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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

9. Income Taxes

During the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded approximately $13.8 million and $6.6 million of income tax expense, respectively. The effective tax rate (“ETR”) for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was 26.9% compared to a 40.0% ETR for the same period in 2017.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded approximately $40.6 million and $41.4 million of income tax expense, respectively. The ETR for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was 24.7% compared to a 37.0% ETR for the same period in 2017.

In arriving at these rates, the Company considers a variety of factors including the forecasted full year pre-tax results, the U.S. federal tax rate, expected non-deductible expenses, and estimated state income taxes. The Company’s final ETR for the full year will be dependent on the level of pre-tax income, discrete items, the apportionment of taxable income among state tax jurisdictions and the extent of non-deductible expenses in relation to pre-tax income.

Income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 included a net debit for discrete items of $0.2 million driven by an income tax accrual adjustment of $0.9 million relating to return to provision true ups for federal and state jurisdictions, offset by excess tax benefits of $0.7 million resulting from stock-based compensation awards that were exercised during the third quarter in 2018, which thereby increased the current quarter’s ETR by 0.4 percent. Income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017 included a net credit for discrete items of $0.2 million relating to prior year return to provision true ups for federal and state jurisdictions.

Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 included a net credit of $2.0 million driven by the excess tax benefits of $3.3 million resulting from stock-based compensation awards that vested and/or were exercised during that period, offset by an income tax accrual adjustment of $0.9 million relating to return to provision true ups for federal and state jurisdictions and other miscellaneous items of $0.4 million, which thereby decreased the year-to-date ETR by 1.3 percentage points. The prior year’s discrete items for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were $0.8 million for excess tax benefits resulting from stock-based compensation awards that vested and/or were exercised during that period, and a credit to income tax expense of $1.2 million resulting from anticipated recoveries of income taxes paid for the 2014-2015 tax years.

The Company’s income tax provision reflects an estimated annual ETR of 26.0% for 2018, calculated before the impact of discrete items. The statutory tax rate consists of a federal income tax rate of 21% and a state income tax rate, net of federal benefit, of 3.7%.

The Company files its tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. As of September 30, 2018, the Company’s 2015 through 2017 tax years are still subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and various tax years remain open to examination in certain state jurisdictions. In February 2018, the Company received notification from the IRS with respect to an examination of the 2015 tax return. During the third quarter in 2018, the IRS completed its examination of the Company for the 2015 tax year and issued a final Revenue Agent Report with no adjustments.