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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in United States dollars, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”).
Private Placement Offering | Private Placement Offering On March 28, 2023, the Company issued 55,000 shares of newly designated Series A Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”) to investors in a private placement offering at a price of $970 per share, along with 4.9 million warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Private Placement”), at the exercise price of $3.77 per share. The proceeds from the Private Placement were approximately $53.4 million, including approximately $10 million from existing related party stockholders (See Note 15).
Operating Segments | Operating Segments The Company’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”) is its president and chief executive officer. The CODM assesses the Company’s performance based on the performance of two separate organizations within Ribbon: the Cloud and Edge segment (“Cloud and Edge”) and the IP Optical Networks segment (“IP Optical Networks”).
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ribbon and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates and Judgments | Use of Estimates and Judgments The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and judgments relied upon in preparing these consolidated financial statements include accounting for business combinations, revenue recognition for arrangements that contain multiple performance obligations, inventory valuations, assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation and the Preferred Stock and Warrants, intangible asset and goodwill valuations, including impairments, debentures and warrants, warranty accruals, legal contingencies and recoverability of Ribbon’s net deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowances. Ribbon regularly assesses these estimates and records changes in estimates in the period in which they become known. Ribbon bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Business Combinations | Business Combinations The Company recognizes identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed and represents the expected future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in the business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, its estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill to the extent that it identifies adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition The Company derives revenue from two primary sources: products and services. Product revenue includes: 1) the Company’s proprietary hardware and software that function together to deliver the products’ essential functionality and 2) the Company’s software only solutions that can be used on either the Company’s hardware or third-party hardware. Both proprietary hardware and software only solutions are also sold on a standalone basis. Services include customer support (software updates, upgrades and technical support), consulting, design services, installation services and training. Generally, contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, consisting of products and services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are considered distinct. When an arrangement contains more than one performance obligation, the Company will allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company utilizes the observable price of goods and services, including when they are sold separately to similar customers, in order to estimate standalone selling price (“SSP”). The Company’s software licenses typically provide a perpetual right to use the Company’s software. However, the Company also sells term-based software licenses that expire and Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”)-based software which are referred to as subscription arrangements. The Company does not customize its software nor are installation services required, as the customer has a right to utilize internal resources or a third-party service company. The software and hardware are delivered before related services are provided and are functional without professional services or customer support. The Company has concluded that its software licenses are functional intellectual property that are distinct, as the user can benefit from the software on its own. Product revenue from sales of the Company’s perpetual and term-based software licenses is typically recognized when the software is made available for download, as this is the point the user of the software can direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the functional intellectual property. The Company begins to recognize software revenue related to the renewal of term-based software licenses at the start of the renewal period. Revenue related to sales of SaaS-based software is recognized ratably over the service period as the customer does not take possession of the software or have the ability to take possession of the software. The Company offers warranties on its products. Certain of the Company’s warranties are considered to be assurance-type in nature, ensuring the product is functioning as intended. Assurance-type warranties do not represent separate performance obligations. The Company also sells separately-priced maintenance service contracts which qualify as service-type warranties and represent separate performance obligations. The Company does not allow and has no history of accepting product returns. Service revenue includes revenue from customer support and other professional services. Customer support includes software updates on a when-and-if-available basis, telephone support, integrated web-based support and bug fixes or patches. The Company sells its customer support contracts at a percentage of list or net product price. Customer support revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the customer support agreement, which is typically one year. The Company’s professional services include consulting, technical support, resident engineer services, design services and installation services. Because control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on progress toward completion of the performance obligation. The method to measure progress toward completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. The Company generally uses the input method to measure progress for its contracts and to recognize revenue because it believes such method, in general, best depicts the transfer of assets to its customers. The input method measures costs the Company has incurred in the period for its contracts. In some infrequent instances, the Company may engage a third-party to perform services on its behalf and in those cases the output method is used to recognize revenue because it best depicts the transfer of assets to its customers. Under the output method, there is a cost-to-cost measure of progress. The progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. When the measure of progress is based upon expended labor, progress toward completion is measured as the ratio of labor time expended to date versus the total estimated labor time required to complete the performance obligation. Revenue is recorded proportionally as costs are incurred or as labor is expended. Costs to fulfill these obligations can include internal labor as well as subcontractor costs. ​ Customer training includes courses offered by the Company. The related revenue is typically recognized as the training services are performed, typically over a period of one to five days. Payment terms for the Company’s contracts with its customers typically range from 30 to 60 days from the invoice date. In certain cases, it may offer extended payment terms, which are assessed on a case-by-case basis. ​ The Company does not generally offer significant financing components in its contracts with customers. However, if a contract includes a significant financing component, the transaction price is adjusted for the time value of money. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the impact of financing components was immaterial. ​ Amounts billed to customers for sales and other taxes are excluded from the transaction price. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to government authorities.
Preferred Stock and Warrants | Preferred Stock and Warrants The Company accounted for the Preferred Stock until it was redeemed on June 25, 2024 and continues to account for the Warrants as liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of their specific terms in accordance with ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. The fair value option was elected for the Preferred Stock, as the Company considered fair value to best reflect the expected future economic value. These liabilities are remeasured to fair value at each reporting date using the same valuation methodology applied upon issuance using current input assumptions. The Preferred Stock was considered to be debt for our Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio covenant calculation required under our 2020 Credit Facility. The value of the Preferred Stock was calculated using the Black-Derman-Toy (BDT) stochastic yield lattice model to capture the optimal timing of repayment, increasing dividend rate and other features, and the value of the Warrants is calculated using the Black-Scholes Pricing Model. Changes in the fair value of the Preferred Stock and Warrants are reported as Other expense, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Financial Instruments | Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of the Company’s cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and borrowings under a revolving credit facility in the Consolidated Balance Sheets approximates fair value due to the immediate or short-term nature of these financial instruments. The carrying amount of the Company’s term debt is also considered to approximate fair value, based on prevailing market conditions. Our Warrant liability as of December 31, 2025 had a fair value of $1.9 million. Financial instruments with remaining maturities or that are due within one year from the balance sheet date are classified as current. Financial instruments with maturities or that are payable more than one year from the balance sheet date are classified as noncurrent.
Transfers of Financial Assets | Transfers of Financial Assets The Company’s IP Optical Networks segment maintains customer receivables factoring agreements with a number of financial institutions. Under the terms of these agreements, the Company may transfer receivables to the financial institutions, on a non-recourse basis, provided that the financial institutions approve the receivables in advance. The Company maintains credit insurance policies from major insurance providers or obtains letters of credit from the customers for a majority of its factored trade receivables. The Company accounts for the factoring of its financial assets as a sale of the assets and records the factoring fees, when incurred, as a component of interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations, and the proceeds from the sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Factoring of accounts receivable and associated fees for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year ended December 31, | ​
​ | ​ ​ ​ | 2025 | ​ ​ ​ | 2024 | ​ ​ ​
Accounts receivable sold | ​ | $ | 127,618 | ​ | $ | 107,874 | ​
Less factoring fees | ​ | ​ | (2,343) | ​ | ​ | (2,228) | ​
Net cash proceeds | ​ | $ | 125,275 | ​ | $ | 105,646 | ​
Foreign Currency Translation | Foreign Currency Translation For foreign subsidiaries where the functional currency is the local currency, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during each period. Translation adjustments for these subsidiaries are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income. For foreign subsidiaries where the functional currency is the U.S. dollar, monetary assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars at historical exchange rates. Revenue and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during each period. Translation adjustments for these subsidiaries are included in Other expense, net. Realized and unrealized foreign currency exchange losses and gains arising from transactions denominated in currencies other than the subsidiary’s functional currency are reflected in earnings. The Company records its foreign currency losses (gains) as a component of Other expense, net. The Company recognized net foreign currency losses and (gains) of $3.7 million, $5.7 million and less than $(0.1) million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Inventory | Inventory Inventory is recorded at the lower of cost or market value using the first-in, first-out convention. The Company reduces the carrying value of inventory for those items that are potentially excess, obsolete or slow-moving based on changes in customer demand, technology developments or other economic factors. Ribbon writes down evaluation equipment (equipment at customer sites for testing and evaluation) at the time of shipment to its customers, as it is probable that the inventory value will not be realized. Deferred product costs represent deferred cost of revenue for product shipments to customers prior to satisfaction of Ribbon’s revenue recognition criteria. The Company classifies inventory that is not expected to be consumed within one year from the balance sheet date as noncurrent and includes such inventory as a component of Other assets.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from two to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the lease term or ten years. When an asset is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are eliminated, and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is recognized in (Loss) income from operations in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company reviews property and equipment for impairment in the same manner as intangible assets discussed below. Software development costs associated with internal use software are incurred in three stages of development: the preliminary project stage, the application development stage and the post-implementation stage. Costs incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages are expensed as incurred. Certain qualifying costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized as property and equipment. Internal use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of three years, beginning when the software is ready for its intended use.
Intangible Assets and Goodwill | Intangible Assets and Goodwill The Company’s intangible assets are comprised of in-process research and development, developed technology, customer relationships, trade names, software licenses and internal use software. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable based upon the estimated undiscounted cash flows. Recoverability of intangible assets with estimated lives and other long-lived assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If these comparisons indicate that an asset is not recoverable, the Company will recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the related estimated fair value. Estimated fair value is based on either discounted future operating cash flows or appraised values, depending on the nature of the asset. The Company amortizes its intangible assets over their respective useful lives, with the exception of in-process research and development, which has an indefinite life until the product is generally available, at which time such asset is typically reclassified to developed technology, and the Company begins to amortize this asset. See Note 9 for additional information regarding the Company’s intangible assets. Goodwill is recorded when the consideration for an acquisition exceeds the fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist, by comparing the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company’s annual test for impairment of goodwill is completed as of October 1. For the purpose of testing goodwill for impairment, all goodwill is assigned to a reporting unit, which may either be an operating segment or a portion of an operating segment. The Company’s reporting units are its two operating segments, Cloud and Edge and IP Optical Networks. The Company performs a fair value analysis for each reporting unit using both an income and market approach, which encompasses a discounted cash flow analysis and a guideline public company analysis using selected multiples. The Company assesses each valuation methodology based upon the relevance and availability of the data at the time the valuation is performed and the methodologies are weighted appropriately. Any impairment charges are reported separately in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation The Company’s stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which generally represents the vesting period, and includes an estimate of the awards that will be forfeited. The Company uses the Black-Scholes valuation model for estimating the fair value of stock options on the grant date. The fair value of stock option awards is affected by the Company’s stock price as well as valuation assumptions, including the volatility of Ribbon’s stock price, expected term of the option, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The Company may grant to certain of its executives and certain other employees performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) that include a market condition. The Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation approach to model future stock price movements based upon the risk-free rate of return, the volatility of each entity and the pair-wise covariance between each entity. These results are then used to calculate the grant date fair values of the PSUs. The Company is required to record expense for the PSUs with market conditions through their respective final vesting dates regardless of the number of shares that are ultimately earned. Once the grant date criteria have been met for a fiscal year performance period, the Company records stock-based compensation expense based on its assessment of the probability that the respective performance condition will be achieved and the level, if any, of such achievement. The Compensation Committee determines the number of shares earned, if any, after the Company’s financial results for each fiscal year performance period are finalized. Upon the determination by the Compensation Committee of the number of shares that will be received upon vesting, such number of shares becomes fixed and the unamortized expense is recorded through the remainder of the service period, at which time any Performance PSUs earned will vest pending each employee’s continuing employment with Ribbon through that date.
Concentration of Risk | Concentration of Risk Ribbon is subject to counterparty risk as well as financial instrument concentration risk involving cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. To mitigate these risks, cash and cash equivalents are diversified and maintained with various financial institutions globally. In certain instances, advance payments, credit insurance, or customer issued letters of credit are required to mitigate potential risk. Certain components and software licenses from third parties used in Ribbon’s products are procured from single sources of supply. The failure of a supplier, including a subcontractor, to deliver on schedule could delay or interrupt Ribbon’s delivery of products and thereby materially adversely affect Ribbon’s revenue and operating results.
Advertising Costs | Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included as a component of Sales and marketing expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expenses were $1.4 million, $1.7 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Loss Contingencies and Reserves | Loss Contingencies and Reserves Ribbon is subject to ongoing business risks arising in the ordinary course of business, including legal claims, that affect the estimation process of the carrying value of assets, the recording of liabilities and the possibility of various loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that a liability has been incurred or an asset has been impaired and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Ribbon regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether such amounts should be adjusted and records changes in estimates in the period they become known. An allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on the Company’s assessment of the collectability of specific customer accounts. Ribbon accrues for royalties for technology that it licenses from vendors based on established royalty rates and usage. Ribbon is periodically contacted by third parties who claim that Ribbon’s products infringe on certain intellectual property of a third party. Ribbon evaluates these claims and accrues amounts when it is probable that the obligation has been incurred and the amounts are reasonably estimable.
Warranty | Warranty The Company records warranty liabilities for estimated costs of fulfilling its obligations under standard limited hardware and software warranties at the time of sale. The specific warranty terms and conditions vary depending upon the country in which the Company does business, but generally includes material costs, technical support, labor and associated overhead over a period ranging from one to three years. At December 31, 2025, the Company’s liability for product warranties was $12.8 million of which $5.4 million was current and included in Accrued expenses and other and $7.4 million was long-term and included in Other long-term liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s liability for product warranties was $12.3 million, of which $5.2 million was current and included in Accrued expenses and other, and $7.1 million was long-term and included in Other long-term liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.
Research and Development Grants | Research and Development Grants The Company records grants received from the Office of the Innovation Authority of the Israeli Ministry of Economics (the “IIA”) as a reduction to Research and development expense. Royalties payable to the IIA are recognized pursuant to sales of related products and services and are included in Cost of revenue (see Note 26).
Accounting for Leases | Accounting for Leases The Company accounts for its leases in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) (see Note 21). The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, and research and development facilities. Operating leases are reported separately in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company has no finance leases as of December 31, 2025 or 2024. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. A contract is determined to contain a lease component if the arrangement provides the Company with a right to control the use of an identified asset. Lease agreements may include lease and non-lease components. In such instances for all classes of underlying assets, the Company does not separate lease and non-lease components but rather, accounts for the entire arrangement under leasing guidance. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease expense for minimum fixed lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The expense for finance leases would include both interest and amortization expense components, with the interest component calculated based on the effective interest method and the amortization component calculated based on straight-line amortization of the right-of-use asset over the lease term. Lease contracts may contain variable lease costs, such as common area maintenance, utilities and tax reimbursements that vary over the term of the contract. Variable lease costs are not included in minimum fixed lease payments and as a result, are excluded from the measurement of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The Company expenses all variable lease costs as incurred.
Accounting for Income Taxes | Accounting for Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future consequences of events that have been reflected in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss carryforwards, using tax rates expected to be in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records valuation allowances to reduce deferred income tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company has provided for income taxes on the undistributed earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries as of December 31, 2025, excluding Ireland and Israel, which are indefinitely reinvested. Accordingly, the Company is required to recognize and record deferred taxes for 2025 on the entire outside basis differences related to the foreign subsidiaries, the largest of these differences being undistributed earnings. The Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If it is not more likely than not that a position will be sustained, no amount of the benefit attributable to the position is recognized. The tax benefit to be recognized of any tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is calculated as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon resolution of the contingency. The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for income taxes.
Defined Benefit Plans | Defined Benefit Plans The Company has defined benefit plans for some of its employees at various international locations. The Company recognizes retirement benefit assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets reflecting the funded status of pension and other retirement benefit plans. Retirement benefit assets and liabilities are adjusted for the difference between the benefit obligations and the plan assets at fair value (measured at year-end), with the offset recorded directly to stockholders’ equity through Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. The amount recorded in stockholders’ equity represents the after-tax unamortized actuarial gains or losses, unamortized transition obligations and unamortized prior service costs.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities (“ASU 2025-10”), to clarify the appropriate accounting, reduce diversity in practice, and increase consistency across business entities. ASU 2025-10 will be effective for us beginning with our 2029 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company believes this ASU will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025‑09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements (“ASU 2025‑09”), to enhance hedge accounting guidance and better align it with entities’ risk management activities. The amendments expand eligibility for hedge accounting, simplify certain requirements, and address issues related to reference rate reform. Key changes include allowing cash flow hedge accounting for “choose‑your‑rate” debt instruments, introducing a principles‑based “similar risk exposure” criterion for grouping forecasted transactions, permitting component hedging for nonfinancial forecasted transactions, and clarifying the treatment of certain derivative structures. ASU 2025‑09 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2027 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other- Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (“ASU 2025-06”). To clarify how the accounting guidance applies to both linear and nonlinear software development, this standard removes all references to “developments stages” from ASC 350-40. ASU 2025-06 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2028 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets (“ASU 2025-05”), which provides a practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. In developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, all entities may elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. ASU 2025-06 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2026 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company believes this ASU will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement, Reporting Comprehensive Income: Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. The objective of this standard is to provide investors with information to better understand a public entity’s performance and prospects for future cash flows, and to compare their performance over time with that of other entities. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for the Company beginning with our 2027 annual financial statements and interim financial statements thereafter, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2024-03 will require the Company to provide new footnote disclosure about the types of expenses that are included in certain captions on its Statements of Operations, such as Cost of revenue, Research and development, Sales and marketing, and General and administrative. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which increases the disclosures requirements around rate reconciliation information and certain types of income taxes companies are required to pay. ASU 2023-09, which the Company applied on a prospective basis, became effective beginning with this Annual Report on Form 10-K and includes the required additional income tax disclosures.

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