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Investments
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investments Investments
Available-for-Sale Securities
The following table provides the amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities as of the dates presented (in thousands):
March 31, 2023
Amortized
Cost
Allowance for Expected Credit LossesGross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
Debt Securities:
  U.S. government obligations and agencies$16,840 $— $100 $(763)$16,177 
  Corporate bonds782,613 (622)366 (79,506)702,851 
  Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities319,916 — 200 (35,669)284,447 
  Municipal bonds16,149 (2)15 (2,082)14,080 
  Redeemable preferred stock10,860 (187)— (1,673)9,000 
Total$1,146,378 $(811)$681 $(119,693)$1,026,555 

December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost
Allowance for Expected Credit LossesGross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
Debt Securities:
  U.S. government obligations and agencies$12,602 $— $— $(938)$11,664 
  Corporate bonds788,737 (729)130 (93,077)695,061 
  Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities327,166 — 148 (39,707)287,607 
  Municipal bonds14,924 (2)— (2,551)12,371 
  Redeemable preferred stock9,423 (189)— (1,311)7,923 
Total$1,152,852 $(920)$278 $(137,584)$1,014,626 

The following table provides the credit quality of available-for-sale debt securities with contractual maturities as of the dates presented (dollars in thousands):
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Average Credit RatingsFair Value% of Total
 Fair Value
Fair Value% of Total
 Fair Value
AAA$304,913 29.7 %$297,475 29.3 %
AA158,404 15.4 %154,975 15.3 %
A334,519 32.6 %327,427 32.3 %
BBB227,056 22.1 %232,316 22.9 %
No Rating Available1,663 0.2 %2,433 0.2 %
   Total$1,026,555 100.0 %$1,014,626 100.0 %

The table above includes credit quality ratings by Standard and Poor’s Rating Services, Inc. (“S&P”), Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Fitch Ratings, Inc. The Company has presented the highest rating of the three rating agencies for each investment position.
The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities as of the dates presented (in thousands):
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost
Fair ValueAmortized
Cost
Fair Value
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency$159,078 $137,987 $157,672 $133,928 
Non-agency60,159 50,711 60,328 50,478 
Asset-backed securities:
Auto loan receivables54,531 52,351 62,128 59,370 
Credit card receivables1,657 1,618 657 612 
Other receivables44,491 41,780 46,381 43,219 
Total$319,916 $284,447 $327,166 $287,607 
The following tables summarize available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by major security type and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, for which no allowance for expected credit losses has been recorded as of the dates presented (in thousands):
March 31, 2023
Less Than 12 Months12 Months or Longer
Number of
Issues
Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
Number of
Issues
Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
Debt Securities:
U.S. government obligations and agencies$523 $(1)$11,816 $(762)
Corporate bonds22 20,332 (421)258 319,002 (39,830)
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities36 39,815 (1,073)172 227,174 (34,596)
Municipal bonds— — — 6,900 (1,179)
Redeemable preferred stock489 (69)101 (45)
Total61 $61,159 $(1,564)440 $564,993 $(76,412)

December 31, 2022
Less Than 12 Months12 Months or Longer
Number of
Issues
Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
Number of
Issues
Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
Debt Securities:
U.S. government obligations and agencies$2,721 $(110)$8,943 $(828)
Corporate bonds40 26,563 (2,910)247 325,992 (46,451)
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities64 52,751 (2,974)146 219,189 (36,733)
Municipal bonds— — — 6,621 (1,458)
Redeemable preferred stock95 (51)— — — 
Total107 $82,130 $(6,045)401 $560,745 $(85,470)

Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities in the above table as of March 31, 2023 have not been recognized into income as credit losses because the issuers are of high credit quality (investment grade securities), management does not intend to sell nor does it believe it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery, and the decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions. There were no material factors impacting any one category or specific security requiring an accrual for credit loss. The issuers continue to make principal and interest payments on the bonds. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach maturity.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for expected credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities (in thousands):
Corporate BondsMunicipal BondsRedeemable
 Preferred Stock
Total
Balance, December 31, 2021$371 $$117 $489 
Provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense358 72 431 
Balance, December 31, 2022729 189 920 
Provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense(107)— (2)(109)
Balance, March 31, 2023$622 $$187 $811 

For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or is more likely than not, that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by rating agencies, market sentiment and trends and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other quantitative and qualitative factors utilized for establishing an estimate for credit losses. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present values of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense and are reported in general and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes an available-for-sale debt security is confirmed as uncollected or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of investments with maturities as of the date presented (in thousands):
March 31, 2023
Amortized CostFair Value
Due in one year or less$102,455 $100,102 
Due after one year through five years558,902 512,244 
Due after five years through ten years457,242 391,643 
Due after ten years23,977 19,370 
Perpetual maturity securities3,802 3,196 
Total$1,146,378 $1,026,555 

All securities, except those with perpetual maturities, were categorized in the table above utilizing years to effective maturity. Effective maturity takes into consideration all forms of potential prepayment, such as call features or prepayment schedules, that shorten the lifespan of contractual maturity dates.
The following table provides certain information related to available-for-sale debt securities, equity securities and investment in real estate during the periods presented (in thousands):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Proceeds from sales and maturities (fair value):
  Available-for-sale debt securities $30,855 $25,306 
  Equity securities$2,789 $14,932 
Gross realized gains on sale of securities:
  Available-for-sale debt securities $$
  Equity securities$54 $324 
Gross realized losses on sale of securities:
  Available-for-sale debt securities$(706)$(270)
  Equity securities $(141)$(2)
The following table presents the components of net investment income, comprised primarily of interest and dividends, for the periods presented (in thousands):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Available-for-sale debt securities$5,870 $4,067 
Equity securities1,053 535 
Cash and cash equivalents (1)4,203 22 
Other (2)141 128 
  Total investment income11,267 4,752 
Less: Investment expenses (3)(569)(710)
  Net investment income$10,698 $4,042 
(1)
Includes interest earned on restricted cash and cash equivalents.
(2)
Includes investment income earned on real estate investments.
(3)
Includes custodial fees, investment accounting and advisory fees, and expenses associated with real estate investments.

Equity Securities
The following table provides the unrealized gains and losses recognized for the periods presented on equity securities still held at the end of the reported period (in thousands):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the reported period on equity securities still held at the end of the reported period$503 $(3,353)
Investment Real Estate
Investment real estate consisted of the following as of the dates presented (in thousands):
March 31,December 31,
20232022
Income Producing:
Investment real estate$7,097 $7,097 
Less: Accumulated depreciation(1,432)(1,386)
Investment real estate, net$5,665 $5,711 
The following table provides the depreciation expense related to investment real estate for the periods presented (in thousands):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
Depreciation expense on investment real estate$46 $46