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Note 15 - Stock Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Oct. 31, 2021
Notes to Financial Statements |
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Text Block] | 15. Stock Plans There were no stock option grants during the years ended October 31, 2021 or 2020. The fair value of option awards is established at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for the year ended October 31, 2019: risk free interest rate of 1.99%; dividend yield of zero; historical volatility factor of the expected market price of our common stock of 0.56; a weighted-average expected life of the option of 7.98 years; and an estimated forfeiture rate of 7.84%. For the years ended October 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, total stock-based compensation expense was $7.7 million($5.2 million post tax), $2.8 million, ($2.6 million post tax) and $0.7 million, respectively. Included in this total stock-based compensation expense was expense from stock options of $0.2 million, $0.4 million, and $0.8 million for the years ended October 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The total stock-based compensation expense for the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 includes income of $2.4 million and $2.6 million, respectively, from previously recognized expense of certain time and performance based restricted stock grants for which the performance metrics were not or are no longer expected to be satisfied. We have a stock incentive plan for certain officers and key employees and directors. Beginning in fiscal 2020, restricted share units are granted by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors or its delegate in accordance with the stock incentive plan. At the time of our annual stock grant in the third quarter of fiscal years 2021 and 2020, each of the five of our existing non-employee directors of the Company were granted a number of shares of restricted stock units subject to a two-year post-vesting holding period, based on the fair market value on the date of grant. Prior to fiscal 2020, options were granted by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors or its delegate in accordance with the stock incentive plan. The exercise price of all stock options must be at least equal to the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of the grant. Stock options granted to officers and associates generally vest in four equal installments on the second, third, fourth and fifth anniversaries of the date of the grant. All options expire 10 years after the date of the grant. Non-employee directors’ stock options and restricted stock units vest in three equal installments on the first, second and third anniversaries of the date of the grant. Stock option transactions are summarized as follows:
|  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average |  |  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average |  |  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average |
|  | 2021 |  |  | Exercise Price |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Exercise Price |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Exercise Price |
Options outstanding at beginning of period |  |  | 289,391 |  |  | $ | 47.02 |  |  |  | 331,481 |  |  | $ | 53.93 |  |  |  | 278,569 |  |  | $ | 73.76 |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 110,975 |  |  | $ | 9.44 |
Exercised |  |  | 77,607 |  |  | $ | 35.30 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |
Forfeited |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | $ | 14.80 |  |  |  | 6,560 |  |  | $ | 26.24 |  |  |  | 2,038 |  |  | $ | 53.96 |
Expired |  |  | 3,900 |  |  | $ | 48.03 |  |  |  | 35,530 |  |  | $ | 115.28 |  |  |  | 56,025 |  |  | $ | 64.41 |
Options outstanding at end of period |  |  | 206,234 |  |  | $ | 51.67 |  |  |  | 289,391 |  |  | $ | 47.02 |  |  |  | 331,481 |  |  | $ | 53.93 |
Options exercisable at end of period |  |  | 125,528 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 145,553 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 147,019 |  |  |  |  |
Exercise prices for options outstanding at October 31, 2021 ranged from $7.85 to $157.00. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during fiscal 2021 was $4.8 million. The intrinsic value of a stock option is the amount by which the market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option. There were no options exercised in fiscal 2020 or fiscal 2019. The weighted-average fair value of grants made in fiscal 2019 was $4.46 per share. Based on the fair value at the time they were granted, the weighted-average fair value of options vested in fiscal 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $8.82, $25.34 and $36.07 per share, respectively. The following table summarizes the exercise price range and related number of options outstanding at October 31, 2021:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |
|  |  |  |  |  | Weighted- |  |  | Remaining |
|  | Number |  |  | Average |  |  | Contractual |
Range of Exercise Prices |  | Outstanding |  |  | Exercise Price |  |  | Life |
$7.85 – $38.75 |  |  | 74,387 |  |  | $ | 9.51 |  |  |  | 7.56 |
$42.50 – $63.75 |  |  | 74,701 |  |  | $ | 54.14 |  |  |  | 5.07 |
$66.75 – $100.25 |  |  | 32,500 |  |  | $ | 71.60 |  |  |  | 0.74 |
$110.25 – $157.00 |  |  | 24,646 |  |  | $ | 145.15 |  |  |  | 1.83 |
|  |  | 206,234 |  |  | $ | 51.67 |  |  |  | 4.90 |
The following table summarizes the exercise price range and related number of exercisable options at October 31, 2021:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |
|  |  |  |  |  | Weighted- |  |  | Remaining |
|  | Number |  |  | Average |  |  | Contractual |
Range of Exercise Prices |  | Exercisable |  |  | Exercise Price |  |  | Life |
$7.85 – $38.75 |  |  | 19,464 |  |  | $ | 9.52 |  |  |  | 7.39 |
$42.50 – $63.75 |  |  | 48,918 |  |  | $ | 51.74 |  |  |  | 4.30 |
$66.75 – $100.25 |  |  | 32,500 |  |  | $ | 71.60 |  |  |  | 0.74 |
$110.25 – $157.00 |  |  | 24,646 |  |  | $ | 145.15 |  |  |  | 1.83 |
|  |  | 125,528 |  |  | $ | 68.68 |  |  |  | 3.37 |
Officers and key associates who are eligible to receive equity grants are granted shares of restricted stock units. Shares underlying restricted stock units granted to officers and associates generally vest in four equal installments on the anniversaries of the grant date. Prior to fiscal 2020, officers and key associates who were eligible to receive equity grants could elect to receive either a stated number of stock options, or a reduced number of shares of restricted stock units, or a combination thereof. Shares underlying restricted stock units granted to officers and associates generally vest in four equal installments on the second, third, fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date. Participants aged 60 years or older, or aged 58 with 15 years of service, are eligible to vest in their equity awards on an accelerated basis on their retirement (which in the case of the restricted stock units only applies to a retirement that is at least one year after the date of grant). During the years ended October 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we granted 25,499 (including 8,199 units to certain of our non-employee directors), 142,231 (including 36,731 units to certain of our non-employee directors), and 107,650 (including 103,612 units to certain of our non-employee directors) restricted stock units, respectively, and also issued 13,732, 11,503 and 8,380 units, relating to awards granted in prior fiscal years, respectively. During the years ended October 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, 4,875, 5,567 and 656 restricted stock units were forfeited, respectively. For the years ended October 31, 2021 and 2020, total compensation cost recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the annual restricted stock unit grants, market share unit grants and performance share units (both discussed below), and the stock portion of the long-term incentive plan (also discussed below) was $7.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively. For the year ended October 31, 2019, total compensation cost recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the annual restricted stock unit grants, market share unit grants (discussed below), and the stock portion of the long-term incentive plan (also discussed below) was income of $0.2 million. In addition to nonvested share awards summarized in the following tables, there were 76,311, 60,446 and 33,643 vested share awards at October 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which were deferred and not yet issued. A summary of the Company’s nonvested Time-Based share awards for the years ended October 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 are as follows:
|  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date |  |  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date |  |  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date |
|  | 2021 |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Fair Value |
Nonvested Time-Based at beginning of period |  |  | 288,865 |  |  | $ | 19.88 |  |  |  | 231,210 |  |  | $ | 23.01 |  |  |  | 105,594 |  |  | $ | 61.77 |
Granted |  |  | 50,187 |  |  | $ | 85.72 |  |  |  | 142,231 |  |  | $ | 19.48 |  |  |  | 164,050 |  |  | $ | 7.66 |
Vested |  |  | 104,253 |  |  | $ | 24.33 |  |  |  | 62,309 |  |  | $ | 17.04 |  |  |  | 21,329 |  |  | $ | 45.52 |
Forfeited |  |  | 4,875 |  |  | $ | 26.84 |  |  |  | 22,267 |  |  | $ | 57.81 |  |  |  | 17,106 |  |  | $ | 86.96 |
Nonvested Time-Based at end of period |  |  | 229,924 |  |  | $ | 26.51 |  |  |  | 288,865 |  |  | $ | 19.88 |  |  |  | 231,210 |  |  | $ | 23.01 |
A summary of the Company’s nonvested Performance-Based share awards for the years ended October 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 are as follows:
|  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date |  |  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date |  |  | October 31, |  |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date |
|  | 2021 |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Fair Value |
Nonvested Performance-Based at beginning of period |  |  | 294,472 |  |  | $ | 24.64 |  |  |  | 136,316 |  |  | $ | 44.22 |  |  |  | 101,407 |  |  | $ | 69.28 |
Granted |  |  | 104,467 |  |  | $ | 72.68 |  |  |  | 183,825 |  |  | $ | 15.11 |  |  |  | 56,400 |  |  | $ | 10.10 |
Vested |  |  | 47,002 |  |  | $ | 68.52 |  |  |  | 4,284 |  |  | $ | 57.22 |  |  |  | 8,655 |  |  | $ | 42.69 |
Forfeited |  |  | 954 |  |  | $ | 67.00 |  |  |  | 21,385 |  |  | $ | 70.44 |  |  |  | 12,836 |  |  | $ | 93.31 |
Nonvested Performance-Based at end of period |  |  | 350,983 |  |  | $ | 35.60 |  |  |  | 294,472 |  |  | $ | 24.64 |  |  |  | 136,316 |  |  | $ | 44.22 |
Included in the above table are awards for the share portion of long-term incentive plans (“LTIPs”), and other share awards for certain officers and associates, which are performance based plans. These amounts include adjustments for performance outcomes where the difference between target at the time of grant and the final share awards based on achievement of the performance metrics are reflected through adjustments in the "Granted" line in the above table at the time the performance is finalized. LTIP shares vest in the third, fourth and fifth fiscal years after grant date, subject to certain performance metrics. Included in the tables above are 186,136 target Performance-based Performance Share Units (“PSUs”), which were granted to certain officers in fiscal years 2021 and 2020. The PSUs vest in four equal installments commencing on the second, third, fourth and fifth anniversary of the grant date, except that no portion of the award will vest unless the Committee determines that the Company achieved specified revenue goals. The fair value of the PSU grants is determined using the Finnerty model, which uses an arithmetic average strike, put option. The strike price is based on the predetermined period average value of the underlying asset. The following assumptions were used for 2021 PSU grants: historical volatility factor of the expected market price of our common stock of 112.44% for the two-year period ending on the valuation date, and the concluded risk free rate assumption of 0.16% equals the continuously compounded two-year yield, and dividend yield of zero. The following assumptions were used for 2020 PSU grants: historical volatility factor of the expected market price of our common stock of 108.15% for the two-year period ending on the valuation date, and the concluded risk free rate assumption of 0.19% equals the continuously compounded two-year yield, and dividend yield of zero. Also included in the tables above are 55,050 target Time-based and 67,025 Performance-based Market Share Units (“MSUs”) of which 42,300 of Time-based and 56,400 Performance-based were granted to certain officers in fiscal 2019. There were no MSUs granted in fiscal 2021 and 2020. MSU grants from fiscal years 2015 through 2018 were reduced by 16,700 Time-based and 20,350 Performance-based MSUs in fiscal 2020, as certain performance conditions at measurement periods were not met and only a portion of the shares were vested, resulting in the reversal of $2.4 million of expense during the period. Fifty percent of the MSUs will vest in four equal annual installments, commencing on the second anniversary of the grant date subject to stock price performance conditions, pursuant to which the actual number of shares issuable with respect to vested MSUs may range from 0% to 200% of the target number of shares covered by the MSU awards, generally depending on the growth in the 60-day average trading price of the Company’s shares during the period between the grant date and the relevant vesting dates. The remaining fifty percent of the MSUs are also subject to financial performance conditions in addition to the stock price performance conditions applicable to all MSUs. These additional performance-based MSUs vest in four equal installments with the first installment vesting on January 1, three years after the MSU grant date (for example, January 1, 2022 for the 2019 MSU grant) and the remaining annual installments commencing on the third anniversary of the grant date, except that no portion of the award will vest unless the Committee determines that the Company achieved (1) for the 2019 MSU grants, specified community count improvement (as to 25% of the MSU amount) and pre-tax profit (as to 25% of the MSU amount) goals comparing the fiscal year of the grant date and the second fiscal year following the grant date (fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019), (2) for the 2017 and 2016 MSU grants, specified gross margin improvement (as to 25% of the MSU amount) and debt reduction (as to 25% of the MSU amount) goals comparing the fiscal year of the grant date and the second fiscal year following the grant date (fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2018). The fair value of the MSU grants is determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation model, which simulates a range of possible future stock prices and estimates the probabilities of the potential payouts. This model uses the average closing trading price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange over the 60-calendar day period ending on the grant date. This model also incorporates the following ranges of assumptions:
| ● | The expected volatility is based on our stock’s historical volatility commensurate with the life 2 years, 2.6 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5 years.
| ● | The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rate assumption ranging from 2-5 years.
| ● | The expected dividend yield is not applicable since we do not currently pay dividends.
The following assumptions were used for 2019 MSU grants: historical volatility factor of the expected market price of our common stock of 62.51%, 59.60%, 57.04%, 60.03% and 56.86% for the 2 year, 2.6 year, 3 year, 4 year and 5 year vesting tranches, respectively and the concluded risk free rate assumptions of 1.80% and 1.81% equals the continuously compounded 2.55 year and 4 year yield, respectively and dividend yield of zero for all time periods. Based on the terms of our equity compensation plans, awards that are forfeited become available to us for future grants under the plan. As of October 31, 2021, we had 0.3 million shares authorized and remaining for future issuance under our equity compensation plans. In addition, as of October 31, 2021, there were $12.5 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

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