerships (including entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes) or other pass-through entities (or persons holding our ADSs through partnerships or other pass-through entities).

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For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is beneficial owner of an ADS that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

| ● | a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

| ● | an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

| ● | a trust that (i) is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and the control of one or more United States persons (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code), or (2) has a valid election in effect to be treated as a United States person for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

If a partnership or an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds an ADS, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will depend upon the status of the partner, the activities of the partnership and certain determinations made at the partner level. Accordingly, partnerships holding our ADSs and the partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to them.

Unless otherwise indicated, this discussion assumes that we are not, and will not become, a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. See the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the CPO trust agreement and ADS deposit agreement are true and that the obligations in the CPO trust agreement, ADS deposit agreement and any related agreements have been and will be complied with in accordance with their terms. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. Holders will be treated as the beneficial owners of the CPOs represented by our ADSs and each CPO should represent a beneficial interest in our Series A Shares represented by the CPOs. The U.S. Treasury Department has expressed concern that intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holder of an ADS and the issuer of the security underlying the ADS may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the beneficial ownership of the underlying security. Accordingly, the creditability of certain Mexican taxes paid, if any, and the availability of the reduced tax rate for dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individual U.S. Holders (as discussed below under “Distributions”), could be affected by actions taken by intermediaries in the chain of ownership between U.S. Holders and us if as a result of such actions U.S. Holders are not properly treated as beneficial owners of the CPOs and our Series A Shares represented by the CPOs.

THIS DISCUSSION IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT TAX ADVICE. INVESTORS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAWS TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS AS WELL AS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR ADSs UNDER THE U.S. FEDERAL ESTATE OR GIFT TAX LAWS OR UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY STATE, LOCAL OR NON-U.S. TAXING JURISDICTION OR UNDER THE TREATY

Distributions

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” the gross amount of distributions made with respect to our ADSs (including the amount of any Mexican taxes withheld therefrom, if any, and excluding certain pro rata distributions of our underlying Series A Shares or other similar equity interests) will generally be includable in a U.S. Holder’s gross income (in accordance with the U.S. Holder’s method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes) as dividend income to the extent that such distributions are paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Because we do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions paid to U.S. holders generally will be reported as dividends. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should expect that all such distributions made with respect to our ADSs will be treated as dividends. Dividends on our ADSs will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed under the Code to U.S. Holders that are corporations.

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With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, dividends on our ADSs may qualify as “qualified dividend income” which is eligible for reduced rates of U.S. federal income taxation provided that:

| ● | we are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty, or with respect to the dividend paid on our ADSs which are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States;

| ● | we are not a PFIC (as discussed below) for either the taxable year in which the dividend was paid or the preceding taxable year;

| ● | the U.S. Holder satisfies certain holding period requirements, and

| ● | the U.S. Holder is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property.

Currently our ADSs are listed on NYSE, which is an established securities market in the United States, and should be considered readily tradable on NYSE. However, there can be no assurance that our ADSs will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States in future years. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of such reduced rate for dividends paid with respect to our ADSs.

The amount of any distribution on our ADSs paid in pesos will be equal to the U.S. dollar value of pesos on the date such distribution is includible in income by the recipient, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars at that time. If the distribution is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the distribution. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the distribution is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt. In general, foreign currency gain or loss will be treated as U.S.-source ordinary income or loss. The amount of any distribution of property other than cash will be the fair market value of such property on the date of distribution.

Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of our ADSs

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, upon the sale or other taxable disposition of our ADSs, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized (in U.S. dollars) on such taxable disposition and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis (in U.S. dollars) in such ADSs. Any such gain or loss will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for such ADSs exceeds one year. Certain non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) are currently subject to U.S. federal income tax on long-term capital gain at preferential rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to significant limitations.

Foreign Taxes

Certain Mexican taxes, if any, withheld or paid on dividends on, or upon the sale or other taxable disposition of, our ADSs may, subject to limitations and conditions, be treated as foreign income tax eligible for credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability under the U.S. foreign tax credit rules or, at the U.S. Holder’s election, eligible for deduction in computing the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal taxable income. If a refund of any such Mexican tax is available to a U.S. Holder under the laws of Mexico imposing such tax or under the Treaty, the amount of such tax that is refundable will not be eligible for the credit or deduction against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. Dividends paid on ADSs generally will constitute foreign source income and generally will be considered “passive category” income in computing the foreign tax credit allowable to U.S. Holders under U.S. federal income tax laws. Recently issued final U.S. Treasury regulations further restrict the availability of any foreign tax credit (or deduction in lieu thereof) based on the nature of the withholding tax imposed by the foreign jurisdiction. However, subsequent guidance issued by the IRS permits taxpayers to defer the application of certain aspects of these regulations until new guidance or regulations are issued. The rules governing the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex, and certain limitations and conditions may apply to a U.S. Holder’s ability to claim the foreign tax credit for any foreign taxes paid or withheld with respect to the ADSs. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit in their particular circumstances and the possibility of claiming a deduction in lieu of the foreign tax credit.

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Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

Notwithstanding the foregoing, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a U.S. Holder if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which such U.S. Holder holds our ADSs. We would be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year if, after applying certain look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of our subsidiaries (including taking into account our pro rata portion of the income and assets of each corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value)), either:

| ● | 75% or more of our gross income for such taxable year is “passive income” (as defined in the relevant provisions of the Code), or

| ● | 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such taxable year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income.

For this purpose, “passive income” includes, subject to certain exceptions, dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, gains from commodities and securities transactions, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such passive income, net foreign currency gains and amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds.

Based on the market price of our ADSs and the composition of our income, assets and operations, we do not believe we were classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2023. However, this is a factual determination that must be made annually after the close of each taxable year. This determination will depend on, among other things, the ownership and the composition of the income and assets, as well as the value of the assets (which may fluctuate with our market capitalization), of the Company and its subsidiaries from time to time. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or for any future taxable year.

If we were classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held our ADSs, the U.S. Holder would be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distributions” that the U.S. Holder receives in respect of our ADSs and any gain realized by the U.S. Holder from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of the ADSs, unless the U.S. Holder makes a “mark-to-market” election, as discussed below. Under these special tax rules:

| ● | the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ADSs;

| ● | the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we became a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

| ● | the amount allocated to each other taxable year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such taxable year.

In addition, dividend distributions made to the U.S. Holder will not qualify for the preferential rates of U.S. federal income taxation applicable to long-term capital gains discussed above under “—Distributions.”

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to the U.S. Holder for all succeeding taxable years during which the U.S. Holder holds the ADSs. If we cease to be a PFIC, the U.S. Holder may be able to avoid some of the adverse tax consequences of the PFIC regime by making a deemed sale election with respect to our ADSs. If such election is made, the U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold our ADSs that the U.S. Holder holds at their fair market value on the last day of the last taxable year in which we qualified as a PFIC, and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the consequences described above. After the deemed sale election, the U.S. Holder’s ADSs with respect to which the deemed sale election was made will not be treated as ADSs in a PFIC unless we subsequently become a PFIC.

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If the Company is a PFIC, certain elections may be available that would result in an alternative treatment. In lieu of being subject to the tax and interest charge rules described above, a U.S. Holder may make an election to include gain on the stock of a PFIC as ordinary income under a “mark-to-market” method, provided that such stock is “marketable.” The ADSs generally would be considered marketable for purposes of this election if the ADSs are traded in other than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in the applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. NYSE, on which our ADSs are listed, is a qualified exchange for this purpose. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability and consequences of a market-to-market election with respect to the ADSs.

Alternatively, a U.S. Holder may avoid the adverse tax and interest-charge regime described above by making an election to treat us as a “qualified electing fund”. However, we do not intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable U.S. Holders to make a qualified electing fund election.

The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs are complex. Prospective U.S. investors are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to the application of the PFIC rules to their investment in the ADSs.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Dividend payments with respect to our ADSs and proceeds from the sale, exchange, redemption or other taxable disposition of our ADSs may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and possible U.S. backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or otherwise properly establishes an exemption from backup withholding. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status may be required to provide such certification on IRS Form W-9.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, and a U.S. Holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by timely filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information to the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Foreign Financial Asset Reporting

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals or certain specified entities that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of U.S. $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year (and in some circumstances, a higher threshold) may be required to report information relating to the ADSs by attaching a completed IRS Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets (which requires U.S. Holders to report “specified foreign financial assets,” which generally include financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, interests in non-U.S. entities, as well as stock and other securities issued by a non-United States person), to their tax return for each year in which they hold our ADSs, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for the ADSs held in accounts maintained by U.S. financial institutions). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding their reporting obligations with respect to their acquisition, ownership, and disposition of the ADSs.

PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS TO DETERMINE THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR ADSs.

Mexican Taxation

General

The following summary of certain Mexican federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ADSs or CPOs or the Series A shares underlying the CPOs, is based upon the federal tax laws of Mexico as in effect on the date of this annual report, which are subject to change. Prospective purchasers of ADSs or CPOs are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors as to the Mexican or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ADSs or CPOs and indirectly the Series A shares underlying the CPOs, including, in particular, the effect of any foreign, state or municipal tax laws.

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This summary is based upon the Mexican federal income tax laws in effect on the date of this annual report, which are subject to change and does not describe any tax consequences arising under the laws of any state or municipality, other than the federal laws of Mexico.

Holders of ADSs or CPOs are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors as to their entitlement to the benefits, if any, afforded by the Treaty regarding income tax.

Mexico has also entered into and is negotiating several other tax treaties with various countries, that may have an impact on the tax treatment of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ADSs, CPOs or the Series A shares underlying the CPOs. Prospective purchasers of the ADSs or CPOs are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors as to the tax consequences, if any, of any such treaties.

The following summary of the Mexican federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership or disposition of ADSs or CPOs is a general summary of the principal consequences, under Mexican tax law and the Treaty, as currently in effect, of such purchase, ownership or disposition of ADSs or CPOs by non-Mexican holders (but not by holders who are or may be deemed residents of Mexico for tax purposes), that will not hold ADSs or CPOs in connection with the conduct of a trade or business through a permanent establishment for tax purposes, in Mexico.

A non-resident of Mexico is a legal entity or individual that does not satisfy the requirements to be considered a resident of Mexico for Mexican federal income tax purposes.

For purposes of Mexican taxation, individuals are residents of Mexico for tax purposes if they have established their place of residence in Mexico, unless they have a place of residence in a different country, in which case such individuals will only be considered residents of Mexico for tax purposes if they have their center of vital interests (centro de intereses vitales) in Mexico. Mexican law considers individuals to have their center of vital interests in Mexico if (i) at least 50% of their income is derived from Mexican sources or (ii) their principal center of professional activities is located in Mexico, among others. An individual will also be considered a resident of Mexico if such individual is a state employee, regardless of the location of such person’s core of vital interests. A legal entity is a resident of Mexico if it is incorporated under the laws of Mexico, or if it maintains the principal administration of its business or the effective location of its management in Mexico.

A permanent establishment in Mexico of a non-Mexican resident will be regarded as a resident of Mexico for tax purposes, and any and all income attributable to such permanent establishment will be required to pay taxes in Mexico in accordance with applicable law.

Dividends

Dividends, either in cash or in any other form (except for stock dividends), paid with respect to A shares or B shares represented by the CPOs (or in the case of holders who hold CPOs represented by ADSs), will be subject to a 5% Mexican withholding tax based on the amount of the distributed dividend, multiplied by a factor of 1.5385, which produces a net Mexican withholding tax of approximately 7.7% applicable to holders of CPOs who are non-residents of Mexico. Under the Treaty, a U.S. Shareholder who owns less than 10% of our stock and is otherwise eligible for benefits under such treaty will, in no event, be subject to more than a 10% withholding tax.

Disposition of ADSs or CPOs

The sale or the disposition of ADSs or CPOs by a non-Mexican holder will not be subject to any Mexican tax, if the transaction is carried out through the Mexican Stock Exchange or other securities markets approved by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público).

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The exemption referred to in the previous paragraph would not be applicable (i) if the person or group of persons that directly or indirectly hold 10% or more of our shares, in a period of 24 months, sell 10% or more of such shares, through one transaction or through more than one simultaneous or successive transactions, including transactions conducted through derivatives or in any other analogous or similar manner, and (ii) if a person or group of persons who control Volaris sell their control through one transaction or more than one simultaneous or successive transactions in a period of 24 months, including transactions conducted through derivatives or in any other analogous or similar manner. For purposes of the above, “control” and “group of persons” have the meaning ascribed to them in the LMV. Gains received by a non-resident holder arising out of the sale or other transfers of ADSs or CPOs made in any of the circumstances described in (i) and (ii) above, are deemed as income arising from Mexican source subject to Mexican income tax.

Gain on sales or other dispositions of ADSs or CPOs made in circumstances other than those described in the first paragraph of this section, generally would be subject to Mexican tax at a rate of 25% based on the aggregate proceeds received from the transaction or, subject to certain requirements applicable to the seller (including the appointment of a representative in Mexico for tax purposes to pay the applicable taxes), on any gain arising from a sale or other disposition as described in the next paragraph. If income of a non-resident holder is subject to a preferential tax regime (as defined by the Mexican Income Tax Law), the applicable rate may be up to 40% on the gross income obtained.

A non-resident holder may elect to pay taxes on the gains realized from the sale of our shares on a net basis (sales price less tax cost basis) at a rate of 30%, provided that the income of the non-resident holder is not subject to a preferential tax regime (as such terms are defined by the Mexican Income Tax Law), the non-resident holder appoints a legal representative in Mexico for purposes of the disposition of the shares and the representative files a tax notice claiming the election and a tax return coupled with a report issued by a public accountant.

Pursuant to the Treaty, gains realized by a holder of ADSs or CPOs that is eligible to claim benefits thereunder may be exempt from Mexican income tax on gains realized on a sale or other disposition of shares, if such holder owned, directly or indirectly, less than 25% of our outstanding capital stock during the 12-month period preceding such disposition provided certain requirements are met. These requirements include the obligation to (i) prove tax treaty residence, (ii) appoint a legal representative in Mexico for taxation purposes, and (iii) present tax reports prepared by authorized certified public accountants.

Value Added Tax

According to the provisions of the Mexican Value Added Tax Law (Ley del Impuesto al Valor Agregado), the disposition of the ADSs or CPOs made by non-resident holders would be exempt from the Value Added Tax.

Other Mexican Taxes

There are currently no Mexican estate, gift, inheritance, or value added taxes applicable to the purchase, ownership or disposition of ADSs or CPOs. However, gratuitous transfers of ADSs or CPOs may result in the imposition of a Mexican federal income tax upon the recipient in certain circumstances.

There are currently no Mexican stamp, registration or similar taxes payable with respect to the purchase, ownership or disposition of ADSs or CPOs.

F. | Dividends and Paying Agents

Not Applicable.

G. | Statement by Experts

Not Applicable.

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H. | Documents on Display

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, applicable to foreign private issuers and, in accordance therewith, file reports and other information with the SEC. Accordingly, we will be required to file reports and other information with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and reports on Form 6-K. You may inspect and copy reports and other information to be filed with the SEC at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington D.C. 20549. Copies of the materials may be obtained from the Public Reference Room of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 at prescribed rates. The public may obtain information on the operation of the SEC’s Public Reference Room by calling the SEC in the United States at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an internet website at http://www.sec.gov, from which you can electronically access the registration statement and its materials.

As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the same disclosure requirements as a domestic U.S. Registrant under the Exchange Act. For example, we are not required to prepare and issue quarterly reports. However, we will be required to file annual reports on Form 20-F within the time period required by the SEC, which is currently four months from December 31, the end of our fiscal year. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from Exchange Act rules regarding proxy statements and short-swing profits.

We will provide the depositary with annual reports in English, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared according to IFRS.

You may request a copy of our SEC filings, at no cost, by contacting us at: Av. Antonio Dovalí Jaime No. 70, 13th Floor, Tower B, Colonia Zedec Santa Fe, México City, México 01210, Attention: Investor Relations, Email: ir@volaris.com, Tel.: +52-55-5261-6400.

I. | Subsidiary Information

Not Applicable.

ITEM 11 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are subject to certain market risks, including commodity prices, specifically fuel. The adverse effects of changes in these markets could pose a potential loss as discussed below. The sensitivity analysis provided below does not consider the effects that such adverse changes may have on overall economic activity, nor does it consider additional actions we may take to mitigate our exposure to such changes. Actual results may differ.

Fuel. Our results of operations can vary materially due to changes in the price and availability of fuel. Fuel expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023 (including non-derivative financial instruments for 2021), represented 34%, 46% and 38%, respectively, of our operating expenses. Increases in fuel prices or a shortage of supply could have a material adverse effect on our operations and operating results. We source a significant portion of our fuel from refining resources located in Mexico. Gulf Coast fuel is subject to volatility and supply disruptions, particularly during hurricane season when refinery shutdowns have occurred, or when the threat of weather-related disruptions has caused Gulf Coast fuel prices to spike above other regional sources.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, we did not enter into hedging positions for Jet Fuel.

Our fuel cost is referenced to US Gulf Coast Jet Fuel 54 and US West Coast Jet Fuel, which are the reference utilized to determine the cost of the fuel provided by our suppliers. Based on our 2023 annual fuel consumption, a 5% increase in the average price per gallon of those reference prices would have increased our fuel expense for 2023 by approximately U.S. $50.8 million.

To attempt to manage fuel price risk, from time to time we use derivative financial instruments to mitigate the risk in cash flows attributable to changes in the fuel price.

We measure our derivative financial instruments at fair value. We measure the fair value of the derivative instruments based on quoted market prices. Outstanding derivative financial instruments expose us to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to the agreements. However, we do not expect the counterparties to fail to meet their obligations.

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Our fuel hedging practices are dependent upon many factors, including our assessment of market conditions for fuel, our access to the capital necessary to support margin requirements under derivative agreements and the pricing of hedges and other derivative products in the market. We did not hedge our fuel requirements for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Currency fluctuations. The value of the U.S dollar has been subject to fluctuations with respect to the peso in the past and may be subject to fluctuations in the future. If the peso declines in value against the U.S. dollar our demand would be adversely affected. See Item 3: “Key Information—Risk Factors—Currency fluctuations or the devaluation and depreciation of the peso could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.”

In 2021, due to the appreciation or depreciation of the peso against the U.S. dollar, our net monetary liability position denominated in U.S. dollars resulted in a foreign exchange loss, net of U.S. $124.2 million. In 2022 and 2023, as a consequence of either the appreciation or depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the peso, and our net monetary liability position in Mexican peso and other currencies, we recorded foreign exchange gains (losses) of U.S. $3.6 million and U.S. $(34.1) million, respectively.

Regarding the foreign currency risk effective since January 1, 2019, we implemented two hedging strategies for our forecasted foreign exchange exposures using non-derivative financial assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars as hedging instruments.

In the first hedging strategy, we have designated a hedge to mitigate our foreign exchange rate risk and the foreign exchange fluctuation in U.S. dollar denominated forecasted revenues by using a portion of the financial liabilities associated with a portfolio of lease liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars over the term of the remaining lease arrangements as a hedging instrument. As of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, there was not outstanding U.S. dollar balance designated under this hedging strategy due to the discontinuation of the hedge relationships.

The second strategy involves designating a portion of our U.S. dollar denominated non-derivative financial assets as hedging instruments in order to mitigate the exchange rate risk and foreign exchange (the peso to U.S. dollar) variation intrinsic in our U.S. dollar denominated Jet Fuel purchases. For this strategy, a portion of our Jet Fuel consumption over approximately the next two years has been designated as a hedged item; while the hedging instrument is represented by U.S. dollar denominated recognized assets, including guaranteed deposits and cash and cash equivalents.

During the first quarter of 2021, the designated hedging instrument back in 2019, for U.S. $410 million expired consistent with the same foreign exchange strategy, the Company decided to designate a new hedging relationship, like the one concluded. For this new strategy designated a portion of the Jet Fuel consumption over the two following years has been designated as hedged item; while the hedging instrument is represented by U.S. dollar denominated recognized assets, including guaranteed deposits and cash and cash equivalents equivalent to U.S. $350 million, which represent a portion of the financial assets denominated in U.S. dollar.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, there was no outstanding U.S. dollar balance designated under this hedging strategy due to the discontinuation of the hedge relationships.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the impact of these hedges was U.S. $8.9 million, which has been presented as part of the total fuel expense.

Since the hedged items in both hedging strategies were targeted at mitigating the cash flow variability of expected and forecasted transactions, they were represented by multiple hedging relationships which followed the Cash Flow Hedge Accounting Model.

The effective portion of hedging instrument’s changes in fair value were accounted for in the hedge reserve within the OCI and presented as a separate line item within our statement of stakeholders’ equity, which is in accordance with the IFRS 9 criteria.

The amounts recorded in OCI were recycled to our income statement on a timely basis as corresponding U.S. dollar denominated income and/or jet fuel consumptions impact the Company’s operating margin and were presented as adjustments to both operating income and expense, with respect to each FX hedging strategy in a timely matter, as U.S. dollar denominated income and jet fuel consumption were recognized within operating earnings, hence reflecting a portion of both operating income and expenses amounts, net of both FX Hedging activities.

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As of December 31, 2021, as a result of the change in functional currency from the Mexican peso to the U.S. dollar, the Company concluded that these hedging strategies will no longer be effective, for which reason it accounted for the termination of non-derivative financial instruments. Consequently, non-derivative financial instruments in other comprehensive income generated a loss of U.S. $109 million, which is included in the foreign exchange (loss) gain, net.

Interest Rates. We use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in market interest rates. As of December 31, 2021, we had an outstanding hedging contract in the form of an interest rate cap with a notional amount of Ps.2.75 billion (U.S. $133.6 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.20.58 to U.S. $1 on December 31, 2021) and a fair value of U.S. $1.4 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had an outstanding hedging contract in the form of an interest rate cap with a notional amount of Ps.2.25 billion (U.S. $116.2 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.19.36 to U.S. $1 on December 31, 2022) and a fair value of U.S. $1.6 million. As of December 31, 2023, we had an outstanding hedging contract in the form of an interest rate cap with a notional amount of Ps.3.16 billion (U.S. $187.4 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to U.S. $1 on December 31, 2023) and a fair value of U.S. $1.7 million. These instruments are included as assets in our consolidated statements of financial position.

Our financial debt, as recognized in our consolidated statements of financial position, consists of the revolving line of credit with Santander and Bancomext; lines of credit with JSA International U.S. Holding, GY Aviation Lease 1714 Co. Limited, Incline II B Shannon 18 Limited and Oriental Leasing Company Limited, asset-backed trust notes (CEBUR) issued in the Mexican Market and other financing agreements relating to engines with Tarquin Limited, Wilmington Trust SP Services (Dublin) Limited, NBB- V11218 Lease Partnership, NBB- V11951 Lease Partnership and NBB Pintail Co. Ltd.

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ITEM 12 DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. | Debt Securities

Not Applicable.

B. | Warrants and Rights

Not Applicable.

C. | Other Securities

Not Applicable.

D. | American Depositary Shares

The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, will register and deliver American Depositary shares, also referred to as ADSs. Each ADS will represent ten CPOs (or a right to receive ten CPOs) deposited with Indeval, as custodian for the depositary. Each ADS will also represent any other securities, cash or other property which may be held by the depositary. The depositary’s office at which the ADSs will be administered is located at 101 Barclay Street, New York, New York 10286.

ADSs may be held either (a) directly (i) by having an American Depositary Receipt, also referred to as an ADR, which is a certificate evidencing a specific number of ADSs, registered in the holder’s name, or (ii) by having ADSs registered in the holder’s name in the Direct Registration System, or DRS, or (b) indirectly by holding a security entitlement in ADSs through a broker or other financial institution.

The DRS is a system administered by The Depository Trust Company, also referred to as DTC, pursuant to which the depositary may register the ownership of uncertificated ADSs, which ownership is confirmed by periodic statements sent by the depositary to the registered holders of uncertificated ADSs.

We will not treat ADS holders as one of our shareholders and ADS holders will not have shareholder rights under Mexican law and our by-laws. A deposit agreement among us, the depositary and ADS holders, and the beneficial owners of ADSs sets out ADS holder rights as well as the rights and obligations of the depositary. New York law governs the deposit agreement and the ADSs.

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Dividends and Other Distributions

The depositary has agreed to pay to ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives in respect of the underlying CPOs or other deposited securities, after deducting its fees and expenses described below. ADS holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of CPOs their ADRs represent.

Cash Dividends and Distributions. The depositary will convert any cash dividend or other cash distribution we pay on the shares underlying the applicable CPOs into U.S. dollars, if it can do so on a reasonable basis and can transfer the U.S. dollars to the United States. If that is not possible or if any Mexican federal government approval is needed and cannot be obtained, the deposit agreement allows the depositary to distribute the foreign currency only to those ADS holders to whom it is possible to do so. It will hold the foreign currency it cannot convert for the account of the ADS holders who have not been paid. It will not invest the foreign currency and it will not be liable for any interest. If the depositary can only convert a portion of the cash dividend into U.S. dollars, it can either distribute the unconverted portion in the foreign currency or hold the foreign currency on the account of the ADS holders. If the exchange rates fluctuate during a time when the depositary cannot convert the foreign currency, ADS holders may lose some or all of the value of the distributions. Before making a distribution, the depositary will deduct any withholding taxes that must be paid. See Item 10: “Additional Information—Taxation.” It will distribute only whole U.S. dollars and cents and will round fractional cents to the nearest whole cent.

Share Dividends and Distributions. The depositary may distribute additional ADSs representing any additional CPOs issued as a result of our issuing a share dividend or distribution. The depositary will only distribute whole ADSs. It will sell CPOs or Series A Shares, which would require it to deliver a fractional ADS and distribute the net proceeds in the same way as it does with cash. If the depositary does not distribute additional ADSs, the outstanding ADSs will also represent the new CPOs. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed CPOs or Series A shares sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution.

Rights to Purchase Additional CPOs. If the CPO trustee offers CPO holders any rights to subscribe for additional CPOs or any other rights, the depositary may make these rights available to ADS holders. If the depositary decides it is not legal and practical to make the rights available but that it is practical to sell the rights, the depositary will use reasonable efforts to sell the rights and distribute the proceeds in the same way as it does with cash. Under current Mexican law, preemptive rights with respect to our common stock may not be sold apart from the applicable shares. The depositary will allow rights that are not distributed or sold to lapse. In that case, ADS holders will receive no value for them. If the depositary makes rights to purchase CPOs available to ADS holders, it will exercise the rights and purchase the CPOs on their behalf. The depositary will then deposit the CPOs and deliver ADSs to the applicable holders. It will only exercise rights if holders pay it the exercise price and any other charges required by the terms of the rights. U.S. securities laws may restrict transfers and cancellation of the ADSs representing CPOs purchased upon exercise of rights. For example, holders may not be able to trade these ADSs freely in the United States. In this case, the depositary may deliver restricted depositary shares that have the same terms as the ADSs described in this section except for changes needed to put the necessary restrictions in place.

Other Distributions. The depositary will send to ADS holders anything else the CPO trustee distributes on deposited securities by any means it determines to be legal, fair and practical. If the depositary determines that it cannot make the distribution in a legal, fair and practical manner, it may sell the distributed assets and distribute the net proceeds, in the same way as it does with cash or determine to hold the distributed assets, in which case ADSs will also represent the newly distributed assets. However, the depositary is not required to distribute any securities (other than ADSs) unless it receives satisfactory evidence from us that it is legal to make that distribution. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed securities or property sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution.

Unlawful or Impracticable Distributions. The depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any ADS holders. We have no obligation to register ADSs, CPOs, rights or other securities under the Securities Act. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, CPOs, rights or anything else to ADS holders. This means that ADS holders may not receive the distributions we make on our common stock or any value for such distributions if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to such holders.

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Deposit, Withdrawal and Cancellation

The depositary will deliver ADSs upon the deposit of CPOs or evidence of rights to receive CPOs with the custodian. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will register the appropriate number of ADSs in the names requested and will deliver the ADSs to the persons requested.

Upon surrender of ADSs to the depositary, upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will deliver the CPOs and any other deposited securities underlying the surrendered ADSs to the person surrendering the ADSs or a person designated by them at the office of the custodian or, at the holder’s request, risk and expense, the depositary will deliver the deposited securities at its office, if feasible; provided, however, that non-Mexican holders may not hold Series A shares directly, but will hold CPOs representing a financial interest in such Series A shares as described in this prospectus.

Voting Rights

ADS holders have no voting rights and do not have the power to instruct the depositary to vote the shares underlying the CPOs underlying such ADSs.

Fees and Expenses

The following table sets forth the applicable fees for various services, transactions and activities related to the ADSs.

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Persons Depositing CPOs or ADR Holders Must Pay: |  | For:
--- | --- | ---
| ​ |
U.S. $5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs) | ​ | Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of CPOs or rights or other property
| ​ |
| ​ | Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates
| ​ |
U.S. $0.05 (or less) per ADS | ​ | Any cash distribution to ADS holders
| ​ |
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been CPOs and the CPOs had been deposited for issuance of ADSs | ​ | Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders
| ​ |
U.S. $0.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year | ​ | Depositary services
| ​ |
Registration or transfer fees | ​ | Transfer and registration of CPOs on our CPO register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw CPOs
| ​ |
Expenses of the depositary | ​ | Conversion of foreign currency to U.S. dollars
| ​ |
Expenses of the depositary | ​ | Cable, telex and facsimile transmission (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement)
​ | ​ | ​
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADSs or CPOs underlying ADSs, for example, stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes, any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing deposited securities. The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid. | ​ | As necessary
​ | ​ | ​
From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse and / or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders, or waive fees and expenses for services provided, generally relating to costs and expenses arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers or other service providers that are affiliates of the depositary and that may earn or share fees or commissions. | ​ | ​

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Payment of Taxes

The depositary may deduct the amount of any taxes owed from any payments to ADS holders. It may also sell deposited securities, by public or private sale, to pay any taxes owed. ADS holders will remain liable if the proceeds of the sale are not enough to pay the taxes. If the depositary sells deposited securities, it will, if appropriate, reduce the number of ADSs to reflect the sale and pay or distribute to applicable ADS holder any proceeds or property remaining after it has paid the taxes.

Reclassifications, Recapitalizations and Mergers

​

If We: |  | Then:
​ | ​ | ​
Change the nominal or par value of the CPOs | ​ | The cash, shares or other securities received by the depositary will become deposited securities. Each ADS will automatically represent its equal share of the new deposited securities.
​ | ​ | ​
Reclassify, split up or consolidate any of the deposited securities | ​ | The depositary may distribute some or all of the cash, shares or other securities it received. It may also deliver new ADRs or ask ADR holders to surrender their outstanding ADRs in exchange for new ADRs identifying the new deposited securities.
​ | ​ | ​
Distribute securities on the CPOs that are not distributed to ADS holders | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​
Recapitalize, reorganize, merge, liquidate, sell all or substantially all of our assets, or take any similar action | ​ |

​

Amendment and Termination

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADRs for any reason without the consent of the ADS holders. If an amendment adds or increases fees or charges, except for taxes and other governmental charges or expenses of the depositary for registration fees, facsimile costs, delivery charges or similar items, or prejudices a substantial right of ADS holders, it will not become effective for outstanding ADSs until 30 days after the depositary notifies ADS holders of the amendment. At the time an amendment becomes effective, ADS holders are considered, by continuing to hold ADSs, to agree to the amendment and to be bound by the ADRs and the deposit agreement as amended.

The depositary will terminate the deposit agreement if we ask it to do so. The depositary may also terminate the deposit agreement if the depositary has told us that it would like to resign, and we have not appointed a new depositary bank within 60 days. In either case, the depositary must notify ADS holders at least 30 days before termination.

After termination, the depositary and its agents will do the following under the deposit agreement but nothing else: (a) advise ADS holders that the deposit agreement is terminated, (b) collect distributions on the deposited securities, (c) sell rights and other property, and (d) deliver CPOs and other deposited securities upon surrender of ADSs. Four months or more after termination, the depositary may sell any remaining deposited securities by public or private sale. After that, the depositary will hold the money it received on the sale, as well as any other cash it is holding under the deposit agreement for the pro rata benefit of the ADS holders that have not surrendered their ADSs. It will not invest the money and has no liability for interest. The depositary’s only obligations will be to account for the money and other cash. After termination our only obligations will be to indemnify the depositary and to pay fees and expenses of the depositary that we agreed to pay.

Shareholder Communications and Inspection of Register of Holders of ADSs

The depositary will make available for shareholders’ inspection at its office all communications that it receives from us or the CPO trustee as a holder of deposited securities that we or the COP trustee make generally available to holders of deposited securities. The depositary will send shareholders copies of those communications if we ask it to. Shareholders have a right to inspect the register of holders of ADSs, but not for the purpose of contacting those holders about a matter unrelated to our business or the ADSs.

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Limitations on Obligations and Liability

The deposit agreement expressly limits our obligations and the obligations of the depositary. It also limits our liability and the liability of the depositary. We and the depositary:

| ● | are only obligated to take the actions specifically set forth in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith;

| ● | are not liable if either of us is prevented or delayed by law or circumstances beyond our control from performing our obligations under the deposit agreement;

| ● | are not liable if either of us exercises discretion permitted under the deposit agreement;

| ● | are not liable for the inability of any holder of ADSs to benefit from any distribution on deposited securities that is not made available to holders of ADSs under the terms of the deposit agreement, or for any special, consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement;

| ● | have no obligation to become involved in a lawsuit or other proceeding related to the ADRs or the deposit agreement on an ADR holder’s behalf or on behalf of any other party; and

| ● | may rely upon any documents we believe in good faith to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party.

In the deposit agreement, we agree to indemnify the depositary for acting as depositary, except for losses caused by the depositary’s own negligence or bad faith, and the depositary agrees to indemnify us for losses resulting from its negligence or bad faith.

Requirements for Depositary Actions

Before the depositary will deliver or register a transfer of an ADS, make a distribution of ADSs, or permit withdrawal of CPOs, the depositary may require:

| ● | payment of stock transfer or other taxes or other governmental charges and transfer or registration fees charged by third parties for the transfer of any CPOs or other deposited securities;

| ● | satisfactory proof of the identity and genuineness of any signature or other information it deems necessary; and

| ● | compliance with regulations it may establish, from time to time, consistent with the deposit agreement, including presentation of transfer documents.

The depositary may refuse to deliver ADSs or register transfers of ADSs generally when the transfer books of the depositary, the CPO trustee or our transfer books are closed or at any time if the depositary or we think it advisable to do so.

ADS Holders’ Right to Receive the CPOs Underlying ADSs

ADS holders have the right to surrender their ADSs and withdraw the underlying CPOs at any time except:

| ● | when temporary delays arise because: (i) the depositary or the CPO trustee has closed its transfer books, or we have closed our transfer books; (ii) the transfer of CPOs is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting; or (iii) we are paying a dividend on our common stock or any other security deposited with the CPO trustee;

| ● | if the ADS holder owes money to pay fees, taxes and similar charges; and

| ● | when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of CPOs or other deposited securities.

This right of withdrawal may not be limited by any other provision of the deposit agreement.

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Pre-release of ADSs

The deposit agreement permits the depositary to deliver ADSs before deposit of the underlying CPOs. This is called a pre-release of the ADSs. The depositary may also deliver CPOs upon cancellation of pre-released ADSs (even if the ADSs are surrendered before the pre-release transaction has been closed out). A pre-release is closed out as soon as the underlying CPOs are delivered to the depositary. The depositary may receive ADSs instead of CPOs to close out a pre-release. The depositary may pre-release ADSs only under the following conditions: (a) before or at the time of the pre-release, the person to whom the pre-release is being made represents to the depositary in writing that it or its customer owns the CPOs or ADSs to be deposited; (b) the pre-release is fully collateralized with cash or other collateral that the depositary considers appropriate; and (c) the depositary must be able to close out the pre-release on not more than five business days’ notice. In addition, the depositary will limit the number of ADSs that may be outstanding at any time as a result of pre-release, although the depositary may disregard the limit from time to time, if it thinks it is appropriate to do so.

Depositary Payments

During 2023, we received U.S. $550,100.42 from the depositary associated with our American Depositary Shares program. This amount includes reimbursements for continuing annual stock exchange listing fees, standard out-of-pocket maintenance costs for the ADRs (e.g., the expenses of postage and envelopes for mailing annual and interim financial reports, printing and distributing dividend checks, electronic filing of U.S. federal tax information, mailing required tax forms, stationery, postage, facsimile, and telephone calls), any applicable performance indicators associated with the ADR facility, underwriting fees and legal fees.

Please refer to Exhibit 2.1(b) to this annual report for the remaining information relating to our American Depositary Shares as required under Item 12.D of Form 20-F.

​

PART II

ITEM 13 DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

​

ITEM 14MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

​

ITEM 15CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. We carried out an evaluation under the supervision of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

​

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Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, and effected by our board of directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with IFRS, and it includes those policies and procedures that:

| ● | pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of our assets;

| ● | provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorization of our management and board of directors; and

| ● | provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, effective control over financial reporting cannot, and does not, provide absolute assurance of achieving our control objectives. Also, projection of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal controls to future periods is subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As of the year ended December 31, 2023, our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the criteria established in 2013 in the publication “Internal Control—Integrated Framework,” issued by the Treadway Commission’s Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO), as well as the rules prescribed by the SEC in its Final Rule “Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports.”

Based on the assessment performed, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the period covered by this annual report.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

The attestation report of KMPG Cárdenas Dosal, S.C., an independent registered public accounting firm, on our internal control over financial reporting is included with the audit report accompanying our audited financial statements included in this annual report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the period covered by this annual report, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16 [RESERVED]

ITEM 16A AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our board of directors has determined that José Luis Fernández Fernández, a member of our audit committee, meets the requirements of an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the SEC. Mr. Fernández satisfies the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

See Item 6: “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Audit Committee.”

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ITEM 16B CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our directors and executive officers and all other personnel, including our principal executive and financial officers. We intend to disclose on our website any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our Code of Ethics that applies to our directors or executive officers to the extent required under the rules of the SEC or the NYSE. Our Code of Ethics is available on our website at www.ir.volaris.com under the “About Volaris—By-Laws and Policies—Code of Ethics” tab. The information on our website is not incorporated into this annual report.

ITEM 16C PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The table below sets forth the fees for services performed by KPMG Cárdenas Dosal, S.C., our independent registered public accounting firm, or KPMG, for the periods indicated (including related expenses) and categorized by service in dollars.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | KPMG | ​ | KPMG
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Audit Fees(1) | ​ | 916,003 | ​ | 1,040,081
Audit-Related Fees(2) | ​ | 109,302 | ​ | 128,904
Tax Fees | ​ | ​ |  | ​
All Other Fees | ​ | — |  | —
Total | ​ | 1,025,305 | ​ | 1,168,985

(1) | “Audit Fees” are the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our auditors for the audit of our annual financial statements as well as in connection with audit services for SEC or other regulatory filings.

(2) | “Audit- Related fees” are attestation services, over taxes and social security obligations, provided in connection with statutory and regulatory requirements.

Our audit committee pre-approves all audit and non-audit services provided by our independent auditor pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

ITEM 16D EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 16F CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

​

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ITEM 16G CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

As a foreign private issuer, we may follow our home country’s corporate governance practices in lieu of most of the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards. Pursuant to Section 303A.11 of the Listed Company Manual of the NYSE, we are required to provide a summary of the significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those required for U.S. companies under the NYSE listing standards. The table below discloses the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and the NYSE and NASDAQ standards.

​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | ---
NYSE Standards |  | Our Corporate Governance Practices
​ | ​ | ​
Director Independence. Majority of board of directors must be independent. “Controlled companies,” which would include our company if we were a U.S. issuer, are exempt from this requirement. A controlled company is one in which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company, rather than the public. §303A.01 | ​ | Director Independence. Pursuant to the LMV and our by-laws, our shareholders are required to appoint the members of our board of directors comprised of no more than 21 members, 25% of whom must be independent. Certain persons are per se non-independent, including insiders, control persons, major suppliers and relatives of such persons. In accordance with the LMV, our shareholders’ meeting is required to make a determination as to the independence of our directors, though such determination may be challenged by the CNBV. See Item 6: “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Directors and Senior Management” and Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association-Provisions of Our By-laws and Mexican Law Relating to Directors—Election of Directors.”
​ | ​ | ​
Executive Sessions. Non-management directors must meet regularly in executive sessions without management. Independent directors should meet alone in an executive session at least once a year. §303A.03 | ​ | Executive Sessions. Non-management directors are not required to meet in executive sessions without management.
​ | ​ | ​

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​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | ---
NYSE Standards |  | Our Corporate Governance Practices
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee. Nominating/corporate governance committee of independent directors is required. The committee must have a charter specifying the purpose, duties and evaluation procedures of the committee. “Controlled companies” are exempt from these requirements. §303A.04 As a controlled company, we would be exempt from this requirement if we were a U.S. issuer. | ​ | Nominating Committee. We are not required to have a nominating committee. However, we maintain a corporate governance committee that oversees compensation and nominations which may, among other things, submit proposals to our board of directors in respect of the appointment of principal officers, the inaction, amendment or formation of incentive plans for officers and compensation of officers within the first four corporate levels. See Item 6: “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Directors and Senior Management—Board of Directors” and Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Provisions of Our By-laws and Mexican Law Relating to Directors” for further information.
​ | ​ | ​
Compensation Committee. Compensation committee of independent directors is required, which must evaluate and approve executive officer compensation. The committee must have a charter specifying the purpose, duties and evaluation procedures of the committee. “Controlled companies” are exempt from this requirement. §303A.05. As a controlled company, we would be exempt from this requirement if we were a U.S. issuer. | ​ | Compensation Committee. We are not required to have a compensation committee. However, we maintain a corporate governance committee that oversees compensation and nominations working group that makes proposals to the board of directors in respect of compensation of officers within the first four corporate levels. See Item 10: “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Provisions of Our By-laws and Mexican Law Relating to Directors” for further information.

​

​

​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | ---
NYSE Standards |  | Our Corporate Governance Practices
​ | ​ | ​
Audit Committee. Audit committee satisfying the independence and other requirements of Exchange Act Rule 10A-3 and the more stringent requirements under the NYSE standards is required. §§303A.06, 303A.07 | ​ | Audit Committee. We have an audit committee comprised of three members. Each member of the audit committee is independent, as independence is defined under the LMV, and also meets the independence requirements of Exchange Act Rule 10A-3. Our audit committee operates primarily pursuant to LMV and our by-laws. For a detailed description of the duties of our audit committee, see Item 6: “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Directors and Senior Management—Board of Directors—Audit and Committee.”
​ | ​ | ​

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​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | ---
NYSE Standards |  | Our Corporate Governance Practices
​ | ​ | ​
Equity Compensation Plans. Equity compensation plans require shareholder approval, subject to limited exemptions. §§303A.08 & 312.03 | ​ | Equity Compensation Plans. Shareholder approval is required for the adoption and amendment of an equity-compensation plan based upon the recommendation of our board of directors and the opinion of our corporate governance committee.
​ | ​ | ​
Shareholder Approval for Issuance of Securities. Issuances of securities (1) that will result in a change of control of the issuer, (2) that are to a related party or someone closely related to a related party, (3) that have voting power equal to at least 20% of the outstanding common stock voting power before such issuance or (4) that will increase the number of shares by at least 20% of the number of outstanding shares before such issuance require shareholder approval. §§312.03(b)-(d) | ​ | Shareholder Approval for Issuance of Securities. Mexican law and our by-laws require our shareholders to authorize any share issuance. Any issuance of shares is subject to mandatory preemptive rights, except in the event of a public offering and other limited circumstances. Shares issued that have cleared preemptive rights or that are the subject of public offerings, may be allocated as a result of a resolution from our directors. Shares repurchased by us in the open market may be placed again based upon resolutions by our directors.
​ | ​ | ​
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. Corporate governance guidelines and a code of business conduct and ethics is required, with disclosure of any waiver for directors or executive officers. The code must contain compliance standards and procedures that will facilitate the effective operation of the code. §303A.10 | ​ | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. We have adopted a code of ethics, which has been accepted by all of our directors and executive officers and all other personnel.
​ | ​ | ​
Conflicts of Interest. Determination of how to review and oversee related party transactions is left to the listed company. The audit committee or comparable body, however, could be considered the forum for such review and oversight. §307.00. Certain issuances of common stock to a related party require shareholder approval. §312.03(b) | ​ | Conflicts of Interest. In accordance with Mexican law and our by-laws, our board of directors is required to approve, on a case-by-case basis, transactions involving a conflict of interest (other than transactions in the ordinary course of business that satisfy our procedures), based upon the opinion of our audit committee, that may request the opinion of a third-party expert. Pursuant to the LMV, our board of directors may establish guidelines regarding related party transactions that do not require the board of directors’ approval.
​ | ​ | ​

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​ | ​ | ​
--- | --- | ---
NYSE Standards |  | Our Corporate Governance Practices
​ | ​ | ​
Solicitation of Proxies. Solicitation of proxies and provision of proxy materials is required for all meetings of shareholders. Copies of such proxy solicitations are to be provided to NYSE. §§402.00 & 402.04 | ​ | Solicitation of Proxies. We are required under Mexican law to solicit proxies and provide proxy materials for meetings of shareholders. In accordance with Mexican law and our by-laws, we are also required to inform shareholders of all meetings by notice provided in newspapers of wide distribution in Mexico, and which specify the requirements for admission to the meeting, provides a mechanism by which shareholders can vote by proxy, and makes proxies available. Shareholders that are Mexican investors and are entitled to vote, may attend a shareholders’ meeting and cast votes at such meeting. Under the deposit agreement relating to the ADSs, holders of the ADSs receive notices of shareholders’ meetings. As foreign investors, holders of ADSs (or CPOs underlying the securities) are not entitled to vote at our shareholders’ meetings.
​ | ​ | ​
| ​ | Peer Review. Under Mexican law we must be audited by a public accountant that qualifies as independent, and satisfies the requirements specified under applicable law, maintaining certain quality standards.

​

​

ITEM 16H MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not Applicable.

​

ITEM 16I DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None.

​

ITEM 16J INSIDER TRADING POLICIES

Not Applicable.

​

ITEM 16K CYBERSECURITY

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program aimed at safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information.

Our approach to cybersecurity is based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF) and the International Organization for Standardization 27005 (ISO/IEC 27005:2022). It is important to note that while we reference these frameworks, that does not imply strict adherence to specific technical standards, specifications, or requirements. Instead, we use the NIST CSF and ISO 27005:2022 as guiding principles to identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.

Moreover, our cybersecurity risk management program integrates into our broader enterprise risk management framework through shared methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes.

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With our cybersecurity risk management program, several key components include the following:

| ● | Risk assessments: Assessments are conducted to identify and prioritize significant cybersecurity risks to our critical systems and information.

| ● | Dedicated security team: A specialized security team oversees the risk assessment processes, manages security controls, and orchestrates responses to cybersecurity incidents.

| ● | Utilization of external service providers: We engage external service providers as we deem appropriate to help augment our capabilities, leveraging their expertise to assess, test, or bolster various aspects of our security controls.

| ● | Cybersecurity awareness training: Through training initiatives, we seek to empower our employees and incident response personnel with the knowledge and skills to recognize and respond to cyber threats.

| ● | Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan: Our response plan outlines processes for addressing cybersecurity incidents, minimizing disruptions and mitigating potential impacts.

| ● | Third-Party Risk: We seek to assess risk and to obtain cybersecurity-related contractual commitments from critical service providers where possible.

For the Company, cybersecurity risk management is not merely a compliance exercise but viewed as important to our operational ethos. As technology evolves and threats evolve with it, we remain committed to working to enhance the security and resiliency of our organization. We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face certain ongoing risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Risk Factors—Cyber-attacks or other cyber-incidents involving our IT Systems and Confidential Information could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.”

Cybersecurity Governance

Cybersecurity risk is part of our overall risk oversight function. The board of directors has entrusted the audit committee with the oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks.

The audit committee, oversees the implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program, supported by our Technology & Transformation Senior Director and the IT and Cybersecurity Working Group. This multidisciplinary group is comprised of executive management members as well as key leaders from internal audit, risk evaluation, financial planning, compliance, IT, and technology domains, alongside external advisors.

Quarterly reports from the IT and Cybersecurity Working Group provide the audit committee with assessments of our cybersecurity risks and risk remediation and management initiatives. Additionally, management updates the audit committee on significant cybersecurity incidents.

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Continuing education remains a cornerstone of our governance approach, with the audit committee receiving briefings on cybersecurity topics from our Technology & Transformation Senior Director, internal security staff, or external experts.

Key strategic and operational initiatives are led by our Technology & Transformation Senior Director, the IT senior manager, the senior transformation manager, the IT internal control manager, and the IT security manager who have over 20 years of combined experience in risk management, data safety, control design, and cybersecurity operations management, our management team brings a wealth of expertise to bear on our cybersecurity initiatives.

In addition, various operational cybersecurity team members hold certifications in ISO27000, CISA, CISM, among others, and complement this expertise with specialized training and proficiency in risk management and cybersecurity. Together, they remain vigilant and informed, leveraging threat intelligence, external consultations, and advanced security tools to prevent, detect, and respond to cybersecurity risks and incidents effectively.

Our operational cybersecurity team members are vital to helping management members (as well as the IT and Cybersecurity Working Group), stay informed about and monitor efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel, threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us, and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

​

PART III

ITEM 17 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

See “Item 18 Financial Statement.”

​

ITEM 18 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

See pages F-1 through F-90.

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ITEM 19 EXHIBITS

​

EXHIBIT INDEX

​

Exhibit | ​ | ​
--- | --- | ---
Number |  | Exhibit
​ | ​ | ​
1.1 | ​ | Amended By-laws of the Company (estatutos) (English translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Company’s report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on May 16, 2023 (File No. 001-36059))
​ | ​ | ​
2.1* | ​ | Description of Securities
​ | ​ | ​
2.2(b) | ​ | Form of Deposit Agreement among the Company, The Bank of New York Mellon, as Depositary, and all Owners and Holders from time to time of American Depositary Shares issued thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1(1) of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-6 filed with the SEC on August 30, 2013 (File No. 333-190940))
​ | ​ | ​
4.3† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2008, between the Company and Engine Lease Finance Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on June 20, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.4† | ​ | Fleet Hour Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2007, between the Company and IAE International Aero Engines AG including Side Letter dated as of May 31, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.5† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2006, between the Company and Engine Lease Finance Corporation, as amended by the Lease Extension and Amendment Agreement No. 1, dated as of September 30, 2011, between the Company and Engine Lease Finance Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on June 20, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.6† | ​ | General Terms of Sale Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2006, between the Company and IAE International Aero Engines AG (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on June 20, 2013 (File No. 333-189121)).
​ | ​ | ​
4.7† | ​ | A320 Family Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2005, between the Company and Airbus S.A.S., including Amendment No. 1, dated as of June 22, 2007, Amendment No. 2, dated as of July 11, 2008, Amendment No. 3, dated as of January 30, 2009, Amendment No. 4, dated as of October 28, 2010, Amendment No. 5, dated as of December 15, 2010, Amendment No. 6, dated as of December 15, 2010, Amendment No. 7, dated as of January 4, 2011 and Amendments Nos. 8 and 9 both dated as of December 28, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on June 20, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.9† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of August 23, 2010, as amended between the Company and Macquarie Aerospace Ireland Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on September 12, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.10† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of April 13, 2011, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on June 20, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.11† | ​ | Common Terms Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2007, between the Company and GE Commercial Aviation Services Limited, as amended by the Engine Lease Extension & Amendment Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2013, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on June 20, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.12† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of April 14, 2011, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​

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Exhibit | ​ | ​
--- | --- | ---
Number |  | Exhibit
4.13† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of June 26, 2012, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.14† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of April 14, 2011, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.15† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of April 14, 2011, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.16† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of April 14, 2011, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.17† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of March 15, 2012, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.18† | ​ | Lease Agreement, dated as of June 26, 2012, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.19† | ​ | Aircraft Lease Agreement “A,” dated as of April 12, 2011, between Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.20† | ​ | Aircraft Lease Agreement “B,” dated as of April 12, 2011, between Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.21† | ​ | Aircraft Lease Agreement “C,” dated as of April 12, 2011, between Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.22† | ​ | Aircraft Lease Agreement “D,” dated as of April 12, 2011, between Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.23† | ​ | Agreement on Technical Services for A319/A320 Aircraft, dated as of August 15, 2012 between the Company and Lufthansa Technik AG; Attachment 1: Total Component Support to Agreement on Technical Services for A310/320 Aircraft between Concesionaria Vuela Compañía de Aviación S.A.P.I. de C.V. and Lufthansa Technik AG dated August 15, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on September 12, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.24† | ​ | Aircraft Lease Agreement “A,” dated as of December 31, 2012, between Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on September 12, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.25† | ​ | Aircraft Lease Agreement “B,” dated as of December 31, 2012, between Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on September 12, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​

161

Table of Contents

Exhibit | ​ | ​
--- | --- | ---
Number |  | Exhibit
4.26† | ​ | Aircraft Lease Agreement “C,” dated as of December 31, 2012, between Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.28† | ​ | Navitaire Hosted Services Agreement, dated January 29, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
4.29† | ​ | Aircraft Lease Agreement “D,” dated as of December 31, 2012, between Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, National Association and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on August 16, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
8.1* | ​ | List of the Subsidiaries of the Company
​ | ​ | ​
12.1* | ​ | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
​ | ​ | ​
12.2* | ​ | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
​ | ​ | ​
13.1** | ​ | Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
​ | ​ | ​
15.1 | ​ | Concession Title, dated as of May 9, 2005, as amended from time to time, granted to the Company by the Ministry of Communications and Transportation (Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on June 20, 2013 (File No. 333-189121))
​ | ​ | ​
15.2* | ​ | Consent of KMPG Cárdenas Dosal, S.C., independent registered accounting firm
​ | ​ | ​
97.1* | ​ | Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation Policy
​ | ​ | ​
101.INS | ​ | XBRL Instance Document
​ | ​ | ​
101.SCH | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
​ | ​ | ​
101.DEF | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
​ | ​ | ​
101.CAL | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
​ | ​ | ​
101.LAB | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
​ | ​ | ​
101.PRE | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
​ | ​ | ​
104 | ​ | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* | Filed herewith

** | Furnished herewith

† | Portions of the exhibit were omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment

​

​

162

Table of Contents

SIGNATURE

The registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

​ | Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V.
​ |  |
​ | By: | /s/ Enrique Beltranena
​ | Name: | Enrique Beltranena
​ | Title: | President and Chief Executive Officer
​ |  |
​ | By: | /s/ Jaime E. Pous
​ | Name: | Jaime E. Pous
​ | Title: | Senior Vice President Chief Financial Officer
​ |  |

​

Date: April 29, 2024

​

​

163

Table of Contents

CONTROLADORA VUELA COMPAÑÍA DE AVIACIÓN,

S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(d.b.a. VOLARIS)

Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2023, and 2022 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

Contents:

​ | ​
Independent Auditor’s Report (PCAOB ID: 1141) | F-2
Consolidated Financial Statements: |
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-9
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | F-10

​

​

F-1

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IFRS Accounting Standards).

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated April 29, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

F-2

Table of Contents

Evaluation of the provision for aircraft components and engines lease return obligations

As described in Notes 1s), 2i) and 16 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2023, the Company has a provision for its aircraft components and engines lease return obligations in the amount of $287,208. Aircraft lease agreements require the Company to return aircraft components (airframe, APU and landing gears) and engines (overhaul and limited life parts) to the lessor under specific conditions of maintenance or, alternatively, pay an amount to the lessor based on the condition of these components due to usage of the aircraft. A provision for the aircraft components and engines lease return obligation is recognized from the time it becomes more likely than not that such costs will be incurred, and these can be estimated reliably. The provision is included as part of other liabilities and the costs are recognized as a component of variable lease expenses on a straight-line basis through the remaining lease term. The Company estimates the provision for its aircraft components and engines lease return obligation using certain assumptions including the projected usage of the aircraft and the expected costs of the maintenance tasks to be performed at the return date as well as discount rates to determine the present value of the obligations at the reporting date.

We have identified the evaluation of the estimate of the aircraft components and engines lease return obligation as a critical audit matter. The assessment required significant judgment given the complexity involved in determining the projected usage of the aircraft, the estimated maintenance cost at the end of the lease contract and the discount rates. In addition, specialized skills and knowledge were required to assess the discount rates.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the aircraft components and engines lease return obligation process, including controls related to the inputs used in the estimate of the provision. We compared the assumption of projected usage of the aircraft with the average usage in 2023 and the Company’s business plans. We compared the estimated costs of maintenance tasks to be performed at the return date with current prices agreed with third party maintenance providers and historical payments for these types of maintenance. We involved valuation professionals, with specialized skills and knowledge, to assist in the evaluation of the reasonableness of the discount rates by assessing the method, inputs and assumptions used by the Company in their determination of these discount rates. We compared the actual cost of historical aircraft components and engines lease returns to the provision amounts at the reporting date prior to those returns in order to evaluate the Company’s ability to accurately estimate its future aircraft components and engines lease return obligations.

KPMG Cardenas Dosal S.C.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Mexico City, Mexico

April 29, 2024

​

F-3

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission”. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity , and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated April 29, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report of Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

KPMG Cardenas Dosal S.C.

Mexico City, Mexico

April 29, 2024

F-4

Table of Contents

CONTROLADORA VUELA COMPAÑÍA DE AVIACIÓN, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(d.b.a. VOLARIS)

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Assets |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Current assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (Note 6) |  | US$ | 774,154 |  | US$ | 711,853
Short-term investments | ​ | ​ | 15,265 | ​ | ​ | —
Accounts receivable: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Related parties (Note 7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,155
Other accounts receivable, net (Note 8) |  | ​ | 89,244 | ​ | ​ | 78,849
Recoverable value added tax and others |  | ​ | 69,159 | ​ | ​ | 94,348
Recoverable income tax |  | ​ | 92,196 | ​ | ​ | 64,774
Inventories (Note 9) |  | ​ | 16,117 | ​ | ​ | 15,758
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (Note 10) |  | ​ | 43,676 | ​ | ​ | 33,189
Assets held for sale (Note 1k) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 795
Guarantee deposits (Note 11) |  | ​ | 147,836 | ​ | ​ | 64,357
Total current assets |  | ​ | 1,247,647 | ​ | ​ | 1,066,078
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-current assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment, net (Note 12) |  | ​ | 804,610 | ​ | ​ | 478,771
Right-of-use assets (Note 14) | ​ | ​ | 2,338,392 | ​ | ​ | 2,180,931
Intangible assets, net (Note 13) |  | ​ | 16,219 | ​ | ​ | 12,725
Derivative financial instruments (Notes 3, 4 and 5) |  | ​ | 1,683 | ​ | ​ | 1,585
Deferred income taxes (Note 20) |  | ​ | 236,026 | ​ | ​ | 208,010
Guarantee deposits (Note 11) |  | ​ | 461,996 | ​ | ​ | 483,878
Other long-term assets | ​ | ​ | 39,399 | ​ | ​ | 35,675
Total non-current assets |  | ​ | 3,898,325 | ​ | ​ | 3,401,575
Total assets |  | US$ | 5,145,972 |  | US$ | 4,467,653
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities and equity |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Current liabilities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Unearned transportation revenue (Note 21) |  | US$ | 343,400 |  | US$ | 346,469
Suppliers |  | ​ | 233,861 | ​ | ​ | 194,856
Related parties (Note 7) |  | ​ | 15,845 | ​ | ​ | 14,610
Accrued liabilities (Note 15a) |  | ​ | 162,763 | ​ | ​ | 186,572
Lease liabilities (Note 14) | ​ | ​ | 372,697 | ​ | ​ | 335,620
Other taxes and fees payable (Note 1t) |  | ​ | 262,115 | ​ | ​ | 218,329
Income taxes payable |  | ​ | 8,310 | ​ | ​ | 5,738
Financial debt (Note 5) |  | ​ | 220,289 | ​ | ​ | 112,148
Other liabilities (Note 16) |  | ​ | 2,303 | ​ | ​ | 5,398
Total current liabilities |  | ​ | 1,621,583 | ​ | ​ | 1,419,740
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-current liabilities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Financial debt (Note 5) |  | ​ | 432,776 | ​ | ​ | 160,887
Accrued liabilities (Note 15b) |  | ​ | 13,515 | ​ | ​ | 13,283
Lease liabilities (Note 14) | ​ | ​ | 2,518,745 | ​ | ​ | 2,373,103
Other liabilities (Note 16) |  | ​ | 286,405 | ​ | ​ | 244,454
Employee benefits (Note 17) |  | ​ | 14,644 | ​ | ​ | 10,987
Deferred income taxes (Note 20) |  | ​ | 15,710 | ​ | ​ | 10,462
Total non-current liabilities |  | ​ | 3,281,795 | ​ | ​ | 2,813,176
Total liabilities |  | ​ | 4,903,378 | ​ | ​ | 4,232,916
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity (Note 19): |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Capital stock |  | ​ | 248,278 | ​ | ​ | 248,278
Treasury shares |  | ​ | (11,555) | ​ | ​ | (12,866)
Contributions for future capital increases |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Legal reserve |  | ​ | 17,363 | ​ | ​ | 17,363
Additional paid-in capital |  | ​ | 282,040 | ​ | ​ | 283,174
Accumulated deficit |  | ​ | (148,084) | ​ | ​ | (155,903)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | ​ | (145,448) | ​ | ​ | (145,309)
Total equity |  | ​ | 242,594 | ​ | ​ | 234,737
Total liabilities and equity |  | US$ | 5,145,972 |  | US$ | 4,467,653

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

​

F-5

Table of Contents

CONTROLADORA VUELA COMPAÑÍA DE AVIACIÓN, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(d.b.a. VOLARIS)

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands of U.S. dollars except for earnings per share)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended
​ | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating revenues (Notes 21 and 26): |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Passenger revenues: |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fare revenues | ​ | US$ | 1,650,287 | ​ | US$ | 1,661,176 |  | US$ | 1,265,980
Other passenger revenues |  | ​ | 1,473,237 | ​ | ​ | 1,078,251 |  | ​ | 866,944
​ |  | ​ | 3,123,524 | ​ | ​ | 2,739,427 |  | ​ | 2,132,924
Non- passenger revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other non-passenger revenues (Note 21) | ​ | ​ | 115,424 | ​ | ​ | 92,977 | ​ | ​ | 76,872
Cargo | ​ | ​ | 20,025 | ​ | ​ | 14,786 | ​ | ​ | 11,882
Non-derivative financial instruments | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (21,378)
​ | ​ | ​ | 3,258,973 | ​ | ​ | 2,847,190 | ​ | ​ | 2,200,300
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other operating income (Note 22) |  | ​ | (54,710) | ​ | ​ | (25,066) |  | ​ | (10,758)
Fuel expense, net (Note 3a) |  | ​ | 1,165,078 | ​ | ​ | 1,299,254 |  | ​ | 609,390
Landing, take-off and navigation expenses |  | ​ | 503,366 | ​ | ​ | 379,108 |  | ​ | 296,831
Salaries and benefits |  | ​ | 386,723 | ​ | ​ | 283,089 |  | ​ | 239,215
Depreciation of right of use assets (Note 14) |  | ​ | 362,015 | ​ | ​ | 320,443 |  | ​ | 269,351
Sales, marketing and distribution expenses | ​ | ​ | 167,341 | ​ | ​ | 124,287 | ​ | ​ | 96,705
Other operating expenses (Note 22) |  | ​ | 169,864 | ​ | ​ | 102,585 |  | ​ | 65,858
Aircraft and engine variable lease expenses |  | ​ | 103,845 | ​ | ​ | 124,532 |  | ​ | 83,373
Maintenance expenses | ​ | ​ | 98,445 | ​ | ​ | 97,783 | ​ | ​ | 96,256
Depreciation and amortization (Notes 12 and 13) |  | ​ | 134,296 | ​ | ​ | 97,486 |  | ​ | 57,049
Operating income |  | ​ | 222,710 | ​ | ​ | 43,689 |  | ​ | 397,030
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Finance income (Note 23) |  | ​ | 38,222 | ​ | ​ | 12,902 |  | ​ | 3,531
Finance cost (Note 23) |  | ​ | (219,343) | ​ | ​ | (192,535) |  | ​ | (139,374)
Foreign exchange (loss) gain, net (Note 3b) |  | ​ | (34,147) | ​ | ​ | 3,581 |  | ​ | (124,161)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Income (loss) before income tax |  | ​ | 7,442 | ​ | ​ | (132,363) |  | ​ | 137,026
Income tax benefit (expense) (Note 20) |  | ​ | 377 | ​ | ​ | 52,139 |  | ​ | (30,573)
Net income (loss) |  | US$ | 7,819 | ​ | US$ | (80,224) |  | US$ | 106,453
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Earnings (loss) per share basic: |  | US$ | 0.007 | ​ | US$ | (0.069) |  | US$ | 0.092
Earnings (loss) per share diluted: |  | US$ | 0.007 | ​ | US$ | (0.069) |  | US$ | 0.091

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

​

F-6

Table of Contents

CONTROLADORA VUELA COMPAÑÍA DE AVIACIÓN, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(d.b.a. VOLARIS)

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended
​ | ​ | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021
Net income (loss) for the year |  | US$ | 7,819 |  | US$ | (80,224) |  | US$ | 106,453
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Other comprehensive income (loss) to be reclassified to profit or (loss) in subsequent periods: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Discontinuation of hedge relationships (Note 24b) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 79,076
Net (loss) gain on cash flow hedges (Note 24b) |  | ​ | (1,175) |  | ​ | 336 |  | ​ | 957
Benefit (expense) income tax deferred (Note 20c) |  | ​ | 362 |  | ​ | (80) |  | ​ | (274)
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations |  | ​ | 749 |  | ​ | 3,471 |  | ​ | (10,489)
Other comprehensive income (loss) not to be reclassified to profit or (loss) in subsequent periods: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Remeasurement (loss) gain of employee benefits (Note 17) |  | ​ | (107) |  | ​ | 253 |  | ​ | (432)
Benefit (expense) income tax deferred (Note 20c) |  | ​ | 32 |  | ​ | (79) |  | ​ | 138
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the year, net of tax |  | US$ | (139) |  | US$ | 3,901 |  | US$ | 68,976
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year |  | US$ | 7,680 |  | US$ | (76,323) |  | US$ | 175,429

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

​

​

F-7

Table of Contents

CONTROLADORA VUELA COMPAÑÍA DE AVIACIÓN, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(d.b.a. VOLARIS)

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Contributions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | for future | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | other | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Capital | ​ | Treasury | ​ | capital | ​ | Legal | ​ | Additional | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | comprehensive | ​ | ​
​ |  | stock |  | shares |  | increases |  | reserve |  | paid-in capital |  | deficit |  | loss |  | Total equity
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | ​ | US$ | 248,278 | ​ | US$ | (9,412) | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 17,363 | ​ | US$ | 284,257 | ​ | US$ | (182,132) | ​ | US$ | (218,186) | ​ | US$ | 140,168
Treasury shares | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (4,366) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (953) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5,319)
Exercise of stock options (Note 18) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,859 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,859
Long-term incentive plan cost (Note 18) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,267 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,267) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Net income for the year | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 106,453 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 106,453
Other comprehensive income items | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 68,976 | ​ |  | 68,976
Total comprehensive income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 106,453 | ​ |  | 68,976 | ​ |  | 175,429
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | ​ | 248,278 | ​ | ​ | (8,652) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,363 | ​ | ​ | 281,037 | ​ | ​ | (75,679) | ​ | ​ | (149,210) | ​ | ​ | 313,137
Treasury shares | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5,239) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,162 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,077)
Long-term incentive plan cost (Note 18) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,025 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,025) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Net loss for the year | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (80,224) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (80,224)
Other comprehensive income items | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,901 | ​ |  | 3,901
Total comprehensive (loss) income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (80,224) | ​ |  | 3,901 | ​ |  | (76,323)
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | ​ | ​ | 248,278 | ​ | ​ | (12,866) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,363 | ​ | ​ | 283,174 | ​ | ​ | (155,903) | ​ | ​ | (145,309) | ​ | ​ | 234,737
Treasury shares | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (4,020) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,186 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 166
Exercise of stock options (Note 18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 11
Long-term incentive plan cost (Note 18) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 5,320 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5,320) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Net income for the year | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,819 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,819
Other comprehensive loss items | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (139) | ​ |  | (139)
Total comprehensive income (loss) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,819 | ​ |  | (139) | ​ |  | 7,680
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | ​ | US$ | 248,278 | ​ | US$ | (11,555) | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 17,363 | ​ | US$ | 282,040 | ​ | US$ | (148,084) | ​ | US$ | (145,448) | ​ | US$ | 242,594

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

​

​

F-8

Table of Contents

CONTROLADORA VUELA COMPAÑÍA DE AVIACIÓN, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(d.b.a. VOLARIS)

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating activities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income (loss) | ​ | US$ | 7,819 | ​ | US$ | (80,224) | ​ | US$ | 106,453
Adjustments for: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Depreciation and amortization (including right-of-use-assets) (Notes 12, 13 and 14) | ​ |  | 496,311 | ​ |  | 417,929 | ​ | ​ | 326,400
Allowance for credit losses (Note 8) | ​ |  | 1,330 | ​ |  | 1,672 | ​ | ​ | 795
Finance income (Note 23) | ​ |  | (38,222) | ​ |  | (12,902) | ​ | ​ | (3,531)
Finance cost | ​ |  | 218,130 | ​ |  | 191,809 | ​ | ​ | 138,890
Net foreign exchange loss (gain) differences | ​ |  | 25,471 | ​ |  | (8,669) | ​ | ​ | 80,372
Derivative financial instruments (Notes 3 and 4) | ​ |  | 579 | ​ |  | 161 | ​ | ​ | 688
Amortized Cost (CEBUR) | ​ | ​ | 634 | ​ | ​ | 566 | ​ | ​ | 412
Net gain on disposal of rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment (Note 22) | ​ |  | (11,815) | ​ |  | (19,548) | ​ | ​ | (9,546)
Employee benefits (Note 17) | ​ |  | 3,296 | ​ |  | 7,210 | ​ | ​ | 552
Aircraft and engine lease extension benefit and other benefits from service agreements | ​ |  | (761) | ​ |  | (517) | ​ | ​ | (519)
Income tax (benefit) expense | ​ | ​ | (377) | ​ | ​ | (52,139) | ​ | ​ | 30,573
Management incentive and long-term incentive plans | ​ |  | 5,769 | ​ |  | 709 | ​ | ​ | (1,273)
​ | ​ |  | 708,164 | ​ |  | 446,057 | ​ | ​ | 670,266
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Related parties | ​ |  | 3,390 | ​ |  | 6,570 | ​ | ​ | 3,392
Other accounts receivable | ​ |  | (7,784) | ​ |  | 49,670 | ​ | ​ | (15,787)
Recoverable and prepaid taxes | ​ |  | 69,607 | ​ |  | (33,293) | ​ | ​ | 16,918
Inventories | ​ |  | (359) | ​ |  | (1,361) | ​ | ​ | (857)
Prepaid expenses | ​ |  | (24,488) | ​ |  | (21,489) | ​ | ​ | 645
Other assets | ​ |  | (1,904) | ​ |  | (12,494) | ​ | ​ | 3,435
Guarantee deposits | ​ |  | (58,243) | ​ |  | (13,445) | ​ | ​ | (52,048)
Suppliers | ​ |  | 36,620 | ​ |  | 86,627 | ​ | ​ | 6,168
Accrued liabilities | ​ |  | (24,929) | ​ |  | 17,201 | ​ | ​ | 45,053
Other taxes and fees payable | ​ |  | (9,453) | ​ |  | 44,985 | ​ | ​ | 12,972
Unearned transportation revenue | ​ |  | (3,069) | ​ |  | 42,487 | ​ | ​ | 20,023
Derivative Financial instruments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (1,854)
Other liabilities | ​ |  | 41,775 | ​ |  | 40,429 | ​ | ​ | 76,687
Cash generated from operating activities | ​ | ​ | 729,327 | ​ | ​ | 651,944 | ​ | ​ | 785,013
Interest received | ​ |  | 38,222 | ​ |  | 12,902 | ​ | ​ | 3,531
Income taxes paid | ​ |  | (37,724) | ​ |  | (51,244) | ​ | ​ | (3,188)
Net cash flows provided by operating activities | ​ |  | 729,825 | ​ |  | 613,602 | ​ | ​ | 785,356
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Investing activities | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Acquisitions of rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment (Note 12) | ​ |  | (480,753) | ​ |  | (347,147) | ​ | ​ | (186,121)
Acquisitions of intangible assets (Note 13) | ​ |  | (10,387) | ​ |  | (6,790) | ​ | ​ | (10,063)
Acquisitions of subsidiaries | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (79)
Acquisitions of other investments | ​ | ​ | (17,012) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Pre-delivery payments reimbursements | ​ |  | 45,085 | ​ |  | 221,253 | ​ | ​ | 43,678
Proceeds from disposals of rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment | ​ |  | 122 | ​ |  | 1,990 | ​ | ​ | 17,940
Proceeds from disposals of aircraft | ​ | ​ | 901 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Net cash flows used in investing activities | ​ |  | (462,044) | ​ |  | (130,694) | ​ | ​ | (134,645)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financing activities | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Transaction costs related to the CEBUR offering and other financing | ​ | ​ | (2,547) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Proceeds from exercised stock options (Note 18) | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 2,859
Proceeds from sale of treasury shares | ​ |  | 1,018 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Financial instrument (CEBUR) | ​ | ​ | (1,493) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Treasury shares purchase | ​ | ​ | (4,021) | ​ | ​ | (5,239) | ​ | ​ | (4,366)
Interest paid | ​ |  | (37,179) | ​ |  | (17,637) | ​ | ​ | (12,477)
Payments of principal portion of lease liabilities (Note 14) | ​ | ​ | (529,074) | ​ | ​ | (449,004) | ​ | ​ | (458,968)
Payments of financial debt | ​ |  | (97,909) | ​ |  | (196,565) | ​ | ​ | (76,936)
Proceeds from financial debt | ​ |  | 456,808 | ​ |  | 155,357 | ​ | ​ | 114,704
Net cash flows used in financing activities | ​ |  | (214,386) | ​ |  | (513,088) | ​ | ​ | (435,184)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ |  | 53,395 | ​ |  | (30,180) | ​ | ​ | 215,527
Net foreign exchange differences on cash balance | ​ |  | 8,906 | ​ |  | 911 | ​ | ​ | 19,127
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | ​ |  | 711,853 | ​ |  | 741,122 | ​ | ​ | 506,468
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | ​ | US$ | 774,154 | ​ | US$ | 711,853 | ​ | US$ | 741,122

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

F-9

Table of Contents

CONTROLADORA VUELA COMPAÑÍA DE AVIACIÓN,
S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(d.b.a. VOLARIS)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands of U.S. dollars,except when indicated otherwise)

1. Description of the business and summary of material accounting policy information

Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V. (“Controladora” or the “Company”) was incorporated in Mexico in accordance with the laws of Mexico on October 27, 2005.

Controladora is domiciled in Mexico City at Av. Antonio Dovali Jaime No. 70, 13 th Floor, Tower B, Colonia Zedec Santa Fe, Mexico City, Mexico, 01210.

The Company, through its subsidiary Concesionaria Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.P.I. de C.V. (“Concesionaria”), has a concession to provide air transportation services for passengers, cargo and mail throughout Mexico and abroad.

Concesionaria’s concession was granted by the Mexican federal government through the Mexican Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation Ministry (Secretaría de Infraestructura, Comunicaciones y Transportes) on May 9, 2005 initially for a period of five years and was extended on February 17, 2010 for an additional period of ten years. On February 24, 2020, Concesionaria’s concession was extended for a 20-year term starting on May 9, 2020.

Concesionaria made its first commercial flight as a low-cost airline on March 13, 2006. Concesionaria operates under the trade name of “Volaris”. On June 11, 2013, Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.P.I. de C.V. changed its corporate name to Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V.

On September 23, 2013, the Company completed its dual listing Initial Public Offering on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and on the Mexican Stock Exchange (Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, or “BMV”), and on September 18, 2013 its shares started trading under the ticker symbol “VLRS” and “VOLAR”, respectively.

On November 16, 2015, certain shareholders of the Company completed a secondary follow-on equity offering on the NYSE.

On December 11, 2020, the Company announced the closing of an upsized primary follow-on equity offering in which the Company offered 134,000,000 of its Ordinary Participation Certificates (Certificados de Participación Ordinarios), or CPOs, in the form of American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, at a price to the public of US$11.25 per ADS in the United States and other countries outside of Mexico, pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In connection with the offering, the underwriters exercised their option to purchase up to 20,100,000 additional CPOs in the form of ADSs. Each ADS represents 10 CPOs and each CPO represents a financial interest in one Series A share of common stock of the Company.

On November 10, 2016, the Company, through its subsidiary Vuela Aviación, S.A. (“Volaris Costa Rica”), obtained from the Costa Rica Civil Aviation Authority an Air Operator Certificate to provide air transportation services for passengers, cargo and mail, in scheduled and non-scheduled flights for an initial period of five years. On December 20, 2021 Volaris Costa Rica´s Air Operator Certificate was renewed, modified and extended for an additional 15- years term. Volaris Costa Rica started operations on December 1, 2016.

On August 25, 2021, the Company through its subsidiary Vuela El Salvador, S.A. de C.V. (“Volaris El Salvador”) obtained from the El Salvadorian Civil Aviation Authority an Operation Permit, for scheduled and non-scheduled international public air transportation services for passengers, cargo and mail valid until May 30, 2024. Volaris El Salvador started operations on September 15, 2021.

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Table of Contents

On June 20, 2019, Concesionaria, issued fifteen million (15,000,000) asset backed trust notes (certificados bursátiles fiduciarios; the “ Trust Notes ”), under the ticker symbol VOLARCB 19 for the amount of Ps.1.5 billion Mexican pesos (US$78.5 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.19.10 to US$1 on June 20, 2019) by CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Multiple, acting as Trustee under the Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249 created by Concesionaria in the first issuance under a program approved by the Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission (Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores) for an amount of up to Ps.3.0 billion Mexican pesos (US$157.1 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.19.10 to US$1 on June 20, 2019). The Trust Notes are backed by future receivables under agreements entered into with credit card processors with respect to funds received from the sale of airplane tickets and ancillaries denominated in Mexican pesos, through credit cards VISA and Mastercard, via the Company’s website, mobile app and travel agencies. The Trust Notes were listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange, have a maturity of five years and will pay an interest rate of Tasa de Interes Interbancaria de Equilibrio (“TIIE”) 28 plus 175 basis points.

On October 13, 2021, Concesionaria, completed the issuance of fifteen million (15,000,000) of asset backed trust notes (certificados bursátiles fiduciarios) (the “Trust Notes”) issued under the ticker VOLARCB 21L for an amount of Ps.1.5 billion Mexican pesos (US$72.1 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.20.80 to US$1 on October 13, 2021), issued by CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, acting as Trustee of the Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249 created by Concesionaria, in the second offering under the program authorized by the Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission for an amount of up to Ps.3.0 billion (three billion pesos 00/100 national currency) (US$144.2 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.20.80 to US$1 on October 13, 2021). The Trust Notes are aligned with the Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles 2020, administered by the International Capital Market Association (ICMA) and has Sustainability Objectives (SPT) for the Key Performance Indicator (KPI), to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from Volaris´ operations, measured as grams of CO2 emissions per revenue passenger/kilometer (gCO2 / RPK) by 21.54%, 24.08% and 25.53% by 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, compared to 2015. This offering incentives the Company to accomplish its long-term sustainable goals, among which are to reduce CO2 emissions by 35.42% gCO2 / RPK by 2030 vs 2015. The Trust Notes have a maturity of five years and will pay an interest rate of TIIE 28 plus 200 basis points.

On December 20, 2021, one of the Company´s shareholders concluded the conversion of 30,538,000 Series B Shares for the equivalent number of Series A Shares. This conversion has no impact either on the total number of outstanding shares nor on the earnings-per-share calculation.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes were approved by the Company’s Board of Directors on April 18, 2024 and by the Annual General Ordinary Shareholder´s Meeting of the Company on April 19, 2024. These consolidated financial statements were also approved for issuance in the Company’s annual report on Form 20-F by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Enrique J. Beltranena Mejicano, and Chief Financial Officer, Jaime E. Pous Fernández, on April 29, 2024, and subsequent events were considered through that date.

​

F-11

Table of Contents

a) | Relevant events

Contract with FEMSA

On January 23, 2023, the Company, through its subsidiary Concesionaria, entered into an agreement with Lealtad Mercadotecnia y Conocimientos Agregados, S.A.P.I. de C.V. (the “Supplier”), a subsidiary of Fomento Económico Mexicano, S.A.B. de C.V. (FEMSA). Under this contract, Concesionaria became a participating company in a coalition that integrates a loyalty program called “Spin Premia®”, established and managed by the Supplier. This Program offers exclusive benefits to its users, allowing them to accumulate and redeem reward points with OXXO and Volaris.

Contract with CleanJoule

On June 14, 2023, the Company announced an investment agreement alongside Indigo Partners, GenZero, Cleanhill Partners, Frontier Airlines, and Wizz Air. The investment aims to accelerate the production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) worldwide through the North American startup CleanJoule. Through its corporate sustainability strategy, the Company implements practices that contribute the environmental impact of its operations (Note 7j).

The Mexican Aviation Authority recovers Category 1 for operational safety

On September 14, 2023, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration of the United States of America (FAA) determined that the operational safety oversight applied by the Mexican Federal Civil Aviation Authority (AFAC) adheres to the safety standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), there by recovering Category 1 in operational safety.

Offering of asset backed trust notes under the ticker VOLARCB 23

On September 28, 2023 “Concesionaria” completed the offering of 15,000,000 (fifteen million) asset backed trust notes (certificados bursátiles fiduciarios) (the “Trust Notes “) in Mexico under the ticker VOLARCB 23 for an amount of Ps.1.5 billion Mexican pesos (US$85.8 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.17.47 to US$1 on September 28, 2023) by CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, acting as Trustee of the Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249 created by Concesionaria Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.P.I. de C.V., in the third offering under the program authorized and enlarged by the Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission for an amount of up to Ps.5.0 billion Mexican pesos (US$286.2 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.17.47 to US$1 on September 28, 2023). The Trust Notes will be backed by future collection rights under agreements entered into with credit card processors regarding flows derived from the sale of airline tickets and other related services through VISA and Mastercard credit cards, through their internet portal, travel agencies, call centers and sales offices. The Trust Notes have a maturity term of five years and will pay an interest rate of Tasa de Interes Interbancaria de Equilibrio (“TIIE”) 28 plus 215 basis points spread. The underwriters were Casa de Bolsa BBVA México, S.A. de C.V., Grupo Financiero BBVA México and Actinver Casa de Bolsa, S.A. de C.V., Grupo Financiero Actinver.

Conversion from Series “B” shares to Series “A” shares

On November 22, 2023, all holders of the 57,513,873 outstanding Series B shares of the Company concluded the conversion of all Series B Shares into 57,513,873 Series A Shares represented by Ordinary Participation Certificates (Certificados de Participación Ordinarios) in the form of the corresponding American Depositary Shares.

​

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Table of Contents

b) Basis of preparation

Statement of compliance

These consolidated financial statements which comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards (“IFRS” International Financial Reporting Standards) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The presentation currency of the Company’s consolidated financial statements is the U.S. dollar. All values in the consolidated financial statements are rounded to the nearest thousand (US$000), except when otherwise indicated.

The Company has consistently applied its accounting policies to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements and provide comparative information in respect of the previous period, except for the effects of changes in functional currency that are affected prospectively (See “Change in functional currency” and Note 3b).

Basis of measurement and presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical-cost convention, except for derivative financial instruments that are measured at fair value.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Presentation currency and definition of terms

The consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes are presented in U.S. dollars, except when specific reference is made to a different currency. When reference is made to U.S. dollars or “$” it means dollars of the United States. All amounts in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes are stated in thousands, except when references are made to earnings or loss per share and/or prices per share. When reference is made to “Ps” or “pesos”, it means Mexican pesos. When it is deemed relevant, certain amounts in foreign currency presented in the notes to the consolidated financial statements include between parentheses a convenience translation into dollars and/or into pesos, as applicable.

Change in functional currency

An entity’s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates. During the second half of 2021 management identified indicators of changes in the primary economic environment in which its main subsidiary Concesionaria operates, as follows: (i) increase in the international market transactions during 2021, (ii) change in the determination of rates, and (iii) most representative costs are determined and denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, the Company evaluated the functional currency of its main subsidiary in accordance with the provisions contained in IAS-21 “Effects of Variations in Foreign Currency Exchange Rates”, concluding that the functional currency changed from the Mexican peso to the U.S dollar as of December 31, 2021.

In addition, considering the dependency of the Company in its operations related to its wholly owned subsidiary Concesionaria, management evaluated and concluded that its functional currency also changed from the Mexican peso to U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2021. The change in functional currency was prospectively applied from the date of the change (Note 3b).

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c) Basis of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022 for accounting purposes the companies included in the consolidated financial statements are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Equity interest | ​
​ | ​ | Principal | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Name |  | Activities |  | Country |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Concesionaria Vuela Compañía de Aviación S.A.P.I. de C.V. |  | Air transportation services for passengers, cargo and mail throughout Mexico and abroad |  | Mexico |  | 100 | % | 100 | %
Vuela Aviación, S.A. |  | Air transportation services for passengers, cargo and mail in Costa Rica and abroad |  | Costa Rica |  | 100 | % | 100 | %
Vuela, S.A. (“Vuela”) (1) |  | Air transportation services for passengers, cargo and mail in Guatemala and abroad |  | Guatemala |  | 100 | % | 100 | %
Vuela El Salvador, S.A. de C.V. | ​ | Air transportation services for passengers, cargo and mail in El Salvador and abroad | ​ | El Salvador | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
Comercializadora Volaris, S.A. de C.V. ("Comercializadora") |  | Merchandising of services |  | Mexico |  | 100 | % | 100 | %
Servicios Earhart, S.A. (1) |  | Rendering specialized services to its affiliates |  | Guatemala |  | 100 | % | 100 | %
Servicios Corporativos Volaris, S.A. de C.V. (“Servicios Corporativos”) |  | Rendering specialized services to its affiliates |  | Mexico |  | 100 | % | 100 | %
Comercializadora V Frecuenta, S.A. de C.V. (“Loyalty Program”) (1) | ​ | Loyalty Program | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
Viajes Vuela, S.A. de C.V. (“Viajes Vuela”) | ​ | Travel agency | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
Guatemala Dispatch Service, S.A., (“GDS, S.A.”) | ​ | Aeronautical Technical Services | ​ | Guatemala | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso 1710 (2) | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing (Note 5) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fidecomiso 1711 (3) | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing (Note 5) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número F/307750 “Administrative Trust” (4) |  | Share administration trust (Note 18) |  | Mexico |  | — | ​ | 100 | %
Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número F/745291 “Administrative Trust” |  | Share administration trust (Note 18) |  | Mexico |  | 100 | % | 100 | %
Fideicomiso de Administración número CIB/3081 “Administrative Trust” | ​ | Share administration trust (Note 18) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número CIB/3249 “Administrative Trust” | ​ | Asset backed securities trustor & administrator (Note 5) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fideicomiso CIB/3853 (5) | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing (Note 5) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fideicomiso CIB/3855 (6) | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing (Note 5) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fideicomiso CIB/3866 (6) | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing (Note 5) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
CIBanco, S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fideicomiso CIB/3867 (7) | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing (Note 5) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %
CIBanco, S. A, Institución de Banca Múltiple, Fideicomiso CIB/3921 (8) | ​ | Pre-delivery payments financing (Note 5) | ​ | Mexico | ​ | 100 | % | 100 | %

(1) | The Company has not started operations.

(2) | With effect from January 20, 2023, the Trust 1710 was extinguished.

(3) | With effect from January 20, 2023, the Trust 1711 was extinguished.

(4) | The Trust was terminated on August 9, 2022.

(5) | With effect from June 8, 2022 the trust was constituted.

(6) | With effect from April 1st, 2022 the trusts were constituted.

(7) | With effect from April 13, 2022 the trust was constituted.

(8) | With effect from July 21, 2022 the trust was constituted.

​

The financial statements of the subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as the parent Company, using consistent accounting policies.

Control is achieved when the Company is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Specifically, the Company controls an investee if, and only if, the Company has:

(i) | Power over the investee (i.e., existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee).

(ii) | Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee.

(iii) | The ability to use its power over the investee to affect its returns.

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When the Company has less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:

(i) | The contractual arrangement with the other vote holders of the investee.

(ii) | Rights arising from other contractual arrangements, and

(iii) | The Company’s voting rights and potential voting rights.

The Company re-assesses whether it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Company obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Company loses control of the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date the Company gains control until the date the Company ceases to control the subsidiary.

All intercompany balances, transactions, unrealized gains and losses resulting from intercompany transactions are eliminated in full on consolidation in the consolidated financial statements.

On consolidation, the assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S.dollar at the exchange rates prevailing at the reporting date and their statements of profit or loss are translated at the average exchange rates prevailing at the time. The exchange differences arising on translation for consolidation are recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of OCI relating to that particular foreign operation is recognized in profit or loss.

d) Revenue recognition

Passenger revenues

Revenues from the air transportation of passengers are recognized at the earlier of when the service is provided or when the non-refundable ticket expires at the date of the scheduled travel.

Ticket sales for future flights are initially recognized as contract liabilities under the caption “unearned transportation revenue” and, once the transportation service is provided by the Company or when the non-refundable ticket expires at the date of the scheduled travel, the earned revenue is recognized as passenger ticket revenue and the unearned transportation revenue is reduced by the same amount. All the Company’s tickets are non-refundable and are subject to change upon a payment of a fee. Additionally, the Company does not operate a frequent flier program.

The most significant passenger revenue includes revenues generated from: (i) fare revenue and (ii) other passenger revenues. Other passenger services include but are not limited to fees charged for excess baggage, bookings through the call center or third-party agencies, advanced seat selection, itinerary changes and charters. They are recognized as revenue when the obligation of passenger transportation service is provided by the Company or when the non-refundable ticket expires at the date of the scheduled travel.

The Company also classifies as other passenger revenue “V Club” and other similar services, which are recognized as revenue over time when the service is provided.

The Company sells certain tickets with connecting flights with one or more segments operated by its other airline partner. For segments operated by its other airline partner, the Company has determined that it is acting as an agent on behalf of the other airline as is responsible for its portion of the contract (i.e., transportation of the passenger). The Company, as the agent, recognizes revenue within other operating revenue at the time of the travel, for the net amount retained by the Company for any segments flown by other airline.

Non-passenger revenues

The most significant non-passenger revenues include revenues generated from: (i) revenues from other non-passenger services described below and (ii) cargo services.

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Revenues from other non-passenger services mainly include but are not limited to commissions charged to third parties for the sale of trip insurance, rental cars, and advertising spaces to third parties. These as well as cargo services, are recognized as revenue at the time the service is provided.

The Company also evaluates, in each new transaction where applicable, the principal versus agent considerations concerning certain non-air travel service arrangements with third-party providers. When the Company determines that the underlying services are provided through third parties who are primarily responsible for providing the services, revenue for these specific non-air travel services is presented on a net basis (agent).

Code-share agreement

On January 16, 2018, the Company and Frontier Airlines (herein after Frontier) entered into a code-share operations agreement, which started operations in September 2018.

Through this alliance, the Company´s customers gain access to additional cities in the U.S. beyond the current available destinations as the Company’s customers are able to buy a ticket throughout any of Frontier’s actual destinations; and Frontier customers gain first-time access to new destinations in Mexico through Volaris presence in Mexican airports.

Code-share tickets can be purchased directly from the Volaris’ website. The airline that provides the transportation recognize the revenue when the service is provided to the customer.

Other considerations analyzed as part of revenue from contracts with customers

All services provided by the Company including sales of tickets for future flights, other passenger related services and non-passenger services must be paid through a full cash settlement. The payment of the transaction price is equal to the cash settlement from the client at the sales time (using different payment options like credit or debit cards, paying through a third party or directly at the counter in cash). There is little or no judgment to determine the point in time of the revenue recognition, and the amount of it. Even if mainly all the sales of services are initially recognized as contract liabilities, there is no financing component in these transactions.

The cost to obtain a contract is represented by the commissions paid to the travel agencies and the bank commissions charged by the financial institutions for processing electronic transactions (Note 10). The Company does not incur any additional costs to obtain and fulfill a contract that is eligible for capitalization.

Trade receivables are mainly with financial institutions due to transactions with credit and debit cards, and therefore they are non-interest bearing and are mainly on terms of 24 to 48 hours. The Company has the right of collection at the beginning of the contracts and there are no discounts, payment incentives, bonuses, or other variable considerations after the purchase that could modify the amount of the transaction price.

The Company’s tickets are non-refundable. However, in the event that the company cancels a flight due to causes attributable to the airline, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the passengers are entitled to either move their flight at no additional cost, receive a refund or obtain a voucher. No revenue is recognized until either the voucher is redeemed, and the associated flight occurs, or the voucher expires. When vouchers issued exceed the amount of the original amount paid by the passenger the excess is recorded as reduction of the operating revenues. All the Company´s revenues related to future services are rendered through an approximate period of 12 months.

Contract with FEMSA

Under the “Spin Premia” agreement customers participating in this program are entitled to accumulate or redeem points when they purchase goods or use services with any of the companies that are part of the coalition.

The points accumulated for services provided by the Company are recorded as a reduction in revenues. The points redeemed for the Company’s services are recorded as deferred revenue until the time when the service is provided, or the points expire. The value of points is determined according to contractual conditions between the Company and FEMSA.

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e) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

Cash and cash equivalents are represented by bank deposits and highly liquid investments with maturities of 90 days or less at the original purchase date. For the purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term investments as defined above.

The Company has agreements with financial institutions that process customer credit card transactions for the sale of air travel and other services. These credit card processing agreements do not have significant cash reserve requirements.

Restricted cash are used to constitute the debt service reserves and cannot be used for purposes other than those established.

f) Short-term investments

Short-term investments consist of fixed-term bank deposits with a maturity of more than three but less than twelve months.

g) Financial instruments initial recognition and subsequent measurement

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset for one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument for another entity.

i) Financial assets

Initial recognition

Classification of financial assets and initial recognition

The Company determines the classification and measurement of financial assets, in accordance with the categories in IFRS 9, which are based on both: the characteristics of the contractual cash flows of these assets and the business model objective for holding them.

Financial assets include those carried at fair value through profit and losses (“FVTPL”), whose objective to hold them is for trading purposes (short-term investments), or at amortized cost, for accounts receivables held to collect the contractual cash flows, which are characterized by solely payments of principal and interest (“SPPI”). Derivative financial instruments are also considered financial assets when these represent contractual rights to receive cash or another financial asset. All the Company’s financial assets are initially recognized at fair value, including derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

The subsequent measurement of financial assets depends on their initial classification, as is described below:

1. | Financial assets at FVTPL which include financial assets held for trading.

2. | Financial assets at amortized cost, whose characteristics meet the SPPI criterion and were originated to be held to collect principal and interest in accordance with the Company’s business model.

3. | Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (“OCI”) with recycling of cumulative gains and losses.

Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized when:

| a) | The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired.

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| b) | The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement; and either (i) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (ii) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset; or when the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the asset is recognized to the extent of the Company’s continuing involvement in the asset.

In that case, the Company also recognizes an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

ii) Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses at each reporting date, whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is credit - impaired. A financial asset is credit- impaired when one or more events have occurred since the initial recognition of an asset (an incurred ‘loss event’), that has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or the group of financial assets that can be reliably estimated.

Evidence that a financial asset is credit – impaired may include indications that the debtors or a group of debtors is experiencing significant financial difficulty, default or delinquency in receivable, the probability that they will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization and observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated cash flows, such as changes in arrears or economic conditions that correlate with defaults. Further disclosures related to impairment of financial assets are also provided in (Note 8).

For trade receivables, the Company applies a simplified approach in calculating Expected Credit Losses (ECLs). Therefore, the Company does not track changes in credit risk, but instead recognizes a loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date.

Based on this evaluation, allowances are taken into account for the expected losses of these receivables (Note 8).

iii) Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at FVTPL, including loans and borrowings, accounts payables to suppliers, unearned transportation revenue, other accounts payable and financial instruments.

All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification as described below:

Financial liabilities at amortized cost

Accounts payable, are subsequently measured at amortized cost and do not bear interest or result in gains and losses due to their short-term nature.

Loans and borrowings are the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition at fair value (consideration received), interest bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the Effective Interest Rate method (EIR). Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process.

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Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on issuance and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the consolidated statements of operations. This amortized cost category generally applies to interest-bearing loans and borrowings (Note 5).

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

Financial liabilities at FVTPL include financial liabilities under the fair value option, which are classified as held for trading, if they are acquired for the purpose of selling them in the near future. This category includes derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by IFRS 9.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires.

When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability.

The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset, and the net amount is reported in the consolidated statement of financial position if there is:

(i) | A currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts, and

(ii) | An intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

h) Other accounts receivable

Other accounts receivable are due primarily from major credit card processors associated with the sales of tickets and are stated at cost less allowances made for credit losses, which approximates fair value given their short-term nature.

i) Inventories

Inventories consist primarily of flight equipment expendable parts, materials and supplies, and are initially recorded at acquisition cost. Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or at their net realization value, which ever less. The cost is determined based on the method of specific identification and expensed when used in operations. The Company recognizes the necessary estimates for decreases in the value of its inventories due to impairment, obsolescence, slow movement and causes that indicate that the use or realization of the aircraft spare parts and flight equipment accessories that are part of the inventory will be less than recorded value. The cost of inventories is determined based on the specific identification method and is recorded as an expense as it is used in operations.

j) Intangible assets

Cost related to the purchase or development of computer software that is separable from an item of related hardware is capitalized separately measured at cost, and amortized over the period in which it will generate benefits on a straight-line basis. The Company annually reviews the estimated useful lives and salvage values of intangible assets and any changes are accounted for prospectively.

The Company records impairment charges on intangible assets used in operations when events and circumstances indicate that the assets or related cash generating unit may be impaired and the carrying amount of a long-lived asset or cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of (i) its fair value less cost to sell, and (ii) its value in use.

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The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow model, using our projections of operating results for the near future, typically extending no more than five years. The recoverable amount of long-lived assets is sensitive to the uncertainties inherent in the preparation of projections and the discount rate used in the calculation. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not record any impairment loss in the value of its intangible assets.

Software

Acquired computer software licenses are capitalized on the basis of cost incurred to acquire, implement and bring the software into use. Costs associated with maintaining computer software programs are expensed as incurred. In case of development or improvement to systems that will generate probable future economic benefits, the Company capitalizes software development costs, including directly attributable expenditures on materials, labor, and other direct costs.

Acquired software cost is amortized on a straight-line basis over its useful life. Licenses and software rights acquired by the Company have finite useful lives and are amortized on a straight–line basis over the term of the contract. Amortization expense is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

k) Assets held for sale

Assets held for sale, formerly non-current assets or groups of assets that are expected to be sold within the next twelve months are measured at the lower of their carrying amount at the time they are reclassified, and fair value less cost to sell. Fair value less cost to sell is derived from recent market transactions, if available.

On December 22, 2022, Concesionaria signed an aircraft sale and purchase agreement with SETNA IO LLC., by a total amount of US$901. As of December 31, 2022 the carrying amount of the remaining owned aircraft was US$795. During February 2023, the Company concluded the transaction, which was closed as agreed.

l) Guarantee deposits

Guarantee deposits primarily include of aircraft maintenance deposits paid to lessors, deposits for rent of flight equipment and other guarantee deposits. Aircraft and engine deposits are held by lessors in U.S. dollars and are presented as current assets and non-current assets, based on the recovery dates of each deposit established in the related agreements (Note 11).

Deposits for flight equipment maintenance paid to lessors

Most of the Company’s lease contracts stipulate the obligation to pay maintenance deposits to aircraft lessors, in order to guarantee major maintenance work.

These lease agreements establish that maintenance deposits are reimbursable to the Company at the time the major maintenance event is concluded for an amount equal to: (i) the maintenance deposit held by the lessor associated with the specific maintenance event, or (ii) the qualifying costs related to the specific maintenance event.

Substantially all major maintenance deposits are generally calculated based on the use of leased aircraft and engines (flight hours or operating cycles). The sole purpose of these deposits is to guarantee to the lessor the execution of maintenance work on the aircraft and engines.

Maintenance deposits that the Company expects to recover from lessors are presented as security deposits in the consolidated statement of financial position.

According to the term of the lease, in each contract it is evaluated whether major maintenance of the leased aircraft and engines is expected to be carried out. In the event that major maintenance is not expected to be performed on its own account, the deposit is recorded as a variable lease payment in the consolidated statement of operations, since it represents part of the use of the leased goods and is determined based on time or flight cycles. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized supplemental lease payments of US$83,528 US$48,172 and US$38,227, respectively.

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When modifications are made to the lease agreements that entail an extension of the lease term, the maintenance deposits which had been recorded previously as variable lease payments can be converted into recoverable deposits and presented as recoverable assets, at the modification date.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company added 13 and 18 net new aircraft to its fleet, respectively (Note 14). During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company extended the lease period of nine aircraft and six engines. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company extended the lease period of five aircraft and two engines. Certain other aircraft lease agreements do not require the obligation to pay maintenance deposits in advance to lessors to guarantee important maintenance activities; therefore, the Company does not make payments for guarantee deposits with respect to these aircraft. However, some of these lease agreements include the obligation to make maintenance adjustment payments to lessors at the end of the lease period. These maintenance adjustments cover maintenance events that are not expected to be performed before the termination of the lease; for such agreements, the Company accumulates a liability related to the amount of the costs that will be incurred at the end of the lease, since no maintenance deposits have been made (Note 16).

m) Aircraft and engine maintenance

The Company is required to conduct various levels of aircraft maintenance. Maintenance requirements depend on the type of aircraft, age and the route network over which it operates (utilization).

Fleet maintenance requirements may include preventive maintenance tasks based on manufacturers recommendations, for example, component checks, airframe and systems checks, periodic major maintenance and engine checks.

Aircraft maintenance and repair consists of routine and non-routine tasks, divided mainly into three general categories: (i) routine line maintenance, (ii) major maintenance and (iii) component checks.

(i) Routine line maintenance requirements consist of scheduled maintenance checks on the Company’s aircraft, including pre-flight, daily, weekly and overnight checks, any diagnostics and routine repairs and any unscheduled maintenance is performed as required. These type of maintenance events are normally performed by in - house mechanics and are primarily completed at the main airports that the Company currently serves, supported by sub-contracted companies.

Other maintenance activities are sub-contracted to certified maintenance business partners, repair and overhaul organizations. Routine maintenance also includes scheduled tasks that can typically take from six to 12 days to accomplish and are required between every 24 or 36 months, such as 24-month checks and C checks. All routine maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

(ii) Major maintenance for the aircraft consists of a series of more complex tasks, including structural checks for the airframe, that can take up to six weeks to accomplish and typically are required every six years.

Major maintenance is accounted for under the deferral method, whereby the cost of major maintenance, major overhaul and repair is capitalized (leasehold improvements to flight equipment) and amortized over the shorter of the period to the next major maintenance event or the remaining contractual lease term. The next major maintenance event is estimated based on assumptions including estimated time of usage. The United States Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) and the Mexican Federal Civil Aviation Agency (Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil - AFAC) authorize maintenance intervals and average removal times as recommended by the manufacturer.

These assumptions may change based on changes in the utilization of aircraft, changes in government regulations and recommended manufacturer maintenance intervals. In addition, these assumptions can be affected by unplanned incidents that could damage an airframe, engine, or major component to a level that would require a heavy maintenance event prior to a scheduled maintenance event. To the extent the planned usage increases, the estimated life would decrease before the next maintenance event, resulting in additional expense over a shorter period.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company capitalized major maintenance events as part of leasehold improvements to flight equipment for an amount of US$139,830, US$138,811 and US$85,940, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the amortization of major maintenance leasehold improvement costs was US$114,924, US$83,071 and US$40,744, respectively. The amortization of deferred maintenance costs is recorded as part of depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations.

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(iii) The Company has a power-by-the hour agreement for component services, which guarantees the availability of aircraft components for the Company’s fleet when they are required. It also provides aircraft components that are included in the redelivery conditions of the contract (hard time) with a fixed priced at the time of redelivery. The monthly maintenance cost associated with this agreement is recognized as incurred in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company has an engine flight hour agreement (component repair agreement), that guarantees a cost for the engines shop visits, provides miscellaneous engines coverage, supports the cost of foreign objects damage events, ensures there is protection from annual escalations, and grants credit for certain scrapped components. The cost associated with the miscellaneous engines’ coverage is recorded monthly as incurred in the consolidated statements of operations.

n) Rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment, net

Rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment, are recorded at cost and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Depreciation is calculated based on the cost less the estimated residual value of the assets.

Aircraft spare engines have significant components with different useful lives; therefore, they are accounted for as separate items of spare engine parts (major components) (Note 12).

Pre-delivery payments refer to prepayments made to aircraft and engine manufacturers during the manufacturing stage of the aircraft. The borrowing costs related to the acquisition or construction of a qualifying asset are capitalized as part of the cost of that asset.

Depreciation rates are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Annual
​ |  | depreciation rate
Flight equipment | ​ | 4.0-16.7%
Constructions and improvements |  | Remaining contractual lease term
Computer equipment |  | 25%
Workshop tools |  | 33.3%
Electric power equipment |  | 10%
Communications equipment |  | 10%
Workshop machinery and equipment |  | 10%
Motorized transport equipment platform | ​ | 25%
Service carts on board |  | 20%
Office furniture and equipment |  | 10%
Leasehold improvements to flight equipment |  | The shorter of: (i) remaining contractual lease term, or (ii) the next major maintenance event (1)

(1) The period is determined in accordance with usage.

​

The Company reviews annually the useful lives of these assets and any changes are accounted for prospectively.

The Company identified one Cash Generating Unit (CGU), which includes the long-lived assets and the entire fleet, including right-of-use assets and flight equipment. The Company assesses at each reporting date, whether there is objective evidence that long-lived assets and the entire fleet, including right-of-use assets and flight equipment are impaired in the CGU. The Company records impairment charges in operations when events and circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired or when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset or related cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of (i) its fair value less cost to sell and (ii) its value in use.

The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow model, using projections of operating results for the near future, typically extending no more than five years. The recoverable amount of long-lived assets is sensitive to the uncertainties inherent in the preparation of projections and the discount rate used in the calculation.

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o) Foreign currency transactions and exchange differences

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, which is the functional currency of the parent company and its main subsidiaries. For each subsidiary, the Company determines the functional currency and items included in the financial statements of each entity are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which each entity operates (“the functional currency”).

The financial statements of foreign operations prepared under IFRS and denominated in their respective local currencies different from its functional currency are remeasured into their functional currency as follows:

● | Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the respective functional currencies at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.

● | All monetary assets and liabilities are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the consolidated statement of financial reporting date.

● | All non-monetary items that are measured based on historical cost in a foreign currency are translated at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

● | Equity accounts are translated at the prevailing exchange rate at the time the capital contributions were made, and the profits were generated.

● | Revenues, costs and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate during the applicable period.

Any differences resulting from the remeasurement into the respective functional currency are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

Assets and liabilities from foreign operations are converted from the functional currency to the presentation currency at the exchange rate on the reporting date; revenues and expenses are translated at each month during the year at the monthly average exchange rate.

Foreign currency differences arising on translation into the presentation currency are recognized in OCI. Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were US$749, US$3,471 and US$(10,489), respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the most relevant exchange rates utilized in the conversions to US dollar, are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021
​ | ​ | End of period | ​ | Average | ​ | End of period | ​ | Average | ​ | End of period | ​ | Average
Currency |  | exchange rate |  | exchange rate |  | exchange rate |  | exchange rate |  | exchange rate |  | exchange rate
Mexican Peso |  | Ps. | 16.8935 | ​ | Ps. | 17.7665 | ​ | Ps. | 19.3615 | ​ | Ps. | 20.1254 | ​ | Ps. | 20.5835 |  | Ps. | 20.2818
Colon |  | ₵. | 524.7900 | ​ | ₵. | 545.1760 | ​ | ₵. | 594.9700 | ​ | ₵. | 649.5908 | ​ | ₵. | 645.900 |  | ₵. | 624.3460
Quetzal | ​ | Q. | 7.8301 | ​ | Q. | 7.8428 | ​ | Q. | 7.8515 | ​ | Q. | 7.7765 | ​ | Q. | 7.7285 | ​ | Q. | 7.7589
Colombian Peso | ​ | COP. | 3,822.05 | ​ | COP. | 4,327.66 | ​ | COP. | 4,810.20 | ​ | COP. | 4,255.44 | ​ | COP. | 3,981.16 | ​ | COP. | 3,751.33

​

p) Liabilities and provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

q) Employee benefits

i) Personnel vacations

The Company and its subsidiaries in Mexico and Central America recognize a reserve for the costs of paid absences, such as vacation time, based on the accrual method.

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ii) Termination benefits

The Company recognizes a liability and expense for termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates:

a) When it can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; and

b) When it recognizes costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, and involves the payment of termination benefits.

The Company is demonstrably committed to a termination when, and only when, it has a detailed formal plan for the termination and is without realistic possibility of withdrawal.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, no termination benefits provision has been recognized.

iii) Seniority premiums

In accordance with Mexican Labor Law, the Company provides seniority premium benefits to the employees which rendered services to its Mexican subsidiaries under certain circumstances. These benefits consist of a one-time payment equivalent to 12 days’ wages for each year of service (at the employee’s most recent salary, but not to exceed twice the legal minimum wage), payable to all employees with 15 or more years of service, as well as to certain employees terminated involuntarily prior to the vesting of their seniority premium benefit.

Obligations relating to seniority premiums other than those arising from restructurings, are recognized based upon actuarial calculations and are determined using the projected unit credit method.

The latest actuarial computation was prepared as of December 31, 2023. Remeasurement of the net defined benefit liability arising from actuarial gains and losses are recognized in full in the period in which they occur in OCI. Such remeasurement gains and losses are not reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods.

The defined benefit asset or liability comprises the present value of the defined benefit obligation using a discount rate based on government bonds, less the fair value of plan assets out of which the obligations are to be settled.

For entities in Costa Rica, Guatemala and El Salvador there is no obligation to pay seniority premium, these countries have Post- Employee Benefits.

iv) Incentives

The Company has a quarterly incentive plan for certain personnel whereby cash bonuses are awarded for meeting certain performance targets. These incentives are payable shortly after the end of each quarter and are accounted for as a short-term benefit under IAS 19, Employee Benefits. A provision is recognized based on the estimated amount of the incentive payment. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company expensed US$3,467, US$2,992 and US$3,701, respectively, as quarterly incentive bonuses, recorded under the caption salaries and benefits.

The Company has a short-term benefit plan for certain key personnel whereby cash bonuses are awarded when certain Company’s performance targets are met. These incentives are payable shortly after the end of each year and also are accounted for as a short-term benefit under IAS 19. A provision is recognized based on the estimated amount of the incentive payment (Note 7).

v) Long-term incentive plan (“LTIP”) and long-term retention plan (LTRP)

The Company has adopted a Long-term incentive plan (“LTIP”). This plan consists of a share purchase plan (equity-settled) and a share appreciation rights “SARs” plan (cash settled), and therefore accounted under IFRS 2 “Share based payment”.

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The Company measures the cost of its equity-settled transactions at fair value at the date the equity benefits are conditionally granted to employees. The cost of equity-settled transactions is recognized in the statement of operations, together with a corresponding increase in treasury shares, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled.

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company approved a new long-term retention plan (“LTRP”), which consisted in a purchase plan (equity-settled). This plan does not include cash compensations granted through appreciation rights on the Company’s shares. The retention plans granted in previous periods will continue in full force and effect until their respective due dates and the cash compensation derived from them will be settled according to the conditions established in each plan.

vi) Share-based payments

a) LTIP

- Share purchase plan (equity-settled)

Certain key employees of the Company receive additional benefits through a share purchase plan denominated in Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”), which has been classified as an equity-settled share-based payment. The cost of the equity-settled share purchase plan is measured at grant date, taking into account the terms and conditions on which the share options were granted. The equity-settled compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits, over the required service period (Note 18).

- SARs plan (cash settled)

The Company granted SARs to key employees, which entitle them to a cash payment after a service period.

The amount of the cash payment is determined based on the increase in the share price of the Company between the grant date and the time of exercise. The liability for the SARs is measured, initially and at the end of each reporting period until settled, at the fair value of the SARs, taking into account the terms and conditions on which the SARs were granted. The compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits, over the required service period (Note 18).

The cost of the SARs plan is measured initially at fair value at the grant date, further details of which are given in (Note 18). This fair value is expensed over the period until the vesting date with recognition of a corresponding liability. Similar to the equity settled awards described above, the valuation of cash settled award also requires using similar inputs, as appropriate.

b) Management incentive plan (“MIP”)

- MIP I

Certain key employees of the Company receive additional benefits through a share purchase plan, which has been classified as an equity-settled share-based payment. The equity-settled compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits, over the required service period. The total cost of this plan has been totally recognized during the required service period (Note 18).

- MIP II

On February 19, 2016, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized an extension to the MIP for certain key employees, this plan was named MIP II. In accordance with this plan, the Company granted SARs to key employees, which entitle them to a cash payment after a service period. The amount of the cash payment is determined based on the increase in the share price of the Company between the grant date and the time of exercise. The liability for the SARs is measured initially and at the end of each reporting period until settled at the fair value of the SARs, taking into account the terms and conditions on which the SARs were granted. The compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits, over the required service period (Note 18).

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c) Board of Directors Incentive Plan (BoDIP)

Certain members of the Board of Directors of the Company receive additional benefits through a share-based plan, which has been classified as an equity-settled share-based payment and therefore accounted under IFRS 2 “Share based payment”.

In April 2018, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a Board of Directors Incentive Plan “BoDIP”, for the benefit of certain board members. The BoDIP grants options to acquire shares of the Company or CPOs during a five- year period, which was determined on the grant date. Under this plan, no service or performance conditions are required to the board members for exercise the option to acquire shares, and therefore, they have the right to request the delivery of those shares at the time they pay for them.

In April 2023, the Company's Annual General Shareholders' Meeting modified the terms of the BoDIP so that starting in 2023 certain members of the Board of Directors receive additional benefits through a stock-based plan.

vii) Employee profit sharing

The Mexican Income Tax Law (“MITL”), establishes that the base for computing current year employee profit sharing shall be the taxpayer’s taxable income of the year for income tax purposes, including certain adjustments established in the Income Tax Law, at the rate of 10%. The Mexican Federal Labor Law (“MFLL”) establishes a limit for employee profit sharing payment, up to three months of the employee´s current salary or the average employee profit sharing received by the employee in the previous three years.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the employee profit sharing recognized as operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations was US$1,481, US$136 and US$12,951, respectively. Subsidiaries in Central America do not have such employee profit-sharing obligation, as it is not required by local regulations.

r) Leases

The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period in exchange for consideration.

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognizes lease liabilities for payments to be made under the lease term and the right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

i. Right-of-use assets

The Company recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognized, initial direct costs incurred, an estimate of costs to be incurred by the Company in dismantling and removing the underlying asset to the condition required by the terms and conditions of the lease, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received.

Components of the right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the remining lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft |  | up to 18 | years
Spare engines |  | up to 18 | years
Buildings leases |  | one to ten | years
Maintenance component |  | up to eight | years

​

ii. Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognizes lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees.

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Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as expenses in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

The short-term leases and leases of low value assets are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no impairment charges recorded in respect of the right-of-use assets.

iii. Sale and leaseback

The Company enters into agreements whereby an aircraft or engine is sold to a lessor upon delivery and the lessor agrees to lease such aircraft or engine back to the Company.

The Company measures the right-of-use asset arising from the leaseback at the proportion of the previous carrying amount of the asset that relates to the right of use retained by the seller-lessee. Accordingly, the Company recognizes in the Consolidated Statement of Operations only the amount of any gain or loss that relates to the rights transferred to the buyer-lessor. If the fair value of the consideration for the sale of an asset does not equal the fair value of the asset, or if the payments for the lease are not at market rates, then the Company adjusts the difference to measure the sale proceeds at fair value and accounts for any below-market terms as a prepayment of lease payments and any above market terms as additional financing provided by the buyer-lessor to the seller-lessee.

First, the sale and leaseback transactions are analyzed within the scope of IFRS 15 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in order to verify whether the performance obligation has been satisfied and, therefore, are accounted for the sale of the asset. If this requirement is not met, then the transaction constitutes a failed sale and leaseback and is accounted for as financing transaction. If the requirements related to the performance obligation established in IFRS 15 are met, the Company measures an asset for right of use that arises from the sale transaction with subsequent lease in proportion to the book value of the asset related to the right-of-use assets retained by the Company. Consequently, only the gains or losses related to the rights transferred to the lessor-buyer are recognized.

During 2023, the Company entered into 11 sale and leaseback transactions involving engines. These transactions were classified as failed sale and leaseback arrangements due to the presence of a substantive option allowing the Company to repurchase the engines at the end of the lease term.

s) Return obligations

The aircraft and engine lease agreements of the Company require specific return conditions, which are described as follows:

| a) | Dismantling and removing the underlying asset to meet the conditions stipulated in the lease agreement, typically related to aircraft standardization and painting which can be reasonably estimated at the beginning of the lease. These costs are initially recognized at present value as part of the cost of right-of-use assets.

| b) | Aircraft components (airframe, APU and landing gears) and engines (overhaul and limited life parts) must be returned to lessors under specific conditions of maintenance. The costs of return, which in no case are related to scheduled major maintenance, are estimated, and recognized ratably as a provision from the time it becomes likely such costs will be incurred and can be estimated reliably. These return costs are recognized on a straight-line basis as a component of variable lease expenses and the provision is included as part of other liabilities, through the remaining lease term. The Company estimates the provision related to aircraft components and engines using certain assumptions including the projected usage of the aircraft and the expected costs of maintenance tasks to be performed. This provision is made in relation to the present value of the expected future costs of meeting the return conditions (Note 14 and 16).

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t) Other taxes and fees payable

The Company is required to collect certain taxes and fees from customers on behalf of government agencies and airports and to remit these to the applicable governmental entity or airport on a periodic basis. These taxes and fees include federal transportation taxes, federal security charges, airport passenger facility charges, and foreign arrival and departure fees. These charges are collected from customers at the time they purchase their tickets but are not included in passenger revenue. The Company records a liability upon collection from the customer and discharges the liability when payments are remitted to the applicable governmental entity or airport.

u) Income taxes

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current period are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the tax authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.

Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except, in respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry-forward of unused tax credits and any available tax losses. Deferred income tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry-forward of unused tax credits and available tax losses can be utilized, except, in respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

The Company considers the following criteria in assessing the probability that taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses or unused tax credits can be utilized: (a) whether the entity has sufficient taxable temporary differences relating to the same taxation authority and the same taxable entity, which will result in taxable amounts against which the unused tax losses or unused tax credits can be utilized before they expire; (b) whether it is probable that the Company will have taxable profits before the unused tax losses or unused tax credits expire; (c) whether the unused tax losses result from identifiable causes which are unlikely to recur; and (d) whether tax planning opportunities are available to the Company that will create taxable profit in the period in which the unused tax losses or unused tax credits can be utilized.

The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss. Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction in OCI.

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Deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred income taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Income taxes are computed based on tax laws approved in Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala and El Salvador at the date of the consolidated statement of financial position.

The IFRIC Interpretation 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatment addresses the accounting for income taxes when tax treatments involve uncertainty that affects the application of IAS 12 Income Taxes. It does not apply to taxes or levies outside the scope of IAS 12, nor does it specifically include requirements relating to interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax treatments. The Interpretation specifically addresses the following:

● | Whether an entity considers uncertain tax treatments separately.

● | The assumptions an entity makes about the examination of tax treatments by taxation authorities.

● | How an entity determines taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates.

● | How an entity considers changes in facts and circumstances.

The Company determines whether to consider each uncertain tax treatment separately or together with one or more other uncertain tax treatments and uses the approach that better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty.

The Company applies significant judgement in identifying uncertainties over income tax treatments. Since the Company operates in a complex multinational environment, it continually assesses whether the interpretation has an impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Upon adoption of the Interpretation, the Company has considered whether it has any uncertain tax positions, particularly those relating to transfer pricing. The Company’s and the subsidiaries’ tax filings in different jurisdictions include deductions related to transfer pricing and the taxation authorities may challenge those tax treatments. The Company determined, based on its tax compliance and transfer pricing studies, that it is probable that its tax treatments (including those for the subsidiaries) will be accepted by the taxation authorities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Interpretation did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

v) Derivative and non-derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting

The Company mitigates certain financial risks, such as volatility in the price of jet fuel, adverse changes in interest rates and exchange rate fluctuations, through a risk management program that includes the use of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instrument.

In accordance with IFRS 9, derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments are recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position at fair value. At inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which it wishes to apply hedge accounting, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes the hedging strategy and objective, identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risks being hedged and how the entity will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrument’s fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item’s fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk(s).

Only if such hedges are expected to be effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedge item(s) and are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they have been effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated, hedge accounting treatment can be used.

Under the cash flow hedge (CFH) accounting model, the effective portion of the hedging instrument’s changes in fair value is recognized in OCI, while the ineffective portion is recognized in current year earnings in the statement of profit or loss. The cash flow hedge reserve is adjusted to the lower of the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument and the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item. The amounts recognized in OCI are transferred to earnings in the period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not recognize an ineffective portion with respect to derivative financial instruments.

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The realized gain or loss of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments that qualify as CFH are recorded in the same caption of the hedged item in the consolidated statement of operations (Note 3 b (i)).

Accounting for the time value of options

The Company accounts for the time value of options in accordance with IFRS 9, which requires all derivative financial instruments to be initially recognized at fair value. Subsequent measurement for options purchased and designated as CFH requires that the option’s changes in fair value be segregated into its intrinsic value (which will be considered the hedging instrument’s effective portion in OCI) and its correspondent changes in extrinsic value (time value and volatility). The extrinsic value changes will be considered as a cost of hedging (recognized in OCI in a separate component of equity) and accounted for in income when the hedged items also are recognized in income.

w) Financial instruments — Disclosures

IFRS 7 requires a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement disclosures and requires entities to provide additional disclosures about the relative reliability of fair value measurements (Notes 4 and 5).

x) Treasury shares

The Company’s equity instruments that are reacquired (treasury shares), are recognized at cost and deducted from equity. No gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issuance or cancellation of treasury shares. Any difference between the carrying amount and the consideration received, if reissued, is recognized in additional paid in capital. Share-based payment options exercised during the reporting period were settled with treasury shares (Note 18).

y) Operating segments

Management of Controladora monitors the Company as a single business unit that provides air transportation and related services, accordingly it has only one operating segment.

The Company has two geographic areas identified as domestic (Mexico) and international (United States of America, Central America and South America) (Note 26).

z) Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position based on current/non-current classification. An asset is current when it is: (i) expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle, (ii) expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or, (iii) cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when: (i) it is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle, (ii) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or, (iii) there is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non - current assets and liabilities.

Impact of new International Financial Reporting Standards

New and amended standards and interpretations already effective

The Company applied for the first-time certain standards and amendments, which are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The Company has not early adopted any other standard interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.

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The nature and the effect of these changes are disclosed below:

IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts

In May 2017, the IASB issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (IFRS 17), a comprehensive new accounting standard for insurance contracts covering recognition and measurement, presentation and disclosure. Once effective, IFRS 17 will replace IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts (IFRS 4) that was issued in 2005. IFRS 17 applies to all types of insurance contracts (i.e., life, non-life, direct insurance and re-insurance), regardless of the type of entities that issue them, as well as to certain guarantees and financial instruments with discretionary participation features. A few scope exceptions will apply. The overall objective of IFRS 17 is to provide an accounting model for insurance contracts that is more useful and consistent for insurers. In contrast to the requirements in IFRS 4, which are largely based on grandfathering previous local accounting policies, IFRS 17 provides a comprehensive model for insurance contracts, covering all relevant accounting aspects. The core of IFRS 17 is the general model, supplemented by:

● | A specific adaptation for contracts with direct participation features (the variable fee approach).

● | A simplified approach (the premium allocation approach) mainly for short-duration contracts.

IFRS 17 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023, with comparative figures required. Early application is permitted, provided the entity also applies IFRS 9 and IFRS 15 on or before the date it first applies IFRS 17.

As of January 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023, this standard did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

Disclosure of Accounting Policies – Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2

In February 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements, in which it provides guidance and examples to help entities apply materiality judgements to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by replacing the requirement for entities to disclose their ‘significant’ accounting policies with a requirement to disclose their ‘material’ accounting policies and adding guidance on how entities apply the concept of materiality in making decisions about accounting policy disclosures.

The amendments to IAS 1 are applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1st, 2023, with earlier application permitted. Since the amendments to the Practice Statement 2 provide non-mandatory guidance on the application of the definition of material to accounting policy information, an effective date for these amendments is not necessary.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has disclosed its 'material' accounting policies in its consolidated financial statements. Upon review, the Company has concluded that the information disclosed in these consolidated financial statements is in accordance with the amendments to IAS 1.

Definition of Accounting Estimates – Amendments to IAS 8

In February 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 8, in which it introduces a definition of “accounting estimates”. The amendments clarify the distinction between changes in accounting estimates and changes in accounting policies and the correction of errors. Also, they clarify how entities use measurement techniques and inputs to develop accounting estimates.

The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1st, 2023, and apply to changes in accounting policies and changes in accounting estimates that occur on or after the start of that period. Earlier application is permitted if this fact is disclosed.

As of January 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023, these amendments did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

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Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction – Amendments to IAS 12

The amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes require companies to recognize deferred tax on transactions that, on initial recognition, give rise to equal amounts of taxable and deductible temporary differences. They will typically apply to transactions such as leases of lessees and decommissioning obligations and will require the recognition of additional deferred tax assets and liabilities. The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on January 1st, 2023, and should be applied to transactions that occur on or after the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. In addition, entities should recognize deferred tax assets (to the extent that it is probable that they can be utilized) and deferred tax liabilities at the beginning of the earliest comparative period for all deductible and taxable temporary differences associated with:

● | Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, and

● | Decommissioning, restoration and similar liabilities, and the corresponding amounts recognized as part of the cost of the related assets.

The cumulative effect of recognizing these adjustments is recognized in retained earnings, or another component of equity, as appropriate.

IAS 12 did not previously address how to account for the tax effects of on-balance sheet leases and similar transactions and various approaches were considered acceptable.

At the date of adoption of IFRS 16, the Company applied the criterion of recognizing the deferred assets and liabilities associated with the lease liability and the right of use, which is consistent with this amendment to IAS 12, and therefore upon adoption this amendment did not generate effect in the Company. (Note 20).

Standards issued but not yet effective

Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current

In January 2020, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

●What is meant by a right to defer settlement.
●That a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period.
●That classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right.

● | That only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability not impact its classification.

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months.

The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1st, 2024, and must be applied retrospectively.

The Company is currently assessing the impact of these amendments which expects to adopt in their effective date.

Amendments to IFRS 16: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback

In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16 to specify the requirements that a seller-lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognize any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains.

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The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024 and must applied retrospectively to sale and leaseback transactions entered into after the date of initial application of IFRS 16. Earlier application is permitted, and that fact must be disclosed.

The Company is currently assessing the impact of these amendments which expects to adopt in their effective date.

Supplier Finance Arrangements - Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7

In May 2023, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures to clarify the characteristics of supplier finance arrangements and require additional disclosure of such arrangements. The disclosure requirements in the amendments are intended to assist users of financial statements in understanding the effects of supplier finance arrangements on an entity’s liabilities, cash flows and exposure to liquidity risk.

The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024. Early adoption is permitted but will need to be disclosed.

The Company is currently assessing the impact of these amendments which expects to adopt in their effective date.

2. Use of judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company’s consolidated financial statements provides a detailed discussion of the material accounting policies. Certain of the Company’s accounting policies reflect significant judgments, assumptions or estimates about matters that are both inherently uncertain and material to the Company’s financial position or results of operations (Note 1).

Actual results could differ from these estimates. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively. The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below.

For leases significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions refer to (Note 1r).

i) Return obligations

The aircraft lease agreements of the Company also require that the aircraft components (airframe, APU and landing gears) and engines (overhaul and limited life parts) be returned to lessors under specific conditions of maintenance. The costs of return, which in no case are related to scheduled major maintenance, are estimated and recognized ratably as a provision from the time it becomes likely such costs will be incurred and can be estimated reliably. These return costs are recognized on a straight-line basis as a component of variable lease expenses and the provision is included as part of other liabilities, through the remaining lease term. The Company estimates the provision related to aircraft components and engines using certain assumptions including the projected usage of the aircraft and the expected costs of maintenance tasks to be performed. This provision is made in relation to the present value of the expected future costs of meeting the return conditions (Note 14 and 16).

ii) Deferred taxes

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all available tax losses to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the losses can be utilized. Management’s judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning opportunities to advance taxable profit before expiration of available tax losses.

Tax losses relate to operations of the Company on a stand-alone basis, in conformity with current Tax Law and may be carried forward against taxable income generated in the succeeding years at each country and may not be used to offset taxable income elsewhere in the Company’s consolidated group (Note 20).

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iii) Fair value measurement of financial instruments

Where the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the consolidated statements of financial position cannot be derived from active markets, they are determined using valuation techniques including the discounted cash flows model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgment is required in establishing fair values.

The judgments include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and expected volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments (Note 4).

iv) Impairment of long-lived assets

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether there are indicators of impairment of its long-lived assets and right of use assets. Impairment exists when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset or cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less cost to sell and its value-in-use.

In making these determinations, the Company uses certain assumptions, including, but not limited to estimated, undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by these assets, which are based on additional assumptions such as asset utilization, length of service the asset will be used in the Company’s operations, excluding additions and extensions.

The Company’s assumptions about future conditions important to its assessment of potential impairment of its long-lived assets, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to its business, are subject to uncertainty, and the Company will continue to monitor these conditions in future periods as new information becomes available, and will update its analyses accordingly.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company performed an impairment test on its only Cash Generating Unit (CGU), comprising the long-lived assets and the entire aircraft fleet, including right-of-use assets and flight equipment. The recoverable amount of the CGU was determined using a discounted cash flow model based on projections covering a five-year period. The determination of the recoverable amount considered a post-tax discount rate of 13% (pre-tax of 17.3%) and a long-term growth rate of 2.16%. It was concluded that the carrying amount of the CGU did not exceed its recoverable amount, based on the applied methodologies and assumptions, and therefore, no impairment charges were recorded.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company evaluated through an analysis if there were signs of impairment in its long- lived assets and right- of use assets, and according to the result it was concluded there were no signs of impairment.

v) Leases - Estimating the incremental borrowing rate

The Company cannot readily determine the interest rate implicit in its leases, therefore, it uses its incremental borrowing rate (IBR) to measure lease liabilities. The IBR is the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to obtain an asset of a similar value to the right-of-use asset in a similar economic environment. The IBR therefore reflects what the Company ‘would have to pay’, which requires estimation when no observable rates are available (such as for subsidiaries that do not enter into financing transactions) or when they need to be adjusted to reflect the terms and conditions of the lease. The Company estimates the IBR using observable inputs (such as market interest rates) when available and is required to make certain entity-specific estimates (such as the subsidiary’s stand-alone credit rating).

​

3. Financial instruments and risk management

Financial risk management

The Company’s activities are exposed to different financial risks stemmed from exogenous variables which are not under their control but whose effects might be potentially adverse such as: (i) market risk, (ii) credit risk, and (iii) liquidity risk.

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The Company’s global risk management program is focused on uncertainty in the financial markets and tries to minimize the potential adverse effects on net earnings and working capital requirements. The Company uses derivative financial instruments to hedge part of such risks. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The sources of these financial risk exposures are included in both “on balance sheet” exposures, such as recognized financial assets and liabilities, as well as in “off-balance sheet” contractual agreements and on highly expected forecasted transactions.

These on and off-balance sheet exposures, depending on their profiles, do represent potential cash flow variability exposure, in terms of receiving less inflows or facing the need to meet outflows which are higher than expected, therefore increase the working capital requirements.

Since adverse movements erode the value of recognized financial assets and liabilities, as well some other off-balance sheet financial exposures, there is a need for value preservation, by transforming the profiles of these fair value exposures. The Company has a Finance and Risk Management department, which identifies and measures financial risk exposures, in order to design strategies to mitigate or transform the profile of certain risk exposures, which are taken up to the corporate governance level for approval.

Market risk

a) Jet fuel price risk

Since the contractual agreements with jet fuel suppliers include reference to jet fuel index, the Company is exposed to fuel price risk which might have an impact on the forecasted consumption volumes. The Company’s jet fuel risk management policy aims to provide the Company with protection against increases in jet fuel prices. In an effort to achieve the aforesaid, the risk management policy allows the use of derivative financial instruments available on over the counter (“OTC”) markets with approved counterparties and within approved limits. Aircraft jet fuel consumed in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 represented 38%, 46% and 34% (includes derivative and non-derivative financial instruments for 2021) of the Company’s operating expenses, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company did not enter into derivative financial instruments to hedge jet fuel.

In accordance with IFRS 9 the Company separates the intrinsic value from the extrinsic value of an option contract; as such, the change in the intrinsic value can be designated as hedge accounting. Because extrinsic value (time and volatility values) of the options is related to a “transaction related hedged item”, it is required to be segregated and accounted for as a cost of hedging in OCI and accrued as a separate component of stockholders’ equity until the related hedged item matures and therefore impacts profit and loss.

The underlying (Jet Fuel) of the options held by the Company during 2021 is a consumption asset (energy commodity), which is not in the Company’s inventory. Instead, it is directly consumed by the Company’s fleet at different airport terminals. Therefore, although a non-financial asset is involved, its initial recognition does not generate an adjustment in the Company’s inventories.

Rather, it is initially accounted for in the Company’s OCI and a reclassification adjustment is made from OCI to profit and loss and recognized in the same period or periods in which the hedged item is expected to be allocated to profit and loss.

All the Company’s calls matured throughout the first quarter of 2021. The Zero-Cost Collars matured throughout the second quarter of 2021, leaving no outstanding fuel position going forward as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 there was no cash flow to recycle for the Zero-Cost collar position.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the intrinsic value of the call options recycled to the fuel cost was an expense of US$619. These derivative financial instruments were effective.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, there was no cost of hedging as all the derivatives position matured through 2Q2021.

As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company didn´t hold any outstanding fuel position.

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Fuel Sensitivity

The sensitivity analysis provided below presents the impact of a change of US$0.01 per gallon in fuel market spot price in the Company´s financial performance. Considering these figures, an increase of US$0.01 per gallon in the fuel prices during 2023, 2022 and 2021 would have impacted the Company’s operating costs in US$3,719, US$3,399 and US$2,731, respectively.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021
​ |  | Operating costs |  | Operating costs |  | Operating costs
​ | ​ | (In thousands of U.S. dollars)
+ US$0.01 per gallon | ​ | 3,719 | ​ | 3,399 | ​ | 2,731
- US$0.01 per gallon | ​ | (3,719) | ​ | (3,399) | ​ | (2,731)

​

The Company has been proactively trying to mitigate this impact over our business through revenue yielding and a continued effort towards a reduced fuel consumption. Nonetheless, our ability to pass on any significant increases in fuel costs through fare increases is also limited by our ultra-low-cost business model and market high elasticity to price.

b) Foreign currency risk

The Company is exposed to transactional foreign currency risk due to potential mismatches between the currencies in which sales, expenses, receivables, and borrowings are denominated, and the respective functional currencies of the Company and its subsidiaries. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for Controladora and its main subsidiaries. Transactions are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars and Mexican pesos, with minor transactions denominated in other currencies such as Quetzales, Colombian pesos, and Colones.

Foreign currency risk arises from possible unfavorable movements in the exchange rate which could have a negative impact in the Company’s cash flows. To mitigate this risk, the Company may use foreign exchange derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments.

The summary of quantitative data about the Company’s exposure to currency risk as of December 31, 2023 is as set forth below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Mexican Pesos |  | Others (1)
​ | ​ | (In thousands of U.S. dollars)
Assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | US$ | 100,488 | ​ | US$ | 13,287
Other accounts receivable, net |  |  | 54,594 | ​ |  | 34,650
Guarantee deposits |  |  | 29,951 | ​ |  | 514
Derivative financial instruments | ​ | ​ | 1,683 | ​ | ​ | —
Total assets |  | US$ | 186,716 | ​ | US$ | 48,451
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities: |  |  |  | ​ |  |
Financial debt |  | US$ | 186,251 | ​ | US$ | —
Lease liabilities |  |  | 19,655 | ​ |  | 73
Suppliers |  |  | 142,453 | ​ |  | 2,254
Other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 57,283 | ​ | ​ | 2,958
Total liabilities |  | US$ | 405,642 | ​ | US$ | 5,285
Net foreign currency position |  | US$ | (218,926) | ​ | US$ | 43,166

(1) The foreign exchange exposure includes: Quetzales, Colombian pesos and Colones.

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The summary of quantitative data about the Company’s exposure to currency risk as of December 31, 2022 is as set forth below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Mexican Pesos |  | Others (1)
​ | ​ | (In thousands of U.S. dollars)
Assets: |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | US$ | 39,962 | ​ | US$ | 6,129
Other accounts receivable, net |  | ​ | 66,254 | ​ | ​ | 12,595
Guarantee deposits |  | ​ | 23,981 | ​ | ​ | 252
Derivative financial instruments |  | ​ | 1,585 | ​ | ​ | —
Total assets |  | US$ | 131,782 | ​ | US$ | 18,976
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities: |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financial debt |  | US$ | 133,837 | ​ | US$ | —
Lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 17,003 | ​ | ​ | 103
Suppliers |  | ​ | 124,374 | ​ | ​ | 1,496
Other liabilities |  | ​ | 81,378 | ​ | ​ | 1,277
Total liabilities |  | US$ | 356,592 | ​ | US$ | 2,876
Net foreign currency position |  | US$ | (224,810) | ​ | US$ | 16,100

(1) The foreign exchange exposure includes: Quetzales, Colombian pesos and Colones.

At April 29, 2024, the exchange rate was 1 US per 17.1883 MXP.

In determining the spot exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or part of it) on the derecognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to advance consideration, the date of the transaction is the date on which the Company initially recognizes the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, the Company determines the transaction date for each payment or receipt of advance consideration.

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not enter into foreign exchange rate derivatives financial instruments.

Foreign currency sensitivity

The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of a reasonably possible change in Mexican peso exchange. The rate to U.S dollar that would have occurred as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, with all other variables held constant. The movement in the pre-tax effect shown below represents the result of a change in the fair value of assets and liabilities denominated in Mexican peso. The Company’s exposure to foreign currency exchange rates for all other currencies is not material.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Change in | ​ | Effect on profit
​ |  | MXN$ rate |  | before tax
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (In thousands of
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | U.S. dollars)
2023 |  | +5 | % | US$ | (8,788)
​ |  | -5 | % | ​ | 8,788

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Change in | ​ | Effect on profit
​ |  | MXN$ rate |  | before tax
​ |  |  |  | (In thousands of
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | U.S. dollars)
2022 |  | +5 | % | US$ | (10,436)
​ |  | -5 | % | ​ | 10,436

​

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i) Hedging relationships designating non-derivative financial instruments as hedging instruments for foreign exchange (FX) risk

Regarding the foreign currency risk, effective January 1st, 2019, the Company implemented two hedging strategies associated to forecasted FX exposures, by using non-derivatives financial assets and liabilities denominated in US as hedging instruments.

In the first FX hedging strategy, the Company designated a hedge to mitigate the variability in FX fluctuation denominated in US associated to forecasted revenues by using a portion of US denominated financial liabilities associated to a portfolio of leasing liabilities up until the terms of the remaining leasing arrangements.

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there was not outstanding US balance designated under this hedging strategy due to the discontinuation of the hedge relationships at the end of 2021.

Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the impact of these hedges was US$21,378, which has been presented as part of the total operating revenue.

The second FX strategy consisted on designating a hedging relationship by using a portion of US denominated non-derivative financial assets as hedging instruments, to mitigate the FX variability (MXN/US) contractually included as a component in the purchase of a portion of future Jet Fuel consumption. For this strategy designated in 2019, a portion of the Jet Fuel consumption over the two following years was designated as hedged item; while the hedging instrument was represented by US denominated recognized assets, including guaranteed deposits and cash and cash equivalents equivalent to US$410 million, which represent a portion of the financial assets denominated in US$.

During the first quarter of 2021, the designated hedging instrument back in 2019 for US$410 million expired consistent with the same foreign exchange strategy, the Company decided to designate a new hedging relationship, like the one concluded. For this new strategy a portion of the Jet Fuel consumption over the two following years was designated as hedged item; while the hedging instrument was represented by US$ denominated recognized assets, including guaranteed deposits and cash and cash equivalents equivalent to US$350 million, which represent a portion of the financial assets denominated in US$. As of December 31, 2021, as a result of the change in functional currency from the Mexican peso to the US dollar, the Company concluded that these hedging strategies will no longer be effective, for which reason it accounted for the discontinuation of the hedge relationships. Accordingly, the cash flow hedge reserve in other comprehensive income at the date of the change of US$109 million was reclassified to the income statement, which represented a loss within the foreign exchange (loss) gain, net caption.

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there was not outstanding US$ balance designated under this hedging strategy due to the discontinuation of the hedge relationships.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the impact of these hedges was US$8,945, presented as part of the total fuel expense.

Since the hedged items for both hedging strategies were targeted at mitigating the cash flow variability of highly expected forecasted transactions, these were represented by multiple hedging relationships which followed the Cash Flow Hedge Accounting Model.

In accordance with IFRS 9, the effective portion related to changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments, was taken to the hedge reserve within the OCI, and was presented under a separate caption within the Company’s Stakeholders Equity. The amounts recorded in OCI were recycled to the consolidated statement of operations on a timely basis as the corresponding US denominated income and/or Jet Fuel consumption, affecting the Company’s operating margins, the recycled amounts are presented as adjustments to operating income and expenses related to each FX hedging strategy.

c) Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company’s exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Company’s long-term debt obligations and flight equipment lease agreements with floating interest rates.

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The Company’s results are affected by fluctuations in certain benchmark market interest rates due to the impact that such changes may have on interest bearing contractual agreements indexed to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”).

In November 2020 the ICE Benchmark Administration (“IBA”), the FCA-regulated and authorized administrator of LIBOR, announced that starting 2022, LIBOR would no longer be used to issue new loans and the last rates were published on 30 June 2023. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, all our US dollar financing facilities at floating rate are referenced to SOFR. (Note 5b).

The Company uses derivative financial instruments to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in market interest rates and accounts for these instruments as an accounting hedge.

In most cases, when a derivative can be tailored within the terms and it perfectly matches cash flows of a leasing agreement, it may be designated as a CFH and the effective portion of fair value variations are recorded in equity until the date the cash flow of the hedged lease payment is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

In July 2019 the Irrevocable Trust number CIB/3249, whose trustor is the Company, entered into a cap to mitigate the risk due to interest rate increases on the CEBUR (VOLARCB19) coupon payments. The floating rate coupons reference to TIIE 28 are limited under the “cap” to 10% on the reference rate for the life of the CEBUR (VOLARCB19) and have the same amortization schedule.

The cap started on July 19, 2019, and the maturity date is June 20, 2024; consisting of 59 “caplets” with the same specifications as the CEBUR (VOLARCB19) coupons for reference rate determination, coupon term, and fair value.

The following table shows the sensitivity analysis of the change that would have occurred in the fair value of the interest hedging instrument on the CEBUR (VOLARCB19) in 2023 and 2022 as a result of a reasonably possible change in rates, keeping all other variables constant is as set forth below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Change in |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | interest rate | ​ | Effect on cap (1)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (In thousands of U.S.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | dollars)
2023 |  | +0.50 | % | US$ | 14
​ |  | -0.50 | % | ​ | (13)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2022 |  | +0.50 | % | US$ | (121)
​ |  | -0.50 | % | ​ | 121

(1) The effect would affect OCI in relation to the interest rate caps.

In addition, during November 2021 the Trust entered into a cap to mitigate the risk due to interest rate increases on the CEBUR (VOLARCB21L) coupon payments. The floating rate coupons reference to TIIE 28 are limited under the cap to 10% on the reference rate for the life of the CEBUR (VOLARCB21L) and have the same amortization schedule.

The cap started on November 3, 2021, and the maturity date is October 20, 2026; consisting of 59 “caplets” with the same specifications as the CEBUR (VOLARCB21L) coupons for reference rate determination, coupon term, and fair value.

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The following table shows the sensitivity analysis of the change that would have occurred in the fair value of the interest hedging instrument on the CEBUR (VOLARCB21L) in 2023 and 2022 as a result of a reasonably possible change in rates, keeping all other variables constant is as set forth below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Change in |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | interest rate | ​ | Effect on cap (1)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (In thousands of U.S.
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | dollars)
2023 |  | +0.50 | % | US$ | 311
​ |  | -0.50 | % | ​ | (269)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2022 |  | +0.50 | % | US$ | (590)
​ |  | -0.50 | % | ​ | 590

(1) The effect would affect OCI in relation to the interest rate caps.

In October 2023 the Trust entered into a cap to mitigate the risk due to interest rate increases on the CEBUR (VOLARCB23) coupon payments. The floating rate coupons reference to TIIE 28 are limited under the cap to 13% on the reference rate for the life of the CEBUR (VOLARCB23) and have the same amortization schedule.

The cap started on October 20, 2023, and the maturity date is September 20, 2028; consisting of 59 “caplets” with the same specifications as the CEBUR (VOLARCB23) coupons for reference rate determination, coupon term, and fair value.

The following table shows the sensitivity analysis of the change that would have occurred in the fair value of the interest hedging instrument on the CEBUR (VOLARCB23) in 2023 as a result of a reasonably possible change in rates, keeping all other variables constant is as set forth below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Change in | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | interest rate |  | Effect on cap (1)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (In thousands of
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | U.S. dollars)
2023 | ​ | +0.50 | % | US$ | 132
​ | ​ | -0.50 | % | ​ | (89)

(1) The effect would affect OCI in relation to the interest rate caps.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s outstanding hedging contracts in the form of interest rate caps with notional amount of Ps.3.16 billion (US$187.4 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023) and Ps.2.25 billion (US$116.2 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.19.36 to US$1 on December 31, 2022), respectively, had fair values of US$1,683 and US$1,585, respectively, and are presented as part of the financial assets in the consolidated statement of financial position. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the effect allocated in OCI in relation to the interest rate caps amounts to US$922 and US$109, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the amortization of the intrinsic value of the cap was US$579, US$161 and US$69 respectively, recycled to the statement of operations as part of the finance cost. During 2023 and 2022 there was no ineffective portion resulting from these hedging instruments.

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Debt Sensitivity Analysis

The following sensitivity analysis considers the position exposed to variable interest rates.

The Interbank Equilibrium Interest Rate of the Banco de Mexico (TIIE) 28 days increased 72 basis points and 505 basis points in 2023 and 2022, respectively, going from 10.78% to 11.50%, and from 5.72% to 10.77%, respectively. The Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) three months increased 73 basis points and 450 basis points in 2023 and 2022, respectively, going from 4.60% to 5.33% and from 0.09% to 4.59%, respectively, and SOFR one month increased 99 basis points and 430 basis points in 2023 and 2022, respectively, going from 4.36% to 5.35%, and from 0.05% to 4.36%, respectively.

In addition to the reference rate changes, if the interest rate had changed on an annual average in the magnitude shown, the impact on the interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations would have been as shown below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Year ended December 31, 2023 |  | Year ended December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | + 100 BP |  | - 100 BP |  | + 100 BP |  | - 100 BP
​ | ​ | ​ | (In thousands of U.S. dollars)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Asset backed trust notes (“CEBUR”) (1) |  | US$ | 1,435 |  | US$ | (1,435) |  | US$ | 1,320 |  | US$ | (1,320)
Incline II B Shannon 18 Limited (PDP BBAM) | ​ | ​ | 930 | ​ | ​ | (930) | ​ | ​ | 224 | ​ | ​ | (224)
Banco Santander México, S.A. y Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior, S.N.C. (“Santander-Bancomext 2022”) | ​ | ​ | 533 | ​ | ​ | (533) | ​ | ​ | 96 | ​ | ​ | (96)
GY Aviation Lease 1714 Co. Limited (PDP CDB) | ​ | ​ | 352 | ​ | ​ | (352) | ​ | ​ | 38 | ​ | ​ | (38)
JSA International U.S. Holdings, LLC (PDP JSA) | ​ | ​ | 288 | ​ | ​ | (288) | ​ | ​ | 88 | ​ | ​ | (88)
Oriental Leasing 6 Company Limited (PDP CMB) | ​ | ​ | 131 | ​ | ​ | (131) | ​ | ​ | 19 | ​ | ​ | (19)
Tarquin Limited | ​ | ​ | 111 | ​ | ​ | (111) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Wilmington Trust SP Services (Dublin) Limited | ​ | ​ | 24 | ​ | ​ | (24) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
NBB- V11218 Lease Partnership | ​ | ​ | 22 | ​ | ​ | (22) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
NBB- V11951 Lease Partnership | ​ | ​ | 21 | ​ | ​ | (21) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
NBB Pintail Co. Ltd. | ​ | ​ | 17 | ​ | ​ | (17) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior, S.N.C. (“Bancomext”) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 961 |  | ​ | (961)
Banco Sabadell S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple (“Sabadell”) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 49 | ​ | ​ | (49)
Banco Actinver S.A., Institución de banca múltiple ("Actinver") | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | (6)
Total |  | US$ | 3,864 |  | US$ | (3,864) |  | US$ | 2,801 |  | US$ | (2,801)

(1) Every Trust Note of (CEBUR VOLARCB19 and VOLARCB21L) issuance has a 10% CAP and for every Trust Note of (CEBUR VOLARCB23) issuance has a 13% CAP, both on TIIE 28 to limit interest payments to increasing rates.

​

d) Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk represents the risk that the Company has insufficient funds to meet its obligations.Because of the cyclical nature of the business, the operations, and its investment and financing needs related to the acquisition of new aircraft and renewal of its fleet, the Company requires liquid funds to meet its obligations.

The Company manages its cash, cash equivalents and its financial assets, relating the term of investments with those of its obligations. Its policy is that the average term of its investments may not exceed the average term of its obligations. This cash and cash equivalents position is invested in highly liquid short-term instruments through financial entities.

The Company has future obligations related to maturities of bank borrowings, lease liabilities and derivative contracts. The Company’s exposure outside consolidated statements of financial position represents the future obligations related to aircraft purchase contracts. The Company concluded that it has a low concentration of risk since it has access to alternate sources of funding.

The company has debts related to the Aircraft pre-delivery payments, which are settled with the reimbursement of the Aircraft pre-delivery payments when the sale and leaseback transaction is carried out (Note 25).

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As of December 31, 2023, our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were US$774,154.

The table below presents the Company’s contractual principal payments required on its financial liabilities and the derivative financial instruments fair value:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Within one | ​ | One to five | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | year |  | years |  | Total
Interest-bearing borrowings: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft pre-delivery payments (Note 5) |  | US$ | 157,318 |  | US$ | 151,322 |  | US$ | 308,640
Asset backed trust note (“CEBUR”) (Note 5) | ​ | ​ | 44,396 | ​ | ​ | 143,054 |  |  | 187,450
Other financing agreements (Note 5) | ​ | ​ | 12,157 | ​ | ​ | 140,906 | ​ | ​ | 153,063
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Lease liabilities: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft, engines and buildings leases | ​ | ​ | 372,697 | ​ | ​ | 2,518,745 |  |  | 2,891,442
Aircraft and engine lease return obligation | ​ | ​ | 803 | ​ | ​ | 286,405 |  |  | 287,208
Total |  | US$ | 587,371 |  | US$ | 3,240,432 |  | US$ | 3,827,803

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Within one |  | One to five |  | ​
​ |  | year |  | years |  | Total
Interest-bearing borrowings: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft pre-delivery payments (Note 5) | ​ | US$ | 62,209 | ​ | US$ | 75,698 | ​ | US$ | 137,907
Asset backed trust note (“CEBUR”) (Note 5) | ​ | ​ | 30,128 | ​ | ​ | 86,082 | ​ | ​ | 116,210
Working Capital Facilities (Note 5) | ​ | ​ | 18,077 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 18,077
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Lease liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft, engines and buildings leases | ​ | ​ | 335,620 | ​ | ​ | 2,373,103 | ​ | ​ | 2,708,723
Aircraft and engine lease return obligation | ​ | ​ | 5,012 | ​ | ​ | 244,454 | ​ | ​ | 249,466
Total | ​ | US$ | 451,046 | ​ | US$ | 2,779,337 | ​ | US$ | 3,230,383

​

e) Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that any counterparty will not meet its obligations under a financial instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss. The Company is exposed to credit risk from its operating activities (primarily from trade receivables) and from its financing activities, including deposits with banks and financial institutions, foreign exchange transactions and other financial instruments including financial instruments derivatives.

Financial instruments that expose the Company to credit risk involve mainly cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Credit risk on cash equivalents relate to amounts invested with financial institutions.

Credit risk on accounts receivable relates primarily to amounts receivable from the international credit card companies. The Company has a high receivable turnover, hence management believes credit risk is minimal due to the nature of its businesses, which have a large portion of their sales settled in credit cards.

The credit risk on liquid funds and derivative financial instruments is limited because the counterparties have a high credit rating assigned by international credit-rating agencies.

Some of the outstanding derivative financial instruments expose the Company to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to the agreements. However, the Company does not expect any of its counterparties to fail to meet their obligations. The amount of such credit exposure is generally the unrealized gain, if any, in such contracts.

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To manage credit risk, the Company selects counterparties based on credit assessments, limits overall exposure to any single counterparty and monitors the market position with each counterparty. The Company does not purchase or hold derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company determined that its credit risk associated with outstanding derivative financial instruments is low, as it exclusively engages in such instruments with counterparties that have high credit ratings assigned by international credit-rating agencies.

f) Capital management

Management believes that the resources available to the Company are enough for its present requirements and will be sufficient to meet its anticipated requirements for capital expenditures and other cash requirements for the next fiscal year. The primary objective of the Company’s capital management is to ensure that it maintains healthy capital ratios to support its business and maximize the shareholder’s value. No changes were made in the objectives, policies or processes for managing capital during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirement, other than the legal reserve (Note 19).

As part of the management strategies related to acquisition of its aircraft (pre-delivery payments), the Company pays the associated short-term obligations by entering into sale-leaseback agreements, whereby an aircraft is sold to a lessor upon delivery (Note 5b).

​

4. Fair value measurements

The only financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value after initial recognition are the derivative financial instruments. Fair value is the price that would be received from sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

(i) | In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

(ii) | In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible to the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is assessed using the course of thought which market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

The assessment of a non-financial asset’s fair value considers the market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

● | Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

● | Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable.

● | Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

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For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

Set out below, is a comparison by class of the carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, other than those for which carrying amounts are reasonable approximations of fair values:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Carrying amount | ​ | Fair value
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Derivative financial Instruments | ​ | US$ | 1,683 | ​ | US$ | 1,585 | ​ | US$ | 1,683 | ​ | US$ | 1,585
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Financial debt (Interest-bearing loans and borrowings) | ​ |  | (649,153) | ​ |  | (272,194) | ​ |  | (671,590) | ​ |  | (282,868)
Total | ​ | US$ | (647,470) | ​ | US$ | (270,609) | ​ | US$ | (669,907) | ​ | US$ | (281,283)

​

The following table summarizes the fair value measurements by hierarchy as of December 31, 2023:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Fair value measurement
​ |  | Quoted prices |  | Significant |  | Significant |  | ​
​ | ​ | in active | ​ | observable | ​ | unobservable | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | markets | ​ | inputs | ​ | inputs | ​ | ​
​ |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Derivatives financial instruments: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Interest rate Caps | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 1,683 | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 1,683
Liabilities | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Liabilities for which fair values are disclosed: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Interest-bearing loans and borrowings(1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (671,590) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (671,590)
Net | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | (669,907) | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | (669,907)

(1) SOFR curve and TIIE Mexican interbank rate. Includes short-term and long-term debt.

​

There were no transfers between level 1 and level 2 during the period.

The following table summarizes the fair value measurements by hierarchy as of December 31, 2022.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Fair value measurement
​ |  | Quoted prices |  | Significant |  | Significant |  | ​ |
​ | ​ | in active | ​ | observable | ​ | unobservable | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | markets | ​ | inputs | ​ | inputs | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Level 1 | ​ | Level 2 | ​ | Level 3 | ​ | Total
Assets |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Derivatives financial instruments: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Interest rate Caps |  | US$ | — |  | US$ | 1,585 |  | US$ | — |  | US$ | 1,585
Liabilities |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​
Liabilities for which fair values are disclosed: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​
Interest-bearing loans and borrowings(1) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (282,868) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (282,868)
Net |  | US$ | — |  | US$ | (281,283) |  | US$ | — |  | US$ | (281,283)

(1) SOFR curve and TIIE Mexican interbank rate. Includes short-term and long-term debt.

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​

There were no transfers between level 1 and level 2 during the period.

The following table summarizes the effects from derivatives financial instruments recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Instrument |  | Financial statements caption |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest rate cap |  | Finance cost |  | US$ | (579) |  | US$ | (161) |  | US$ | (69)

​

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any gain or loss related to fuel derivatives financial instruments. The following table summarizes the loss from derivatives financial instruments recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Instrument |  | Financial statements caption |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Jet fuel Asian call options contracts |  | Fuel | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | (619)

​

The following table summarizes the net (loss) gain on CFH before taxes recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

Consolidated statements of other comprehensive (loss) income

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Financial |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Instrument |  | statements caption |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Jet fuel Asian call options contracts |  | OCI | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 601
Jet fuel Zero cost collars | ​ | OCI | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 484
Interest rate cap | ​ | OCI | ​ | ​ | (1,175) | ​ | ​ | 336 | ​ | ​ | (128)
Non derivative financial instruments (1) | ​ | OCI | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 79,076
Total |  | ​ | ​ | US$ | (1,175) | ​ | US$ | 336 | ​ | US$ | 80,033

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2021, includes the effect of the discontinuation of the hedging strategies by US$109 million as described in note 3b (i).

​

5. Financial assets and liabilities

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s financial assets measured at amortized cost are represented by cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, short - term investments, trade and other accounts receivable, for which their carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value.

a) Financial assets

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedges (effective portion recognized within OCI) |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Interest rate cap | ​ | US$ | 1,683 | ​ | US$ | 1,585
Total derivative financial assets | ​ | US$ | 1,683 | ​ | US$ | 1,585
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Presented on the consolidated statements of financial position as follows: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Current | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | —
Non-current | ​ | US$ | 1,683 | ​ | US$ | 1,585

​

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b) Financial debt

(i) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s short-term and long-term debt consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ | ​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
I. | In June 2019 the Company issued in the Mexican Market, an Asset backed trust notes (“CEBUR”), in Mexican pesos, with maturity date on June 20th, 2024, bearing annual interest rate of TIIE plus 175 basis points. | ​ | US$ | 14,799 | ​ | US$ | 38,737
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
II. | In October 2021 the Company issued in the Mexican Market a second tranche of its Asset backed trust notes (“CEBUR”), in Mexican pesos, with maturity date on October 20th, 2026, bearing annual interest rate at TIIE plus 200 basis points, along with a 25 basis points adjustment1. | ​ |  | 83,859 | ​ |  | 77,473
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
III. | In September 2023 the Company issued in the Mexican Market a third tranche of its Asset backed trust notes (“CEBUR”), in Mexican pesos, with maturity date on September 20th, 2028, bearing annual interest rate at TIIE plus 215 basis points. | ​ |  | 88,792 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
IV. | The company acquired a working capital facility with Banco Sabadell S.A, Institución de banca multiple (“Sabadell”) with national currency, bearing annual interest rate of TIIE plus 240 basis points. | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,330
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
V. | Revolving credit line with Banco Santander, S.A., (“Santander”) and Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior, S.N.C. (“Bancomext”), in U.S. dollars, to finance pre-delivery payments, maturing on June 8, 2027, bearing annual interest rate of SOFR plus a spread of 298 basis points, along with a 5 basis points adjustment (1). | ​ | ​ | 57,855 | ​ | ​ | 38,635
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
VI. | Pre-delivery payments financing with JSA International U.S. Holdings, LLC, with maturity date on November 30, 2025, bearing annual interest of SOFR plus a spread of 300 basis points, along with an additional adjustment up to 26 basis points. | ​ |  | 35,983 | ​ |  | 27,962
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
VII. | Pre-delivery payments financing with GY Aviation Lease 1714 Co. Limited, with maturity date on November 30, 2025, bearing annual interest of SOFR plus a spread of 425 basis points, along with an additional adjustment up to 26 basis points. | ​ | ​ | 64,495 | ​ | ​ | 15,880
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
VIII. | Pre-delivery payments financing with Incline II B Shannon 18 Limited, with maturity date on May 31, 2025, bearing annual interest of SOFR plus a spread of 390 basis points. | ​ | ​ | 107,178 | ​ | ​ | 48,048
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
IX. | Pre-delivery payments financing with Oriental Leasing 6 Company Limited, with maturity date on May 31, 2026, bearing annual interest of SOFR plus a spread of 200 basis points, along with an additional adjustment up to 26 basis points. | ​ |  | 43,129 | ​ |  | 7,382
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
X. | The company acquired a short-term working capital facility with Banco Actinver S.A, Institución de banca multiple (“Actinver”) in Mexican pesos, bearing an annual interest rate of TIIE plus 250 basis points. | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,747
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
XI. | Financing for the acquisition of engines with Tarquin Limited, with maturity on September 7, 19 and 25 of 2026, bearing an annual interest of 6.20% | ​ | ​ | 44,052 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
XII. | Financing for the acquisition of engines with NBB-V11218 Lease Partnership, with maturity on September 29 of 2026, bearing an annual interest of 6.20%. | ​ | ​ | 8,821 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
XIII. | Financing for the acquisition of engines with NBB-V11951 Lease Partnership, with maturity on September 29 of 2026, bearing an annual interest of 6.20%. | ​ | ​ | 8,143 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
XIV. | Financing for the acquisition of several engines with Wilmington Trust SP Services (Dublin) Limited (not in its individual capacity but solely as Owner Trustee) for the acquisition of several engines, with maturity in September and October 2026, bearing an annual interest of 7.16%. | ​ | ​ | 71,507 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
XV. | Financing for the acquisition of engines with NBB Pintail Co., LTD, with maturity date on November 27 of 2026, bearing an annual interest of 6.99%. | ​ | ​ | 20,540 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
XVI. | Transaction costs to be amortized | ​ | ​ | (3,158) | ​ | ​ | (1,034)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
XVII. | Accrued interest and other financial cost | ​ |  | 7,070 | ​ |  | 1,875
​ |  | ​ |  | 653,065 | ​ |  | 273,035
​ | Less: Short-term maturities | ​ |  | 220,289 | ​ |  | 112,148
​ | Long-term Financial debt | ​ | US$ | 432,776 | ​ | US$ | 160,887

​

TIIE: Mexican interbank rate

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SOFR: Secured Overnight Financing Rate

(1)Sustainability adjustment

(ii) The following table provides a summary of the Company’s scheduled remaining principal payments of financial debt and projected interest, at December 31, 2023:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | January 2025- | ​ | January 2026- | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Within one | ​ | December | ​ | December | ​ | January 2027- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | year |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | onwards |  | Total
Santander/Bancomext | ​ | US$ | 42,908 | ​ | US$ | 14,947 | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 57,855
CEBUR program | ​ | ​ | 44,396 | ​ | ​ | 29,597 | ​ | ​ | 35,764 | ​ | ​ | 77,693 | ​ | ​ | 187,450
JSA International U.S. Holdings, LLCA | ​ | ​ | 15,130 | ​ | ​ | 20,853 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 35,983
GY Aviation Lease 1714 Co. Limited | ​ | ​ | 25,907 | ​ | ​ | 38,588 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 64,495
Incline II B Shannon 18 Limited | ​ | ​ | 73,373 | ​ | ​ | 33,805 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 107,178
Oriental Leasing 6 Company Limited | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 43,129 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 43,129
Tarquin Limited | ​ | ​ | 2,241 | ​ | ​ | 2,384 | ​ | ​ | 2,536 | ​ | ​ | 36,891 | ​ | ​ | 44,052
Lease Partnership NBB –V11218 | ​ | ​ | 726 | ​ | ​ | 772 | ​ | ​ | 822 | ​ | ​ | 6,501 | ​ | ​ | 8,821
Lease Partnership NBB – V11951 | ​ | ​ | 670 | ​ | ​ | 712 | ​ | ​ | 758 | ​ | ​ | 6,003 | ​ | ​ | 8,143
Wilmington Trust SP Services (Dublin) Limited | ​ | ​ | 7,775 | ​ | ​ | 8,373 | ​ | ​ | 9,001 | ​ | ​ | 46,358 | ​ | ​ | 71,507
NBB Pintail Co. LTD | ​ | ​ | 745 | ​ | ​ | 799 | ​ | ​ | 857 | ​ | ​ | 18,139 | ​ | ​ | 20,540
Financial debt | ​ | ​ | 213,871 | ​ | ​ | 193,959 | ​ | ​ | 49,738 | ​ | ​ | 191,585 | ​ | ​ | 649,153
Accrued interest | ​ | ​ | 7,070 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,070
Projected interest | ​ | ​ | 54,034 | ​ | ​ | 29,366 | ​ | ​ | 18,279 | ​ | ​ | 20,002 | ​ | ​ | 121,681
Total | ​ | US$ | 274,975 | ​ | US$ | 223,325 | ​ | US$ | 68,017 | ​ | US$ | 211,587 | ​ | US$ | 777,904

​

On June 8, 2022, the Company entered into pre-delivery payments financing agreement with Santander/Bancomext at an annual interest rate of SOFR plus 298 basis points, for the acquisition of its aircraft through a revolving facility. For purposes of financing these pre-delivery payments, a Mexican trust was created whereby, the Company assigned its rights and obligations under the Airbus Purchase Agreement with Airbus S.A.S. (“Airbus”), including its obligation to make pre-delivery payments to the Mexican trust. The Company guaranteed the obligations of the Mexican trusts under the financing agreement (CIBanco, S.A. Institución de Banca Múltiple) Trust 3853. A feature of this financing is that it will incur in additional five (5) basis points if the sustainability goals are not met. On August 31, 2023, the interest rate increased by five (5) basis points, with the possibility of mitigating the additional rate if the objectives are met in the upcoming years.

The “Santander/Bancomext 2022” loan agreement provides for certain covenants, including limits to the ability to, among others:

i) | Incur debt above a specified debt basket unless certain financial ratios are met.

ii) | Create liens.

iii) | Merge with or acquire any other entity without the previous authorization of the Banks.

iv) | Dispose of certain assets.

v)Declare and pay dividends or make distributions on the Company’s share capital.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the mentioned loan agreement.

As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance of the financial debt related to finance pre-delivery payments of aircraft amounts to US$308,640, the Company covers this obligation through the sale and the collection made by the transaction denominated as sale and leaseback at the time of delivery, therefore, it does not represent a disbursement that directly impacts the Company's working capital.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has signed credit lines totaling US$1,388,830 of which US$960,930 were related to financial debt (US$228,435 were undrawn) and US$427,900 were related to letters of credit (US$178,800 were undrawn). As of December 31, 2023, the Company had available lines of credit by US$407,235. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has signed credit lines totaling US$859,098 of which US$701,220 were related to financial debt (US$390,289 were undrawn) and US$157,878 were related to letters of credit (US$16,129 were undrawn).

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The Company signed in April of 2022 three pre-delivery payments financing with lessors for the acquisition of aircraft. For this purpose, a Mexican trust was created for each contract (CIBanco, S.A. Institución de Banca Múltiple), for JSA International U.S. Holdings, LLC Trust 3866, for GY Aviation Lease 1714 Co. Limited Trust 3855, and for Incline II B Shannon 18 Limited Trust 3867. These facilities do not include financial covenants or restrictions.

The Company signed in July of 2022 a pre-delivery payment financing with lessors for the acquisition of aircraft with Oriental Leasing 6 Company Limited. For this purpose, a Mexican trust was created with CIBanco, S.A. Institución de Banca Múltiple, Trust 3921. This facility does not include financial covenants or restrictions.

On June 20, 2019, the Company, through its subsidiary Concesionaria issued 15,000,000 asset backed trust notes (“CEBUR”) under the ticket VOLARCB 19 for Ps.1.5 billion Mexican pesos (US$88.8 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023) through the Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número CIB/3249 created by Concesionaria. The issuance amount is part of a program approved by the Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission (Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores) for an amount of up to Ps.3.0 billion Mexican pesos (US$ 177.6 million based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023).

The notes have a five-year maturity annual reduction of Ps.250,000, Ps.500,000, Ps.500,000 and Ps.250,000 (US$14.8 million, US$29.6 million, US$29.6 million and US$14.8 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 as of December 31, 2023), in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, with a floating one-month coupon rate referenced to TIIE 28 plus 175 basis point spread. The notes started amortizing at the end of the second year.

On October 13, 2021, the Company, through its subsidiary Concesionaria issued in the Mexico market a second issuance of 15,000,000 asset backed trust notes (“CEBUR”) under the ticket VOLARCB21L for Ps.1.5 billion Mexican pesos (US$88.8 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023) through the Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número CIB/3249 created by Concesionaria. The issuance amount is part of a program approved by the Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission (Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores) for an amount of up to Ps.3.0 billion Mexican pesos (US$177.6 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023). With this second issuance the total amount approved for the program has been reached.

The Trust Notes are aligned with the Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles 2020, administered by the International Capital Market Association (ICMA). Which has Sustainability Objectives (SPT) for the KPI, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions measured as grams of CO2 emissions per revenue passenger/kilometer (gCO2 / RPK) by 21.54%, 24.08% and 25.53% by 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, compared to 2015. This offering will help the Company to accomplish its long-term sustainable goals, among which are to reduce CO2 emissions by 35.42% by 2030.

A feature of the asset backed trust notes is that they will pay an additional twenty-five (25) basis points to the interest rate if the sustainability goals are not met. On September 20, 2023, the interest rate increased by twenty - five (25) basis points, with the possibility of mitigating the additional rate if the 2023 or 2024 targets are met.

The notes have a five -year maturity annual reductions of Ps.83,333, Ps.500,000, Ps.500,000 and Ps.416,667 (US$4.9 million, US$29.6 million, US$29.6 million and US$24.7 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31,2023) in 2023, 2024, 2025 and 2026, respectively,) with a floating one-month coupon rate referenced to TIIE 28 plus 200 basis points, and adjustment of twenty-five (25) basis points starting on September 20th, 2023. The notes started amortizing at the end of the second year.

On September 28, 2023, the Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission (Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores) approved an increase amount of the actual program of up to Ps.5.0 billion Mexican pesos (US$296.0 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023). With this authorization, the Company, through its subsidiary Concesionaria issued in the Mexico market a third issuance of 15,000,000 asset backed trust notes (“CEBUR”) under the ticket VOLARCB23 for Ps.1.5 billion (US$88.8 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023) through the Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número CIB/3249 created by Concesionaria.

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The notes have a five-year maturity annual reduction of Ps.187,500, Ps.750,000 and Ps.562,500 (US$11.1 million, US$44.4 million and US$33.3 million, based on an exchange rate of Ps.16.89 to US$1 on December 31, 2023) in 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively, with a floating one-month coupon rate referenced to TIIE 28 plus 215 basis points spread. The notes start amortizing at the end of the third year.

The asset backed trust note’s structure operate on specific rules and provide a DSCR “Debt Service Coverage Ratio” which is computed by comparing the Mexican Peso collections over the previous six months to the next six months of debt service. In general, not retention of funds exists if the ratio exceeds 2.5 times. Amortization on the asset backed trust notes began in July of 2021 for the first issuance, the second issuance began in November of 2023 and the third issuance will begin in October 2026. In addition, early amortization applies if:

i) | The Debt Coverage Ratio is less than 1.75x on any of the determination dates;

ii) | An event of retention is not covered in a period of 90 consecutive days;

iii) | The debt service reserve account of any series maintains on deposit an amount less than the required balance of the debt service reserve account for a period that includes two or more consecutive payment methods;

iv) | Insolvency event of Concesionaria;

v) | The update of a new insolvency event in relation to the Concesionaria;

vi) | Updating a new event of default.

In the event of default, the Trustee will refrain from delivering any amount that it would otherwise be to require to deliver to Concesionaria and will dedicate use such cash flow to amortize the principal of the trust notes (“CEBUR”).

As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the conditions of the asset backed trusted notes.

In December 2021, the Company renewed its working capital facility with Banco Sabadell S.A., Institución de Banca Multiple (“Sabadell”) in Mexican pesos. The facility had maturity dated on December 31, 2023, with an annual interest rate of TIIE 28 days plus a 240-basis points margin. As of December 2023, this credit line has expired.

The “Sabadell” working capital facility had the following covenant:

i. Joint obligor (Concesionaria) must represent 85% of EBITDA of the holding.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company was not in compliance with the covenant of Sabadell loan agreement. The Company settled this short-term loan on January 5, 2023, as such any potential effects of the non-compliance were solved with the payment. The non-compliance did not trigger any cross-default provisions in other debt instruments or any lease agreement of the Company.

In December 2022, the Company signed a working capital facility with Banco Actinver S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple (“Actinver”) in Mexican pesos, bearing annual interest rate at TIIE 28 days plus 250 basis points margins. As of December 31, 2023, the facility is not disbursed.

The “Actinver” working capital facility does not include obligations or restrictions.

Other financing agreements

During 2023, the Company entered into several agreements that qualified as failed sale and leaseback transactions. Consequently, these agreements were accounted for as financing transactions. The details of these agreements are presented as follows:

| 1) | In September 2023, the Company entered into financing agreements with Tarquin Limited for the acquisition of engines. The agreements bear an annual interest rate of 6.20% and mature in 2028.

| 2) | In September 2023, the Company also entered into additional financing agreements with NBB-V11218 Lease Partnership and with NBB-V11951 Lease Partnership, for the acquisition of engines. These agreements bear an annual interest rate of 6.20% and mature in 2028.

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| 3) | In September and October 2023, the Company entered into financing agreements with Wilmington Trust SP Services (Dublin) Limited (not in its individual capacity but solely as Owner Trustee) for the acquisition of engines. These agreements bear an annual interest rate of 7.16% and mature in 2028.

| 4) | In November 2023, the Company entered into financing agreements with NBB Pintail Co Ltd for the acquisition of engines. These agreements bear an annual interest rate of 6.99% and mature in 2028.

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 the changes in liabilities from financing activities from the Company are summarized in the following table:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Foreign | ​ | Current vs non- | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | January 1, | ​ | Net cash | ​ | Accrued | ​ | exchange | ​ | current | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Conversion | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | Flows |  | Interest (1) |  | movement |  | reclassification |  | Other |  | effects |  | 2023
Current interest-bearing loans and borrowings | ​ | US$ | 112,148 | ​ | US$ | (22,356) | ​ | US$ | 5,118 | ​ | US$ | (739) | ​ | US$ | 121,804 | ​ | US$ | (479) | ​ | US$ | 4,793 | ​ | US$ | 220,289
Non-current interest -bearing loans and borrowings |  | ​ | 160,887 |  | ​ | 381,255 | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (121,804) |  | ​ | (1,454) |  | ​ | 13,892 |  | ​ | 432,776
Total liabilities from financing activities |  | US$ | 273,035 |  | US$ | 358,899 | ​ | US$ | 5,118 |  | US$ | (739) |  | US$ | — |  | US$ | (1,933) |  | US$ | 18,685 |  | US$ | 653,065

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Foreign | ​ | Current vs non- | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | January 1, | ​ | Net cash | ​ | Accrued | ​ | exchange | ​ | current | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Conversion | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2022 |  | Flows |  | Interest (1) |  | movement |  | reclassification |  | Other |  | effects |  | 2022
Current interest-bearing loans and borrowings | ​ | US$ | 196,898 | ​ | US$ | (152,984) | ​ | US$ | 761 | ​ | US$ | 739 | ​ | US$ | 65,063 | ​ | US$ | 124 | ​ | US$ | 1,547 | ​ | US$ | 112,148
Non-current interest -bearing loans and borrowings |  | ​ | 108,039 |  | ​ | 111,776 | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (65,063) |  | ​ | 442 |  | ​ | 5,693 |  | ​ | 160,887
Total liabilities from financing activities |  | US$ | 304,937 |  | US$ | (41,208) | ​ | US$ | 761 |  | US$ | 739 |  | US$ | — |  | US$ | 566 |  | US$ | 7,240 |  | US$ | 273,035

(1) This balance is net of interest provisions and interest effectively paid as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

​

​

6. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 this caption is comprised as follow:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash in banks | ​ | US$ | 117,764 | ​ | US$ | 77,224
Cash on hand | ​ | ​ | 850 | ​ | ​ | 425
Short-term investments (Highly liquid investments/ cash equivalent) | ​ | ​ | 642,604 | ​ | ​ | 627,331
Restricted funds held in trust related to debt service reserves | ​ | ​ | 12,936 | ​ | ​ | 6,873
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | US$ | 774,154 | ​ | US$ | 711,853

​

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a portion of advance ticket sales by an amount of US$12,936 and US$6,873, respectively, as a restricted fund (Note 1e). The restricted funds held in Trusts are used to constitute the debt service reserves and cannot be used for purposes other than those established in the contract of the Trust.

​

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7. Related parties

a) An analysis of balances due from/to related parties at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is provided below.

All companies are considered affiliates, since the Company’s primary shareholders or directors are also direct or indirect shareholders or directors of the related parties:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | Country |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | Type of transaction | ​ | of origin | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | Terms
Due from: |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |
Frontier Airlines Inc. (“Frontier”) |  | Code-share |  | USA |  | US$ | — |  | US$ | 2,155 |  | 30 days
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Due to: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte, S.A.B. de C.V. (“OMA”) | ​ | Airport Services | ​ | Mexico | ​ | US$ | 12,881 | ​ | US$ | 13,579 | ​ | 30 days
Frontier Airlines Inc. (“Frontier”) | ​ | Code-share | ​ | USA | ​ | ​ | 1,918 | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | 30 days
Chevez, Ruiz, Zamarripa y Cía., S.C. | ​ | Professional fees | ​ | Mexico | ​ | ​ | 620 | ​ | ​ | 815 | ​ | 30 days
A&P International Services, S.A.P.I de C.V. (“AISG”) | ​ | Aircraft maintenance | ​ | Mexico | ​ | ​ | 313 | ​ | ​ | 191 | ​ | 30 days
Mijares, Angoitia, Cortés y Fuentes, S.C. | ​ | Professional fees | ​ | Mexico | ​ | ​ | 105 | ​ | ​ | 22 | ​ | 30 days
MRO Commercial, S.A. (“MRO”) | ​ | Aircraft maintenance and technical support | ​ | El Salvador | ​ | ​ | 8 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | 30 days
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | US$ | 15,845 | ​ | US$ | 14,610 | ​ | ​

​

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b) During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company had the following transactions with related parties:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Related party transactions |  | Country of origin |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transactions with affiliates | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Frontier Airlines Inc (“Frontier”) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Code-share | ​ | USA | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 5 | ​ | US$ | 3,547
Expenses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transactions with affiliates |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
MRO Commercial, S.A. | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft maintenance(1) | ​ | El Salvador | ​ | US$ | 15,674 | ​ | US$ | 11,097 | ​ | US$ | —
Technical support |  | El Salvador | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte, S.A.B. de C.V. (“OMA”) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Airport services |  | Mexico | ​ | ​ | 12,263 | ​ | ​ | 9,792 | ​ | ​ | 6,607
A&P International Services, S.A.P.I de C.V. (“AISG”) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft maintenance | ​ | Mexico | ​ | ​ | 2,895 | ​ | ​ | 914 | ​ | ​ | —
Chevez, Ruiz, Zamarripa y Cía, S.C. | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Professional fees |  | Mexico | ​ |  | 1,175 | ​ |  | 923 | ​ |  | 238
Mijares, Angoitia, Cortés y Fuentes, S.C. | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Professional fees | ​ | Mexico | ​ | ​ | 225 | ​ | ​ | 196 | ​ | ​ | 214
Servprot, S.A. de C.V. | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Security services | ​ | Mexico | ​ | ​ | 115 | ​ | ​ | 207 | ​ | ​ | 175
Aeromantenimiento, S.A. | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft maintenance | ​ | El Salvador | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,690 | ​ | ​ | 7,964
Technical support |  | El Salvador | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 170 | ​ |  | 143

(1) Includes amounts as part of major maintenance.

c) Frontier Airlines Inc. (“Frontier”)

Frontier is a related party because Brian H. Franke and Andrew Broderick are members of the board of the Company and members of the board of directors of Frontier as well as managing directors of Indigo Partners, the latest has investments in both Companies. As of December 31, 2023, there is not outstanding balance due to Frontier under this agreement. As of December 31, 2022, the account receivable from Frontier was US$2,155. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the account payable was US$1,918 and US$2, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company did not have revenue transactions. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company recognized revenue under this agreement of US$5 and US$3,547, respectively.

Frontier started having transactions with the Company in August 2018. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there have not been guarantees provided or received for any related party receivables or payables. For the year ended December 31, 2022, no provision for expected credit losses has been recognized, due to the Company considers the credit risk is minimal, and these balances are current accounts.

d) Servprot S.A. de C.V. (“Servprot”)

Servprot was a related party until June 13, 2023 because Enrique Beltranena Mejicano, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and director was shareholder of such Company. Servprot provides security services for Mr. Beltranena and his family. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 there are not outstanding balances due to Servprot under this agreement.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company expensed US$115, US$207 and US$175, respectively.

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e) Aeromantenimiento, S.A. (“Aeroman”)

Aeroman is a related party, because Marco Baldocchi a member of the board of the Company’s board of directors is an alternate director of Aeroman. On January 1st, 2017, the Company entered into an aircraft maintenance and repair services agreement with Aeromantenimiento, S.A., which was extended and amended to be entered into with MRO Commercial, S.A. (“MRO”), an affiliate of Aeroman on January 1st, 2022. This agreement provides for the exclusive use of Aeroman´s services for the repair and maintenance of aircraft, subject to availability. Under this agreement, Aeroman provides inspection, maintenance, repair and overhaul services for aircraft. The Company makes payments under this agreement depending on the services performed. This agreement is for a five-year term, extended for an additional five-year period from January 1st, 2022.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have outstanding balance due to Aeroman.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company did not have expense transactions. The Company incurred expenses in aircraft maintenance and technical support with Aeroman amounted to US$3,860 and US$8,107 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance due under the agreement with MRO were US$8 and US$1, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred expenses in aircraft maintenance with MRO amounted to US$15,691 and US$11,097, respectively.

f) Mijares, Angoitia, Cortés y Fuentes, S.C. (“MACF”)

MACF is a related party because Ricardo Maldonado Yañez and Eugenio Macouzet de León, member and alternate member, respectively, of the board of the Company since April 2018, are partners of MACF which provides legal services to us. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance due under the agreement with MACF was US$105 and US$22, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized expenses in legal services under this agreement amounted to US$225, US$196 and US$214, respectively.

g) Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte, S.A.B. de C.V. (“OMA”)

On April 22, 2020, OMA became a related party because Mr. Ricardo Maldonado Yañez is an independent member of the board of directors, as well as chairman of our Corporate Practices Committee and member of the board of directors of OMA and Mrs. Guadalupe Phillips Margain, our independent member, was a member of the board of directors of OMA until November 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the account payable with OMA was US$12,881 and US$13,579, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized expenses with OMA of US$12,263, US$9,792 and US$6,607, respectively.

h) Chevez, Ruiz, Zamarripa y Cía, S.C. (“Chevez”)

Chevez is a related party because Mr. José Luis Fernández Fernández is an independent member of the board of directors, as well as the chairman of the Audit Committee of the Company and non-managing limited partner of Chevez. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the account payable with Chevez was US$620 and US$815, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized expenses with Chevez of US$1,175, US$923 and US$238, respectively.

i) A&P International Services, S.A.P.I. de C.V. (“AISG”)

From July 4, AISG has been considered a related party due to Harry F. Krensky, a member of our Board of Directors, is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of AISG. Additionally, Harry F. Krensky is managing partner of Discovery Americas, a private equity firm that indirectly holds/manages an investment position in AISG. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the account payable with AISG was US$313 and US$191, respectively.

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During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized expenses in aircraft and engine maintenance amounted to US$2,895 and US$914, respectively.

j) CleanJoule, Inc. (“CleanJoule”)

CleanJoule is considered related party because Mr. Brian H. Franke, the chairman of our board of directors, is an officer of Franke Family Joule, LLC. Since May 23, 2023, he has been a shareholder of Clean Joule and has the right to appoint a member of its board of directors. Additionally, on May 23, 2023, Mr. Andrew Broderick, a member of our board of directors, was appointed by Franke Family Joule, LLC, as a member of the board of directors of CleanJoule. CleanJoule is a Company that produces high-performance and cost- effective Sustainable Aviation Fuel from agricultural waste and organic residues. On May 23, 2023, the Company made an investment of US$1.7 million by purchasing common stock of CleanJoule, Inc. This transaction has been recorded as a financial instrument under the other current assets caption in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position since the Company does not have significant influence or control over CleanJoule.

k) Directors and officers

During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the chairman and the independent members of the Company’s board of directors received a net compensation of US$696 and US$561, respectively, and the rest of the directors received a net compensation of US$242 and US$177, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the amount paid to the chairman and independent members includes an in-kind payment through Company´s shares totaling US$305.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the chairman and the independent members of the Company’s board of directors received a net compensation of US$622 and the rest of the directors received a net compensation of US$179.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, all the Company’s senior management received an aggregate compensation for short-term benefits of US$13,845, US$11,679 and US$10,464, respectively as well as long-term benefits of US$5,689, US$5,951 and US$8,365, respectively. These amounts were recognized in salaries and benefits in the consolidated statement of operations.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the cost of the share-based payments MIP transactions was US$6,048, US$5,074 and US$4,410, respectively. The benefit of the cash-settled payments transactions MIP II was US$119, US$4,365 and US$2,984, respectively. (Note 18).

The Company has a short-term benefit plan to certain personnel whereby cash bonuses are awarded for meeting certain Company’s performance targets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company recorded a provision in the amount of US$6,541 and US$7,027, respectively. In relation with this cash bonuses, during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company recorded an expense for an amount of US$6,357, US$6,893 and US$7,602, respectively, under the caption salaries and benefits.

​

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8. Other accounts receivable, net

An analysis of other accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, is detailed below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Credit cards | ​ | US$ | 59,675 | ​ | US$ | 43,942
Benefits from suppliers | ​ | ​ | 11,174 | ​ | ​ | 11,491
Other accounts receivable | ​ |  | 4,652 | ​ |  | 4,448
Cargo clients | ​ |  | 4,633 | ​ |  | 4,291
Affinity credit card | ​ | ​ | 4,230 | ​ | ​ | 9,432
Travel agencies and insurance commissions | ​ |  | 3,493 | ​ |  | 3,731
Other points of sales | ​ | ​ | 1,014 | ​ | ​ | 1,968
Employees | ​ | ​ | 777 | ​ | ​ | 68
Airport services | ​ |  | 473 | ​ |  | 287
​ | ​ | ​ | 90,121 | ​ | ​ | 79,658
Allowance for expected credit losses | ​ |  | (877) | ​ |  | (809)
​ | ​ | US$ | 89,244 | ​ | US$ | 78,849

​

Accounts receivable have the following aging:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2023 |  | Total |  | 2022 |  | 2022 |  | Total
Days |  | Impaired |  | Not impaired |  | 2023 |  | Impaired |  | Not impaired |  | 2022
0–30 | ​ | US$ | 677 | ​ | US$ | 73,923 | ​ | US$ | 74,600 | ​ | US$ | 622 | ​ | US$ | 68,356 | ​ | US$ | 68,978
31–60 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 10,628 | ​ |  | 10,628 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,580 | ​ |  | 1,580
61–90 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 435 | ​ |  | 435 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,865 | ​ |  | 4,865
91–120 | ​ |  | 200 | ​ |  | 4,258 | ​ |  | 4,458 | ​ |  | 187 | ​ |  | 4,048 | ​ |  | 4,235
​ | ​ | US$ | 877 | ​ | US$ | 89,244 | ​ | US$ | 90,121 | ​ | US$ | 809 | ​ | US$ | 78,849 | ​ | US$ | 79,658

​

The movement in the allowance for expected credit losses from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2023 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  | US$ | (615)
Write-offs | ​ |  | 1,478
Increase in allowance | ​ |  | (1,672)
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | ​ |  | (809)
Write-offs | ​ |  | 1,262
Increase in allowance | ​ |  | (1,330)
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | ​ | US$ | (877)

​

The allowance for expected credit losses on accounts receivables is established in accordance with the approach disclosed at Note 1g) ii).

​

​

9. Inventories

An analysis of inventories as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Spare parts and accessories of flight equipment | ​ | US$ | 16,117 | ​ | US$ | 15,758
​ | ​ | US$ | 16,117 | ​ | US$ | 15,758

​

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The inventory items are consumed during or used mainly in delivery of in-flight services and for maintenance services by the Company and are valued at the lower of cost or replacement value. The Company recognizes the necessary estimates for decreases in the value of its inventories due to impairment, obsolescence, slow movement and causes that indicate that the use or realization of the aircraft spare parts and flight equipment accessories that are part of the inventory will be less than recorded value. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not record any impairment loss in the value of its inventories.

​

During the years ended as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the amount of consumption of inventories, recorded as an operating expense as part of maintenance expense was US$20,928, US$17,825 and US$15,406, respectively.

​

10. Prepaid expenses and other current assets

An analysis of prepaid expenses and other current assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Other prepaid expenses | ​ | US$ | 13,057 | ​ | US$ | 8,371
Advances to suppliers | ​ |  | 9,347 | ​ |  | 6,446
Prepaid insurance | ​ |  | 9,175 | ​ |  | 5,816
Sales commission to travel agencies (Note 1d) | ​ | ​ | 7,729 | ​ | ​ | 9,037
Flight credits | ​ |  | 4,368 | ​ |  | 3,519
​ | ​ | US$ | 43,676 | ​ | US$ | 33,189

​

​

11. Guarantee deposits

An analysis of this caption as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current asset: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Credit letters deposits | ​ | US$ | 138,207 | ​ | US$ | 44,609
Aircraft maintenance deposits paid to lessors (Note 1l) | ​ | ​ | 7,056 | ​ | ​ | 16,767
Other guarantee deposits | ​ |  | 1,428 | ​ |  | 1,398
Deposits for rental of flight equipment | ​ |  | 1,145 | ​ |  | 1,583
​ | ​ |  | 147,836 | ​ |  | 64,357
Non-current asset: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Aircraft maintenance deposits paid to lessors (Note 1l) | ​ |  | 409,997 | ​ |  | 424,347
Deposits for rental of flight equipment | ​ |  | 48,125 | ​ |  | 56,049
Other guarantee deposits | ​ |  | 3,874 | ​ |  | 3,482
​ | ​ |  | 461,996 | ​ |  | 483,878
​ | ​ | US$ | 609,832 | ​ | US$ | 548,235

​

​

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12. Rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment, net

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Gross value | ​ | Accumulated depreciation | ​ | Net carrying value
​ |  | At December |  | At December |  | At December |  | At December |  | At December |  | At December
​ |  | 31, 2023 |  | 31, 2022 |  | 31, 2023 |  | 31, 2022 |  | 31, 2023 |  | 31, 2022
Leasehold improvements to flight equipment | ​ | US$ | 579,349 | ​ | US$ | 421,130 | ​ | US$ | (331,124) | ​ | US$ | (215,238) | ​ | US$ | 248,225 | ​ | US$ | 205,892
Pre-delivery payments (1) | ​ |  | 389,380 | ​ |  | 185,455 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 389,380 | ​ |  | 185,455
Flight equipment | ​ |  | 202,355 | ​ |  | 110,959 | ​ |  | (67,316) | ​ |  | (58,792) | ​ |  | 135,039 | ​ |  | 52,167
Construction and improvements in process | ​ |  | 27,135 | ​ |  | 31,900 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 27,135 | ​ |  | 31,900
Constructions and improvements | ​ |  | 8,802 | ​ |  | 7,564 | ​ |  | (7,310) | ​ |  | (6,818) | ​ |  | 1,492 | ​ |  | 746
Office furniture and equipment | ​ | ​ | 3,487 | ​ | ​ | 2,997 | ​ | ​ | (2,156) | ​ | ​ | (1,903) | ​ | ​ | 1,331 | ​ | ​ | 1,094
Workshop machinery and equipment | ​ |  | 1,658 | ​ |  | 1,131 | ​ |  | (622) | ​ |  | (489) | ​ |  | 1,036 | ​ |  | 642
Computer equipment | ​ |  | 1,193 | ​ |  | 1,409 | ​ |  | (1,108) | ​ |  | (1,297) | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | 112
Communications equipment | ​ |  | 698 | ​ |  | 582 | ​ |  | (443) | ​ |  | (397) | ​ |  | 255 | ​ |  | 185
Workshop tools | ​ |  | 660 | ​ |  | 429 | ​ |  | (478) | ​ |  | (420) | ​ |  | 182 | ​ |  | 9
Motorized transport equipment platform | ​ |  | 614 | ​ |  | 565 | ​ |  | (475) | ​ |  | (315) | ​ |  | 139 | ​ |  | 250
Service carts on board | ​ |  | 542 | ​ |  | 452 | ​ |  | (416) | ​ |  | (368) | ​ |  | 126 | ​ |  | 84
Electric power equipment | ​ |  | 530 | ​ |  | 530 | ​ |  | (345) | ​ |  | (295) | ​ |  | 185 | ​ |  | 235
Total | ​ | US$ | 1,216,403 | ​ | US$ | 765,103 | ​ | US$ | (411,793) | ​ | US$ | (286,332) | ​ | US$ | 804,610 | ​ | US$ | 478,771

(1) During the years ended December 31,2023, and 2022, the Company capitalized borrowing costs of US$21,901 and US$7,915, respectively. The amount of this line is net of disposals of capitalized borrowing costs related to sale and leaseback transactions of US$3,330 and US$21,591, respectively.

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​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Motorized |  | ​ | ​ |  | Workshop |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Constructions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | transport | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | machinery | ​ | Service | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Construction and | ​ | Leasehold | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Flight | ​ | and | ​ | Computer | ​ | Office furniture | ​ | Electric power | ​ | Workshop | ​ | equipment | ​ | Communications | ​ | and | ​ | carts on | ​ | Allowance for | ​ | Pre-delivery | ​ | improvements | ​ | improvements to | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | equipment | ​ | improvements | ​ | equipment | ​ | and equipment | ​ | equipment | ​ | Tools | ​ | platform | ​ | equipment | ​ | equipment | ​ | board | ​ | obsolescence | ​ | payments | ​ | in process | ​ | flight equipment | ​ | Total
Net balance as of December 31, 2021 | ​ | US$ | 41,914 | ​ | US$ | 1,246 | ​ | US$ | 200 | ​ | US$ | 1,252 | ​ | US$ | 289 | ​ | US$ | 56 | ​ | US$ | 398 | ​ | US$ | 223 | ​ | US$ | 701 | ​ | US$ | 114 | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 253,826 | ​ | US$ | 26,522 | ​ | US$ | 127,861 | ​ | US$ | 454,602
Additions | ​ | ​ | 17,091 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 8 | ​ | ​ | 9 | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | 8 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 47 | ​ | ​ | 7 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 166,571 | ​ | ​ | 33,838 | ​ | ​ | 138,811 | ​ |  | 356,394
Disposals and transfers | ​ | ​ | (1,656) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (221,253) | ​ | ​ | (4,838) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (227,750)
Borrowing costs, net1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (13,676) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (13,676)
Other movements | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 107 | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​ | ​ | 67 | ​ | ​ | (7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (13) | ​ | ​ | (23,622) | ​ | ​ | 23,448 | ​ |  | (9)
Depreciation | ​ | ​ | (5,182) | ​ | ​ | (607) | ​ | ​ | (95) | ​ | ​ | (232) | ​ | ​ | (51) | ​ | ​ | (55) | ​ | ​ | (155) | ​ | ​ | (38) | ​ | ​ | (110) | ​ | ​ | (37) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (84,228) | ​ |  | (90,790)
As of December 31, 2022 | ​ |  | 52,167 | ​ |  | 746 | ​ |  | 112 | ​ |  | 1,094 | ​ |  | 235 | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | 250 | ​ |  | 185 | ​ |  | 642 | ​ |  | 84 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 185,455 | ​ |  | 31,900 | ​ |  | 205,892 | ​ |  | 478,771
Cost | ​ |  | 110,959 | ​ |  | 7,564 | ​ |  | 1,409 | ​ |  | 2,997 | ​ |  | 530 | ​ |  | 429 | ​ |  | 565 | ​ |  | 582 | ​ |  | 1,131 | ​ |  | 452 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 185,455 | ​ |  | 31,900 | ​ |  | 421,130 | ​ |  | 765,103
Accumulated depreciation | ​ |  | (58,792) | ​ |  | (6,818) | ​ |  | (1,297) | ​ |  | (1,903) | ​ |  | (295) | ​ |  | (420) | ​ |  | (315) | ​ |  | (397) | ​ |  | (489) | ​ |  | (368) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (215,238) | ​ |  | (286,332)
Net balance as of December 31, 2022 | ​ |  | 52,167 | ​ |  | 746 | ​ |  | 112 | ​ |  | 1,094 | ​ |  | 235 | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | 250 | ​ |  | 185 | ​ |  | 642 | ​ |  | 84 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 185,455 | ​ |  | 31,900 | ​ |  | 205,892 | ​ |  | 478,771
Additions | ​ | ​ | 93,868 | ​ | ​ | 8 | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | 58 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ |  | 6 | ​ |  | 166 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 230,439 | ​ | ​ | 17,693 | ​ |  | 139,830 | ​ |  | 482,081
Disposals and transfers | ​ | ​ | (675) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (45,085) | ​ |  | (1,529) | ​ |  | (122) | ​ |  | (47,412)
Borrowing costs, net1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 18,571 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 18,571
Other movements | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,231 | ​ | ​ | 43 | ​ | ​ | 432 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 224 | ​ |  | 48 | ​ |  | 111 | ​ |  | 361 | ​ |  | 90 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (20,929) | ​ |  | 18,389 | ​ |  | —
Depreciation | ​ | ​ | (10,321) | ​ | ​ | (493) | ​ |  | (76) | ​ |  | (253) | ​ |  | (50) | ​ |  | (57) | ​ |  | (160) | ​ |  | (46) | ​ |  | (133) | ​ |  | (48) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (115,764) | ​ |  | (127,401)
As of December 31, 2023 | ​ |  | 135,039 | ​ |  | 1,492 | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | 1,331 | ​ |  | 185 | ​ |  | 182 | ​ |  | 139 | ​ |  | 255 | ​ |  | 1,036 | ​ |  | 126 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 389,380 | ​ |  | 27,135 | ​ |  | 248,225 | ​ |  | 804,610
Cost | ​ |  | 202,355 | ​ |  | 8,802 | ​ |  | 1,193 | ​ |  | 3,487 | ​ |  | 530 | ​ |  | 660 | ​ |  | 614 | ​ |  | 698 | ​ |  | 1,658 | ​ |  | 542 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 389,380 | ​ |  | 27,135 | ​ |  | 579,349 | ​ |  | 1,216,403
Accumulated depreciation | ​ |  | (67,316) | ​ |  | (7,310) | ​ |  | (1,108) | ​ |  | (2,156) | ​ |  | (345) | ​ |  | (478) | ​ |  | (475) | ​ |  | (443) | ​ |  | (622) | ​ |  | (416) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (331,124) | ​ |  | (411,793)
Net balance as of December 31, 2023 | ​ | US$ | 135,039 | ​ | US$ | 1,492 | ​ | US$ | 85 | ​ | US$ | 1,331 | ​ | US$ | 185 | ​ | US$ | 182 | ​ | US$ | 139 | ​ | US$ | 255 | ​ | US$ | 1,036 | ​ | US$ | 126 | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 389,380 | ​ | US$ | 27,135 | ​ | US$ | 248,225 | ​ | US$ | 804,610

​

a)During 2023 and 2022 the Company acquired nine engines (five NEO and four V2500) and two (NEO) spare engines, respectively, which were accounted for at cost for at total amount of US$85,182 and US$20,120, respectively. The Company identified the major components as separate parts at their respective cost. These major components of the engine are presented as part of the flight equipment and depreciated over their useful life.
b)During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company capitalized borrowing costs which amounted to US$21,901 and US$7,915, respectively (Note 23). The Company capitalizes the actual borrowing costs of the borrowings directly attributable to the constructions of aircraft and engines. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted rate of the direct borrowings used to determine the amount of borrowing costs was 8.85% and 5.34%, respectively.
c)Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was US$127,401, US$90,790 and US$50,297, respectively. Depreciation expenses for the year are recognized as a component of operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
d)In October 2005 and December 2006, the Company entered into purchase agreements with Airbus and International Aero Engines AG (“IAE”) for the purchase of aircraft and engines, respectively. Under such agreements and prior to the delivery of each aircraft and engine, the Company agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which were calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft and engine, and following a formula established for such purpose in the agreements.

In 2011, the Company amended the agreement with Airbus for the purchase of 44 A320 family aircraft to be delivered from 2015 to 2020. The order included 14 A320CEO (“Current Engine Option Aircraft”) and 30 A320NEO. Additionally, during December 2017, the Company amended the agreement with Airbus for the purchase of 80 A320 family aircraft to be delivered from 2022 to 2026. The order includes 46 A320NEO and 34 A321NEO. Under such agreement and prior to the delivery of each aircraft, the Company agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which shall be calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft, and following a formula established for such purpose in the agreement.

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In November 2018, the Company amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule the remaining 26 fleet deliveries between 2019 and 2022. Also, in this amendment the Company used its rights on the Airbus Purchase Agreement to convert six A320NEO into A321NEO. In July 2020, the Company amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule the 80 aircraft deliveries between 2023 and 2028. In October 2020, the Company amended the agreement with Airbus to reschedule the remaining 18 fleet deliveries between 2020 and 2022.

In 2021, the Company amended the agreement with Airbus for the purchase of 39 A320 family aircraft to be delivered from 2023 to 2029. The order includes only A321NEO aircraft. Under such agreement and prior to the delivery of each aircraft, the Company agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which shall be calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft, and following a formula established for such purpose in the agreement. Also, in this agreement the Company used its rights on the Airbus Purchase Agreement to convert twenty A320NEO into A321NEO.

In 2022, the Company amended the agreement with Airbus for the purchase of 25 A320 family aircraft to be delivered in 2030. The order includes only A321NEO aircraft. Under such agreement and prior to the delivery of each aircraft, the Company agreed to make pre-delivery payments, which shall be calculated based on the reference price of each aircraft, and following a formula established for such purpose in the agreement.

On August 16, 2013, the Company entered into certain agreements with IAE and United Technologies Corporation Pratt & Whitney Division (“P&W”), which included the purchase of the engines for 14 A320CEO and 30 A320NEO respectively, to be delivered between 2014 and 2022. This agreement also included the purchase of one spare engine for the A320CEO fleet (which was received during the fourth quarter of 2016) and six spare engines for the A320NEO fleet to be received from 2017 to 2022. In November 2015, the Company amended the agreement with the engine supplier to provide major maintenance services for the engines of sixteen aircraft (10 A320NEO and 6 A321NEO). This agreement also includes the purchase of three spare engines, two of them for the A320NEO fleet, and one for the A321NEO fleet. In April 2021, the Company amended the agreement with the engine supplier to provide major maintenance services for the engines of two aircraft A320NEO.

On May 12, 2020, the Company entered into certain agreements with IAE, which included the purchase of the engines for 46 A320NEO and 34 A321NEO respectively, to be delivered between 2022 and 2028. This agreement also included the purchase of eleven firm spare engines for the A320NEO fleet to be received from 2022 to 2029.

In October 2021, the Company amended the agreement with the engine supplier to provide major maintenance services for the engines of thirteen aircraft (all A320NEO). This agreement also includes the purchase of one spare engine for the A320NEO fleet.

The Company received credit notes from P&W in December 2017 of US$3.1 million, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis, prospectively during the term of the agreement. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company amortized a corresponding benefit from these credit notes of US$216, US$225 and US$241, respectively, which is recognized as an offset to maintenance expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amounts paid for aircraft and spare engine pre-delivery payments were of US$230.4 million and US$166.6 million, respectively.

The current purchase agreement with Airbus requires the Company to accept delivery of 141 Airbus A320 family aircraft during a period of eight years (from January 2024 to December 2030). The agreement provides for the addition of 141 Aircraft to its fleet as follows: 10 in 2024, 23 in 2025, 29 in 2026, 21 in 2027, 19 in 2028, 14 in 2029 and 25 to be delivered during 2030; considering that these deliveries are subject to potential delays notified by the manufacturer. Commitments to acquisitions of property and equipment are disclosed in Note 25.

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During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company entered into aircraft and spare engines sale and leaseback transactions, resulting in gains of US$8,275, US$21,193 and US$9,668, respectively, these were recorded under the caption other operating income in the consolidated statement of operations, that represented only the amount of gains that relate to the rights transferred to the buyer-lessor. (Note 22).

e) During December 2017, the Company entered into an updated total support agreement with Lufthansa for 66 months, with an effective date on July 1, 2018. This agreement includes similar terms and conditions as the original agreement.

As part of this agreement, the Company received credit notes of US$5 million in 2022 and US$1.5 million in 2017, which are amortized on a straight-line basis, prospectively during the term of the agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company amortized a corresponding benefit from these credit notes of US$519, US$452 and US$258, respectively, recognized as an offset to maintenance expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not record any impairment loss.

​

​

​

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13. Intangible assets, net

The composition and movement of intangible assets is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Useful | ​ | Gross value | ​ | Accumulated amortization | ​ | Net carrying amount
​ | ​ | Life | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | Years |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Software |  | 1 - 4 | ​ | ​ | US$ | 58,281 | ​ | US$ | 47,850 | ​ | US$ | (42,062) | ​ | US$ | (35,125) | ​ | US$ | 16,219 | ​ | US$ | 12,725

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance as of January 1st, 2022 | ​ | US$ | 12,632
Additions | ​ | ​ | 6,790
Amortization | ​ | ​ | (6,696)
Exchange differences | ​ | ​ | (1)
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | ​ |  | 12,725
Additions | ​ |  | 10,387
Amortization | ​ |  | (6,895)
Exchange differences | ​ |  | 2
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | ​ | US$ | 16,219

​

During the second half of 2021 and beginning of 2022 the Company implemented the SAP S/4HANA software. During 2022 and 2021 the costs directly attributable to developments and improvements to systems were recognized as an intangible asset and other non-qualifying costs as part of the implementation were recognized in the statements of operations.

Software amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was US$6,895 and US$6,696, US$6,752, respectively. These amounts were recognized in depreciation and amortization caption on the consolidated statements of operations.

​

14. Leases

As of December 31, 2023, and 2022 the most significant leases are as follows:

Aircraft and engines represent the Company´s most significant lease agreements. On December 31, 2023, the Company leases 129 aircraft (116 as of December 31, 2022) and 20 spare engines (23 as of December 31, 2022) that have maximum terms through 2035. The leases are generally guaranteed by either deposit in cash or letters of credits.

Composition of the fleet and spare engines, leases(1):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aircraft |  | ​ |  | At December |  | At December
Type |  | Model |  | 31, 2023 |  | 31, 2022
A319 |  | 132 |  | 3 |  | 3
A320 |  | 233 |  | 39 |  | 39
A320 |  | 232 |  | 1 |  | 1
A320NEO |  | 271N |  | 51 |  | 48
A321 |  | 231 |  | 10 |  | 10
A321NEO | ​ | 271N | ​ | 25 | ​ | 15
​ |  |  |  | 129 |  | 116

​

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​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Engine spare |  | ​ |  | At December |  | At December
Type |  | Model |  | 31, 2023 |  | 31, 2022
V2500 | ​ | V2524-A5 | ​ | — | ​ | 2
V2500 |  | V2527M-A5 |  | 3 |  | 3
V2500 |  | V2527E-A5 |  | 5 |  | 6
V2500 |  | V2527-A5 |  | 6 |  | 6
PW1100 | ​ | PW1127G-JM | ​ | 5 | ​ | 5
PW1100 | ​ | PW1133G-JM | ​ | 1 | ​ | 1
​ |  |  |  | 20 |  | 23

(1) Certain of the Company’s aircraft and engine lease agreements include an option to extend the lease term period. Management evaluates extensions based on the market conditions at the time of renewal.

In the third quarter of 2023, P&W announced preventive accelerated inspections for the GTF engines. Consequently, the Company's GTF engines are being reviewed to ensure compliance with these requirements.

As a result of these preventive accelerated inspections and in accordance with the business strategy, the Company extended certain aircraft and engines lease agreements and added new aircraft and engines to its fleet.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company added 13 new leased aircraft to its fleet. This includes one A320NEO and two A321NEO acquired through a sale and leaseback transaction under the existing Airbus purchase agreement, as well as two A320NEO and eight A321NEO directly incorporated from the lessor's aircraft order book.

During 2023, the Company extended the lease term of eight A320CEO and one A321CEO aircraft for an additional period of up to four years.

Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company extended the lease term of six spare engines for an additional period of up to 3.5 years.

All accounting effects of these extensions and new incorporations of aircraft, engines and building leases have been assessed and presented in the Company's Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a net increase of US$478,303 in the Right-of-Use assets and lease liabilities, respectively, resulting from these aircraft and engine lease extensions and new incorporations.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received compensation from the engines manufacturer, which was recognized in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company added 18 new leased aircraft to its fleet (six A320neo and seven A321neo, acquired through a sale and leaseback transaction under our existing Airbus purchase agreement, three A320neo and two A321neo obtained directly from the lessor´s aircraft order book). All the aircraft incorporated through the lessor´s aircraft order book were not subject to sale and leaseback transactions.

Also, the Company extended the term of two A321CEO, two A320CEO and one A319CEO for an additional period of up to four years.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company also incorporated three CEO spare engines. Such leases were not subject to sale and leaseback transactions. Also, the Company extended the lease term of two spare engines for an additional period of up to one year.

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Set out below are the carrying amounts of right-of-use assets recognized and the movements during the period:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Spare engine |  | ​ |  | ​
​ |  | Aircraft leases |  | leases |  | Building leases |  | Total
As of December 31, 2021 |  | US$ | 1,862,664 | ​ | US$ | 34,953 |  | US$ | 19,618 | ​ | US$ | 1,917,235
Additions |  |  | 521,711 | ​ |  | 1,023 |  |  | 30,597 | ​ |  | 553,331
Modifications | ​ | ​ | 25,895 | ​ | ​ | (168) | ​ | ​ | 5,081 | ​ | ​ | 30,808
Depreciation on right of use assets |  |  | (299,517) | ​ |  | (11,627) |  |  | (9,299) | ​ |  | (320,443)
As of December 31, 2022 | ​ | ​ | 2,110,753 | ​ | ​ | 24,181 | ​ | ​ | 45,997 | ​ | ​ | 2,180,931
Additions | ​ | ​ | 401,943 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,774 | ​ | ​ | 404,717
Extensions | ​ | ​ | 64,994 | ​ | ​ | 7,825 | ​ | ​ | 767 | ​ | ​ | 73,586
Modifications |  |  | 32,167 | ​ |  | 9,006 |  |  | — | ​ |  | 41,173
Depreciation on right of use assets | ​ | ​ | (337,694) | ​ | ​ | (11,524) | ​ | ​ | (12,797) | ​ | ​ | (362,015)
As of December 31, 2023 | ​ | US$ | 2,272,163 | ​ | US$ | 29,488 | ​ | US$ | 36,741 | ​ | US$ | 2,338,392

​

Set out below are the carrying amounts of lease liabilities and the movements during the period:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
As of January 1st, |  | US$ | 2,708,723 | ​ | US$ | 2,412,137
Additions |  | ​ | 404,650 | ​ | ​ | 550,834
Modifications | ​ | ​ | 114,759 | ​ | ​ | 29,842
Disposals | ​ | ​ | (4,378) | ​ | ​ | —
Accretion of interest |  | ​ | 194,416 | ​ | ​ | 165,043
Foreign exchange effect |  | ​ | 2,346 | ​ | ​ | (129)
Payments | ​ | ​ | (529,074) | ​ | ​ | (449,004)
As of 31 December, | ​ | US$ | 2,891,442 | ​ | US$ | 2,708,723
Current |  | US$ | 372,697 | ​ | US$ | 335,620
Non-current | ​ | US$ | 2,518,745 | ​ | US$ | 2,373,103

​

The Company had total cash outflows for leases of US$529,074 in 2023 (US$449,004 in 2022 and US$458,968 in 2021).

​

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized expenses related to short - term leases and leases of low - value assets for an amount of US$7,925, US$,6,680 and US$8,964, respectively.

​

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the amounts recognized in profit or loss were as follow:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Depreciation of right-of-use assets | ​ | US$ | (362,015) | ​ | US$ | (320,443) | ​ | US$ | (269,351)
Interest expense on lease liabilities and aircraft and engine lease return obligation (Note 23) | ​ |  | (191,967) | ​ |  | (174,769) | ​ |  | (128,159)
Aircraft and engine variable lease expenses | ​ |  | (103,845) | ​ |  | (124,532) | ​ |  | (83,373)
Short - term leases and leases of low - value assets | ​ | ​ | (7,925) | ​ | ​ | (6,680) | ​ | ​ | (8,964)
Total amount recognized in profit or loss | ​ | US$ | (665,752) | ​ | US$ | (626,424) | ​ | US$ | (489,847)

​

i) Return obligations

The aircraft lease agreements of the Company also require that the aircraft and engines be returned to lessors under specific conditions of maintenance. The costs of return, which in no case are related to scheduled major maintenance, are estimated and recognized ratably as a provision from the time it becomes likely such costs will be incurred and can be estimated reliably. These return costs are recognized on a straight-line basis as a component of variable lease expenses and the provision is included as part of other liabilities, through the remaining lease term.

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The Company estimates the provision related to airframe, engine overhaul and limited life parts using certain assumptions including the projected usage of the aircraft and the expected costs of maintenance tasks to be performed. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, in relation with this provision the Company expensed as supplemental rent US$80,894, US$58,658 and US$55,668, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded redelivery expenses of US$103,845, US$124,532 and US$83,373 respectively.

ii)Aircraft and engines lease extensions

Certain lease agreements contain extension options, which the Company evaluates exercising once the lease period comes to its end, based on the market conditions at such moment. The lease liabilities corresponding to leases on which it was decided to extend are remeasured for the period negotiated between the Company and the lessor.

​

During 2023 and 2022, due to the aircraft, engines and building leases extension agreements, the Company reassessed the right of use assets and lease liabilities, resulting in net increases of US$73,586 and $30,653, respectively.

​

15. Accrued liabilities

a) The detail of current accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Fuel and traffic accrued expenses |  | US$ | 68,945 |  | US$ | 105,284
Maintenance and aircraft parts accrued expenses | ​ | ​ | 23,199 | ​ | ​ | 25,172
Sales, marketing and distribution accrued expenses | ​ | ​ | 22,543 | ​ | ​ | 7,636
Salaries and benefits | ​ | ​ | 19,628 | ​ | ​ | 19,091
Accrued administrative expenses |  | ​ | 15,491 |  | ​ | 12,517
Maintenance deposits |  | ​ | 3,825 |  | ​ | 5,933
Deferred revenue from V Club membership | ​ | ​ | 3,707 | ​ | ​ | 4,967
Information and communication accrued expenses | ​ | ​ | 3,224 | ​ | ​ | 2,979
Supplier services agreement |  | ​ | 1,449 |  | ​ | 2,262
Others |  | ​ | 473 |  | ​ | 408
Benefits from suppliers |  | ​ | 279 |  | ​ | 270
Advances from travel agencies |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 53
​ |  | US$ | 162,763 |  | US$ | 186,572

​

b) Non-current accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Supplier services agreement | ​ | US$ | 12,964 | ​ | US$ | 12,914
Other | ​ |  | 551 | ​ |  | 369
​ | ​ | US$ | 13,515 | ​ | US$ | 13,283

​

​

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16. Other liabilities

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Balance as of |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Balance as of
​ | ​ | January 1, | ​ | Increase for | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | the year |  | Payments |  | 2023
Aircraft and engine lease return obligation (Note 1s and 2i) | ​ | US$ | 249,466 | ​ | US$ | 104,831 | ​ | US$ | (67,089) | ​ | US$ | 287,208
Employee profit sharing (Note 17) | ​ |  | 386 | ​ |  | 1,481 | ​ |  | (367) | ​ |  | 1,500
​ | ​ | US$ | 249,852 | ​ | US$ | 106,312 | ​ | US$ | (67,456) | ​ | US$ | 288,708
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current maturities | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | US$ | 2,303
Non-current | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | US$ | 286,405

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Balance as of |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Balance as of
​ | ​ | January 1, | ​ | Increase for | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2022 |  | the year |  | Payments |  | 2022
Aircraft and engine lease return obligation (Note 1s and 2i) | ​ | US$ | 188,879 | ​ | US$ | 94,815 | ​ | US$ | (34,228) | ​ | US$ | 249,466
Employee profit sharing (Note 17) | ​ |  | 12,686 | ​ |  | 136 | ​ |  | (12,436) | ​ |  | 386
​ | ​ | US$ | 201,565 | ​ | US$ | 94,951 | ​ | US$ | (46,664) | ​ | US$ | 249,852
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current maturities | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | US$ | 5,398
Non-current | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | US$ | 244,454

​

During the year ended December 31, 2023 cancellations or write-offs related to these liabilities were recorded by an amount of US$19,810. During the year ended December 31, 2022 no cancellations or write-offs related to these liabilities were recorded.

​

17. Employee benefits

The components of net period cost recognized in the consolidated statement of operations and the obligations for seniority premium for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Analysis of net period cost: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Current service cost | ​ | US$ | 2,187 | ​ | US$ | 6,518 | ​ | US$ | 425
Interest cost on benefit obligation | ​ |  | 1,109 | ​ |  | 692 | ​ |  | 127
Net period cost | ​ | US$ | 3,296 | ​ | US$ | 7,210 | ​ | US$ | 552

​

Changes in the defined benefit obligation are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Defined benefit obligation as of January 1, | ​ | US$ | 10,987 | ​ | US$ | 3,968
Net period cost charged to profit or loss: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Current service cost | ​ |  | 2,187 | ​ |  | 6,518
Interest cost on benefit obligation | ​ |  | 1,109 | ​ |  | 692
Remeasurement losses in other comprehensive income: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Actuarial changes arising from changes in assumptions | ​ |  | 107 | ​ |  | (253)
Payments made | ​ |  | (1,321) | ​ |  | (179)
Conversion effect foreign currency | ​ | ​ | 1,575 | ​ | ​ | 241
Defined benefit obligation as of December 31, | ​ | US$ | 14,644 | ​ | US$ | 10,987

​

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The significant assumptions used in the computation of the seniority premium obligations are shown below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Financial: |  |  |  |  | ​
Discount rate |  | 9.69 | % | 9.21 | %
Expected rate of salary increases |  | 5.60 | % | 5.50 | %
Annual increase in minimum salary |  | 3.75 | %(1) (3) | 19.00/4.00 | %(2) (3)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Biometric: |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Mortality (4) |  | EMSSA 09, CEPAL *2010 EL SALVADOR, CEPAL *2010 COSTA RICA |  | EMSSA 09, CEPAL* 2010 EL SALVADOR, CEPAL*2010 COSTA RICA | ​
Disability (5) |  | IMSS-97 |  | IMSS-97 | ​

​

(1) | 3.75% applies to the General Zone and Border Zone in Mexico

(2) | 19.00% applies to the General Zone and 4.00% to the Border Zone in Mexico

(3) | Border Zone, is made up of the states that border with the United States and the General Zone is made up by the rest states of the country.

(4) | Mexican Experience of social security (EMSSA), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL for its Spanish acronym).

(5) | Mexican Experience of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS).

As of December 31,2023, and 2022 the accruals related to employee profit sharing which is included as part of short-term other liabilities caption, are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Employee profit-sharing (Note 16) | ​ | US$ | 1,500 | ​ | US$ | 386

​

Sensitivity analysis

​

A reasonably possible variation at the date of the report, in one of the most significant actuarial assumptions, and assuming that the rest of the variables had remained constant, would have affected the benefit obligations defined as of December 31, 2023 in the amounts shown below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ | Present value of the defined benefit obligation
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (In thousands of U.S. dollars)
Assumptions | ​ | ​ |  | Increase |  | Decrease
Discount rate: | ​ | 50 basis points | ​ | US$ | 13,907 | ​ | US$ | 15,450
Statutory minimum wage increase rate: | ​ | 50 basis points | ​ | US$ | 14,928 | ​ | US$ | 14,380
Salary increase rate: |  | 50 basis points |  | US$ | 15,196 |  | US$ | 14,135

​

​

18. Share-based payments

a) LTRP

On November 6, 2014, the shareholders of the Company and the shareholders of its subsidiary Servicios Corporativos, approved an amendment to the current LTRP for the benefit of certain key employees, based on the recommendations of the Board of Directors of the Company at its meetings held on July 24 and August 29, 2014. For such purposes on November 10, 2014 an irrevocable Administrative Trust was created by Servicios Corporativos and the key employees. The new plan was restructured and named LTIP, which consists of a share purchase plan (equity-settled transaction) and SARs plan (cash settled).

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On October 18, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a new long-term retention plan LTRP for certain executives of the Company, through which the beneficiaries of the plan, will receive shares of the Company once the service conditions are met. This plan does not include cash compensations granted through appreciation rights on the Company’s shares. The retention plans granted in previous periods under LTRP will continue in full force and effect until their respective due dates and the cash compensation derived from them will be settled according to the conditions established in each plan.

b) LTIP

- Share purchase plan (equity-settled)

Under the share purchase plan (equity- settled), in November 2014 certain key employees of the Company were granted with a special bonus by an amount of Ps.10,831 (US$797 as of November 11, 2014 based on an exchange rate of Ps.13.58 to US$1), to be used to purchase Company’s shares. The plan consisted in:

(i) | Servicios Corporativos, Controladora and Concesionaria granted a bonus to each key executive;

(ii) | The bonus amount by Ps.7,059 (US$520 as of November 11, 2014 based on an exchange rate of Ps.13.58 to US$1), net of withheld taxes, was transferred on November 11, 2014, as per the written instructions of each key employees, to the Administrative Trust for the acquisition of Series A shares of the Company through an intermediary authorized by the BMV based on the Administration Trust’s Technical Committee instructions;

(iii) | Subject to specified terms and conditions set forth in the Administrative Trust, the acquired shares were in escrow under the Administrative Trust for its administration until the vesting period date for each key executive, date as of which the key executive can fully dispose of the shares and instruct as desired.

(iv) | The share purchase plan provides that if the terms and conditions are not met by the vesting period date, then the shares would be sold in the BMV, and Servicios Corporativos, Controladora or Concesionaria would be entitled to receive the proceeds of the sale of shares.

(v) | The key employees’ account balance will be tracked by the Administrative Trust. The Administrative Trust’s objectives are to acquire Series A shares on behalf of the key employees and to manage the shares granted to such key executive based on instructions set forth by the Technical Committee.

As the Administrative Trust is controlled and therefore consolidated by Controladora, shares purchased in the market and held within the Administrative Trust are presented for accounting purposes as treasury shares in the consolidated statement of changes in equity.

In November 2023, 2022 and 2021, the extensions to the LTIP were approved by the Company’s shareholder’s and the Company’s Board of Directors. The total cost of the extensions approved were US$5,708 (US$3,711 net of withheld taxes), US$5,703 (US$3,707 net of withheld taxes) and US$5,086 (US$3,307 net of withheld taxes) in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Under the terms of the incentive plan, certain key employees of the Company were granted a special bonus that was transferred to the Administrative Trust for the acquisition of Series A shares of the Company.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the number of shares into the Administrative Trust associated with the Company’s share purchase payment plans is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Number of Series A | ​
​ |  | shares | ​
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 |  | 4,490,421 | ​
Purchased during the year |  | 4,354,473 | ​
Granted during the year |  | — | ​
Exercised/vested during the year |  | (2,161,968) | ​
Forfeited during the year | ​ | (103,712) | ​
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  | 6,579,214 | (1)
Purchased during the year |  | 5,847,018 | ​
Exercised/vested during the year |  | (2,932,479) | ​
Forfeited during the year |  | (330,453) | ​
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 |  | 9,163,300 | (1)

(1) These shares are presented as treasury shares in the consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

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The vesting period of the shares granted under the Company’s share purchase plans is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​
Number of Series A |  | ​
shares |  | Vesting period
3,880,683 |  | November 2024
3,333,601 |  | November 2025
1,949,016 |  | November 2026
9,163,300 |  | ​

​

In accordance with IFRS 2, the share purchase plans are classified as equity-settled transactions on the grant date. This valuation is the result of multiplying the total number of Series A shares deposited in the Administrative Trust and the price per share, plus the balance in cash deposited in the Administrative Trust.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the compensation expense recorded in the consolidated statement of operations amounted to US$6,048, US$5,074 and US$4,410, respectively.

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, some key employees left the Company; therefore, the vesting conditions were not fulfilled. In accordance with the terms of the plan, Servicios Corporativos is entitled to receive the proceeds of the sale of such shares, the number of forfeited shares as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, were 330,453, 103,712 and 551,732, respectively.

c) MIP

- MIP I

In April 2012, the Board of Directors authorized a MIP for the benefit of certain key employees, subject to shareholders’ approval. On December 21, 2012, the shareholders approved the MIP consisting of: (i) the issuance of an aggregate of 25,164,126 Series A and Series B shares, representing 3.0% of the Company’s fully diluted capital stock; (ii) a grant of options to acquire shares of the Company or CPOs having shares as underlying securities for which, as long as certain conditions occur, the employees will have the right to request the delivery of those shares (iii) the creation of an Administrative Trust to deposit such shares in escrow until they are delivered to the officers or returned to the Company in the case that certain conditions do not occur; and (iv) the execution of share sale agreements setting forth the terms and conditions upon which the officers may exercise its shares at Ps.5.31 (five Mexican pesos 31/100) per share.

On December 24, 2012, the Administrative Trust was created, and the share sale agreements were executed. On December 27, 2012, the trust borrowed Ps.133,723 (US$10,305 as of December 27, 2012 based on an exchange rate of Ps. 12.97 to US$1) from the Company and immediately after; the trust paid the Company the same amount borrowed as purchase price for the shares.

The share sale agreements provide that the officers may pay for the shares at the same price upon the occurrence of either an initial public offering of the Company’s capital stock or a change of control and as long as they remain employees until the options are exercised, with a maximum term of ten years. Upon payment of the shares by the officers to the Management Trust, it must pay such amount back to the Company as repayment of the loan, for which the Company charges no interest.

The MIP has been classified as equity-settled, by which, the grant date, fair value is fixed and is not adjusted by subsequent changes in the fair value of capital instruments. Equity-settled transactions are measured at fair value at the date the equity benefits are conditionally granted to employees. The total cost of the MIP determined by the Company was Ps.2,722 (US$213 as of December 24, 2012 based on an exchange rate of Ps.12.77 to US$1) to be recognized from the time it becomes probable the performance condition will be met over the vesting period. Total cost of the MIP related to the vested shares has been fully recognized in the consolidated statements of operations during the vesting years.

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This cost was determined by using the improved Binomial valuation model from Hull and White, on the date in which the plan had already been approved by the shareholders and a shared understanding of the terms and conditions of the plan was reached with the employees (December 24, 2012, defined as the grant date), with the following assumptions:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2012 |
Dividend yield (%) |  | 0.00 | %
Volatility (%) |  | 37.00 | %
Risk—free interest rate (%) |  | 5.96 | %
Expected life of share options (years) |  | 8.8 | ​
Exercise share price (in Mexican pesos Ps.) |  | 5.31 | ​
Exercise multiple |  | 1.1 | ​
Fair value of the stock at grant date |  | 1.73 | ​

​

The expected volatility reflects the assumption that the historical volatility of comparable companies is indicative of future trends, which may not necessarily be the actual outcome.Under the methodology followed by the Company, at the grant date and December 31, 2012, the granted shares had no positive intrinsic value.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the key employees exercised 7,653,981 Series A shares. As a result, the key employees paid to the Management Trust Ps.40,668 (US$1,976) corresponding to the exercised shares for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Thereafter, the Company has received from the Management Trust the payment related to the exercised shares by the key employees as a repayment of the loan between the Company and the Management Trust.

Movements in share options

The following table illustrates the number of shares options and fixed exercise prices during the year 2021.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Total in
​ | ​ | Number of share | ​ | Exercise price | ​ | thousands of
​ |  | options |  | in Mexican pesos |  | Mexican pesos
Outstanding as of January 1st, 2021 |  | ​ | 7,653,981 |  | Ps. | 5.31 |  | Ps. | 40,668
Granted during the year |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | —
Forfeited during the year |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | —
Exercised during the year |  | ​ | (7,653,981) |  | ​ | 5.31 |  | ​ | (40,668)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 |  | ​ | — | ​ | Ps. | — | ​ | Ps. | —

​

As of December 31, 2021 all the share options were exercised.

On August 9, 2022, the Irrevocable Trust number F-307750 with HSBC Mexico S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, were terminated through payment of the outstanding amounts.

- MIP II

On February 19, 2016, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized an extension to the MIP for certain key employees. Such extension was modified on November 6, 2016. Under MIP II, 13,536,960 share appreciation rights of our Series A shares were granted to be settled annually in cash in a period of five years in accordance with the established service conditions. In addition, a five-year extension to the period in which the employees can exercise MIP II once the SARs are vested was approved.

Fair value of the SARs is measured at each reporting period using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, taking into consideration the terms and conditions granted to the employees. The amount of the cash payment is determined based on the increase in our share price between the grant date and the settlement date.

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The carrying amount of the liability relating to the SARs as of December 31, 2023, and 2022 was US$1,433 and US$1,562, respectively. The compensation cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations under the caption of salaries and benefits over the service period.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded a benefit of US$119, US$4,365 and US$2,984, respectively, in the consolidated statement of operations. During the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021 were not exercised any SARs.

The summary related to expense recognized for the Company’s retention plans during the years 2023, 2022 and 2021 is shown in the following table:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Benefit arising from cash-settled share-based payments transactions | ​ | US$ | (119) | ​ | US$ | (4,365) | ​ | US$ | (2,984)
Expense arising from equity-settled share-based payments transactions | ​ |  | 6,048 | ​ |  | 5,074 | ​ |  | 4,410
Total expense arising from share-based payments transactions | ​ | US$ | 5,929 | ​ | US$ | 709 | ​ | US$ | 1,426

​

d) Board of Directors Incentive Plan (BoDIP)

Certain members of the Board of Directors of the Company receive additional benefits through a share-based plan, which has been classified as an equity-settled share-based payment and therefore accounted under IFRS 2 “Share based payment”.

In April 2018, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a Board of Directors Incentive Plan “BoDIP”, for the benefit of certain board members. The BoDIP grants options to acquire shares of the Company or CPOs during a five – year period with an exercise share price at Ps.21.14, Ps.33.80 and Ps.32.23 for the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which was determined on the grant date. Under this plan, no service or performance conditions are required to the board members for exercise the option to acquire shares, and therefore, they have the right to request the delivery of those shares at the time they pay for them.

For such purposes on August 29, 2018 the Fideicomiso Irrevocable de Administración número CIB/3081 was created by Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación S.A.B de C.V as trustee and CIBanco, S.A., Institucion de Banco Multiple as trustor. The number of shares held as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 available to be exercised is 4,781,769, 5,945,417 and 4,589,726, respectively and are included in treasury shares.

In April 2023, the Company's Annual General Shareholders' Meeting modified the terms of the BoDIP. Starting in 2023, certain members of the Board of Directors receive additional benefits through a stock-based plan administered by the LTIP Trust. These benefits are delivered to the beneficiaries once the established conditions are met. As of December 31, 2023, the trustee held 370,860 shares (treasury shares). The total approved cost was US$640 (US$452 net of withheld taxes).

​

19. Equity

As of December 31, 2023, the total number of the Company’s authorized shares was 1,165,976,677; represented by common registered shares, issued and with no par value, fully subscribed and paid, comprised as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Fixed |  | Variable |  | ​ | ​
​ |  | Class I |  | Class II |  | Total shares | ​
Series A shares (1) |  | 24,180 |  | 1,165,952,497 |  | 1,165,976,677 | ​
Series B shares (1) |  | — |  | — |  | — | ​
​ |  | 24,180 |  | 1,165,952,497 |  | 1,165,976,677 | ​
Treasury shares (Note 18) |  | — |  | (14,525,694) |  | (14,525,694) | (1)
​ |  | 24,180 |  | 1,151,426,803 |  | 1,151,450,983 | ​

(1) During the year ended December 31, 2023, a total of 330,453 forfeited shares have been included as part of treasury shares.

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As of December 31, 2022, the total number of the Company’s authorized shares was 1,165,976,677; represented by common registered shares, issued and with no par value, fully subscribed and paid, comprised as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Fixed |  | Variable |  | ​ | ​
​ |  | Class I |  | Class II |  | Total shares | ​
Series A shares (1) |  | 10,478 |  | 1,108,452,326 |  | 1,108,462,804 | ​
Series B shares (1) |  | 13,702 |  | 57,500,171 |  | 57,513,873 | ​
​ |  | 24,180 |  | 1,165,952,497 |  | 1,165,976,677 | ​
Treasury shares (Note 18) |  | — |  | (13,452,393) |  | (13,452,393) | (1)
​ |  | 24,180 |  | 1,152,500,104 |  | 1,152,524,284 | ​

(1) During the year ended December 31, 2022, a total of 103,712 forfeited shares have been included as part of treasury shares.

On November 22, 2023, the holders of all of the 57,513,873 outstanding Series B shares of the Company concluded the conversion of all Series B Shares into 57,513,873 Series A Shares represented by Ordinary Participation Certificates in the form of the corresponding American Depositary Shares.

All shares representing the Company’s capital stock, either Series A shares or Series B shares, grant the holders the same economic rights and there are no preferences and/or restrictions attaching to any class of shares on the distribution of dividends and the repayment of capital. Holders of the Company’s Series A common stock and Series B common stock are entitled to dividends when, and if, declared by a shareholders’ resolution. The Company’s revolving line of credit with Santander and Bancomext limits the Company’s ability to declare and pay dividends if the Company fails to comply with the payment terms thereunder. Only Series A shares from the Company are listed.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company did not declare any dividends.

In accordance with the Mexican Corporations Act, the Company is required to allocate at least 5% of the net income of each year to increase the legal reserve. This practice must be continued until the legal reserve reaches 20% of capital stock. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s legal reserve was US$17,363, or 7%, respectively of our capital stock.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not allocate any amount to the legal reserve fund. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company’s legal reserve has not reached the 20% of its capital stock.

Any distribution of earnings in excess of the net tax profit account Cuenta de Utilidad Fiscal Neta (“CUFIN”) balance will be subject to corporate income tax, payable by the Company, at the enacted income tax rate at that time. A 10% withholding tax is imposed on dividends distributions to individuals and foreign shareholders from earnings generated starting January 1, 2014. Dividends paid will be free of Income taxes if they come from the (“CUFIN”). Dividends that exceed the (“CUFIN”) and of the Cuenta de Utilidad Fiscal Reinvertida (“CUFINRE”) will cause a tax equivalent to 42.86%.

Shareholders may contribute certain amounts for future increases in capital stock, either in the fixed or variable capital. Said contributions will be kept in a special account until the shareholders meeting authorizes an increase in the capital stock of the Company, at which time each shareholder will have a preferential right to subscribe and pay the increase with the contributions previously made. As it is not strictly regulated in Mexican law, the shareholders meeting may agree to return the contributions to the shareholders or even set a term in which the increase in the capital stock must be authorized. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had balance of US$0.1 and US$0.1, respectively.

​

a) Earnings (loss) per share

​

Basic earnings (loss) per share (“EPS” or “LPS”) amounts are calculated by dividing the net earnings (loss) for the year attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.

​

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Diluted EPS (LPS) amounts are calculated by dividing the earnings (loss) attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent (after adjusting for interest on the convertible preference shares, if any), by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares (to the extent that their effect is dilutive).

​

The following table shows the calculations of the basic and diluted earnings income (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income (loss) for the period | ​ | US$ | 7,819 | ​ | US$ | (80,224) | ​ | US$ | 106,453
Weighted average number of shares outstanding (in thousands): | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Basic | ​ |  | 1,152,609 | ​ |  | 1,155,030 | ​ |  | 1,152,256
Diluted | ​ |  | 1,165,451 | ​ |  | 1,165,135 | ​ |  | 1,165,612
EPS – LPS: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Basic | ​ | US$ | 0.007 | ​ | US$ | (0.069) | ​ | US$ | 0.092
Diluted | ​ | US$ | 0.007 | ​ | US$ | (0.069) | ​ | US$ | 0.091

​

There have been no other transactions involving ordinary shares or potential ordinary shares between the reporting date and the date of authorization of these financial statements.

​

20. Income tax

a) In accordance with the MITL, the Company and its Mexican subsidiaries are subject to income tax and each files its tax returns on an individual entity basis and the related tax results are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The income tax is computed taking into consideration the taxable and deductible effects of inflation, such as depreciation calculated on adjusted assets values. Taxable income is increased or reduced by the effects of inflation on certain monetary assets and liabilities through the annual inflation adjustment.

(i) | Based on the approved law, corporate income tax current rate for 2023, 2022 and 2021 and thereafter is 30%.

(ii) | The tax rules include limits in the deductions of the exempt compensation amount certain items, as follows: Wages and benefits paid to workers 47% of income paid to workers and in certain cases up to 53% (holiday bonus, savings fund, employee profit sharing, seniority premiums) will be deductible for employers. As a result, certain wage and salary provisions have difference between tax and book values at year-end.

(iii) | The MITL sets forth criteria and limits for applying some deductions, such as: the deduction of payments which, in turn, are exempt income for workers, contributions for creating or increasing provisions for pension funds, contributions to the Mexican Institute of Social Security payable by the worker that are paid by the employer, as well as the possible non-deduction of payments made to related parties in the event of failing to meet certain requirements.

(iv) | Taxable income for purposes of the employee profit sharing is the same used for the Corporate Income Tax except for certain items.

(v) | A 10% withholding tax is imposed on dividends distributions to individuals and foreign shareholders from earnings generated starting January 1, 2014.

The income tax rates for 2023, 2022 and 2021 were in Guatemala 25%, Costa Rica 30% and El Salvador 30%.

b) For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company reported on a consolidated basis taxable income of US$59,984, US$53,293 and US$59,472, respectively, which was partially offset by tax losses from prior years.

In accordance with the MITL and Costa Rican Income Tax Law (CRITL), tax losses may be carried forward against taxable income generated in the succeeding ten and three years, respectively. Carryforward tax losses are adjusted based on inflation.

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In accordance with Guatemala Income Tax Law (GITL) and El Salvador Income Tax Law (ESITL), tax losses cannot be carried forward against taxable income generated.

c) An analysis of consolidated income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

Consolidated statements of operations

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Current income tax expense | ​ | US$ | (21,939) | ​ | US$ | (15,456) | ​ | US$ | (17,903) | ​
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) | ​ |  | 22,316 | ​ |  | 67,595 | ​ |  | (12,670) | (1)
Total income tax benefit (expense) | ​ | US$ | 377 | ​ | US$ | 52,139 | ​ | US$ | (30,573) | ​

(1) Includes translation effect by US$ (118)

​

Consolidated statements of comprehensive income

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred income tax related to items recognized in OCI during the year |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net gain (loss) cash flow hedges | ​ | US$ | 362 | ​ | US$ | (80) | ​ | US$ | (274)
Remeasurement gain (loss) of employee benefits | ​ |  | 32 | ​ |  | (79) | ​ |  | 138
Benefit (expense) deferred income tax recognized in OCI | ​ | US$ | 394 | ​ | US$ | (159) | ​ | US$ | (136)

​

d) A reconciliation of the statutory corporate income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate for financial reporting purposes is as follows:

The Company’s effective income tax reconciliation using domestic tax rate

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | % |  | 2022 |  | % |  | 2021 |  | % |
Statutory income tax rate |  | US$ | 2,233 | ​ | 30.00 | % | US$ | (39,709) | ​ | 30.00 | % | US$ | 41,108 | ​ | 30.00 | %
Amendment tax return effects and other tax adjustments |  | ​ | 7,074 | ​ | 95.05 | % | ​ | 1,242 | ​ | (0.94) | % | ​ | (29) | ​ | (0.02) | %
Inflation on furniture, intangible and equipment |  | ​ | (1,370) | ​ | (18.41) | % | ​ | (309) | ​ | 0.23 | % | ​ | (2,323) | ​ | (1.70) | %
Inflation of tax losses | ​ | ​ | (6,734) | ​ | (90.48) | % | ​ | (4,335) | ​ | 3.28 | % | ​ | (1,971) | ​ | (1.44) | %
Foreign countries difference with Mexican statutory rate | ​ | ​ | 21 | ​ | 0.28 | % | ​ | (9) | ​ | 0.00 | % | ​ | 124 | ​ | 0.10 | %
Annual inflation adjustment |  | ​ | (3,262) | ​ | (43.83) | % | ​ | (11,200) | ​ | 8.46 | % | ​ | (7,971) | ​ | (5.82) | %
Effect of unrecognized (recognized) NOLs | ​ | ​ | 3,030 | ​ | 40.71 | % | ​ | 7 | ​ | 0.00 | % | ​ | (434) | ​ | (0.32) | %
Non-deductible expenses | ​ | ​ | 26,132 | ​ | 351.15 | % | ​ | 7,695 | ​ | (5.81) | % | ​ | 2,069 | ​ | 1.51 | %
Difference in Foreign Exchange losses for tax purposes | ​ | ​ | (27,501) | ​ | (369.53) | % | ​ | (5,521) | ​ | 4.17 | % | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
​ |  | US$ | (377) | ​ | (5.06) | % | US$ | (52,139) | ​ | 39.39 | % | US$ | 30,573 | ​ | 22.31 | %

​

Mexican income tax matters

For Mexican purposes, corporate income tax is computed on accrued basis. MITL requires taxable profit to be determined by considering revenue net of tax deductions. Prior years’ tax losses can be utilized to offset current year taxable income. Income tax is determined by applying the 30% rate on the net amount after tax losses utilization. For tax purposes, income is considered taxable at the earlier of: (i) the time the revenue is collected, (ii) the service is provided or (iii) the time of the issuance of the invoice. Expenses are deductible for tax purposes generally on accrual basis, with some exceptions, once the requirements established in the tax law are fulfilled.

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Central America (Guatemala, Costa Rica and El Salvador)

According to “GITL”, under the regime on profits from business activities, net operating losses cannot offset taxable income in prior or future years. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our subsidiary in Guatemala generated tax profit (loss) of US$623, US$(10) and US$(32), respectively.

According to “CRITL”, under the regime on profits from business activities, tax losses can offset taxable income in a term of three years. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, our subsidiary in Costa Rica generated net operating loss for an amount of US$9,503 and US$5,947, respectively, for which no deferred tax asset has been recognized. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our subsidiary in Costa Rica generated net operating gain for an amount of US$3,869.

According to “ESITL”, under the regime on profits from business activities, net operating losses cannot offset taxable income in prior or future years. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our subsidiary in El Salvador generated net operating gain for an amount of US$3,245 and US$17,078, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our subsidiary in El Salvador generated net operating losses for an amount of US$2,601.

e) An analysis of consolidated deferred taxes is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Deferred income tax assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Lease liability | ​ | US$ | 899,011 | ​ | US$ | 755,855
Unearned transportation revenue | ​ |  | 13,392 | ​ |  | 58,010
Aircraft and engine lease return obligation | ​ |  | 86,696 | ​ |  | 77,007
Tax losses available for offsetting against future taxable income | ​ | ​ | 39,360 | ​ | ​ | 38,387
Intangible | ​ |  | 23,190 | ​ |  | 29,687
Allowance for doubtful accounts | ​ |  | 411 | ​ |  | 4,854
Other financing agreements | ​ | ​ | 45,919 | ​ | ​ | —
Employee benefits | ​ |  | 4,220 | ​ |  | 2,486
Employee profit sharing | ​ |  | 375 | ​ |  | 134
Derivative financial instruments | ​ | ​ | 121 | ​ | ​ | —
Provisions | ​ |  | 52,848 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ |  | 1,165,543 | ​ |  | 966,420
Deferred income tax liabilities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Right of use asset | ​ | ​ | 735,092 | ​ | ​ | 571,521
Supplemental rent | ​ |  | 72,521 | ​ |  | 55,479
Rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment, net | ​ |  | 120,846 | ​ |  | 120,561
Provisions | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,345
Inventories | ​ | ​ | 4,835 | ​ | ​ | 4,594
Other prepayments | ​ |  | 2,602 | ​ |  | 376
Derivative Financial instruments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 33
Prepaid expenses and other assets | ​ |  | 9,331 | ​ |  | 8,963
​ | ​ |  | 945,227 | ​ |  | 768,872
​ | ​ | US$ | 220,316 | ​ | US$ | 197,548

​

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the amount of deferred income tax as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Deferred income tax assets | ​ | US$ | 236,026 | ​ | US$ | 208,010
Deferred income tax liabilities | ​ |  | (15,710) | ​ |  | (10,462)
Deferred income tax assets, net | ​ | US$ | 220,316 | ​ | US$ | 197,548

​

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A reconciliation of deferred income tax asset, net is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Opening balance as of January 1, | ​ | US$ | 197,548 | ​ | US$ | 130,081
Deferred income tax benefit during the current year recorded on profits | ​ |  | 22,316 | ​ |  | 67,595
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) during the current year recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss | ​ |  | 394 | ​ |  | (159)
Conversion effects | ​ | ​ | 58 | ​ | ​ | 31
Closing balance as of December 31, | ​ | US$ | 220,316 | ​ | US$ | 197,548

​

According to IAS 12, Income Taxes, a deferred income tax asset should be recognized for the carry-forward of available tax losses to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which the available tax losses can be utilized. In these regards, the Company has recognized as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 a deferred tax asset for tax losses of US$39,360 and US$38,387, respectively.

An analysis of the available tax losses carry-forward of the Company at December 31, 2023 is as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year |  | Historical |  | Adjusted |  | Amortized |  | Amount outstanding to |  | Year of
of loss |  | Losses |  | losses |  | losses |  | amortize |  | expiration
2019 | ​ | US$ | 291 | ​ | US$ | 356 | ​ | US$ | 249 | ​ | US$ | 107 |  | 2029
2020 | ​ |  | 3,345 | ​ |  | 3,871 | ​ |  | 799 | ​ |  | 3,072 |  | 2030
2021 | ​ |  | 670 | ​ |  | 780 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 780 |  | 2031
2022 | ​ | ​ | 127,127 | ​ | ​ | 136,393 | ​ | ​ | 14,477 | ​ | ​ | 121,916 |  | 2032
2022 | ​ | ​ | 6,025 | ​ | ​ | 6,025 | ​ | ​ | 699 | ​ | ​ | 5,326 | ​ | 2025
2023 | ​ | ​ | 9,504 | ​ | ​ | 9,504 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,504 | ​ | 2026
​ | ​ | US$ | 146,962 | ​ | US$ | 156,929 | ​ | US$ | 16,224 | ​ | US$ | 140,705 | ​ | ​

​

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company utilized US$15,452 and US$4,035 of the available tax loss carry-forwards, respectively.

​

A breakdown of available tax loss carry-forward of Controladora and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023, is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Historical | ​ | Adjusted | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Total amount |
​ |  | loss |  | losses |  | losses |  | outstanding to amortize |
Concesionaria | ​ | US$ | 126,855 | ​ | US$ | 136,100 | ​ | US$ | 14,477 | ​ | US$ | 121,623 | ​
Vuela Aviación | ​ |  | 15,529 | ​ |  | 15,529 | ​ |  | 699 | ​ |  | 14,830 | ​
Comercializadora | ​ | ​ | 3,202 | ​ | ​ | 3,897 | ​ | ​ | 249 | ​ | ​ | 3,648 | ​
Viajes Vuela | ​ |  | 1,376 | ​ |  | 1,403 | ​ |  | 799 | ​ |  | 604 | ​
​ | ​ | US$ | 146,962 | ​ | US$ | 156,929 | ​ | US$ | 16,224 | ​ | US$ | 140,705 | ​
Unrecognized Net Operating Losses (NOLs) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (9,504) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | US$ | 131,201 | ​
Tax rate | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 30 | %
Deferred income tax | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | US$ | 39,360 | ​

​

The temporary differences associated with investments in the Company’s subsidiaries, for which a deferred tax liability has not been recognized in the periods presented, aggregate in 2023 was US$ 7,833 (2022 US$7,143). The Company has determined that the undistributed profits of its subsidiaries will not be distributed in the foreseeable future. The Company has an agreement with its associate that the profits of the associate will not be distributed until it obtains the consent of the Company. The Company does not anticipate giving such consent at the reporting date. Furthermore, the Group will not distribute its profits until it obtains the consent of all venture partners.

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f) At December 31, 2023 the Company had the following tax balances:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023
(Cuenta de capital de aportación “CUCA”) | ​ | US$ | 330,378
(Cuenta de Utilidad Fiscal Neta “CUFIN”(1)) | ​ |  | 260,187

(1) The calculation comprises all the subsidiaries of the Company.

​

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has tax proceedings regarding uncertain tax positions by an amount of about US$76 million, associated to the deductibility of certain Company expenses during 2013, 2014 and 2015. The Company has filed legal administrative procedures. Volaris considers that has solid arguments to believe that it will not have adverse effects as such no adjustments have been considered. Nonetheless, until all stages in the procedures are exhausted in each proceeding, the Company cannot assure the achievement of a final favorable resolution.

​

21. Operating Revenues

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the revenues from contracts with customers is described as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At the flight time | ​ | At the sale |  | Total
Revenue recognition for the year ended December 31, 2023 |  | Domestic |  | International |  | Domestic |  | International |  | Revenues
Passenger Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fare Revenues |  | US$ | 1,027,699 | ​ | US$ | 622,588 |  | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | — |  | US$ | 1,650,287
Other Passenger Revenues |  | ​ | 901,331 | ​ | ​ | 551,075 | ​ | ​ | 12,964 | ​ |  | 7,867 |  | ​ | 1,473,237
​ |  | ​ | 1,929,030 | ​ | ​ | 1,173,663 | ​ | ​ | 12,964 | ​ | ​ | 7,867 | ​ | ​ | 3,123,524
Non-Passenger Revenues |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Other Non-Passenger revenues |  | ​ | 114,318 | ​ | ​ | 1,106 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — |  | ​ | 115,424
Cargo |  | ​ | 4,432 | ​ | ​ | 15,593 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — |  | ​ | 20,025
Total |  | US$ | 2,047,780 | ​ | US$ | 1,190,362 |  | US$ | 12,964 | ​ | US$ | 7,867 |  | US$ | 3,258,973

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At the flight time |  | At the sale | ​ | Total
Revenue recognition for the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Domestic |  | International |  | Domestic |  | International |  | Revenues
Passenger Revenues |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fare Revenues |  | US$ | 1,097,480 | ​ | US$ | 563,696 |  | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | — |  | US$ | 1,661,176
Other Passenger Revenues |  | ​ | 695,602 | ​ | ​ | 365,243 | ​ | ​ | 11,403 | ​ |  | 6,003 |  | ​ | 1,078,251
​ |  | ​ | 1,793,082 | ​ | ​ | 928,939 | ​ | ​ | 11,403 | ​ | ​ | 6,003 | ​ | ​ | 2,739,427
Non-Passenger Revenues |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Other Non-Passenger revenues |  | ​ | 92,088 | ​ | ​ | 889 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — |  | ​ | 92,977
Cargo |  | ​ | 13,171 | ​ | ​ | 1,615 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — |  | ​ | 14,786
Total |  | US$ | 1,898,341 | ​ | US$ | 931,443 |  | US$ | 11,403 | ​ | US$ | 6,003 |  | US$ | 2,847,190

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At the flight time |  | At the sale |  | Total
Revenue recognition for the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Domestic |  | International |  | Domestic |  | International |  | Revenues
Passenger Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fare Revenues |  | US$ | 860,143 | ​ | US$ | 405,837 |  | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | — |  | US$ | 1,265,980
Other Passenger Revenues |  | ​ | 707,368 | ​ |  | 151,261 |  | ​ | 6,700 | ​ | ​ | 1,615 |  |  | 866,944
​ |  | ​ | 1,567,511 | ​ |  | 557,098 |  | ​ | 6,700 | ​ |  | 1,615 |  |  | 2,132,924
Non-Passenger Revenues |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Other Non-Passenger revenues |  | ​ | 76,306 | ​ |  | 566 |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 76,872
Cargo |  | ​ | 11,410 | ​ |  | 472 |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  |  | 11,882
Total |  | US$ | 1,655,227 | ​ | US$ | 558,136 |  | US$ | 6,700 | ​ | US$ | 1,615 |  | US$ | 2,221,678
Non-derivative financial instruments |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (21,378)
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | US$ | 2,200,300

​

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Transactions from unearned transportation revenues

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
January 1, | ​ | US$ | 346,469 | ​ | US$ | 303,982
Deferred |  | ​ | 3,120,455 | ​ | ​ | 2,781,914
Recognized in revenue during the year |  | ​ | (3,123,524) | ​ | ​ | (2,739,427)
December 31, |  | US$ | 343,400 | ​ | US$ | 346,469

​

The performance obligations related to contract liability are recognized over the following 12 months and are related to the scheduled flights and other passenger services purchased by the client in advance.

​

22. Other operating income and expenses

An analysis of other operating income is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Gain on sale and leaseback (Note 12) | ​ | US$ | 8,275 | ​ | US$ | 21,193 | ​ | US$ | 9,668
Gain (loss) on sale of rotable spare parts, furniture and equipment and others | ​ | ​ | 3,540 | ​ | ​ | (1,645) | ​ | ​ | (122)
Other income | ​ |  | 42,895 | ​ |  | 5,518 | ​ |  | 1,212
​ | ​ | US$ | 54,710 | ​ | US$ | 25,066 | ​ | US$ | 10,758

​

An analysis of other operating expenses is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Administrative and operational support expenses | ​ | US$ | 110,556 | ​ | US$ | 49,431 | ​ | US$ | 37,042
Technology and communications | ​ |  | 29,651 | ​ |  | 25,708 | ​ |  | 21,296
Others | ​ | ​ | 17,996 | ​ | ​ | 15,756 | ​ | ​ | 92
Passenger services | ​ | ​ | 5,930 | ​ | ​ | 5,116 | ​ | ​ | 3,675
Insurance | ​ |  | 5,731 | ​ |  | 6,574 | ​ |  | 3,753
​ | ​ | US$ | 169,864 | ​ | US$ | 102,585 | ​ | US$ | 65,858

​

​

23. Finance income and cost

An analysis of finance income is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest on cash and equivalents | ​ | US$ | 32,461 | ​ | US$ | 12,036 | ​ | US$ | 2,872
Interest on recovery of guarantee deposits | ​ |  | 4,611 | ​ |  | 155 | ​ |  | 379
Interest on cash and equivalents held in the trust CIB/3249 | ​ |  | 1,150 | ​ |  | 711 | ​ |  | 280
​ | ​ | US$ | 38,222 | ​ | US$ | 12,902 | ​ | US$ | 3,531

​

An analysis of finance cost is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest expense on lease liabilities and aircraft and engine lease return obligation | ​ | US$ | 191,967 | ​ | US$ | 174,769 | ​ | US$ | 128,159
Interest on asset backed trust notes | ​ | ​ | 16,969 | ​ | ​ | 12,049 | ​ | ​ | 5,672
Cost of letter credit notes | ​ | ​ | 5,477 | ​ | ​ | 4,131 | ​ | ​ | 3,025
Interest on debts and borrowings(1) | ​ | ​ | 2,851 | ​ | ​ | 533 | ​ | ​ | 703
Other finance costs | ​ | ​ | 1,153 | ​ | ​ | 584 | ​ | ​ | 1,589
Derivative financial instruments loss | ​ |  | 579 | ​ |  | 161 | ​ |  | —
Bank fees and others | ​ | ​ | 347 | ​ | ​ | 308 | ​ | ​ | 226
​ | ​ | US$ | 219,343 | ​ | US$ | 192,535 | ​ | US$ | 139,374

(1) The borrowing costs related to the construction of qualifying assets are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset (Note 12). Interest expense not capitalized is related to the short-term working capital facility.

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​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest on debts and borrowings | ​ | US$ | 24,752 | ​ | US$ | 8,448 | ​ | US$ | 7,801
Capitalized interest (Note 12) | ​ |  | (21,901) | ​ |  | (7,915) | ​ |  | (7,098)
Net interest on debts and borrowing in the consolidated statements of operations | ​ | US$ | 2,851 | ​ | US$ | 533 | ​ | US$ | 703

​

​

24. Components of accumulated other comprehensive loss

| a. | An analysis of the accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Derivative and |  | Exchange |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Remeasurements | ​ | non-derivative | ​ | differences on | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | of employee | ​ | financial | ​ | the translation | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | benefits | ​ | instruments | ​ | of foreign operations | ​ | Total
Other comprehensive loss: |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |
Net balances as of December 31, 2021 |  | US$ | (721) |  | US$ | (365) | ​ | US$ | (148,124) | ​ | US$ | (149,210)
Comprehensive income of the year |  | ​ | 253 |  | ​ | 336 | ​ | ​ | 3,471 | ​ | ​ | 4,060
Expense income tax deferred |  | ​ | (79) |  | ​ | (80) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (159)
Balances as of December 31, 2022 | ​ | ​ | (547) | ​ | ​ | (109) | ​ | ​ | (144,653) | ​ | ​ | (145,309)
Comprehensive (loss) income of the year |  | ​ | (107) |  | ​ | (1,175) | ​ | ​ | 749 | ​ | ​ | (533)
Benefit income tax deferred |  | ​ | 32 |  | ​ | 362 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 394
Net balances as of December 31, 2023 |  | US$ | (622) |  | US$ | (922) | ​ | US$ | (143,904) | ​ | US$ | (145,448)

​

| b. | An analysis of the effects of the derivative and non- derivative financial instruments in other comprehensive (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Derivative and non-derivative financial instruments: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Extrinsic value of changes on jet fuel Asian call options | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | — | ​ | US$ | 601
Extrinsic value of changes on jet fuel Zero cost collars | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 484
(Loss) income of the interest rate Cap | ​ | ​ | (1,175) | ​ | ​ | 336 | ​ | ​ | (128)
​ | ​ | ​ | (1,175) | ​ | ​ | 336 | ​ | ​ | 957
Non derivative financial instruments(1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 79,076
Total | ​ | US$ | (1,175) | ​ | US$ | 336 | ​ | US$ | 80,033

(1) As of December 31, 2021, includes the effect of the discontinuation of the hedging strategies by US$109 million as described in Note 3b (i).

​

25. Commitments and contingencies

Aircraft related commitments and financing arrangements

Committed expenditures for aircraft purchase and related flight equipment related to the Airbus purchase agreement, including estimated amounts for contractual prices escalations and pre-delivery payments, will be as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Commitment
​ | ​ | expenditures in
​ | ​ | thousands of U.S.
​ |  | dollars
2024 |  | US$ | 280,818
2025 |  | ​ | 711,112
2026 |  | ​ | 1,408,871
2027 | ​ | ​ | 1,123,329
2028 and thereafter |  | ​ | 3,065,774
​ |  | US$ | 6,589,904

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All aircraft acquired by the Company through the Airbus purchase agreement through December 31, 2023, have been executed through sale and leaseback transactions.

In addition, we have commitments to execute sale and leaseback over the next two years. The estimated proceeds from these commitments are as follows:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Aircraft sale prices estimated
​ | ​ | in thousands of U.S. dollars
2024 | ​ | US$ | 626,500
2025 | ​ | ​ | 821,000
​ | ​ | US$ | 1,447,500

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For future aircraft deliveries the Company will review the lease and financing structure applicable based on the then current market conditions.

The future lease payments for these non-cancellable sale and leaseback contracts are as follows:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Aircraft leases
​ | ​ | in thousands of U.S.
​ |  | dollars
2024 | ​ | US$ | 19,440
2025 | ​ |  | 84,730
2026 | ​ |  | 96,869
2027 | ​ |  | 96,869
2028 and thereafter | ​ |  | 864,521
​ | ​ | US$ | 1,162,429

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Purchase of additional A320 New Engine Option (“NEO”) family aircraft

On December 28, 2017, the Company amended the agreement with Airbus, S.A.S. (“Airbus”) for the purchase of additional 80 A320NEO family aircraft to be delivered from 2022 to 2026, which was further amended in July 2020 to reschedule the deliveries between 2023 and 2028. Additionally, in November 2021 the Company entered into a new amendment to the referred agreement to purchase 39 additional A320 New Engine Option (“NEO”) Family Aircraft to be delivered between 2023 and 2029, in addition to the acquisition of these 39 aircraft, the Company exercised its rights under the purchase agreement with Airbus to convert 19 aircraft from A320NEO to A321neo aircraft of its current order, all to support the Company’s targeted growth markets in Mexico, United States, Central America and South America.

On October 10th, 2022, the Company executed an amendment to our existing Airbus purchase agreement for the purchase of 25 A32NEO aircraft, all to be delivered in 2030.

Litigation

The Company is a party to legal proceedings and claims that arise during the ordinary course of business. Certain proceedings are considered possible obligations. Based on the plaintiffs’ claims, as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 these possible contingencies amount to a total of US$29.4 million (US$2.8 related to legal matters, US$6.1 related to labor matters and US$20.5 related to other contributions matters), US$7.8 million and US$8.0 million, respectively.

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26. Operating segments

The Company is managed as a single business unit that provides air transportation services. The Company has two geographic segments identified below:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating revenues: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Domestic (Mexico) | ​ | US$ | 2,060,744 | ​ | US$ | 1,909,744 | ​ | US$ | 1,661,927
International: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
United States of America | ​ |  | 931,184 | ​ |  | 758,609 | ​ |  | 509,976
Central America and South America | ​ | ​ | 267,045 | ​ | ​ | 178,837 | ​ | ​ | 49,775
Non-derivative financial instruments | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (21,378)
Total operating revenues | ​ | US$ | 3,258,973 | ​ | US$ | 2,847,190 | ​ | US$ | 2,200,300

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Revenues are allocated by geographic segments based upon the origin-destination of each flight. The Company does not have material non-current assets located in foreign countries.

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27. Subsequent events

Subsequent to December 31, 2023, and through April 29, 2024:

a.On March 6, 2024, the US Securities and Exchange Commission adopted final rules mandating registrants to disclose specific climate-related information. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of these regulations on its reporting practices.

b.On March 15, 2024, the Company made a second investment of US$1,367 by purchasing 109,386 shares of common stock in CleanJoule, Inc.

c.On April 09, 2024, the International Accounting Standards Board issued IFRS 18 “Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statement”. The new IFRS accounting standard introduces new requirements for presentation and disclosure in financial statements, with a particular focus on improving the reporting of financial performance. IFRS 18 will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027. Early adoption is permitted.

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