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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
The Company grants stock-based compensation to employees, officers and non-employee directors, as well as consultants and advisors of the Company and its subsidiaries under its Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Award Plan (the "2019 Plan") which provides for the award of stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), performance-based stock awards ("PSAs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance-based stock units ("PSUs") and other stock- or cash-based awards.

At the Company's annual meeting of stockholders held on May 25, 2022, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the 2019 Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company's common stock authorized for issuance under
the 2019 Plan by 10.0 million shares.

Executive Equity Arrangements

Inducement Awards

In connection with his appointment as President and Chief Executive Officer of Ribbon on March 16, 2020, the Company awarded Bruce McClelland sign-on equity grants, comprised of RSUs and a PSU grant with both market and service conditions (the "Inducement PSUs").

Performance-Based Stock Grants

In addition to granting RSAs and RSUs to its executives and certain of its employees, the Company also grants PSUs to certain of its executives and certain other employees. Vesting periods for RSAs, RSUs, and PSUs granted range from one to three years. PSUs granted consist of 60% that have both performance and service conditions (the "Performance PSUs") and 40% that have both market and service conditions (the "Market PSUs"). Each Performance PSU is comprised of three consecutive fiscal year performance periods beginning in the year of grant, with one-third of the Performance PSUs attributable to each fiscal year performance period. The Market PSUs have one three-year performance period, beginning January 1 in the year of grant and ending on December 31, three years thereafter. The number of shares of common stock underlying the PSUs that can be earned will not exceed 200% of the Performance or Market PSUs. Shares subject to PSUs that fail to be earned will be forfeited.

Restricted Stock Units

The activity related to the Company's RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2022 was as follows:
SharesWeighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Unvested balance at January 1, 20225,389,611 $6.19 
Granted6,096,248 $3.09 
Vested(3,075,543)$5.87 
Forfeited(760,569)$5.05 
Unvested balance at December 31, 20227,649,747 $3.96 

The total grant date fair value of restricted stock underlying RSUs that vested was $18.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, $12.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 and $11.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2020.

Performance-Based Stock Units
The activity related to the Company's PSUs for the year ended December 31, 2022 was as follows:
SharesWeighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Unvested balance at January 1, 20224,987,876 $2.87 
Granted2,228,073 $3.27 
Vested(179,184)$5.02 
Forfeited(383,262)$7.82 
Unvested balance at December 31, 20226,653,503 $2.52 

The total grant date fair value of restricted stock underlying PSUs that vested was $0.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, $1.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 and $1.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2020.
Stock-Based Compensation

The consolidated statements of operations included stock-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 as follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,
202220212020
Product cost of revenue$471 $313 $174 
Service cost of revenue2,157 1,684 701 
Research and development5,108 4,253 2,968 
Sales and marketing6,074 7,218 4,129 
General and administrative4,897 5,950 5,927 
$18,707 $19,418 $13,899 
There was an income tax benefit for employee stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. At December 31, 2022, there was $23.0 million, net of expected forfeitures, of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs and PSUs. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately two years. The Company issues authorized and unissued shares under its equity plans and at December 31, 2022, there were 5,027,305 total shares of common stock reserved for that purpose with 105,495 of those shares authorized only for issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options.