
	2025		2024		2023
Current
Federal	$	6.3	$	3.4	$	26.4
State and local		1.3		1.2		1.6
Non-United States		2.7		1.5		1.6
Total Current	$	10.3	$	6.1	$	29.6

Deferred
Federal	$	(9.1)	$	0.5	$	(6.6)
State and local		(0.4)		(1.3)		3.9
Non-United States		(0.2)		(1.2)		(1.0)
Total Deferred	$	(9.7)	$	(2.0)	$	(3.7)

Total Current and Deferred	$	0.6	$	4.1	$	25.9


	2025			2024			2023
Computed federal statutory provision		21.0	%		21.0	%		21.0	%
State income tax provision, net of federal income tax benefit		(66.5)			(3.0)			4.6
Difference in effective tax rates on earnings of foreign subsidiaries		(61.4)			(0.1)			0.2

GILTI inclusion		—			0.1			0.4
Foreign derived intangible income deduction		—			—			(1.7)

Various tax credits		62.1			(6.6)			(1.5)
Valuation allowances, excluding state		93.8			2.9			—
Uncertain positions		40.7			0.4			(0.8)
Transaction costs		—			12.0			—

Equity and other compensation		51.6			(3.7)			1.9
Section 162(m) limitation		(83.5)			6.0			1.0
Return to provision and other adjustments		(132.8)			(5.1)			(1.3)
Permanent differences		29.0			1.3			(0.6)
Other, net		(0.2)			0.1			(0.2)
Effective tax rates		(46.2)	%		25.3	%		23.0	%
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	0.6		$	4.1		$	25.9

The Company assesses foreign investment levels periodically to determine if all or a portion of the Company’s investments in foreign subsidiaries are indefinitely invested. The Company is permanently reinvested in certain foreign subsidiaries representing a portion of the Company's investments in foreign subsidiaries. Any required adjustment to the income tax provision would be reflected in the period that the Company changes this assessment. As of May 31, 2025, there have been no adjustments to the income tax provision related to unremitted earnings.


	2025		2024
Deferred tax assets:
Tax uniform capitalization	$	12.2	$	8.9
Prepublication expenses		3.0		2.0
Inventory reserves		21.8		22.7
Allowance for credit losses		1.8		1.8
Deferred revenue		6.2		5.7
Stock based compensation		5.9		4.8
Other reserves		4.4		5.4
Postretirement, post employment and pension obligations		1.6		1.9
Tax carryforwards		32.4		30.1
Lease liabilities		27.7		28.7
Other		15.0		15.9
Gross deferred tax assets	$	132.0	$	127.9
Valuation allowance		(17.1)		(19.9)
Total deferred tax assets	$	114.9	$	108.0
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization		(53.9)		(41.1)
Lease right-of-use assets		(24.4)		(25.5)
Research and development costs capitalized		(8.3)		(14.2)
Other		(3.7)		(4.1)
Total deferred tax liability	$	(90.3)	$	(84.9)
Total net deferred tax assets (1)	$	24.6	$	23.1

(1) Total net deferred tax assets includes $10.1 of deferred tax liabilities that were recorded in Other noncurrent liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet primarily due to foreign jurisdictions that cannot be netted.

The Company regularly assesses the realizability of deferred tax assets considering all available evidence including, to the extent applicable, the nature, frequency and severity of prior cumulative losses, forecasts of future taxable income, tax filing status, duration of statutory carryforward periods, tax planning strategies and historical experience. For the fiscal years ended May 31, 2025 and 2024, the valuation allowance decreased by $2.8 and increased by $1.8, respectively.

The Company has gross federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $1.6, $60.8 and $103.1, respectively, and tax effected federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $0.4, $3.4 and $25.2, respectively, for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025. In addition, the Company has certain tax carryforwards related to tax credits of $3.2, which have various expiration dates between 2029 and 2035, and charitable contributions of $0.3 for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025. The federal net operating loss can be carried forward indefinitely, however the deduction is limited to 80% of taxable income in the carryforward year. Certain state net operating loss carryforwards, if not utilized, expire at various times, primarily between fiscal year 2026 and fiscal year 2044. Certain foreign net operating loss carryforwards, if not utilized, also expire at various times. Approximately half of the foreign net operating loss carryforwards expire between fiscal year 2026 and fiscal year 2044 and the remaining carryforwards do not have an expiration date.

The benefits of uncertain tax positions are recorded in the financial statements only after determining a more likely-than-not probability that the uncertain tax positions will withstand challenge, if any, from taxing authorities, in which case such benefits are included in long-term income taxes payable and reduced by the associated federal deduction for state taxes and non-U.S. tax credits. The interest and penalties related to these uncertain tax positions are recorded as part of the Company’s income tax expense and constitute part of Other noncurrent liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits at May 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were $1.2, excluding $0.3 accrued for interest and penalties, $1.8, excluding $0.3 accrued for interest and penalties, and $2.0, excluding $0.1 accrued for interest and penalties, respectively. Of the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits at May 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, $1.2, $1.8 and $2.0, respectively, would impact the Company’s effective tax rate.

During the years presented, the Company recognized interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for taxes in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company recognized a benefit of less than $0.1, an expense of $0.1, and a benefit of $0.1 for the years ended May 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.


Gross unrecognized benefits at May 31, 2022	$	3.1
Decreases related to prior year tax positions		(1.7)
Increase related to prior year tax positions		0.1
Increases related to current year tax positions		0.5
Settlements during the period		—
Lapse of statute of limitation		—
Gross unrecognized benefits at May 31, 2023	$	2.0
Decreases related to prior year tax positions		(0.8)
Increase related to prior year tax positions		0.7
Increases related to current year tax positions		0.1
Settlements during the period		(0.2)
Lapse of statute of limitation		—
Gross unrecognized benefits at May 31, 2024	$	1.8
Decreases related to prior year tax positions		—
Increase related to prior year tax positions		0.1
Increases related to current year tax positions		0.1
Settlements during the period		—
Lapse of statute of limitation		(0.8)
Gross unrecognized benefits at May 31, 2025	$	1.2

The Company, including its domestic subsidiaries, files a consolidated U.S. income tax return, and also files tax returns in various states and other local jurisdictions. Also, certain subsidiaries of the Company file income tax returns in foreign jurisdictions. The Company is routinely audited by various tax authorities. The Company was previously under audit for the fiscal 2015 through fiscal 2020 tax years and the examination was completed in fiscal 2023 with no impact to the financial results. The fiscal 2021 through 2024 tax years remain subject to audit.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has issued Pillar Two model rules introducing a new global minimum tax of 15% on foreign profits of large multinational corporations intended to be effective in 2024. The United States has not yet adopted Pillar Two rules, however, many countries and jurisdictions have agreed to the proposal by the OECD. As part of the Company's ongoing assessment of the OECD's Pillar Two global minimum tax framework, a comprehensive review was conducted of the Company's global tax position to evaluate the potential impact on its effective tax rate. Based on this analysis, the Company determined the impact of Pillar Two to be immaterial to its financial statements.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted in the U.S. The OBBBA makes key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act permanent, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing and the business interest expense limitation. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with no provisions effective for the Company's fiscal year ended May 31, 2025. The Company is currently assessing the impact on its consolidated financial statements for future periods.

The Company is subject to tax examinations for sales-based taxes. A number of these examinations are ongoing and, in certain cases, have resulted in assessments from taxing authorities. The Company assesses sales tax contingencies for each jurisdiction in which it operates, considering all relevant facts including statutes, regulations, case law and experience. Where a sales tax liability in respect to a jurisdiction is probable and can be reliably estimated for such jurisdiction, the Company has made accruals for these matters which are reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. These amounts are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements in Selling, general and administrative expenses. Future developments relating to the foregoing could result in adjustments being made to these accruals. During fiscal 2023, the Company recognized a benefit of $1.8 related to a favorable settlement of certain legacy sales tax matters.