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Table o f Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
Commission file number: 001-34292
ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Pennsylvania (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | 23-2530374 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
77 East King Street, P. O. Box 250, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | 17257 (Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (717) 532-6114
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, No Par Value |  | The NASDAQ Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “accelerated filer,” “large accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ¨ |  | Accelerated filer |  | x
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company |  | x
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. |  |  |  |  |  | ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act.). Yes ¨ No x
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $207.4 million. For purposes of this calculation, the term “affiliate” refers to all directors and executive officers of the registrant, and all persons beneficially owning more than 5% of the registrant’s common stock.
Number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock as of February 28, 2019: 9,481,969.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

Table o f Contents
ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
FORM 10-K
INDEX

|  | Page
Part I |  |
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 9
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 18
Item 2. | Properties | 18
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 19
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 19
Part II |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 20
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 22
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 52
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 54
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 110
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 110
Item 9B. | Other Information | 110
Part III |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 110
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 110
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 111
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 111
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 111
Part IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 112
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 114
Signatures |  | 115

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Glossary of Defined Terms
The following terms may be used throughout this Report, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Term | Definition
ALL | Allowance for loan losses
AFS | Available for sale
AOCI | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASC | Accounting Standards Codification
ASU | Accounting Standards Update
Bank | Orrstown Bank, the commercial banking subsidiary of Orrstown Financial Services, Inc.
BHC Act | Bank Holding Company Act of 1965
CDI | Core deposit intangible
CET1 | Common Equity Tier 1
CMO | Collateralized mortgage obligation
Company | Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and subsidiaries (interchangeable with "Orrstown” below)
CFPB | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
CRA | Community Reinvestment Act
Dodd-Frank Act | Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
EPS | Earnings per common share
ERM | Enterprise risk management
Exchange Act | Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIA | Federal Deposit Insurance Act
FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHC | Financial holding company
FHLB | Federal Home Loan Bank
FRB | Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
GAAP | Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
GLB Act | Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
GSE | United States government-sponsored enterprise
Hamilton | Hamilton Bancorp, Inc., and its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, Hamilton Bank
IRC | Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
LHFS | Loans held for sale
MBS | Mortgage-backed securities
Mercersburg | Mercersburg Financial Corporation and its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, First Community Bank of Mercersburg (acquired October 1, 2018)
MPF Program | Mortgage Partnership Finance Program
MSR | Mortgage servicing right
NIM | Net interest margin
OCI | Other comprehensive income (loss)
OFA | Orrstown Financial Advisors, a division of the Bank that provides investment and brokerage services
OREO | Other real estate owned (foreclosed real estate)
Orrstown | Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and subsidiaries
OTTI | Other-than-temporary impairment
Parent Company | Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., the parent company of Orrstown Bank and Wheatland Advisors, Inc.
2011 Plan | 2011 Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan
PCI loans | Purchased credit impaired loans
Repurchase Agreements | Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities Act | Securities Act of 1933, as amended
TDR | Troubled debt restructuring
U.S. | United States of America
Wheatland | Wheatland Advisors, Inc., the Registered Investment Advisor subsidiary of Orrstown Financial Services, Inc.
Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Orrstown,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and “Company” refer to Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and its subsidiaries. |

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PART I
Forward-Looking Statements:
Certain statements appearing herein which are not historical in nature are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, we may make other written and oral communications, from time to time, that contain such statements. Such forward-looking statements refer to a future period or periods, reflecting our current beliefs as to likely future developments, and use words like “may,” “will,” “expect,” “estimate,” “anticipate” or similar terms. Forward-looking statements are statements that include projections, predictions, expectations, or beliefs about events or results or otherwise are not statements of historical facts, including, but not limited to, statements related to new business development, new loan opportunities, growth in the balance sheet and fee based revenue lines of business, merger and acquisition activity, reducing risk assets, and mitigating losses in the future. Actual results and trends could differ materially from those set forth in such statements and there can be no assurances that we will achieve the desired level of new business development and new loans, growth in the balance sheet and fee based revenue lines of business, successful merger and acquisition activity, continue to reduce risk assets or mitigate losses in the future. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following: ineffectiveness of the Company’s business strategy due to changes in current or future market conditions; the effects of competition, including industry consolidation and development of competing financial products and services; the integration of the Company's strategic acquisitions; the inability to fully achieve expected savings, efficiencies or synergies from mergers and acquisitions, or taking longer than estimated for such savings, efficiencies and synergies to be realized; changes in laws and regulations; interest rate movements; changes in credit quality; inability to raise capital, if necessary, under favorable conditions; volatilities in the securities markets; deteriorating economic conditions; expenses associated with pending litigation and legal proceedings; and other risks and uncertainties.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements. With respect to all such forward-looking statements, you should review our Risk Factors discussion in Item 1A, our Critical Accounting Policies and Cautionary Statement About Forward-Looking Statements sections included in Item 7, and Note 21, Contingencies, in the Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We encourage readers of this report to understand forward-looking statements to be strategic objectives rather than absolute targets of future performance. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. We do not intend to update publicly any forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the date the forward-looking statements are made.
ITEM 1 – BUSINESS
Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., a Pennsylvania corporation, is the holding company for its wholly-owned subsidiaries Orrstown Bank and Wheatland Advisors, Inc. The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 77 East King Street, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, 17257, with additional executive and administrative offices at 4750 Lindle Road, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 17111. The Parent Company was organized on November 17, 1987, for the purpose of acquiring the Bank and such other banks and bank-related activities as are permitted by law and desirable. The Company provides banking and bank-related services through branches located in south central Pennsylvania, principally in Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Lancaster, Perry and York Counties and in Washington County, Maryland. Wheatland was acquired in December 2016 and provides services as a registered investment advisor through its office in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
The Company files periodic reports with the SEC in the form of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, annual reports on Form 10-K, annual proxy statements and current reports on Form 8-K for any significant events that may arise during the year. Copies of these reports, and any amendments to such reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), may be obtained free of charge through the SEC’s Internet site at www.sec.gov or by accessing the Company’s website at www.orrstown.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information on our website shall not be considered a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Recent Merger and Acquisition Activity
On October 1, 2018, the Company expanded its presence in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, with the completion of its acquisition of Mercersburg Financial Corporation and the merger of its banking subsidiary, First Community Bank of Mercersburg, with and into Orrstown Bank.
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On October 23, 2018, the Company announced it had entered into an agreement and plan of merger with Hamilton Bancorp, Inc., the holding company for Hamilton Bank, based in Towson, Maryland. The merger is expected to close in the second quarter of 2019, subject to receipt of regulatory approvals, the approval of Hamilton's shareholders, and the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions. If completed, the Hamilton acquisition will expand the Company's presence into the greater Baltimore, Maryland, market.
Business
The Bank was originally organized in 1919 as a state-chartered bank. On March 8, 1988, in a bank holding company reorganization transaction, the Parent Company acquired 100% ownership of the Bank.
The Parent Company’s primary activity consists of owning and supervising its subsidiaries, the Bank and Wheatland. Day-to-day management is conducted by its officers, who are also Bank officers. The Parent Company has historically derived most of its income through dividends from the Bank. At December 31, 2018, the Company had total assets of $1,934,388,000, total deposits of $1,558,756,000 and total shareholders’ equity of $173,433,000.
The Parent Company has no employees. Its 10 officers are employees of the Bank. On December 31, 2018, the Bank and Wheatland combined had 367 full-time and 19 part-time employees.
The Bank is engaged in the commercial banking and trust business as authorized by the Pennsylvania Banking Code of 1965. This involves accepting demand, time and savings deposits, and granting loans. The Bank holds commercial, residential, consumer and agribusiness loans primarily in its market areas of Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Lancaster, Perry and York Counties in Pennsylvania; Washington County, Maryland; and in contiguous counties. The concentrations of credit by type of loan are included in Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." The Bank maintains a diversified loan portfolio and evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Bank upon the extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer pursuant to collateral standards established in the Bank’s credit policies and procedures.
Wheatland supplements the Bank's trust and wealth management group and is anticipated to provide opportunities for future growth in these areas.
Lending
All secured loans are supported with appraisals or evaluations of collateral. Business equipment and machinery, inventories, accounts receivable, and farm equipment are considered appropriate security, provided borrowers meet acceptable standards for liquidity and marketability. Loans secured by real estate generally do not exceed 90% of the appraised value of the property. Loan to collateral values are monitored as part of the loan review process, and appraisals are updated as deemed appropriate under the circumstances.
Commercial Lending
A majority of the Company’s loan assets are loans for business purposes. Approximately 62% of the loan portfolio is comprised of commercial loans. The Bank makes commercial real estate, equipment, working capital and other commercial purpose loans as required by the broad range of borrowers across the Bank’s various markets.
The Bank’s credit policy dictates the underwriting requirements for the various types of loans the Bank would extend to borrowers. The policy covers such requirements as debt coverage ratios, advance rates against different forms of collateral, loan-to-value ratios and maximum term.
Consumer Lending
The Bank provides home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and other consumer loans primarily through its branch network and customer call center. A large majority of the consumer loans are secured by either a first or second lien position on the borrower’s primary residential real estate. The Bank requires a loan-to-value ratio of no greater than 90% of the value of the real estate being taken as collateral. We also, at times, purchase consumer loans to help diversify credit risk in our loan portfolio.
Residential Lending
The Bank provides residential mortgages throughout its various markets through a network of mortgage loan officers. A majority of the residential mortgages originated are sold to secondary market investors, primarily Wells Fargo, Fannie Mae and
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the FHLB of Pittsburgh. All mortgages, regardless of being sold or held in the Bank’s portfolio, are generally underwritten to secondary market industry standards for prime mortgages. The Bank generally requires a loan-to-value ratio of no greater than 80% of the value of the real estate being taken as collateral, without the borrower obtaining private mortgage insurance.
Loan Review
The Bank has a loan review policy and program which is designed to identify and monitor risk in the lending function. The ERM Committee, comprised of executive officers and loan department personnel, is charged with the oversight of overall credit quality and risk exposure of the Bank’s loan portfolio. This includes the monitoring of the lending activities of all Bank personnel with respect to underwriting and processing new loans and the timely follow-up and corrective action for loans showing signs of deterioration in quality. The loan review program provides the Bank with an independent review of the Bank’s commercial loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in Pass categories unless a specific action, such as extended delinquencies, bankruptcy, repossession, or death of the borrower occurs, which heightens awareness as to a possible credit event.
Internal loan reviews are completed annually on all commercial relationships with a committed loan balance in excess of $500,000, which includes confirmation of risk rating by an independent credit officer. In addition, all relationships greater than $250,000 rated Substandard, Doubtful or Loss are reviewed quarterly and corresponding risk ratings are reaffirmed by the Bank's Problem Loan Committee, with subsequent reporting to the ERM Committee.
The Bank outsources its independent loan review to a third-party provider, which monitors and evaluates loan customers on a quarterly basis utilizing risk-rating criteria established in the credit policy in order to identify deteriorating trends and detect conditions which might indicate potential problem loans. The results of the third-party loan review are reported quarterly to the ERM Committee for approval. The loan ratings provide the basis for evaluating the adequacy of the ALL.
Investment Services
Through its trust department, the Bank renders services as trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, managing agent, custodian, investment advisor, and other fiduciary activities authorized by law under the trade name "Orrstown Financial Advisors." OFA offers retail brokerage services through a third-party broker/dealer arrangement with Cetera Advisor Networks LLC. Wheatland also offers investment advisor services as a registered investment advisor. At December 31, 2018, assets under management by OFA and Wheatland totaled $1,330,595,000.
Regulation and Supervision
The Parent Company is a bank holding company registered with the FRB and has elected status as a financial holding company. As a registered bank holding company and FHC, the Company is subject to regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and to inspection, examination, and supervision by the FRB.
The Bank is a Pennsylvania-chartered commercial bank and a member of the FRB. The operations of the Bank are subject to federal and state statutes applicable to banks chartered under Pennsylvania law, to FRB member banks and to banks whose deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s operations are also subject to regulations of the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, the FRB and the FDIC.
Wheatland is subject to periodic examination by the SEC.
Several of the more significant regulatory provisions applicable to bank holding companies and banks to which the Company and the Bank are subject are discussed below, along with certain regulatory matters concerning the Company and the Bank. To the extent that the following information describes statutory or regulatory provisions, such information is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutes or regulations. Any change in applicable law or regulation may have a material effect on the business and prospects of the Company and the Bank.
Financial and Bank Holding Company Activities
As an FHC, we are permitted to engage, directly or through subsidiaries, in a wide variety of activities that are financial in nature or are incidental or complementary to a financial activity, in addition to all of the activities otherwise allowed to us.
As an FHC, the Company is generally subject to the same regulation as other bank holding companies, including the reporting, examination, supervision and consolidated capital requirements of the FRB. To preserve our FHC status, we must remain well-capitalized and well-managed and ensure that the Bank remains well-capitalized and well-managed for regulatory purposes and earns “satisfactory” or better ratings on its periodic Community Reinvestment Act examinations. An FHC ceasing to meet these standards is subject to a variety of restrictions, depending on the circumstances.
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If the Parent Company or the Bank are either not well-capitalized or not well-managed, the Parent Company or the Bank must promptly notify the FRB. Until compliance is restored, the FRB has broad discretion to impose appropriate limitations on an FHC’s activities. If compliance is not restored within 180 days, the FRB may ultimately require the FHC to divest its depository institutions or in the alternative, to discontinue or divest any activities that are permitted only to non-FHC bank holding companies.
If the FRB determines that an FHC or its subsidiaries do not satisfy the CRA requirements, the potential restrictions are different. In that case, until all the subsidiary institutions are restored to at least “satisfactory” CRA rating status, the FHC may not engage, directly or through a subsidiary, in any of the additional activities permissible under the BHC Act nor make additional acquisitions of companies engaged in the additional activities. However, completed acquisitions and additional activities and affiliations previously begun are left undisturbed, as the BHC Act does not require divestiture for this type of situation.
Federal Financial Regulatory Reform
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, enacted in 2010, substantially increased regulatory oversight and enforcement and imposed additional costs and risks on the operations of financial holding companies and banks.
The Dodd-Frank Act materially changed the regulation of financial institutions and the financial services industry and created a framework for regulatory reform. The Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations thereunder, some of which are still being drafted and implemented, include provisions affecting large and small financial institutions alike, including several provisions that affect the regulation of community banks and bank holding companies.
The Dodd-Frank Act, among other things, imposed new capital requirements on bank holding companies; changed the base for FDIC insurance assessments to a bank’s average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity, rather than upon its deposit base; permanently raised the current standard deposit insurance limit to $250,000; and expanded the FDIC’s authority to raise insurance premiums. The legislation also called for the FDIC to raise its ratio of reserves to deposits from 1.15% to 1.35% for deposit insurance purposes by September 30, 2020 and to “offset the effect” of increased assessments on insured depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion.
The Dodd-Frank Act also included provisions that affect corporate governance and executive compensation at all publicly-traded companies and allows financial institutions to pay interest on business checking accounts. The legislation also restricts proprietary trading by banking organizations, places restrictions on the owning or sponsoring of hedge and private equity funds, and regulates the derivatives activities of banks and their affiliates. The Dodd-Frank Act established the Financial Stability Oversight Council to identify threats to the financial stability of the U.S., promote market discipline, and respond to emerging threats to the stability of the U.S. financial system.
The Dodd-Frank Act also established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau as an independent entity funded by the FRB. The CFPB has broad rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement authority over consumer financial products and services, including deposit products, residential mortgages, home-equity loans and credit cards. The CFPB’s rules contain provisions on mortgage-related matters such as steering incentives, and determinations as to a borrower’s ability to repay, loan servicing, and prepayment penalties. The CFPB has primary examination and enforcement authority over banks with over $10 billion in assets as to consumer financial products.
One of the announced goals of the CFPB is to bring greater consumer protection to the mortgage servicing market. The CFPB has defined a “qualified mortgage” for purposes of the Dodd-Frank Act, and set standards for mortgage lenders to determine whether a consumer has the ability to repay the mortgage. It has also issued regulations affording safe harbor legal protections for lenders making qualified loans that are not “higher priced.” The CFPB's regulations contain new mortgage servicing rules applicable to the Bank, which took effect in 2014. Changes affect notices to be given to consumers as to delinquency, foreclosure alternatives, modification applications, interest rate adjustments and options for avoiding “force-placed” insurance. Servicers are prohibited from processing foreclosures when a loan modification is pending, and must wait until a loan is more than 120 days delinquent before initiating a foreclosure action.
The servicer must provide direct and ongoing access to its personnel, and provide prompt review of any loss mitigation application. Servicers must maintain accurate and accessible mortgage records for the life of a loan and until one year after the loan is paid off or transferred.
The Bank presently services 5,000 or fewer mortgage loans which it owns or originated, so it is considered a “Small Servicer” and is exempt from certain parts of the mortgage servicing rules. The mortgage servicing requirements applicable to the Bank’s servicing operations under the new mortgage servicing rules are: adjustable rate mortgage interest rate adjustment notices; prompt payment crediting and payoff statements; limits on force-placed insurance; responses to written information requests and complaints of errors; and loss mitigation with regard to the first notice or filing for a foreclosure and no foreclosure proceedings if a borrower is performing pursuant to the terms of a loss mitigation agreement.
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Federal Deposit Insurance
The Bank’s deposits are insured to applicable limits by the FDIC. The maximum deposit insurance amount is $250,000 under the Dodd-Frank Act.
The FDIC is required by the Dodd-Frank Act to return its insurance reserve ratio to 1.35% no later than September 30, 2020. When the fund reached 1.15%, banks larger than $10 billion in assets were required to assume the burden of bringing the fund to 1.35%. In 2016, the fund reached the 1.15% ratio and smaller banks' assessments decreased. In September 2018, the fund reached 1.36%, exceeding the statutorily required minimum reserve ratio of 1.35%. FDIC regulations provide for two changes to deposit insurance assessments upon reaching the minimum: (1) surcharges on insured large banks will cease; and (2) small banks will receive assessment credits for the portion of their assessments that contributed to the growth in the reserve ratio from between 1.15 percent and 1.35 percent, to be applied when the reserve ratio is at or above 1.38%. At December 31, 2018, the reserve ratio did not exceed 1.38 percent.
As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC changed its calculation of FDIC insurance premiums. Institutions are now assigned a base rate using their examination ratings, which is then adjusted based on their leverage ratio, net income before taxes to total assets ratio, nonperforming loans and leases to gross assets ratio, other real estate owned to gross assets ratio, loan mix index, and one-year asset growth rate. The result is then further adjusted to reflect its level of unsecured debt issued, the level of unsecured depository institution debt it owns, and the level of brokered deposits (excluding reciprocal deposits) it has issued above regulatory minimums.
If the FDIC is appointed conservator or receiver of a bank upon the bank’s insolvency or the occurrence of other events, the FDIC may sell some, part or all of a bank’s assets and liabilities to another bank or repudiate or disaffirm most types of contracts to which the bank was a party if the FDIC believes such contracts are burdensome. In resolving the estate of a failed bank, the FDIC as receiver will first satisfy its own administrative expenses, and the claims of holders of U.S. deposit liabilities also have priority over those of other general unsecured creditors.
Liability for Banking Subsidiaries
Under the Dodd-Frank Act and applicable FRB policy, a bank holding company is expected to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to each of its subsidiary banks and to commit resources to their support. This support may be required at times when the bank holding company may not have the resources to provide it. Similarly, under the cross-guarantee provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the “FDIA”), the FDIC can hold any FDIC-insured depository institution liable for any loss suffered or anticipated by the FDIC in connection with the “default” of a commonly controlled FDIC-insured depository institution; or any assistance provided by the FDIC to a commonly controlled FDIC-insured depository institution “in danger of default.”
Pennsylvania Banking Law
The Pennsylvania Banking Code (“Banking Code”) contains detailed provisions governing the organization, location of offices, rights and responsibilities of directors, officers, and employees, as well as corporate powers, savings and investment operations and other aspects of the Bank and its affairs. The Banking Code delegates extensive rule-making power and administrative discretion to the PDB so that the supervision and regulation of state chartered banks may be flexible and readily responsive to changes in economic conditions and in savings and lending practices.
The FDIA, however, prohibits state chartered banks from making new investments, loans, or becoming involved in activities as principal and equity investments which are not permitted for national banks unless the FDIC determines the activity or investment does not pose a significant risk of loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund; and the bank meets all applicable capital requirements. Accordingly, the additional operating authority provided to the Bank by the Banking Code is significantly restricted by the FDIA.
Dividend Restrictions
The Parent Company’s funding for cash distributions to its shareholders is derived from a variety of sources, including cash and temporary investments. One of the principal sources of those funds has historically been dividends received from the Bank. Various federal and state laws limit the amount of dividends the Bank can pay to the Parent Company without regulatory approval. In addition, federal bank regulatory agencies have authority to prohibit the Bank from engaging in an unsafe or unsound practice in conducting its business. The payment of dividends, depending upon the financial condition of the bank in question, could be deemed to constitute an unsafe or unsound practice. The ability of the Bank to pay dividends in the future may be influenced by bank regulatory policies and capital guidelines.
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Regulatory Capital Requirements
Compliance by the Company and the Bank with respect to capital requirements is incorporated by reference from Note 15, Shareholders' Equity and Regulatory Capital, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," and from the Capital Adequacy and Regulatory Matters section of Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Basel III Capital Rules
The Company and the Bank are subject to the Basel III Capital Rules, which prescribe a standardized approach for risk weightings that expanded the risk-weighting categories to a larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories than previously used, depending on the nature of the assets. These categories generally range from 0%, for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600%, for certain equity exposures, and result in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories.
The Basel III Capital Rules incorporate a capital measure called Common Equity Tier 1 and a related regulatory capital ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets and a “capital conservation buffer,” designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer are subject to constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and discretionary bonuses to executive officers based on the amount of the shortfall. The capital standards were fully phased-in and fully implemented on January 1, 2019. Those applicable to the Parent Company and the Bank include an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios inclusive of the capital conservation buffer of (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, and (iii) Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%.
The Basel III Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing rights, deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that could not be realized from net operating loss carrybacks and significant investments in unconsolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such categories, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET1. Under a one-time permanent election made by the Company and the Bank, the effects of certain accumulated other comprehensive income items are not excluded from regulatory capital, including unrealized gains or losses on certain securities available for sale. Implementation of the deductions and other adjustments to CET1 were phased in and fully implemented beginning January 1, 2018.
Other Federal Laws and Regulations
The Company’s operations are subject to additional federal laws and regulations applicable to financial institutions, including, without limitation:
•Privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and related regulations, which require us to maintain privacy policies intended to safeguard customer financial information, to disclose the policies to our customers and to allow customers to “opt out” of having their financial service providers disclose their confidential financial information to non-affiliated third parties, subject to certain exceptions;
•Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;
•Consumer protection rules for the sale of insurance products by depository institutions, adopted pursuant to the requirements of the GLB Act; and
•the USA PATRIOT Act, which requires financial institutions to take certain actions to help prevent, detect and prosecute international money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
Future Legislation and Regulation
Changes in federal laws and regulations, as well as laws and regulations in states where the Parent Company and the Bank do business, can affect the operating environment of the Company and the Bank in substantial ways. We cannot predict whether those changes in laws and regulations will occur, and, if they occur, the ultimate effect they would have upon the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.
NASDAQ Capital Market
The Company’s common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the trading symbol “ORRF” and is subject to NASDAQ’s rules for listed companies.
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Competition
The Bank’s principal market area consists of Berks County, Cumberland County, Dauphin County, Franklin County, Lancaster County, Perry County, and York County, Pennsylvania, and Washington County, Maryland. The Bank serves a substantial number of depositors in this market area and contiguous counties, with the greatest concentration in Chambersburg, Shippensburg, and Carlisle, Pennsylvania and the surrounding areas.
We are subject to robust competition in our market areas. Like other depository institutions, we compete with less heavily regulated entities such as credit unions, brokerage firms, money market funds, consumer finance and credit card companies, and with other commercial banks, many of which are larger than the Bank. The principal methods of competing effectively in the financial services industry include improving customer service through the quality and range of services provided, improving efficiencies and pricing services competitively. The Bank is competitive with the financial institutions in its service areas with respect to interest rates paid on time and savings deposits, service charges on deposit accounts and interest rates charged on loans.
We continue to implement strategic initiatives focused on expanding our core businesses and to explore, on an ongoing basis, acquisition, divestiture, and joint venture opportunities to the extent permitted by our regulators. We analyze each of our products and businesses in the context of shareholder return, customer demands, competitive advantages, industry dynamics, and growth potential. We believe our market area will support growth in assets and deposits in the future, which we expect to contribute to our ability to maintain or grow profitability.
ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS
An investment in our common stock is subject to risks inherent in our business. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect us are described below. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference in this report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or focused on or that management currently deems immaterial may also impair our business operations. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors.
If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If this were to happen, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to Credit
If our allowance for loan losses is not sufficient to cover actual losses, our earnings would decrease.
There is no precise method of predicting loan losses. The required level of reserves, and the related provision for loan losses, can fluctuate from year to year, based on charge-offs and/or recoveries, loan volume, credit administration practices, and local and national economic conditions, among other factors. The ALL, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, represents management’s best estimate of probable incurred losses within the existing portfolio of loans. The level of the allowance reflects management’s evaluation of, among other factors, the status of specific impaired loans, trends in historical loss experience, delinquency, credit concentrations and economic conditions within our market area. The determination of the appropriate level of the ALL inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Changes in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require us to increase our ALL.
In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our ALL and may require us to increase the provision for loan losses or to recognize further loan charge-offs, based on judgments that differ from those of management. If loan charge-offs in future periods exceed the ALL, there would be a need to record additional provisions to increase our ALL. Furthermore, growth in the loan portfolio would generally lead to an increase in the provision for loan losses. Generally, increases in our ALL will result in a decrease in net income and stockholders’ equity, and may have a material adverse effect on the financial condition of the Company, results of operations and cash flows.
The deterioration of one or more of our significant lending relationships could result in a significant increase in the nonperforming loans and the provisions for loan losses, which would negatively impact our results of operations.
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Commercial real estate lending may expose us to a greater risk of loss and impact our earnings and profitability.
Our business strategy includes making loans secured by commercial real estate. These types of loans generally have higher risk-adjusted returns and shorter maturities than other loans. Loans secured by commercial real estate properties are generally for larger amounts and may involve a greater degree of risk than other loans. Payments on loans secured by these properties are often dependent on the income produced by the underlying properties which, in turn, depends on the successful operation and management of the properties. Accordingly, repayment of these loans is subject to conditions in the real estate market or the local economy. In challenging economic conditions, these loans represent higher risk and could result in an increase in our total net charge-offs, requiring us to increase our ALL, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. While we seek to minimize these risks in a variety of ways, there can be no assurance that these measures will protect against credit-related losses.
The credit risk related to commercial and industrial loans is greater than the risk related to residential loans.
Commercial and industrial loans generally carry larger loan balances and involve a greater degree of risk of nonpayment or late payment than home equity loans or residential mortgage loans.
Commercial and industrial loans include advances to local and regional businesses for general commercial purposes and include permanent and short-term working capital, machinery and equipment financing, and may be either in the form of lines of credit or term loans. Although commercial and industrial loans may be unsecured to our highest rated borrowers, the majority of these loans are secured by the borrower’s accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment. In a significant number of these loans, the collateral also includes the business real estate or the business owner’s personal real estate or assets. Commercial and industrial loans are more susceptible to risk of loss during a downturn in the economy, as borrowers may have greater difficulty in meeting their debt service requirements and the value of the collateral may decline. We attempt to mitigate this risk through our underwriting standards, including evaluating the creditworthiness of the borrower and, to the extent available, credit ratings on the business. Additionally, monitoring of the loans through annual renewals and meetings with the borrowers are typical. However, these procedures cannot eliminate the risk of loss associated with commercial and industrial lending.
Our commercial and industrial lending operations are located primarily in south central Pennsylvania and in Washington County, Maryland. Our borrowers’ ability to repay these loans depends largely on economic conditions in these and surrounding areas. A deterioration in the economic conditions in these market areas could materially adversely affect our operations and increase loan delinquencies, increase problem assets and foreclosures, increase claims and lawsuits, decrease the demand for our products and services and decrease the value of collateral securing loans.
Risks Related to Interest Rates and Investments
Changes in interest rates could adversely impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations are subject to risks and uncertainties surrounding our exposure to changes in the interest rate environment. Operating income, net income and liquidity depend to a great extent on our net interest margin, i.e., the difference between the interest yields we receive on interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities, and the interest rates we pay on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. These rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond our control, including competition; general economic conditions; and monetary and fiscal policies of various governmental and regulatory authorities, including the FRB. If the rate of interest we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities increases more than the rate of interest we receive on our interest-earning assets, our net interest income, and therefore our earnings, and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. Our earnings and liquidity could also be materially adversely affected if the rates on interest-earning assets fall more quickly than those on our interest-bearing liabilities.
Changes in interest rates also can affect our ability to originate loans; the ability of borrowers to repay adjustable or variable rate loans; our ability to obtain and retain deposits in competition with other available investment alternatives; and the value of interest-earning assets, which would negatively impact stockholders’ equity, and the ability to realize gains from the sale of such assets. Based on our interest rate sensitivity analyses, an increase in the general level of interest rates will negatively affect the market value of the investment portfolio because of the relatively higher duration of certain securities included in the investment portfolio.
Our subordinated notes, issued in December 2018, have a 6.0% fixed interest rate through December 2023, after which the interest rate will convert to a variable rate of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) for the applicable interest period plus 3.16% through maturity in December 2028. Depending on our financial condition at the time of the rate changing from fixed to variable, an increase in the interest rate on our subordinated debt could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and results of operations.
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The expected discontinuance of LIBOR presents risks to the financial instruments originated, issued or held by us that use LIBOR as a reference rate.
LIBOR is used as a reference rate for many of our transactions, which means it is the base on which relevant interest rates are determined. Transactions include those in which we lend and borrow money and issue, purchase and sell securities. LIBOR is the subject of recent national and international regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. The United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates the process for setting LIBOR, announced in July 2017 that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR to the administrator of LIBOR after 2021.
While there are ongoing efforts to establish an alternative reference rate to LIBOR, as of the date of this report, no such rate has been accepted or is considered ready to be implemented.
If another rate does not achieve wide acceptance as the alternative to LIBOR, there likely will be disruption to all of the markets relying on the availability of a broadly accepted reference rate. Even if another reference rate ultimately replaces LIBOR, risks will remain for us with respect to outstanding loans, or other instruments using LIBOR. Those risks arise in connection with transitioning those instruments to a new reference rate and the corresponding value transfer that may occur in connection with that transition. Risks related to transitioning instruments to a new reference rate or to how LIBOR is calculated and its availability include impacts on the yield on loans or securities held by us and amounts paid on securities we have issued. The value of loans, securities, or borrowings tied to LIBOR and the trading market for LIBOR-based securities could also be impacted upon its discontinuance or if it is limited.
Further, it is possible that LIBOR quotes will become unavailable prior to 2021 if sufficient banks decline to make submissions to the LIBOR administrator. In that case, the risks associated with the transition to an alternative reference rate will be accelerated and magnified. These risks may also be increased due to the shorter time frame for preparing for the transition.
Risks Related to Competition and to Our Business Strategy
Difficult economic and market conditions can adversely affect the financial services industry and may materially and adversely affect the Company.
Our operations are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the U.S. If the growth of the U.S. economy slows, or if the economy worsens or enters into a recession, our growth and profitability could be constrained. In addition, economic conditions in foreign countries can affect the stability of global financial markets, which could impact the U.S. economy and financial markets. Weak economic conditions are characterized by deflation, fluctuations in debt and equity capital markets, including a lack of liquidity and/or depressed prices in the secondary market for mortgage loans, increased delinquencies on mortgage, consumer and commercial loans, residential and commercial real estate price declines and lower home sales and commercial activity. All of these factors are detrimental to our business. Our business is significantly affected by monetary and related policies of the U.S. federal government, its agencies and government-sponsored entities. Changes in any of these policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In particular, we may face the following risks in connection with volatility in the economic environment:
•Loan delinquencies could increase;
•Problem assets and foreclosures could increase;
•Demand for our products and services could decline; and
•Collateral for loans made by us, especially real estate, could decline in value, reducing customers' borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with our loans.
Because our business is concentrated in south central Pennsylvania and Washington County, Maryland, our financial performance could be materially adversely affected by economic conditions and real estate values in these market areas.
Our operations and the properties securing our loans are primarily located in south central Pennsylvania and in Washington County, Maryland. Our operating results depend largely on economic conditions and real estate valuations in these and surrounding areas. A deterioration in the economic conditions in these market areas could materially adversely affect our operations and increase loan delinquencies, increase problem assets and foreclosures, increase claims and lawsuits, decrease the demand for our products and services and decrease the value of collateral securing loans, especially real estate, in turn reducing customers’ borrowing power, the value of assets associated with nonperforming loans and collateral coverage.
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Competition from other banks and financial institutions in originating loans, attracting deposits and providing other financial services may adversely affect our profitability and liquidity.
We experience substantial competition in originating loans, both commercial and consumer loans, in our market area. This competition comes principally from other banks, savings institutions, credit unions, mortgage banking companies and other lenders. Some of our competitors enjoy advantages, including greater financial resources, and higher lending limits, a wider geographic presence, more accessible branch office locations, the ability to offer a wider array of services or more favorable pricing alternatives, as well as lower origination and operating costs. This competition could reduce our net income and liquidity by decreasing the number and size of loans that we originate and the interest rates we are able to charge on these loans.
As we expand our on-line lending capabilities, we will face competition, particularly in residential mortgage lending, from non-bank lenders (financial institutions that only make loans and do not offer deposit accounts such as a savings account or checking account) and financial technology companies (that use new technology and innovation with available resources in order to compete in the marketplace of traditional financial institutions and intermediaries in the delivery of financial services). This competition could similarly reduce our net income and liquidity.
In attracting business and consumer deposits, we face substantial competition from other insured depository institutions such as banks, savings institutions and credit unions, as well as institutions offering uninsured investment alternatives, including money market funds. Some of our competitors enjoy advantages, including more expansive marketing campaigns, better brand recognition and more branch locations. These competitors may offer higher interest rates than we do, which could decrease the deposits that we attract or require us to increase our rates to retain existing deposits or attract new deposits. Increased deposit competition could materially adversely affect our ability to generate the funds necessary for lending operations. As a result, we may need to seek other sources of funds that may be more expensive to obtain and could increase our cost of funds.
The Company’s business strategy includes the continuation of moderate growth plans, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.
Over the long term, we expect to continue to experience organic growth in loans and total assets, the level of our deposits and the scale of our operations. Achieving our growth targets requires us to successfully execute our business strategies, which includes continuing to grow our loan portfolio. Our ability to successfully grow will also depend on the continued availability of loan opportunities that meet underwriting standards. In addition, we may consider the acquisition of other financial institutions and branches within or outside of our market area to the extent permitted by our regulators. The success of any such acquisition will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to integrate the acquired institutions or branches into the current operations of the Company; our ability to limit the outflow of deposits held by customers of the acquired institution or branch locations; our ability to control the incremental increase in noninterest expense arising from any acquisition; and our ability to retain and integrate the appropriate personnel of the acquired institution or branches. We believe we have the resources and internal systems in place to successfully achieve and manage our future growth. If we do not manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to achieve our business plan goals and our business and prospects could be harmed.
The Company may be adversely affected by technological advances.
Technological advances impact our business. The banking industry undergoes technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition to improving customer services, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Our future success may depend, in part, on our ability to address the needs of our current and prospective customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in operations.
The Company may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.
The Company’s success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain skilled people. We have, at times, experienced turnover among our senior officers. Competition for the best people in most activities engaged in by us can be intense, and we may not be able to attract and hire sufficiently skilled people to fill open and newly created positions or to retain current or future employees. An inability to attract and retain individuals with the necessary skills to fill open positions, or the unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key personnel, could have a material adverse impact on our business due to the loss of their skills, knowledge of our markets, years of industry experience or the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.
An interruption or breach in security with respect to our information systems, or our outsourced service providers, could adversely impact the Company’s reputation and have an adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
Information systems are critical to our business as our business operations and interaction with customers are increasingly supported by electronic means. We use various technological systems to manage our customer relationships, general ledger, securities investments, deposits and loans. We rely on software, communication, and information exchange on a variety of
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computing platforms and networks and over the internet, and we rely on the services of a variety of vendors to meet our data processing and communication needs. If these third-party providers encounter difficulties, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our business operations could be adversely affected. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other third-party vendors and their personnel.
Security breaches of our systems or the systems of third-parties on which we rely could expose us to litigation, remediation costs, increased costs for security measures, loss of revenue, damage to our reputation and potential liability. Our corporate systems, third-party systems and security measures may be breached due to the actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance, a combination of these, or otherwise, and, as a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to our information, our employees’ information or our customers’ information. In addition, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees to disclose information in order to gain access to such confidential information. In July 2018, we fell victim to a phishing attack, which led to an unauthorized third-party gaining access to two employee email accounts. Although this incident did not result in a material loss of revenue, any future incidents, particularly of larger scope or longer duration, could damage our brand and reputation and result in a material loss of revenue. If an actual or perceived security breach occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed, we could lose customers, and we could suffer significant legal and financial harm due to such events or in connection with remediation efforts and costs, investigation costs or penalties, litigation, regulatory and enforcement actions, changed security and system protection measures. Any of these actions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation and operating results. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of investigating, remediating, eliminating and putting in place additional information technology tools and devices designed to prevent actual or perceived security breaches, as well as the costs to comply with any notification obligations resulting from such a breach, could have a significant impact on our financial and operating results.
We could be adversely affected by a failure in our internal controls.
A failure in our internal controls could have a significant negative impact not only on our earnings, but also on the perception that customers, regulators and investors may have of us. We continue to devote a significant amount of effort and resources to constantly strengthening our controls and ensuring compliance with complex accounting standards and banking regulations. However, these efforts may not be effective in preventing a breach in or failure of our controls.
Negative public opinion could damage our reputation and adversely affect our earnings.
Reputational risk, or the risk to the Company's earnings and capital from negative public opinion, is inherent in our business. Negative public opinion can result from the actual or perceived manner in which we conduct our business activities, including banking operations and trust and investment operations, our management of actual or potential conflicts of interest and ethical issues, and our protection of confidential client information. Negative public opinion can adversely affect the Company's ability to keep and attract customers and can expose the Company to litigation and regulatory action. Although we take steps to minimize reputation risk in the way we conduct our business activities and deal with our customers, communities and vendors, these steps may not be effective.
We may become subject to claims and litigation pertaining to fiduciary responsibility.
We provide fiduciary services through OFA and Wheatland. From time to time, customers may make claims and take legal action with regard to the performance of our fiduciary responsibilities. Whether such claims and legal actions are founded or unfounded, if such claims or legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, the claims or related actions may result in significant financial expense and liability to us and/or adversely affect our reputation in the marketplace, as well as adversely impact customer demand for our products and services. Any financial liability or reputation damage could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Mergers and Acquisitions
On October 1, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Mercersburg. On October 23, 2018, we announced the signing of a definitive agreement to acquire Hamilton Bancorp, Inc.
Growing by acquisition involves risks.
We intend to pursue a growth plan consistent with our business strategy, including growth by acquisition, as well as leveraging our existing branch network and adding new branch locations in current and future markets we choose to serve.
Our ability to manage growth successfully will depend on our ability to attract qualified personnel and maintain cost controls and asset quality while attracting additional loans and deposits on favorable terms, as well as on factors beyond our
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control, such as economic conditions and competition. If we grow too quickly and are not able to attract qualified personnel, control costs and maintain asset quality, this continued rapid growth could materially adversely affect our financial performance.
There is no assurance when, or even if, our acquisition of Hamilton will be completed.
The merger agreement between the Company and Hamilton is subject to a number of conditions which must be fulfilled in order to complete the merger. Those conditions include:
•approval of th e merger agreement and the merger by Hamilton shareholders;
•the receipt of required regulatory approvals;
•absence of orders prohibiting the completion of the merger;
•effectiveness of the registration statement filed by the Company to register the shares of our common stock to be issued to Hamilton shareholders in the merger;
•the continued accuracy of the representations and warranties by both parties and the performance by both parties of their covenants and agreements; and
•the receipt by both parties of legal opinions from their respective tax counsels.
Ther e can be no assurance that the parties will be able to satisfy the closing conditions or that closing conditions beyond their control will be satisfied or waived.
The Hamilton merger agreement may be terminated in accordance with its terms and the merger may not be completed.
The parties can agree at any time to terminate the merger agreement under specified circumstances. In addition, Hamilton may choose to terminate the merger agreement if the volume weighted average stock price of our common stock as reported on NASDAQ during the 15 trading day period immediately preceding the determination date (as defined in the merger agreement) is less than $20.1535 per share and our common stock underperforms the NASDAQ Bank Index by more than 15% between October 23, 2018 and the determination date. Any such termination would be subject to the right of the Company to increase the amount of our common stock or cash consideration to be provided to Hamilton shareholders pursuant to the formulas prescribed in the merger agreement.
Regulatory approvals may not be received or may take longer than expected in order to be obtained for the Hamilton merger.
We are required to obtain the approvals of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, and the Maryland Office of the Commissioner of Financial Regulation prior to completing the merger. Obtaining the approval of these regulatory agencies may delay the date of completion of the merger. In addition, you should be aware that, as in any transaction, it is possible that, among other things, restrictions on the combined operations of the two companies may be sought by governmental agencies as a condition to obtaining the required regulatory approvals. This may diminish the benefits of the merger to us or have an adverse effect on us following the merger and prevent us from achieving the expected benefits of the merger. We have the right to terminate the merger agreement if the approval of any governmental authority required for consummation of the merger and the other transactions provided for in the merger agreement, imposes any term, condition or restriction upon us or any of our subsidiaries that we reasonably determine would (a) prohibit or materially limit the ownership or operation by us of any material portion of Hamilton's business or assets, (b) compel us to dispose or hold separate any material portion of Hamilton's assets or (c) compel us to take any action, or commit to take any action, or agree to any condition or request, if the prohibition, limitation, condition or other requirement described in clauses (a)-(c) of this sentence would have a material adverse effect on the future operation by us of our business, taken as a whole.
If the Hamilton merger is not completed, we will have incurred substantial expenses without realizing the expected benefits.
We will incur substantial expenses in connection with the pending acquisition of Hamilton. If the merger is not completed, these expenses may have a material adverse impact on our operating results.
Goodwill incurred in the Mercersburg and Hamilton mergers may negatively affect our financial condition.
To the extent that the merger consideration, consisting of the cash and the number of shares of our common stock issued in the Mercersburg merger or to be issued in the Hamilton merger, exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired, including identifiable intangibles, that amount will be reported as goodwill by us. In accordance with current accounting guidance, goodwill will not be amortized but will be evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently if events or circumstances warrant. A failure to realize expected benefits of the merger could adversely impact the carrying value of the goodwill recognized in the merger and, in turn, negatively affect our financial results.
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We may be unable to successfully integrate Mercersburg’s and Hamilton's operations.
The mergers involve the integration of companies that previously operated independently with Orrstown. The difficulties of combining the companies’ operations include:
•integrating personnel with diverse business backgrounds;
•integrating departments, systems, operating procedures and information technologies;
•combining different corporate cultures;
•retaining existing customers and attracting new customers; and
•retaining key employees.
The process of integrating operations could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of one or more of the combined company’s businesses and the loss of key personnel. The diversion of management’s attention and any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with the merger and the integration of the two companies’ operations could have a material adverse effect on the business and results of operations of the combined company.
The success of the mergers will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings from combining the business of the Company with Mercersburg and Hamilton. If we are unable to successfully integrate Mercersburg or Hamilton, the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the mergers may not be realized fully or may take longer to realize than expected. For example, we may fail to realize the anticipated increase in earnings and cost savings anticipated to be derived from the acquisitions. In addition, as with regard to any merger, a significant change in interest rates or economic conditions or decline in asset valuations may also cause us not to realize expected benefits and result in the mergers not being as accretive as expected.
Unanticipated costs relating to the mergers could reduce our future earnings per share.
We believe that we have reasonably estimated the likely costs of integrating the operations of the Company and Mercersburg and Hamilton, and the incremental costs of operating as a combined company. However, it is possible that we could incur unexpected transaction costs such as taxes, fees or professional expenses or unexpected future operating expenses such as increased personnel costs or increased taxes, which could result in the mergers not being as accretive as expected or having a dilutive effect on the combined company’s earnings per share.
The market price of our common stock after the mergers may be affected by factors different from those affecting our shares currently.
The businesses of the Company and Mercersburg and Hamilton differ and, accordingly, the results of operations of the combined company and the market price of the combined company’s shares of common stock may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting the independent results of operations and market prices of common stock of each of us, Mercersburg and Hamilton. The market value of our common stock fluctuates based upon various factors, including changes in our business, operations or prospects, market assessments of the merger, regulatory considerations, market and economic considerations, and other factors. Further, the market price of our common stock after the merger may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting our common stock.
Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance and Legal Matters
Governmental regulation and regulatory actions against us may impair our operations or restrict our growth.
The Company is subject to regulation and supervision under federal and state laws and regulations. The requirements and limitations imposed by such laws and regulations limit the manner in which we conduct our business, undertake new investments and activities and obtain financing. These regulations are designed primarily for the protection of the deposit insurance funds and consumers and not to benefit our shareholders. Financial institution regulation has been the subject of significant legislation in recent years and may be the subject of further significant legislation in the future, none of which is within our control. Federal and state regulatory agencies also frequently adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are applied or enforced. The Company cannot predict the substance or impact of pending or future legislation, regulation or the application thereof. Compliance with such current and potential regulation and scrutiny may significantly increase our costs, impede the efficiency of our internal business processes, require us to increase our regulatory capital and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner. Bank regulations can hinder our ability to compete with financial services companies that are not regulated in the same manner or are subject to less regulation.
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The Dodd-Frank Act may affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and stock price.
The Dodd-Frank Act includes provisions affecting large and small financial institutions, including several provisions that affect how community banks and bank holding companies will be regulated in the future. Among other things, these provisions relax rules regarding interstate branching; allow financial institutions to pay interest on business checking accounts; change the scope of federal deposit insurance coverage; and impose new capital requirements on bank holding companies. Many of the requirements called for in the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented over time and will be subject to implementation regulations developed over the course of several years. Given the uncertainty associated with the manner in which the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented by the various regulatory agencies and through regulations, the full extent of the impact such requirements will have on our operations is not certain.
The Dodd-Frank Act created the CFPB which has broad rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets. Banks and savings institutions with $10 billion or less in assets are examined by their applicable bank regulators.
The Company may be required to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make any changes necessary to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act. Failure to comply with requirements may negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. While the Company cannot predict what effect any presently contemplated or future changes in the laws or regulations or their interpretations would have on us, these changes could be materially adverse to our investors.
Increases in FDIC insurance premiums may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We are generally unable to control the amount of premiums that are required to be paid for FDIC insurance. If there are bank or financial institution failures, the Company may be required to pay significantly higher premiums than the levels currently imposed or additional special assessments or taxes that could adversely affect earnings. Any future increases or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums may materially adversely affect the results of operations.
Legislative, regulatory and legal developments involving income and other taxes could materially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and cash flows.
The Company is subject to U.S. federal and U.S. state income, payroll, property, sales and use, and other types of taxes including the Pennsylvania Bank Shares Tax. Significant judgment is required in determining the Company's provisions for income taxes. Changes in tax rates, enactments of new tax laws, revisions of tax regulations, and claims or litigation with taxing authorities could result in substantially higher taxes, and therefore, could have a significant adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Increases in the assessment rate for the Pennsylvania Bank Shares Tax, which is calculated on the outstanding equity of the Bank, may also materially adversely affect results of operations.
The Company is required to use judgment in applying accounting policies and different estimates and assumptions in the application of these policies could result in a decrease in capital and/or other material changes to the reports of financial condition and results of operations.
Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the ALL, the fair value of certain financial instruments, particularly securities, and goodwill and purchase accounting associated with acquisitions. While we have identified those accounting policies that we consider critical and have procedures in place to facilitate the associated judgments, different assumptions in the application of these policies could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards could materially affect how we report our financial results and condition.
From time to time, the FASB and SEC and other regulatory bodies change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. These changes can be operationally complex to implement and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. For example, in June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, that will, effective on January 1, 2020, substantially change the accounting for credit losses on loans and other financial assets held by banks, financial institutions and other organizations. The update replaces existing incurred loss impairment guidance and establishes a single allowance framework for financial assets carried at amortized cost. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, companies must recognize credit losses on these assets equal to management’s estimate of credit losses over the full remaining expected life. Companies must consider all relevant information when estimating expected credit losses, including details about
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past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In December 2018, the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC released a final rule to revise their regulatory capital rules to address this upcoming change to the treatment of credit expense and allowances. The final rule provides an optional three-year phase-in period for the day-one adverse regulatory capital effects upon adopting the standard. The impact of this final rule on the Company will depend on whether we elect to phase in the impact of the standard over a three-year period. The standard is likely to have a negative impact, potentially materially, to the allowance and capital at adoption in 2020; however, we are still evaluating the impact. It is also possible that our ongoing reported earnings and lending activity will be negatively impacted in periods following adoption.
The short-term and long-term impact of changing regulatory capital requirements and new capital rules is uncertain.
The Basel III Capital Rules have targeted higher levels of base capital, certain capital buffers, and a migration toward common equity as the key source of regulatory capital, as domestic and international bank regulatory agencies have sought to require financial institutions, including depository institutions, to maintain generally higher levels of capital. The application of more stringent capital requirements to the Company and the Bank could, among other things, result in lower returns on invested capital, result in the need for additional capital, and result in regulatory actions if we were to be unable to comply with such requirements, including limitations on our ability to make distributions, including paying out dividends or buying back shares. Furthermore, the imposition of liquidity requirements in connection with the implementation of Basel III could result in our having to lengthen the term of our funding, restructure our business models, and/or increase our holdings of liquid assets.
Pending litigation and legal proceedings and the impact of any finding of liability or damages could adversely impact the Company and its financial condition and results of operations.
As more fully described in Note 21, Contingencies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data," of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the allegations of Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority's ("SEPTA") second amended complaint disclosed the existence of a confidential, non-public, fact-finding inquiry regarding the Company being conducted by the SEC. On September 27, 2016, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with the SEC resolving the investigation of accounting and related matters at the Company for the periods ended June 30, 2010 to December 31, 2011. As part of the settlement agreement, the Company agreed to pay a civil money penalty of $1 million. In February 2018, the Court issued an order continuing all case management deadlines for the completion of discovery, the filing of motions and various pre-trial conferences, until further order of the Court. Discovery in the case is ongoing.
The Company believes that the allegations of SEPTA's second amended complaint are without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself against those claims. It is not possible at this time to estimate reasonably possible losses, or even a range of reasonably possible losses, in connection with the litigation. However, there can be no assurances that the Company will not incur any losses associated with this litigation or that any losses that are incurred will not be material.
I ndemnification costs associated with litigation and legal proceedings could adversely impact the Company and its financial condition and results of operations.
We are generally required, to the extent permitted by Pennsylvania law, to indemnify our current and former directors and officers who are named as defendants in lawsuits. We also have certain contractual indemnification obligations to third parties regarding litigation. Generally, insurance coverage is not available for such indemnification costs we could incur to third parties. Current or future litigation could result in indemnification expenses that could have a materially adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Liquidity
The Parent Company is a holding company dependent for liquidity on payments from its bank subsidiary, which is subject to restrictions.
The Parent Company is a holding company and depends on dividends, distributions and other payments from the Bank to fund dividend payments and stock repurchases, if permitted, and to fund all payments on obligations. The Bank is subject to laws that restrict dividend payments or authorize regulatory bodies to prohibit or reduce the flow of funds from it to us. In addition, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon the Bank’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the Bank’s creditors, including its depositors.
The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect the Company.
Our ability to engage in routine funding and other transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, have historically led to market-wide liquidity problems, losses of
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depositor, creditor and counterparty confidence and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. We could experience increases in deposits and assets as a result of other banks’ difficulties or failure, which would increase the capital we are required to maintain to support such growth.
Risks Related to Owning our Stock
If the Company wants, or is compelled, to raise additional capital in the future, that capital may not be available when it is needed or on terms favorable to current shareholders.
Federal banking regulators require us and our banking subsidiary to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. These capital levels are determined and dictated by law, regulation and banking regulatory agencies. In addition, capital levels are also determined by our management and board of directors based on capital levels that, they believe, are necessary to support our business operations. At December 31, 2018, all four capital ratios for us and our banking subsidiary were above regulatory minimum levels to be deemed “well capitalized” under current bank regulatory guidelines. To be “well capitalized,” banks generally must maintain a tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0%, CET1 capital ratio of 6.5%, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0%, and a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0%. The phase-in implementation of the capital conservation buffer was completed on January 1, 2019, which essentially increased the aforementioned capital ratios by 2.5% .
The Company’s ability to raise additional capital will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control, and on our financial performance. Accordingly, we cannot provide assurance of our ability to raise additional capital on terms and time frames acceptable to us or to raise additional capital at all. Additionally, the inability to raise capital in sufficient amounts may adversely affect our operations, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are nonspecific to us, such as severe disruption of the financial markets or negative news and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry as a whole. If we raise capital through the issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other securities, we would likely dilute the ownership interests of current investors and the price at which we issue additional shares of stock could be less than the current market price of our common stock and, thus, could dilute the per share book value and earnings per share of our common stock. Furthermore, a capital raise through the issuance of additional shares may have an adverse impact on our stock price.
The market price of our common stock is subject to volatility.
The market price of the Company’s common stock has been subject to fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include actual or anticipated variations in our operational results and cash flows, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts, trading volume, large purchases or sales of our common stock, market conditions within the banking industry, the general state of the securities markets and the market for stocks of financial institutions, as well as general economic conditions.
The Parent Company's primary source of income is dividends received from its bank subsidiary.
The Parent Company is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity. In addition to its operating expenses, the Company is responsible for paying any dividends declared to its shareholders. The Company also has repurchased shares of its common stock. The Company’s primary source of income is dividends received from the Bank. Banking regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid from the Bank to the Company without prior approval of regulatory agencies. Restrictions on the Bank’s ability to dividend funds to the Company are included in Note 14, Restrictions on Dividends, Loans and Advances, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
ITEM 1B – UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2 – PROPERTIES
Our principal executive offices are located at 77 East King Street, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, with additional executive and administrative offices at 4750 Lindle Road, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. These facilities are owned by the Bank, which also maintains its principal and additional executive and administrative offices at those locations.
We own or lease other premises for use in conducting our business activities, including bank branches, an operations center, and offices in Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Lancaster, Perry and York Counties, Pennsylvania and Washington County, Maryland. We believe that the properties currently owned and leased are adequate for present levels of operation. We are constantly evaluating the best and most efficient mix of branch locations to service our customers due to evolving trends in our industry and increased engagement through digital channels.
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ITEM 3 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Information regarding legal proceedings is included in Note 21, Contingencies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statement and Supplementary Data."
In connection with the pending merger acquisition of Hamilton, on February 15, 2019, Orrstown filed with the SEC a proxy statement/prospectus dated February 8, 2019 (the “Proxy Statement/Prospectus”). The Proxy Statement/Prospectus is the proxy statement for Hamilton’s special meeting of stockholders (the “Special Meeting”) to be held on March 20, 2019 to vote on the approval of the merger, and is also Orrstown’s prospectus with respect to the shares of Orrstown’s common stock to be issued to Hamilton stockholders in the merger.
On March 5, 2019, Paul Parshall, a purported individual stockholder of Hamilton, filed, on behalf of himself and all of Hamilton’s stockholders other than the named defendants and their affiliates (the “Purported Class”), a derivative and putative class action complaint in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, captioned Paul Parshall v. Carol Coughlin et. al., naming each Hamilton director, Orrstown and Hamilton as defendants (the “Action”). The Action alleges, among other things, that Hamilton’s directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Purported Class in connection with the merger, and that the Proxy Statement/Prospectus omitted certain material information regarding the merger. Orrstown is alleged to have aided and abetted the Hamilton directors’ alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties. The Action seeks, among other remedies, to enjoin the merger or, in the event the merger is completed, rescission of the merger or rescissory damages; unspecified damages; and costs of the lawsuit, including attorneys’ and experts’ fees. Orrstown believes that the lawsuit is without merit as there are substantial legal and factual defenses to the claims asserted and intends to vigorously defend the lawsuit. It is not possible at this time to estimate reasonably possible losses, or even a range of reasonably possible losses, in connection with the litigation.
ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5 – MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ORRF.” At the close of business on February 28, 2019, there were approximately 3,000 shareholders of record.
The Board declared cash dividends of $0.51 and $0.42 per common shares in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our management is currently committed to continuing to pay regular cash dividends; however, there can be no assurance as to future dividends because they are dependent on our future earnings, capital requirements and financial condition. Restrictions on the payment of dividends are discussed in Note 15, Shareholders' Equity and Regulatory Capital, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." On January 23, 2019, the Board declared a cash dividend of $0.15 per common share, which was paid on February 11, 2019.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
Information regarding the Company's equity compensation plans is included in Part III, Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In September 2015, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to 5% of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock, or approximately 416,000 shares, in accordance with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. When and if appropriate, repurchases may be made in open market or privately negotiated transactions, depending on market conditions, regulatory requirements and other corporate considerations, as determined by management. Share repurchases may not occur and may be discontinued at any time.
No shares were repurchased from October 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2018, 82,725 shares had been repurchased under the program at a total cost of $1,438,000, or $17.38 per share and the maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plan is 333,275 shares.
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PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The performance graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock with other indexes: the SNL index of banks with assets between $1 billion and $5 billion, the S&P 500 Index, and the NASDAQ Composite index. The graph assumes an investment of $100 on December 31, 2013 and reinvestment of dividends on the date of payment without commissions. Shareholder returns on our common stock are based upon trades on the NASDAQ Stock Market. The performance graph represents past performance and should not be considered to be an indication of future performance.

| Period Ending |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Index | 12/31/13 |  | 12/31/14 |  | 12/31/15 |  | 12/31/16 |  | 12/31/17 |  | 12/31/18
Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. | 100.00 |  | 103.98 |  | 110.50 |  | 141.39 |  | 162.23 |  | 119.46
SNL Bank $1B-$5B Index | 100.00 |  | 104.56 |  | 117.04 |  | 168.38 |  | 179.51 |  | 157.27
S&P 500 Index | 100.00 |  | 113.69 |  | 115.26 |  | 129.05 |  | 157.22 |  | 150.33
NASDAQ Composite Index | 100.00 |  | 114.75 |  | 122.74 |  | 133.62 |  | 173.22 |  | 168.30

Source : S&P Global Market Intelligence © 2019
In accordance with the rules of the SEC, this section captioned “Performance Graph” shall not be incorporated by reference into any of our future filings made under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act. The Performance Graph and its accompanying table are not deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
The Company has not sold any equity securities within the past three years which were not registered under the Securities Act.
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ITEM 6 – SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

| At or For The Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands except per share information) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Summary of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 64,837 |  | $ | 51,015 |  | $ | 41,962 |  | $ | 38,635 |  | $ | 38,183
Interest expense | 13,467 |  | 7,644 |  | 5,417 |  | 4,301 |  | 4,159
Net interest income | 51,370 |  | 43,371 |  | 36,545 |  | 34,334 |  | 34,024
Provision for loan losses | 800 |  | 1,000 |  | 250 |  | (603) |  | (3,900)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 50,570 |  | 42,371 |  | 36,295 |  | 34,937 |  | 37,924
Investment securities gains | 1,006 |  | 1,190 |  | 1,420 |  | 1,924 |  | 1,935
Noninterest income | 20,848 |  | 19,197 |  | 18,319 |  | 17,254 |  | 16,919
Noninterest expenses | 57,979 |  | 50,330 |  | 48,140 |  | 44,607 |  | 43,768
Income before income tax expense (benefit) | 14,445 |  | 12,428 |  | 7,894 |  | 9,508 |  | 13,010
Income tax expense (benefit) | 1,640 |  | 4,338 |  | 1,266 |  | 1,634 |  | (16,132)
Net income | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628 |  | $ | 7,874 |  | $ | 29,142
Per Share Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earning per share | $ | 1.53 |  | $ | 1.00 |  | $ | 0.82 |  | $ | 0.97 |  | $ | 3.59
Diluted earnings per share | 1.50 |  | 0.98 |  | 0.81 |  | 0.97 |  | 3.59
Dividends paid per share | 0.51 |  | 0.42 |  | 0.35 |  | 0.22 |  | 0.00
Book value at December 31 | 18.39 |  | 17.34 |  | 16.28 |  | 16.08 |  | 15.40
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic | 8,359,703 |  | 8,070,472 |  | 8,059,412 |  | 8,106,438 |  | 8,110,344
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted | 8,536,697 |  | 8,226,261 |  | 8,145,456 |  | 8,141,600 |  | 8,116,054
Stock Price Statistics |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Close | $ | 18.21 |  | $ | 25.25 |  | $ | 22.40 |  | $ | 17.84 |  | $ | 17.00
High | 27.05 |  | 26.95 |  | 23.75 |  | 18.45 |  | 17.50
Low | 18.10 |  | 19.05 |  | 16.60 |  | 15.10 |  | 15.33
Price earnings ratio at close | 11.9 |  | 25.3 |  | 27.3 |  | 18.4 |  | 4.7
Diluted price earnings ratio at close | 12.1 |  | 25.8 |  | 27.7 |  | 18.4 |  | 4.7
Price to book at close | 1.0 |  | 1.5 |  | 1.4 |  | 1.1 |  | 1.1
Year-End Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 1,934,388 |  | $ | 1,558,849 |  | $ | 1,414,504 |  | $ | 1,292,816 |  | $ | 1,190,443
Loans | 1,247,657 |  | 1,010,012 |  | 883,391 |  | 781,713 |  | 704,946
Total investment securities | 476,686 |  | 425,305 |  | 408,124 |  | 402,844 |  | 384,549
Deposits – noninterest-bearing | 204,843 |  | 162,343 |  | 150,747 |  | 131,390 |  | 116,302
Deposits – interest-bearing | 1,353,913 |  | 1,057,172 |  | 1,001,705 |  | 900,777 |  | 833,402
Total deposits | 1,558,756 |  | 1,219,515 |  | 1,152,452 |  | 1,032,167 |  | 949,704
Repurchase agreements | 9,069 |  | 43,576 |  | 35,864 |  | 29,156 |  | 21,742
Borrowed money | 170,309 |  | 133,815 |  | 76,163 |  | 84,495 |  | 79,812
Total shareholders’ equity | 173,433 |  | 144,765 |  | 134,859 |  | 133,061 |  | 127,265
Assets under management – market value | 1,330,595 |  | 1,370,950 |  | 1,174,143 |  | 966,362 |  | 1,017,013
Financial Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average equity / average assets | 8.75 | % |  | 9.49 | % |  | 10.41 | % |  | 10.66 | % |  | 8.63 | %
Return on average equity | 8.56 | % |  | 5.73 | % |  | 4.80 | % |  | 5.99 | % |  | 28.78 | %
Return on average assets | 0.75 | % |  | 0.54 | % |  | 0.50 | % |  | 0.64 | % |  | 2.48 | %

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ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis is intended to assist readers in understanding the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of Orrstown and should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain prior period amounts presented in this discussion and analysis have been reclassified to conform to current period classifications.
Overview
The results of our operations are highly dependent on economic conditions and market interest rates. The Company's profitability for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was influenced by its continued organic growth and ongoing expansion into targeted markets, the acquisition of Mercersburg, and a continued focus on maintaining strong asset quality. These and other matters are discussed more fully below.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, and follow general practices within the financial services industry. The most significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." In applying those accounting policies, management of the Company is required to exercise judgment in determining many of the methodologies, assumptions and estimates to be utilized. Certain of the critical accounting estimates are more dependent on such judgment and in some cases may contribute to volatility in the Company’s reported financial performance should the assumptions and estimates used change over time due to changes in circumstances. Some of the more significant areas in which management of the Company applies critical assumptions and estimates include the following.
Accounting for credit losses — The loan portfolio is the largest asset on the consolidated balance sheets. The allowance for loan loss represents the amount that in management’s judgment appropriately reflects credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. A provision for credit losses is recorded to adjust the level of the allowance as deemed necessary by management. In estimating losses inherent in the loan portfolio, assumptions and judgment are applied to measure amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors used to determine the borrowers’ abilities to repay obligations. Historical loss trends are also considered, as are economic conditions, industry trends, portfolio trends and borrower-specific financial data. In accounting for loans acquired at a discount that is, in part, attributable to credit quality which are initially recorded at fair value with no carry-over of an acquired entity’s previously established allowance for credit losses, the cash flows expected at acquisition in excess of estimated fair value are recognized as interest income over the remaining lives of the loans. Subsequent decreases in the expected principal cash flows require the Company to evaluate the need for additions to the Company’s allowance for credit losses. Subsequent improvements in expected cash flows result first in the recovery of any applicable allowance for credit losses and then in the recognition of additional interest income over the remaining lives of the loans. Changes in the circumstances considered when determining management’s estimates and assumptions could result in changes in those estimates and assumptions, which may result in adjustment of the allowance or, in the case of loans acquired at a discount, increases in interest income in future periods.
Valuation methodologies — Management applies various valuation methodologies to assets and liabilities which often involve a significant degree of judgment, particularly when liquid markets do not exist for the particular items being valued. Quoted market prices are referred to when estimating fair values for certain assets, such as; most investment securities. However, for those items for which an observable liquid market does not exist, management utilizes significant estimates and assumptions to value such items. Examples of these items include loans, deposits, borrowings, goodwill, core deposit and other intangible assets, other assets and liabilities obtained or assumed in business combinations, and capitalized servicing assets. These valuations require the use of various assumptions, including, among others, discount rates, rates of return on assets, repayment rates, cash flows, default rates, costs of servicing and liquidation values. The use of different assumptions could produce significantly different results, which could have material positive or negative effects on our results of operations, financial condition or disclosures of fair value information. In addition to valuation, the Company must assess whether there are any declines in value below the carrying value of assets that should be considered other than temporary or otherwise require an adjustment in carrying value and recognition of a loss in the consolidated statement of income. Examples include investment securities, loan servicing rights, goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets, among others.
Readers of the consolidated financial statements should be aware that the estimates and assumptions used in the Company’s current financial statements may need to be updated in future financial presentations for changes in circumstances, business or economic conditions in order to fairly represent the condition of the Company at that time.
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Economic Climate, Inflation and Interest Rates
Preliminary annual real GDP growth for 2018 was 2.9%. This robust pace tied with 2015 for the strongest in over a decade. While the pace of U.S. economic growth was strong in 2018, growth peaked in the second quarter and has declined each quarter since. The positive impact of tax cuts and a significant increase in government spending appears to be fading. The Federal Reserve raised the Fed Funds rate four times in 2018 to the rate of 2.50% and has since announced that future interest rate increases are on hold. It remains to be seen if growth will return to the one to two percent range that persisted before the tax cuts and expansion of the federal deficit or if the economy will tip into recession. Credit spreads have recovered some of the widening they experienced late last year when the stock market entered correction territory. The unemployment rate recently increased as more of the population joined the work force, while inflation fell back from the Federal Reserve’s two percent target. The U.S. Treasury yield curve has inverted with two-year rates above five-year rates, as some market participants take out recession insurance.
The majority of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature, and therefore, differ greatly from most commercial and industrial companies that have significant investments in fixed assets or inventories. However, inflation does have an impact on the growth of total assets and on noninterest expenses, which tend to rise during periods of general inflation. Inflationary pressures remain modest and there is great uncertainty about when or if inflation will increase and pressure interest rates to move higher.
As the Company’s balance sheet consists primarily of financial instruments, interest income and interest expense are greatly influenced by the level of interest rates and the slope of the yield curve. During 2016, interest rates were near all-time lows. The FRB raised the Fed Funds rate 25 basis points eight times between December of 2016 and December of 2018. The yield curve is currently flat with the ten-year U.S. Treasury yield less than 25 basis points above the Fed Funds rate. The Company has been able to grow its net interest income by $14,825,000 from 2016 to 2018, through the growth of loans and higher yielding securities in combination with slower increases in its funding costs. Competition for quality lending opportunities remains intense, which, together with a flattening yield curve, will continue to challenge our ability to grow our net interest margin and to leverage our overhead expenses.
Results of Operations
Summary
Earnings in 2018 reflected continuing increased interest income from expanding loan and investment portfolios in a rising rate environment, partially offset by increases in interest expense. In addition, the comparability of operating results for 2018 with 2017 have been impacted by the Mercersburg acquisition, which was completed on October 1, 2018 and added securities, loans and deposits totaling $7,352,000, $141,103,000 and $160,433,000, respectively.
The Company recorded net income of $12,805,000, $8,090,000 and $6,628,000 for 2018, 2017 and 2016. Diluted earnings per share totaled $1.50, $0.98 and $0.81 for 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Net interest income totaled $51,370,000, $43,371,000 and $36,545,000 for 2018, 2017 and 2016, principally reflecting our organic growth in loans from an expanded sales force and efforts to expand our geographic footprint while taking advantage of market opportunities. A higher interest rate environment each year contributed to increased yields on loans and investments, and, to a lesser extent, costs of interest-bearing liabilities.
Favorable historical charge-off data and management's emphasis on loan quality have positively impacted our results, as the allowance for loan losses increased moderately as loans have increased. The provision for loan losses totaled $800,000, $1,000,000 and $250,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Noninterest expenses totaled $57,979,000, $50,330,000 and $48,140,000 for 2018, 2017 and 2016. The changes in certain components of noninterest expenses between the years are reflective of the Company's focus on investing in additional talent and locations to better serve the needs of our customers and continuing efforts to develop new relationships by taking advantage of market opportunities created by consolidation of other banks. Salaries and employee benefits expense increased $3,775,000 from 2016 to 2017 and $2,379,000 from 2017 to 2018. Occupancy and furniture and fixture costs increased $414,000 from 2016 to 2017 and $923,000 from 2017 to 2018 as new branch locations were opened. In 2018, the Company incurred $3,197,000 in pretax expense for merger related activity.
Income tax expense totaled $1,640,000, $4,338,000 and $1,266,000 for 2018, 2017 and 2016, or an effective tax rate of 11.4%, 34.9% and 16.0% respectively. In 2017, we remeasured our net deferred tax asset due to the enactment of the Tax Act in December 2017. The Tax Act lowered our statutory tax rate from 34% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. Remeasurement of our net deferred tax asset at the lower rate resulted in an expense of $2,635,000, which is included in total tax expense for 2017.
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Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the primary component of the Company's revenue. Interest-earning assets include loans, securities and federal funds sold. Interest-bearing liabilities include deposits and borrowed funds.
Net interest income is affected by changes in interest rates, volumes of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and the composition of those assets and liabilities. “Net interest spread” and “net interest margin” are two common statistics related to changes in net interest income. The net interest spread represents the difference between the yields earned on interest-earning assets and the rates paid for interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest margin is defined as the ratio of net interest income to average earning asset balances. Through the use of noninterest-bearing demand deposits and shareholders' equity, the net interest margin exceeds the net interest spread, as these funding sources are noninterest-bearing.
The Federal Reserve influences the general market rates of interest, including the deposit and loan rates offered by many financial institutions. Our loan portfolio is affected by changes in the prime interest rate. In 2016, the prime rate was at 3.50% until it increased 25 basis points in December to end the year at 3.75%. During 2017, the prime rate increased 25 basis points in each of March, June and December to end the year at 4.50%. And in 2018, the prime rate continued to rise with 25 point increases in each of March, June, September and December, ending the year at 5.50%.
Core deposits are deposits that are stable, lower cost and generally reprice more slowly than other deposits when interest rates change. Core deposits are typically funds of local customers who also have a borrowing or other relationship with the Bank. We are primarily funded by core deposits, with noninterest-bearing demand deposits historically being a significant source of funds. This lower-cost funding base is expected to have a positive impact on our net interest income and net interest margin in a rising interest rate environment.
Net interest income totaled $51,370,000, $43,371,000 and $36,545,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016. The following table presents net interest income, net interest spread and net interest margin on a taxable-equivalent basis for 2018, 2017 and 2016. Taxable-equivalent adjustments are the result of increasing income from tax-free loans and investments by an amount equal to the taxes that would be paid if the income were fully taxable based on a 21% federal corporate tax rate for 2018 and 34% for 2017 and 2016, reflecting our statutory tax rates for those years. The lower rate in 2018 reflects tax law changes to our statutory tax rate effective January 1, 2018.
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| 2018 |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  |  |  | 2016 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Average Balance |  | Taxable- Equivalent Interest |  | Taxable- Equivalent Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Taxable- Equivalent Interest |  | Taxable- Equivalent Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Taxable- Equivalent Interest |  | Taxable- Equivalent Rate
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds sold and interest-bearing bank balances | $ | 16,442 |  | $ | 327 |  | 1.99 | % |  | $ | 15,487 |  | $ | 218 |  | 1.41 | % |  | $ | 31,452 |  | $ | 208 |  | 0.66 | %
Taxable securities | 359,852 |  | 10,858 |  | 3.02 |  |  | 326,900 |  | 7,478 |  | 2.29 |  |  | 303,124 |  | 6,012 |  | 1.98 |
Tax-exempt securities | 119,665 |  | 4,873 |  | 4.07 |  |  | 93,683 |  | 4,748 |  | 5.07 |  |  | 57,231 |  | 2,767 |  | 4.83 |
Total securities | 479,517 |  | 15,731 |  | 3.28 |  |  | 420,583 |  | 12,226 |  | 2.91 |  |  | 360,355 |  | 8,779 |  | 2.44 |
Taxable loans | 1,053,308 |  | 48,321 |  | 4.59 |  |  | 893,555 |  | 38,568 |  | 4.32 |  |  | 774,984 |  | 32,036 |  | 4.13 |
Tax-exempt loans | 47,318 |  | 1,875 |  | 3.96 |  |  | 50,797 |  | 2,450 |  | 4.82 |  |  | 58,281 |  | 2,848 |  | 4.89 |
Total loans | 1,100,626 |  | 50,196 |  | 4.56 |  |  | 944,352 |  | 41,018 |  | 4.34 |  |  | 833,265 |  | 34,884 |  | 4.19 |
Total interest-earning assets | 1,596,585 |  | 66,254 |  | 4.15 |  |  | 1,380,422 |  | 53,462 |  | 3.87 |  |  | 1,225,072 |  | 43,871 |  | 3.58 |
Cash and due from banks | 18,951 |  |  |  |  |  | 20,391 |  |  |  |  |  | 20,803 |  |  |  |
Bank premises and equipment | 35,399 |  |  |  |  |  | 35,055 |  |  |  |  |  | 31,413 |  |  |  |
Other assets | 72,960 |  |  |  |  |  | 65,293 |  |  |  |  |  | 61,391 |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | (13,298) |  |  |  |  |  | (12,738) |  |  |  |  |  | (13,529) |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 1,710,597 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,488,423 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,325,150 |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 767,863 |  | 4,924 |  | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 648,174 |  | 2,148 |  | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 565,524 |  | 1,195 |  | 0.21 |
Savings deposits | 102,189 |  | 159 |  | 0.16 |  |  | 94,815 |  | 150 |  | 0.16 |  |  | 90,272 |  | 144 |  | 0.16 |
Time deposits | 324,118 |  | 5,102 |  | 1.57 |  |  | 292,616 |  | 3,836 |  | 1.31 |  |  | 289,574 |  | 3,472 |  | 1.20 |
Short-term borrowings | 81,172 |  | 1,577 |  | 1.94 |  |  | 97,814 |  | 784 |  | 0.80 |  |  | 56,387 |  | 187 |  | 0.33 |
Long-term debt | 83,640 |  | 1,632 |  | 1.95 |  |  | 36,336 |  | 726 |  | 2.00 |  |  | 24,335 |  | 419 |  | 1.72 |
Subordinated notes | 1,139 |  | 73 |  | 6.41 |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0.00 |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0.00 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 1,360,121 |  | 13,467 |  | 0.99 |  |  | 1,169,755 |  | 7,644 |  | 0.65 |  |  | 1,026,092 |  | 5,417 |  | 0.53 |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits | 183,387 |  |  |  |  |  | 161,917 |  |  |  |  |  | 147,473 |  |  |  |
Other | 17,427 |  |  |  |  |  | 15,450 |  |  |  |  |  | 13,612 |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 1,560,935 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,347,122 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,187,177 |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ Equity | 149,662 |  |  |  |  |  | 141,301 |  |  |  |  |  | 137,973 |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 1,710,597 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,488,423 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,325,150 |  |  |  |
Taxable-equivalent net interest income / net interest spread |  |  | 52,787 |  | 3.16 | % |  |  |  | 45,818 |  | 3.22 | % |  |  |  | 38,454 |  | 3.05 | %
Taxable-equivalent net interest margin |  |  |  |  | 3.31 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.32 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.14 | %
Taxable-equivalent adjustment |  |  | (1,417) |  |  |  |  |  | (2,447) |  |  |  |  |  | (1,909) |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 51,370 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 43,371 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 36,545 |  |

Note: | Yields and interest income on tax-exempt assets have been computed on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a 21% tax rate in 2018 and 34% in 2017 and 2016. For yield calculation purposes, nonaccruing loans are included in the average loan balance.

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The following table presents changes in net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis for 2018, 2017 and 2016 by rate and volume components.

| 2018 Versus 2017 Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 Versus 2016 Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Average Volume |  | Average Rate |  | Total |  | Average Volume |  | Average Rate |  | Total
Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds sold and interest-bearing bank balances | $ | 13 |  | $ | 96 |  | $ | 109 |  | $ | (106) |  | $ | 116 |  | $ | 10
Taxable securities | 754 |  | 2,626 |  | 3,380 |  | 472 |  | 994 |  | 1,466
Tax-exempt securities | 1,317 |  | (1,192) |  | 125 |  | 1,762 |  | 219 |  | 1,981
Taxable loans | 6,895 |  | 2,858 |  | 9,753 |  | 4,901 |  | 1,631 |  | 6,532
Tax-exempt loans | (168) |  | (407) |  | (575) |  | (366) |  | (32) |  | (398)
Total interest income | 8,811 |  | 3,981 |  | 12,792 |  | 6,663 |  | 2,928 |  | 9,591
Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | 397 |  | 2,379 |  | 2,776 |  | 175 |  | 778 |  | 953
Savings deposits | 12 |  | (3) |  | 9 |  | 7 |  | (1) |  | 6
Time deposits | 413 |  | 853 |  | 1,266 |  | 36 |  | 328 |  | 364
Short-term borrowings | (133) |  | 926 |  | 793 |  | 137 |  | 460 |  | 597
Long-term debt | 945 |  | (39) |  | 906 |  | 207 |  | 100 |  | 307
Subordinated notes | 73 |  | 0 |  | 73 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0
Total interest expense | 1,707 |  | 4,116 |  | 5,823 |  | 562 |  | 1,665 |  | 2,227
Net Interest Income | $ | 7,104 |  | $ | (135) |  | $ | 6,969 |  | $ | 6,101 |  | $ | 1,263 |  | $ | 7,364

Note: | The change attributed to volume is calculated by taking the average change in average balance times the prior year's
| average rate and the remainder is attributable to rate.

2018 versus 2017
In 2018, net interest income increased $7,999,000, or 18.4%, compared with 2017. Net interest income for 2018 on a taxable-equivalent basis increased $6,969,000, or 15.2%, compared with 2017. The Company’s net interest spread decreased 6 basis point to 3.16% for 2018 compared with 2017. Taxable-equivalent yields on interest-earning assets and costs of interest-bearing liabilities both increased from 2017 to 2018, reflecting the increased interest rate environment between years. Other factors impacting the comparison of taxable-equivalent yields between 2017 and 2018 included the effect of purchase accounting related to the Mercersburg acquisition; the Company's gradual increase in rates paid on interest-bearing deposits in response to market demand; and the change in our statutory tax rate.
Interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis on loans increased $9,178,000, or 22.4%, from 2017 to 2018. The increase resulted from an increase in both average loan volume and yield, with average loans increasing $156,274,000, or 16.5%, and yield increasing 22 basis points from 4.34% in 2017 to 4.56% in 2018. The Company's geographic expansion and sales efforts with additional loan officers continued to drive loan growth in 2018 across most loan classes. Increases in prime lending rates during the year contributed to the increased yield, but a flattened yield curve partially offset the benefit of the rate increases. Accretion of purchase accounting adjustments in connection with the Mercersburg acquisition increased 2018 interest income by $335,000.
Interest income earned on a taxable-equivalent basis on securities increased $3,505,000, or 28.7%, from 2017 to 2018, with both average volume and yield increasing. Average securities increased $58,934,000, or 14.0%, and yield increased from 2.91% in 2017 to 3.28% in 2018. Contributing to the increase in interest income on securities was the higher rate environment in 2018 and strategic moves within the portfolio as the interest rate environment changed.
Interest expense on deposits and borrowings increased $5,823,000 from 2017 to 2018, as the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities increased $190,366,000, or 16.3%.
Our ability to attract new deposits in all categories, but in particular interest-bearing demand deposits, resulted in an increase in average interest-bearing deposits totaling $119,689,000, or 18.5%, in 2018. Interest expense for these deposits increased $2,776,000, with the cost of funds increasing from 0.33% in 2017 to 0.64% in 2018. Generally, the Company
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increased rates paid on interest-bearing deposits in 2018 in response to market conditions, but at a slower pace than yields earned on interest-earning assets.
We also increased our short-term and long-term borrowings in 2018 to partially fund loan and investment portfolio growth. In late 2018, we issued $32,500,000 in aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes, the proceeds of which were designated for the cash portion of merger and acquisition activity and for general corporate purposes. Borrowings generally have higher interest rates associated with them than interest-bearing deposits. Interest expense on all borrowings increased $1,772,000 in 2018, with average balances decreasing $16,642,000 for short-term borrowings while long-term borrowings increased $47,304,000 as the Company responded to the changing interest rate environment. The average rate paid on short-term borrowings increased from 0.80% in 2017 to 1.94% in 2018 and the average rate paid on long-term borrowings decreased from 2.00% in 2017 to 1.95% in 2018.
2017 versus 2016
In 2017, net interest income increased $6,826,000, or 18.6%, compared with 2016. Net interest income for 2017 on a taxable-equivalent basis increased $7,364,000, or 19.2%, compared with 2016.
Interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis on loans increased $6,134,000, or 17.6%, from 2016 to 2017. The increase resulted from an increase in both average loan volume and yield, with average loans increasing $111,087,000, or 13.3%, and yield increasing 15 basis points from 4.19% in 2016 to 4.34% in 2017. The Company's geographic expansion and sales efforts with additional loan officers continued to drive loan growth in 2017 across most loan classes. Increases in prime lending rates during the year contributed to the increased yield, but a flattening yield curve partially offset the benefit of the rate increases.
Interest income earned on a taxable-equivalent basis on securities increased $3,447,000, or 39.3%, from 2016 to 2017, with both average volume and yield increasing. Average securities increased $60,228,000, or 16.7%, and yield increased from 2.44% in 2016 to 2.91% in 2017. Contributing to the increase in interest income on securities was the higher rate environment in 2017, a higher composition of tax free securities with accompanying higher taxable-equivalent yields and strategic moves within the portfolio as the interest rate environment changed.
Interest expense on deposits and borrowings increased $2,227,000 from 2016 to 2017, as the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities increased $143,663,000, or 14.00%. Generally, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased at a slower pace than yields earned on interest-earning assets in 2017, as the market for interest-bearing liabilities was initially slower to respond to interest rate changes.
Our ability to attract new deposits in all categories, but in particular interest-bearing demand deposits, resulted in an increase in average interest-bearing deposits totaling $82,650,000, or 14.6%, in 2017. Interest expense for these deposits increased $953,000, with the cost of funds increasing from 0.21% in 2016 to 0.33% in 2017.
We also increased our short-term and long-term borrowings in 2017 to partially fund loan and investment portfolio growth. Interest expense on borrowings increased $904,000 in 2017, with average balances increasing $41,427,000 for short-term borrowings and $12,001,000 for long-term borrowings. The average rate paid on short-term borrowings increased from 0.33% in 2016 to 0.80% in 2017 and the average rate paid on long-term borrowings increased from 1.72% in 2016 to 2.00% in 2017.
Provision for Loan Losses
The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $800,000, $1,000,000 and $250,000 in 2018, 2017, and 2016. In calculating the provision for loan losses, both quantitative and qualitative factors, including the Company's favorable historical charge-off data and stable economic and market conditions, were considered in the determination of the adequacy of the ALL. Net charge-offs and loan growth resulted in the determination that a provision expense was required in 2018, 2017 and 2016. The provision expense in 2017 principally reflected a charge-off on one commercial loan that was downgraded to nonaccrual status in the fourth quarter.
See further discussion in the “Asset Quality” and “Credit Risk Management” sections of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
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Noninterest Income
The following table compares noninterest income for 2018, 2017 and 2016.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2018-2017 |  | 2017-2016 |  | 2018-2017 |  | 2017-2016
Service charges on deposit accounts | $ | 6,054 |  | $ | 5,675 |  | $ | 5,445 |  | $ | 379 |  | $ | 230 |  | 6.7 | % |  | 4.2 | %
Other service charges, commissions and fees | 1,737 |  | 1,008 |  | 994 |  | 729 |  | 14 |  | 72.3 | % |  | 1.4 | %
Trust and investment management income | 6,576 |  | 6,400 |  | 5,091 |  | 176 |  | 1,309 |  | 2.8 | % |  | 25.7 | %
Brokerage income | 2,035 |  | 1,896 |  | 1,933 |  | 139 |  | (37) |  | 7.3 | % |  | (1.9) | %
Mortgage banking activities | 2,663 |  | 2,919 |  | 3,412 |  | (256) |  | (493) |  | (8.8) | % |  | (14.4) | %
Income from life insurance | 1,463 |  | 1,109 |  | 1,099 |  | 354 |  | 10 |  | 31.9 | % |  | 0.9 | %
Other income | 320 |  | 190 |  | 345 |  | 130 |  | (155) |  | 68.4 | % |  | (44.9) | %
Subtotal before securities gains | 20,848 |  | 19,197 |  | 18,319 |  | 1,651 |  | 878 |  | 8.6 | % |  | 4.8 | %
Investment securities gains | 1,006 |  | 1,190 |  | 1,420 |  | (184) |  | (230) |  | (15.5) | % |  | (16.2) | %
Total noninterest income | $ | 21,854 |  | $ | 20,387 |  | $ | 19,739 |  | $ | 1,467 |  | $ | 648 |  | 7.2 | % |  | 3.3 | %

2018 versus 2017
Noninterest income increased $1,467,000 from 2017 to 2018. In addition to the impact of the Mercersburg acquisition, the following were significant factors to that net increase.
•Service charges on deposit accounts continued to increase in 201 8 as a result of new product offerings and increased activity associated with deposit growth.
•Other service charges, c ommissions and fees in 2018 included additional gains on SBA loan sales and an increase in loan transaction fees.
•T rust department income increased more modestly in 2018 than in 2017, reflecting a reduction in fee income in the latter part of 2018 as financial markets declined.
•The decrease in mortgage banking activities reflects a combination of overall decreased refinance activity as interest rates increased and a shortage of available housing inventory during the year.
•I ncome from life insurance increased principally due to death benefit proceeds.
•In both 201 8 and 2017, asset/liability management strategies resulted in net gains on sales of securities, as market conditions presented opportunities to improve responsiveness of the portfolio to interest rate conditions, while also considering funding requirements of anticipated lending activity.
2017 versus 2016
Noninterest income increased $648,000 from 2016 to 2017. The following factors contributed to that net increase.
•Service charges on deposit accounts continued to increase in 2017 as a result of new product offerings and increased activity associated with deposit growth.
•Increased trust de partment income was realized throughout 2017 from favorable market conditions and the addition of an office in Berks County, Pennsylvania. Wheatland, which was acquired in December 2016, contributed approximately 39% of this increased revenue category in 2017.
•The decrease in mortgage banking activities reflects a combination of overall decreased refinance activity as interest rates have increased, some slight compression in sales profit margins that the Company has experienced and the portion of mortgage production retained for the Company's loan portfolio.
•Other income decreased in 2017 principally due to lower gains on sales of other real estate owned.
•In both 2017 and 2016, asset/liability management strategies resulted in net gains on sales of securities, as market and interest rate conditions presented opportunities to accelerate earnings on securities, while meeting funding requirements of the Company. In 2017, the Company repositioned a part of its investment portfolio at a gain to improve responsiveness of the portfolio to increases in short-term interest rates.
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Noninterest Expenses
The following table compares noninterest expenses for 2018, 2017 and 2016.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018-2017 |  | 2017-2016 |  | 2018-2017 |  | 2017-2016
Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 32,524 |  | $ | 30,145 |  | $ | 26,370 |  | $ | 2,379 |  | $ | 3,775 |  | 7.9 | % |  | 14.3 | %
Occupancy | 3,084 |  | 2,806 |  | 2,491 |  | 278 |  | 315 |  | 9.9 | % |  | 12.6 | %
Furniture and equipment | 4,079 |  | 3,434 |  | 3,335 |  | 645 |  | 99 |  | 18.8 | % |  | 3.0 | %
Data processing | 2,674 |  | 2,271 |  | 2,378 |  | 403 |  | (107) |  | 17.7 | % |  | (4.5) | %
Telephone and communication | 753 |  | 647 |  | 740 |  | 106 |  | (93) |  | 16.4 | % |  | (12.6) | %
Automated teller machine and interchange fees | 806 |  | 767 |  | 748 |  | 39 |  | 19 |  | 5.1 | % |  | 2.5 | %
Advertising and bank promotions | 1,592 |  | 1,600 |  | 1,717 |  | (8) |  | (117) |  | (0.5) | % |  | (6.8) | %
FDIC insurance | 681 |  | 606 |  | 775 |  | 75 |  | (169) |  | 12.4 | % |  | (21.8) | %
Legal | 413 |  | 802 |  | 850 |  | (389) |  | (48) |  | (48.5) | % |  | (5.6) | %
Other professional services | 1,434 |  | 1,571 |  | 1,332 |  | (137) |  | 239 |  | (8.7) | % |  | 17.9 | %
Directors' compensation | 984 |  | 996 |  | 969 |  | (12) |  | 27 |  | (1.2) | % |  | 2.8 | %
Real estate owned | 97 |  | 69 |  | 239 |  | 28 |  | (170) |  | 40.6 | % |  | (71.1) | %
Taxes other than income | 1,012 |  | 866 |  | 767 |  | 146 |  | 99 |  | 16.9 | % |  | 12.9 | %
Intangible asset amortization | 286 |  | 102 |  | 99 |  | 184 |  | 3 |  | 180.4 | % |  | 3.0 | %
Regulatory settlement | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1,000 |  | 0 |  | (1,000) |  | 0.0 | % |  | (100.0) | %
Merger related | 3,197 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 3,197 |  | 0 |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Other operating expenses | 4,363 |  | 3,648 |  | 4,330 |  | 715 |  | (682) |  | 19.6 | % |  | (15.8) | %
Total noninterest expenses | $ | 57,979 |  | $ | 50,330 |  | $ | 48,140 |  | $ | 7,649 |  | $ | 2,190 |  | 15.2 | % |  | 4.5 | %

2018 versus 2017
Noninterest expenses increased $7,649,000 from 2017 to 2018. In addition to the impact of the Mercersburg acquisition, the following were significant factors to that net increase.
•The salaries and employee benefits increase includes the impact in 201 8 of additional employees, including new customer-facing employees in new branches in targeted expansion markets and others that were hired throughout 2017 and 2018. Higher costs in 2018 also include annual merit increases awarded in 2018 and incentive compensation increases, additional share-based awards granted in 2017, net of the benefit of forfeitures, and increased medical costs for the expanded workforce. Medical costs in 2018 benefited from reduced claim activity from that experienced in 2017.
•Occupancy and furniture and equipment expenses reflect a full period of expense for new facilities opened in 2017 and 2018, principally in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
•The Company incurred certain indemnification costs, totaling $645,000, which is included in legal fees, with several professional service providers in 2017 in connection with previously disclosed outstanding litigation. Indemnification costs incurred in 2018 were not material. Additional costs may be incurred as the litigation progresses.
•Intangible asset amortization increased due to the core deposit intangible recorded in the Mercersburg acquisition.
•Mer ger related costs were principally for investment banking and legal and consulting fees for the Mercersburg acquisition.
•Other line items within noninterest expenses are generally attributable to normal fluctuations in the conduct of business.
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2017 versus 2016
Noninterest expenses increased $2,190,000 from 2016 to 2017. The following factors contributed to that net increase.
•The salaries and employee benefits increase includes the impact in 2017 of additional employees, including new customer-facing employees in targeted expansion markets, throughout 2016 and 2017. Higher costs in 2017 also include annual merit increases awarded in 2017, increased medical benefit costs for the expanded workforce and increased claim activity, incentive compensation increases and additional share-based awards granted in 2017.
•Occupancy and furniture and equipment expenses reflect a full period of expense for new facilities acquired in 2016 in Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania, as well as increases attributable to new facilities acquired in 2017 in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
•Advertising and bank promotion expense in 2016 included higher expenses related to expansion activities.
•The FDIC reached its 1.15% of insured funds target in June 2016, resulting in lower assessments. FDIC insurance expense in 2017 benefited from that lower assessment applied to our increased deposit base.
•Resolution of the SEC administrative proceedings in 2016 generally resulted in lower legal fees incurred in 2017. However, the Company incurred certain indemnification costs totaling $645,000, which is included in legal fees, with several professional service providers in 2017 in connection with previously disclosed outstanding litigation. Additional costs may be incurred as the litigation progresses.
•In 2016, the Company agreed to pay a $1,000,000 civil money penalty to the S EC to settle administrative proceedings.
•Principal contributors to lower other operating expenses in 2017 were decreases in provision expense for off-balance sheet reserves on loans that have been committed to borrowers, but not funded, resulting from changes in qualitative factors similar to those used in the determination of the provision for loan losses, and reduced consumer fraud expenses.
•Other line items within noninterest expenses are generally attributable to normal fluctuations in the conduct of business.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense totaled $1,640,000, $4,338,000 and $1,266,000 for 2018, 2017 and 2016. As described more fully in Note 7, Income Taxes, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," due to tax reform enacted in 2017, the Company was required to remeasure its net deferred tax asset and incurred a tax expense of $2,635,000, which is included in total tax expense for 2017.
Note 7 also includes a reconciliation of our federal statutory tax rate to our effective tax rate, which is a meaningful comparison between years and measures income tax expense as a percentage of pretax income. The effective tax rate for 2018 was 11.4% compared with 34.9% for 2017 and 16.0% for 2016. Generally, our effective tax rate is lower than the federal statutory tax rate principally due to nontaxable interest income earned on tax-free loans and securities and income from life insurance policies, offset partially by nondeductible expenses. In 2017, our higher effective tax rate was principally impacted by the tax expense incurred due to enacted tax reform. Our statutory federal tax rate was 21% in 2018 and 34% in 2017 and 2016. In 2016, the Company changed its statutory federal tax rate from 35% to 34% to reflect its assessment that it would not be in the higher tax bracket and recognized increased tax expense totaling $185,000 related to the application of the new rate to existing deferred balances.
Financial Condition
Management devotes substantial time to overseeing the investment of funds in loans and securities and the formulation of policies directed toward the profitability and management of the risks associated with these investments.
Securities Available for Sale
The Company utilizes securities available for sale to manage interest rate risk, to enhance income through interest and dividend income, to provide liquidity and to provide collateral for certain deposits and borrowings.
The Company has established investment policies and an asset management policy to assist in administering its investment portfolio. Decisions to purchase or sell these securities are based on economic conditions and management’s
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strategy to respond to changes in interest rates, liquidity, pledges to secure deposits and repurchase agreements and other factors while trying to maximize return on the investments. The Company may segregate its investment portfolio into three categories: “securities held to maturity,” “trading securities” and “securities available for sale.” Management has classified the entire securities portfolio as available for sale, which are accounted for at current market value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income, net of income taxes.
The Company’s securities available for sale portfolio includes debt investments that are subject to varying degrees of credit and market risks, which arise from general market conditions, and factors impacting specific industries, as well as news that may impact specific issues. Management monitors its debt securities, using various indicators in determining whether a debt security is other-than-temporarily impaired, including the extent of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position, and the extent of the unrealized loss. In addition, management assesses whether it is likely the Company will have to sell the security prior to recovery, or if it is able to hold the security until the price recovers. For those debt securities in which management concludes the security is other-than-temporarily impaired, it recognizes the credit component of an other-than-temporary impairment in earnings and the remaining portion in other comprehensive income. Given the strong asset quality of the debt security portfolio, the Company did not record any other-than-temporary impairment expense in 2018, 2017 or 2016.
The following table summarizes fair value of securities available for sale at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
U.S. Government Agencies | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 39,592
States and political subdivisions | 145,004 |  | 159,458 |  | 164,282
GSE residential mortgage-backed securities | 0 |  | 49,530 |  | 116,944
GSE residential CMOs | 108,064 |  | 111,119 |  | 69,383
GSE commercial CMOs | 0 |  | 0 |  | 4,856
Private label residential CMOs | 143 |  | 1,003 |  | 5,006
Private label commercial CMOs | 75,045 |  | 7,653 |  | 0
Asset-backed and other | 137,588 |  | 86,545 |  | 91
Total debt securities | $ | 465,844 |  | $ | 415,308 |  | $ | 400,154

The Company increased its investment portfolio in 2018, with the average balance of securities increasing from $420,583,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $479,517,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018.
In early 2017, the Company liquidated its U.S. Government Agencies investments in anticipation of a flattening yield curve, with funds reinvested in fixed rate CMOs. The Company also took advantage of historically wide spreads and higher interest rates to add modestly to its holdings of longer-term fixed rate securities issued by states and political subdivisions. In the second half of 2017, the Company reduced its holdings of seasoned GSE residential mortgage-backed securities and intermediate maturity taxable securities issued by states and political subdivisions and reinvested the proceeds in floating rate asset-backed securities in anticipation of further increases in short-term interest rates. Investment in asset-backed securities continued in 2018.
Asset-backed securities and CMOs provide monthly cash flows that may be used, in part, to meet anticipated loan demand in 2019, as management anticipates the loan portfolio will continue to grow.
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The following table shows the maturities of investment securities at book value at December 31, 2018, and weighted average yields of such securities. Yields are shown on a tax equivalent basis, assuming a 21% federal income tax rate.

(Dollars in thousands) | Within 1 year |  | After 1 year but within 5 years |  | After 5 years but within 10 years |  | After 10 years |  | Total
States and political subdivisions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value | $ | 799 |  | $ | 2,531 |  | $ | 37,168 |  | $ | 104,098 |  | $ | 144,596
Yield | 1.79 | % |  | 2.49 | % |  | 3.42 | % |  | 4.09 | % |  | 3.88 | %
Average maturity (years) | 0.4 |  | 2.6 |  | 8.7 |  | 17.0 |  | 14.5
GSE residential CMOs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 110,421 |  | $ | 110,421
Yield | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 2.54 | % |  | 2.54 | %
Average maturity (years) | 0.0 |  | 0.0 |  | 0.0 |  | 27.6 |  | 27.6
Private label residential CMOs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 144 |  | $ | 144
Yield | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 2.30 | % |  | 2.30 | %
Average maturity (years) | 0.0 |  | 0.0 |  | 0.0 |  | 17.1 |  | 17.1
Private label commercial CMOs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 4,013 |  | $ | 71,898 |  | $ | 75,911
Yield | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 3.19 | % |  | 3.10 | % |  | 3.10 | %
Average maturity (years) | 0.0 |  | 0.0 |  | 6.5 |  | 18.8 |  | 18.1
Asset-backed and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 12,341 |  | $ | 126,194 |  | $ | 138,535
Yield | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 4.03 | % |  | 3.22 | % |  | 3.29 | %
Average maturity (years) | 0.0 |  | 0.0 |  | 6.8 |  | 22.7 |  | 21.3
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value | $ | 799 |  | $ | 2,531 |  | $ | 53,522 |  | $ | 412,755 |  | $ | 469,607
Yield | 1.79 | % |  | 2.49 | % |  | 3.54 | % |  | 3.24 | % |  | 3.26 | %
Average maturity (years) | 0.4 |  | 2.9 |  | 8.1 |  | 21.9 |  | 20.2

The average maturity is based on the contractual terms of the debt or mortgage-backed securities, and does not factor in required repayments or anticipated prepayments. At December 31, 2018, the weighted average estimated life is 7.9 years for mortgage-backed and CMO securities, and 4.4 years for asset-backed securities, based on current interest rates and anticipated prepayment speeds.
Loan Portfolio
The Company offers a variety of products to meet the credit needs of its borrowers, principally commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and retail loans consisting of loans secured by residential properties, and to a lesser extent, installment loans. No loans are extended to non-domestic borrowers or governments.
Generally, we are permitted under applicable law to make loans to single borrowers (including certain related persons and entities) in aggregate amounts of up to 15% of the sum of total capital and the ALL. The Company’s legal lending limit to one borrower was $26,000,000 at December 31, 2018. No borrower had an outstanding exposure exceeding the limit at year-end.
The risks associated with lending activities differ among loan classes and are subject to the impact of changes in interest rates, market conditions of collateral securing the loans and general economic conditions. Any of these factors may adversely impact a borrower’s ability to repay loans, and also impact the associated collateral. A further discussion on the classes of loans the Company makes and related risks is included in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
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The following table presents the loan portfolio, excluding residential LHFS, by segments and classes at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 129,650 |  | $ | 116,811 |  | $ | 112,295 |  | $ | 103,578 |  | $ | 100,859
Non-owner occupied | 252,794 |  | 244,491 |  | 206,358 |  | 145,401 |  | 144,301
Multi-family | 78,933 |  | 53,634 |  | 47,681 |  | 35,109 |  | 27,531
Non-owner occupied residential | 100,367 |  | 77,980 |  | 62,533 |  | 54,175 |  | 49,315
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 7,385 |  | 11,730 |  | 4,663 |  | 9,364 |  | 5,924
Commercial and land development | 42,051 |  | 19,251 |  | 26,085 |  | 41,339 |  | 24,237
Commercial and industrial | 160,964 |  | 115,663 |  | 88,465 |  | 73,625 |  | 48,995
Municipal | 50,982 |  | 42,065 |  | 53,741 |  | 57,511 |  | 61,191
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 235,296 |  | 162,509 |  | 139,851 |  | 126,022 |  | 126,491
Home equity – term | 12,208 |  | 11,784 |  | 14,248 |  | 17,337 |  | 20,845
Home equity – lines of credit | 143,616 |  | 132,192 |  | 120,353 |  | 110,731 |  | 89,366
Installment and other loans | 33,411 |  | 21,902 |  | 7,118 |  | 7,521 |  | 5,891
Total loans (1) | $ | 1,247,657 |  | $ | 1,010,012 |  | $ | 883,391 |  | $ | 781,713 |  | $ | 704,946

(1) Includes $135,009,000 of acquired loans as of December 31, 2018.
The loan portfolio at December 31, 2018 increased $237,645,000, or 23.5%, from December 31, 2017, with approximately 55% of the increase attributable to acquired loans. The Mercersburg acquisition increased the loan portfolio, principally in the residential mortgage - first lien, commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate - owner occupied classes. The Company's organic growth occurred in both core and newer markets, such as Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, principally in commercial real estate; acquisition and development loans as the need for new construction financing has increased in the market; and in commercial and industrial loans and installment and other loans as we focused on increasing diversification in the portfolio. The growth in installment and other loans in 2017 and 2018 was principally attributable to purchased automobile financing loans at higher returns than comparable cash flows in the investment portfolio.
Competition for new business opportunities remains strong, which may temper loan growth in future quarters.
In addition to monitoring our loan portfolio by loan class as noted above, we also monitor concentrations by industry. The Bank’s lending policy defines an industry concentration as one that exceeds 25% of the Bank’s total risk-based capital ("RBC"). One industry met this criteria at December 31, 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | % of Total Loans |  | % of Total RBC
Office space | $81,325 |  | 6.5% |  |  | 45.7% |

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The following table presents expected maturities of certain loan classes by fixed rate or adjustable rate categories at December 31, 2018.

| Due In |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | One Year or Less |  | One Year Through Five Years |  | After Five Years |  | Total
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate | $ | 1,551 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,625 |  | $ | 3,176
Adjustable and floating rate | 3,479 |  | 0 |  | 730 |  | 4,209
| 5,030 |  | 0 |  | 2,355 |  | 7,385
Commercial and land development |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate | 1,819 |  | 485 |  | 22,315 |  | 24,619
Adjustable and floating rate | 3,771 |  | 1,295 |  | 12,366 |  | 17,432
| 5,590 |  | 1,780 |  | 34,681 |  | 42,051
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate | 2,075 |  | 43,823 |  | 14,744 |  | 60,642
Adjustable and floating rate | 71,325 |  | 14,217 |  | 14,780 |  | 100,322
| 73,400 |  | 58,040 |  | 29,524 |  | 160,964
| $ | 84,020 |  | $ | 59,820 |  | $ | 66,560 |  | $ | 210,400

The final maturity is used in the determination of maturity of acquisition and development loans that convert from construction to permanent status. Variable rate loans shown above include semi-fixed loans that contractually will adjust with prime or LIBOR after the interest lock period, which may be up to 10 years. At December 31, 2018, these semi-fixed loans totaled $23,626,000.
Asset Quality
Risk Elements
The Company’s loan portfolio is subject to varying degrees of credit risk. Credit risk is managed through our underwriting standards, on-going credit reviews, and monitoring of asset quality measures. Additionally, loan portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to a single industry or borrower, and collateral requirements also mitigate our risk of credit loss.
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The following table presents the Company’s risk elements and relevant asset quality ratios at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Nonaccrual loans (cash basis) | $ | 5,165 |  | $ | 9,843 |  | $ | 7,043 |  | $ | 16,557 |  | $ | 14,432
OREO | 130 |  | 961 |  | 346 |  | 710 |  | 932
Total nonperforming assets | 5,295 |  | 10,804 |  | 7,389 |  | 17,267 |  | 15,364
Restructured loans still accruing | 1,132 |  | 1,183 |  | 930 |  | 793 |  | 1,100
Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing | 57 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 24 |  | 0
Total nonperforming and other risk assets | $ | 6,484 |  | $ | 11,987 |  | $ | 8,319 |  | $ | 18,084 |  | $ | 16,464
Loans 30-89 days past due | $ | 5,186 |  | $ | 5,277 |  | $ | 1,218 |  | $ | 2,532 |  | $ | 1,612
Asset quality ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming loans to total loans | 0.41 | % |  | 0.97 | % |  | 0.80 | % |  | 2.12 | % |  | 2.05 | %
Total nonperforming assets to total assets | 0.27 | % |  | 0.69 | % |  | 0.52 | % |  | 1.34 | % |  | 1.29 | %
Total nonperforming assets to total loans and OREO | 0.42 | % |  | 1.07 | % |  | 0.84 | % |  | 2.21 | % |  | 2.18 | %
Total risk assets to total loans and OREO | 0.52 | % |  | 1.19 | % |  | 0.94 | % |  | 2.31 | % |  | 2.33 | %
Total risk assets to total assets | 0.34 | % |  | 0.77 | % |  | 0.59 | % |  | 1.40 | % |  | 1.38 | %
Allowance for loan losses to total loans | 1.12 | % |  | 1.27 | % |  | 1.45 | % |  | 1.74 | % |  | 2.09 | %
Allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans | 271.33 | % |  | 130.00 | % |  | 181.39 | % |  | 81.95 | % |  | 102.18 | %
Allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans and restructured loans still accruing | 222.55 | % |  | 116.05 | % |  | 160.23 | % |  | 78.20 | % |  | 94.95 | %

The following table provides detail of impaired loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

| 2018 |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Nonaccrual Loans |  | Restructured Loans Still Accruing |  | Total |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  | Restructured Loans Still Accruing |  | Total
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied | $ | 1,841 |  | $ | 39 |  | $ | 1,880 |  | $ | 1,185 |  | $ | 52 |  | $ | 1,237
Non-owner occupied | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 4,065 |  | 0 |  | 4,065
Multi-family | 131 |  | 0 |  | 131 |  | 165 |  | 0 |  | 165
Non-owner occupied residential | 309 |  | 0 |  | 309 |  | 381 |  | 0 |  | 381
Acquisition and development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 492 |  | 0 |  | 492
Commercial and industrial | 286 |  | 0 |  | 286 |  | 350 |  | 0 |  | 350
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 1,808 |  | 1,069 |  | 2,877 |  | 2,734 |  | 1,102 |  | 3,836
Home equity – term | 16 |  | 0 |  | 16 |  | 22 |  | 0 |  | 22
Home equity – lines of credit | 774 |  | 24 |  | 798 |  | 438 |  | 29 |  | 467
Installment and other loans | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 11 |  | 0 |  | 11
| $ | 5,165 |  | $ | 1,132 |  | $ | 6,297 |  | $ | 9,843 |  | $ | 1,183 |  | $ | 11,026

Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans and foreclosed real estate. Risk assets, which incorporate nonperforming assets and restructured and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing, totaled $6,484,000 at December 31, 2018, a decrease of $5,503,000 or 45.9%, from $11,987,000 at December 31, 2017. Nonaccrual loans totaled $5,165,000 at December 31, 2018, a decrease of $4,678,000 from December 31, 2017. One commercial loan, downgraded to nonaccrual status in the fourth quarter of 2017 and paid off in the second quarter of 2018, was the principal driver of the change. The change in nonaccrual loan amounts also impacted other asset quality ratios detailed above. The overall reduction of risk assets and nonaccrual loans from December 31, 2015 to December 31, 2016 was due principally to the sale of a loan with a carrying balance of $5,946,000 to a third party. Cash proceeds totaled $5,100,000 with the $846,000 difference recorded as a charge-off to the ALL in 2016.
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The ALL totaled $14,014,000 at December 31, 2018, a $1,218,000 increase from $12,796,000 at December 31, 2017, resulting from net recoveries of $418,000 and a provision for loan losses of $800,000 for 2018. The ALL is lower as a percentage of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2018 than in prior years, reflecting in part purchase accounting adjustments for impaired loans acquired from Mercersburg. Management believes its coverage ratios are adequate for the risk profile of the loan portfolio given ongoing monitoring of the portfolio and its quantitative and qualitative analysis performed at December 31, 2018. As new information is learned about borrowers or updated appraisals on real estate with lower fair values are obtained, the Company may continue to experience additional impaired loans.
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 recoveries of $882,000, $287,000 and $679,000 were credited to the ALL. These recoveries on previously charged-off relationships are the result of successful loan monitoring and workout solutions. Recoveries are difficult to predict, and any additional recoveries that the Company receives will be used to replenish the ALL. Recoveries favorably impact historical charge-off factors, and contribute to changes in the quantitative as well as qualitative factors used in our allowance adequacy analysis. However, as the loan portfolio continues to grow, future provisions for loan losses may result.
The Company takes partial charge-offs on collateral-dependent loans when carrying value exceeds estimated fair value, as determined by the most recent appraisal adjusted for current (within the quarter) conditions, less costs to dispose. Impairment reserves remain in place if updated appraisals are pending, and represent management’s estimate of potential loss.
The following table presents exposure to relationships with an impaired loan balance, partial charge-offs taken to date and specific reserves established on the relationships at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Of the relationships deemed to be impaired at December 31, 2018, none had a recorded balance in excess of $1,000,000 and 64 relationships, comprising 76.4% of the total impaired balances, had recorded balances of less than $250,000.

(Dollars in thousands) | # of Relationships |  | Recorded Investment |  | Partial Charge-offs to Date |  | Specific Reserves
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Relationships greater than $500,000 but less than $1,000,000 | 1 |  | $ | 810 |  | $ | 17 |  | $ | 0
Relationships greater than $250,000 but less than $500,000 | 2 |  | 673 |  | 0 |  | 0
Relationships less than $250,000 | 64 |  | 4,814 |  | 873 |  | 38
| 67 |  | $ | 6,297 |  | $ | 890 |  | $ | 38
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Relationships greater than $1,000,000 | 1 |  | $ | 4,065 |  | $ | 791 |  | $ | 0
Relationships greater than $500,000 but less than $1,000,000 | 1 |  | 518 |  | 145 |  | 0
Relationships greater than $250,000 but less than $500,000 | 4 |  | 1,501 |  | 120 |  | 0
Relationships less than $250,000 | 62 |  | 4,942 |  | 1,160 |  | 51
| 68 |  | $ | 11,026 |  | $ | 2,216 |  | $ | 51

Internal loan reviews are completed annually on all commercial relationships with a committed loan balance in excess of $500,000, which includes confirmation of risk rating by an independent credit officer. Credit Administration also reviews loans in excess of $1,000,000. In addition, all relationships greater than $250,000 rated Substandard, Doubtful or Loss are reviewed and corresponding risk ratings are reaffirmed by the Bank's Problem Loan Committee, with subsequent reporting to the ERM Committee.
In its individual loan impairment analysis, the Company determines the extent of any full or partial charge-offs that may be required, or any reserves that may be needed. The determination of the Company’s charge-offs or impairment reserve include an evaluation of the outstanding loan balance and the related collateral securing the credit. Through a combination of collateral securing the loans and partial charge-offs taken to date, the Company believes that it has adequately provided for the potential losses that it may incur on these relationships at December 31, 2018. However, over time, additional information may result in increased reserve allocations or, alternatively, it may be deemed that the reserve allocations exceed those that are needed.
The Company’s foreclosed real estate balance consisted of one commercial property totaling $130,000 at December 31, 2018. The Company believes the value of foreclosed real estate represents its fair value, but if the real estate values decline, additional charges may be needed. During 2018, no expense was recorded for writedown of other real estate owned properties.
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Credit Risk Management
Allowance for Loan Losses
The Company maintains the ALL at a level deemed adequate by management for probable incurred credit losses. The ALL is established and maintained through a provision for loan losses charged to earnings. Quarterly, management assesses the adequacy of the ALL utilizing a defined methodology which considers specific credit evaluation of impaired loans, past loan loss historical experience and qualitative factors. Management addresses the requirements for loans individually identified as impaired, loans collectively evaluated for impairment, and other bank regulatory guidance in its assessment.
The ALL is evaluated based on review of the collectability of loans in light of historical experience; the nature and volume of the loan portfolio; adverse situations that may affect a borrower’s ability to repay; estimated value of any underlying collateral; and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. A description of the methodology for establishing the allowance and provision for loan losses and related procedures in establishing the appropriate level of reserve is included in Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
The following table summarizes the Company’s internal risk ratings at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Non-Impaired Substandard |  | Impaired - Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | PCI Loans |  | Total
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 121,903 |  | $ | 3,024 |  | $ | 987 |  | $ | 1,880 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,856 |  | $ | 129,650
Non-owner occupied | 242,136 |  | 10,008 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 650 |  | 252,794
Multi-family | 71,482 |  | 5,886 |  | 717 |  | 131 |  | 0 |  | 717 |  | 78,933
Non-owner occupied residential | 98,125 |  | 736 |  | 1,197 |  | 309 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 100,367
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 7,385 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 7,385
Commercial and land development | 41,251 |  | 25 |  | 583 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 192 |  | 42,051
Commercial and industrial | 150,286 |  | 2,278 |  | 2,940 |  | 286 |  | 0 |  | 5,174 |  | 160,964
Municipal | 50,982 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 50,982
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 229,436 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 2,877 |  | 0 |  | 2,983 |  | 235,296
Home equity – term | 12,170 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 16 |  | 0 |  | 22 |  | 12,208
Home equity – lines of credit | 142,638 |  | 165 |  | 15 |  | 798 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 143,616
Installment and other loans | 33,229 |  | 15 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 166 |  | 33,411
| $ | 1,201,023 |  | $ | 22,137 |  | $ | 6,440 |  | $ | 6,297 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 11,760 |  | $ | 1,247,657

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December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 113,240 |  | $ | 413 |  | $ | 1,921 |  | $ | 1,237 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 116,811
Non-owner occupied | 235,919 |  | 0 |  | 4,507 |  | 4,065 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 244,491
Multi-family | 48,603 |  | 4,113 |  | 753 |  | 165 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 53,634
Non-owner occupied residential | 76,373 |  | 142 |  | 1,084 |  | 381 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 77,980
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 11,238 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 492 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 11,730
Commercial and land development | 18,635 |  | 5 |  | 611 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 19,251
Commercial and industrial | 113,162 |  | 2,151 |  | 0 |  | 350 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 115,663
Municipal | 42,065 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 42,065
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 158,673 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 3,836 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 162,509
Home equity – term | 11,762 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 22 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 11,784
Home equity – lines of credit | 131,585 |  | 80 |  | 60 |  | 467 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 132,192
Installment and other loans | 21,891 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 11 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 21,902
| $ | 983,146 |  | $ | 6,904 |  | $ | 8,936 |  | $ | 11,026 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,010,012

Potential problem loans are defined as performing loans which have characteristics that cause management concern over the ability of the borrower to perform under present loan repayment terms and which may result in the reporting of these loans as nonperforming loans in the future. Generally, management feels that Substandard loans that are currently performing and not considered impaired result in some doubt as to the borrower’s ability to continue to perform under the terms of the loan, and represent potential problem loans. Additionally, the Special Mention classification is intended to be a temporary classification reflective of loans that have potential weaknesses that may, if not monitored or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date. Special Mention loans represent an elevated risk, but their weakness does not yet justify a more severe, or classified, rating. These loans require inquiry by lenders on the cause of the potential weakness and, once analyzed, the loan classification may be downgraded to Substandard or, alternatively, could be upgraded to Pass.
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The following tables summarize the average recorded investment in impaired loans and interest income recognized, on a cash basis, and interest income earned but not recognized for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | Average Impaired Balance |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Interest Earned But Not Recognized
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 1,495 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 156
Non-owner occupied | 1,842 |  | 0 |  | 236
Multi-family | 148 |  | 0 |  | 20
Non-owner occupied residential | 346 |  | 0 |  | 36
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 181 |  | 0 |  | 0
Commercial and land development | 1 |  | 0 |  | 1
Commercial and industrial | 322 |  | 0 |  | 29
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 3,234 |  | 59 |  | 130
Home equity – term | 19 |  | 0 |  | 2
Home equity – lines of credit | 657 |  | 2 |  | 52
Installment and other loans | 4 |  | 0 |  | 5
| $ | 8,249 |  | $ | 63 |  | $ | 667
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 1,000 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 114
Non-owner occupied | 392 |  | 0 |  | 10
Multi-family | 182 |  | 0 |  | 19
Non-owner occupied residential | 418 |  | 0 |  | 35
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 154 |  | 0 |  | 7
Commercial and industrial | 413 |  | 0 |  | 25
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 4,012 |  | 58 |  | 136
Home equity – term | 61 |  | 0 |  | 1
Home equity – lines of credit | 488 |  | 2 |  | 26
Installment and other loans | 10 |  | 0 |  | 3
| $ | 7,130 |  | $ | 66 |  | $ | 376

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(Dollars in thousands) | Average Impaired Balance |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Interest Earned But Not Recognized
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 1,758 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 124
Non-owner occupied | 6,831 |  | 0 |  | 326
Multi-family | 216 |  | 0 |  | 17
Non-owner occupied residential | 645 |  | 0 |  | 35
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and land development | 3 |  | 0 |  | 1
Commercial and industrial | 575 |  | 0 |  | 25
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 4,525 |  | 33 |  | 175
Home equity – term | 98 |  | 0 |  | 6
Home equity – lines of credit | 455 |  | 0 |  | 19
Installment and other loans | 12 |  | 0 |  | 3
| $ | 15,118 |  | $ | 33 |  | $ | 731
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 2,613 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 177
Non-owner occupied | 3,470 |  | 0 |  | 256
Multi-family | 402 |  | 0 |  | 15
Non-owner occupied residential | 1,020 |  | 0 |  | 56
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and land development | 266 |  | 137 |  | 2
Commercial and industrial | 1,208 |  | 0 |  | 28
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 4,644 |  | 37 |  | 167
Home equity – term | 130 |  | 0 |  | 3
Home equity – lines of credit | 571 |  | 0 |  | 29
Installment and other loans | 22 |  | 0 |  | 3
| $ | 14,346 |  | $ | 174 |  | $ | 736
December 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 3,740 |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | 179
Non-owner occupied | 6,711 |  | 143 |  | 156
Multi-family | 274 |  | 2 |  | 6
Non-owner occupied residential | 2,095 |  | 13 |  | 62
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and land development | 1,250 |  | 34 |  | 59
Commercial and industrial | 1,700 |  | 5 |  | 19
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 4,226 |  | 53 |  | 196
Home equity – term | 85 |  | 0 |  | 5
Home equity – lines of credit | 111 |  | 3 |  | 25
Installment and other loans | 9 |  | 1 |  | 1
| $ | 20,201 |  | $ | 274 |  | $ | 708

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The following table summarizes activity in the ALL for years ended December 31.

| Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Acquisition and Development |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Municipal |  | Total |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Installment and Other |  | Total |  | Unallocated |  | Total
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 6,763 |  | $ | 417 |  | $ | 1,446 |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 8,710 |  | $ | 3,400 |  | $ | 211 |  | $ | 3,611 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 12,796
Provision for loan losses | (442) |  | 396 |  | 209 |  | 14 |  | 177 |  | 363 |  | 165 |  | 528 |  | 95 |  | 800
Charge-offs | (17) |  | (7) |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (24) |  | (148) |  | (292) |  | (440) |  | 0 |  | (464)
Recoveries | 572 |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 584 |  | 138 |  | 160 |  | 298 |  | 0 |  | 882
Balance, end of year | $ | 6,876 |  | $ | 817 |  | $ | 1,656 |  | $ | 98 |  | $ | 9,447 |  | $ | 3,753 |  | $ | 244 |  | $ | 3,997 |  | $ | 570 |  | $ | 14,014
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 7,530 |  | $ | 580 |  | $ | 1,074 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 9,238 |  | $ | 2,979 |  | $ | 144 |  | $ | 3,123 |  | $ | 414 |  | $ | 12,775
Provision for loan losses | 38 |  | (167) |  | 333 |  | 30 |  | 234 |  | 531 |  | 174 |  | 705 |  | 61 |  | 1,000
Charge-offs | (835) |  | 0 |  | (85) |  | 0 |  | (920) |  | (180) |  | (166) |  | (346) |  | 0 |  | (1,266)
Recoveries | 30 |  | 4 |  | 124 |  | 0 |  | 158 |  | 70 |  | 59 |  | 129 |  | 0 |  | 287
Balance, end of year | $ | 6,763 |  | $ | 417 |  | $ | 1,446 |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 8,710 |  | $ | 3,400 |  | $ | 211 |  | $ | 3,611 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 12,796
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 7,883 |  | $ | 850 |  | $ | 1,012 |  | $ | 58 |  | $ | 9,803 |  | $ | 2,870 |  | $ | 121 |  | $ | 2,991 |  | $ | 774 |  | $ | 13,568
Provision for loan losses | 107 |  | (270) |  | 129 |  | (4) |  | (38) |  | 532 |  | 116 |  | 648 |  | (360) |  | 250
Charge-offs | (872) |  | 0 |  | (79) |  | 0 |  | (951) |  | (577) |  | (194) |  | (771) |  | 0 |  | (1,722)
Recoveries | 412 |  | 0 |  | 12 |  | 0 |  | 424 |  | 154 |  | 101 |  | 255 |  | 0 |  | 679
Balance, end of year | $ | 7,530 |  | $ | 580 |  | $ | 1,074 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 9,238 |  | $ | 2,979 |  | $ | 144 |  | $ | 3,123 |  | $ | 414 |  | $ | 12,775
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 9,462 |  | $ | 697 |  | $ | 806 |  | $ | 183 |  | $ | 11,148 |  | $ | 2,262 |  | $ | 119 |  | $ | 2,381 |  | $ | 1,218 |  | $ | 14,747
Provision for loan losses | (1,020) |  | (440) |  | 249 |  | (125) |  | (1,336) |  | 1,122 |  | 55 |  | 1,177 |  | (444) |  | (603)
Charge-offs | (711) |  | (22) |  | (115) |  | 0 |  | (848) |  | (592) |  | (62) |  | (654) |  | 0 |  | (1,502)
Recoveries | 152 |  | 615 |  | 72 |  | 0 |  | 839 |  | 78 |  | 9 |  | 87 |  | 0 |  | 926
Balance, end of year | $ | 7,883 |  | $ | 850 |  | $ | 1,012 |  | $ | 58 |  | $ | 9,803 |  | $ | 2,870 |  | $ | 121 |  | $ | 2,991 |  | $ | 774 |  | $ | 13,568
December 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 13,215 |  | $ | 670 |  | $ | 864 |  | $ | 244 |  | $ | 14,993 |  | $ | 3,780 |  | $ | 124 |  | $ | 3,904 |  | $ | 2,068 |  | $ | 20,965
Provision for loan losses | (1,674) |  | 92 |  | (554) |  | (61) |  | (2,197) |  | (960) |  | 107 |  | (853) |  | (850) |  | (3,900)
Charge-offs | (2,637) |  | (70) |  | (270) |  | 0 |  | (2,977) |  | (587) |  | (177) |  | (764) |  | 0 |  | (3,741)
Recoveries | 558 |  | 5 |  | 766 |  | 0 |  | 1,329 |  | 29 |  | 65 |  | 94 |  | 0 |  | 1,423
Balance, end of year | $ | 9,462 |  | $ | 697 |  | $ | 806 |  | $ | 183 |  | $ | 11,148 |  | $ | 2,262 |  | $ | 119 |  | $ | 2,381 |  | $ | 1,218 |  | $ | 14,747

The following table summarizes asset quality ratios for years ended December 31.

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding | (0.04) | % |  | 0.10 | % |  | 0.13 | % |  | 0.08 | % |  | 0.34 | %
Provision for loan losses to net charge-offs (recoveries) | (191.39) | % |  | 102.15 | % |  | 23.97 | % |  | (104.69) | % |  | (168.25) | %
Ratio of ALL to total loans outstanding at December 31 | 1.12 | % |  | 1.27 | % |  | 1.45 | % |  | 1.74 | % |  | 2.09 | %

The Company recorded a provision for loan losses expense of $800,000, $1,000,000, and $250,000, for 2018, 2017 and 2016, and negative provisions, or reversals of amounts previously provided, of $603,000 and $3,900,000 for 2015 and 2014. The negative provision in 2015 and 2014 was due to recovery of loans with prior charge-offs, allowing for the recovery. In addition, in certain cases loans were successfully worked out with smaller charge-offs than the reserve established on them. The Company has benefited from organic loan portfolio growth and favorable historical charge-off data combined with relatively stable economic conditions over the periods presented above. This was a principal factor in management's determination that a
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negative or modest provision could be recorded despite net charge-offs recorded in 2014 through 2016. In 2017, management determined that a provision expense that offset net charge-offs for the year would maintain an adequate ALL, principally due to a charge-off in connection with one commercial credit downgraded to nonaccrual status during the year. In 2018, our continued organic loan portfolio growth was a key factor in the quantitative and qualitative considerations used by management in the determination of the provision expense required to maintain an adequate allowance for loan losses. These significant variations in net charge-offs (recoveries) and provision expense (recovery) resulted in the fluctuations in the ratios as presented in the tables above.
See further discussion in the “Provision for Loan Losses” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following table shows the allocation of the ALL by loan class, as well as the percent of each loan class in relation to the total loan balance at December 31.

| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  | 2016 |  |  |  | 2015 |  |  |  | 2014 |  |
| Amount |  | % of Loan Type to Total Loans |  | Amount |  | % of Loan Type to Total Loans |  | Amount |  | % of Loan Type to Total Loans |  | Amount |  | % of Loan Type to Total Loans |  | Amount |  | % of Loan Type to Total Loans
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 1,491 |  | 10 | % |  | $ | 1,488 |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 1,591 |  | 13 | % |  | $ | 1,998 |  | 13 | % |  | $ | 2,059 |  | 14 | %
Non-owner occupied | 3,683 |  | 20 | % |  | 4,059 |  | 24 | % |  | 4,380 |  | 23 | % |  | 4,033 |  | 19 | % |  | 4,887 |  | 20 | %
Multi-family | 792 |  | 6 | % |  | 444 |  | 5 | % |  | 604 |  | 5 | % |  | 709 |  | 5 | % |  | 1,231 |  | 4 | %
Non-owner occupied residential | 910 |  | 8 | % |  | 772 |  | 8 | % |  | 955 |  | 7 | % |  | 1,143 |  | 7 | % |  | 1,285 |  | 7 | %
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 104 |  | 1 | % |  | 169 |  | 1 | % |  | 102 |  | 1 | % |  | 236 |  | 1 | % |  | 222 |  | 1 | %
Commercial and land development | 713 |  | 3 | % |  | 248 |  | 2 | % |  | 478 |  | 3 | % |  | 614 |  | 5 | % |  | 475 |  | 3 | %
Commercial and industrial | 1,656 |  | 13 | % |  | 1,446 |  | 12 | % |  | 1,074 |  | 10 | % |  | 1,012 |  | 10 | % |  | 806 |  | 7 | %
Municipal | 98 |  | 4 | % |  | 84 |  | 4 | % |  | 54 |  | 6 | % |  | 58 |  | 7 | % |  | 183 |  | 9 | %
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 2,002 |  | 19 | % |  | 1,855 |  | 16 | % |  | 1,624 |  | 16 | % |  | 1,667 |  | 16 | % |  | 1,295 |  | 18 | %
Home equity - term | 109 |  | 1 | % |  | 119 |  | 1 | % |  | 151 |  | 1 | % |  | 184 |  | 2 | % |  | 206 |  | 3 | %
Home equity - lines of credit | 1,642 |  | 12 | % |  | 1,426 |  | 13 | % |  | 1,204 |  | 14 | % |  | 1,019 |  | 14 | % |  | 761 |  | 13 | %
Installment and other loans | 244 |  | 3 | % |  | 211 |  | 2 | % |  | 144 |  | 1 | % |  | 121 |  | 1 | % |  | 119 |  | 1 | %
Unallocated | 570 |  |  |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 774 |  |  |  | 1,218 |  |
| $ | 14,014 |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 12,796 |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 12,775 |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 13,568 |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 14,747 |  | 100 | %

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The following table summarizes the ending loan balance individually or collectively evaluated for impairment by loan class and the ALL allocation for each at December 31.

| Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Acquisition and Development |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Municipal |  | Total |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Installment and Other |  | Total |  | Unallocated |  | Total
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans allocated by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 2,320 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 286 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 2,606 |  | $ | 3,691 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 3,691 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 6,297
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 559,424 |  | 49,436 |  | 160,678 |  | 50,982 |  | 820,520 |  | 387,429 |  | 33,411 |  | 420,840 |  | 0 |  | 1,241,360
| $ | 561,744 |  | $ | 49,436 |  | $ | 160,964 |  | $ | 50,982 |  | $ | 823,126 |  | $ | 391,120 |  | $ | 33,411 |  | $ | 424,531 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,247,657
Allowance for loan losses allocated by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 38
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 6,876 |  | 817 |  | 1,656 |  | 98 |  | 9,447 |  | 3,715 |  | 244 |  | 3,959 |  | 570 |  | 13,976
| $ | 6,876 |  | $ | 817 |  | $ | 1,656 |  | $ | 98 |  | $ | 9,447 |  | $ | 3,753 |  | $ | 244 |  | $ | 3,997 |  | $ | 570 |  | $ | 14,014
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans allocated by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 5,848 |  | $ | 492 |  | $ | 350 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 6,690 |  | $ | 4,325 |  | $ | 11 |  | $ | 4,336 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 11,026
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 487,068 |  | 30,489 |  | 115,313 |  | 42,065 |  | 674,935 |  | 302,160 |  | 21,891 |  | 324,051 |  | 0 |  | 998,986
| $ | 492,916 |  | $ | 30,981 |  | $ | 115,663 |  | $ | 42,065 |  | $ | 681,625 |  | $ | 306,485 |  | $ | 21,902 |  | $ | 328,387 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,010,012
Allowance for loan losses allocated by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 42 |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | 51 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 51
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 6,763 |  | 417 |  | 1,446 |  | 84 |  | 8,710 |  | 3,358 |  | 202 |  | 3,560 |  | 475 |  | 12,745
| $ | 6,763 |  | $ | 417 |  | $ | 1,446 |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 8,710 |  | $ | 3,400 |  | $ | 211 |  | $ | 3,611 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 12,796

In addition to the reserve allocations on impaired loans noted above, 18 loans, with aggregate outstanding principal balances of $2,345,000, have had cumulative partial charge-offs to the ALL totaling $890,000. As updated appraisals were received on collateral-dependent loans, partial charge-offs were taken to the extent the loans’ principal balance exceeded their fair value.
Management believes the allocation of the ALL between the various loan classes adequately reflects the probable incurred credit losses in each portfolio and is based on the methodology outlined in Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." Management re-evaluates and makes certain enhancements to its methodology used to establish a reserve to better reflect the risks inherent in the different segments of the portfolio, particularly in light of increased charge-offs, with noticeable differences between the different loan classes. Management believes these enhancements to the ALL methodology improve the accuracy of quantifying probable incurred credit losses inherent in the portfolio. Management charges actual loan losses to the reserve and bases the provision for loan losses on its overall analysis.
The largest component of the ALL for the years presented has been allocated to the commercial real estate segment, particularly the non-owner occupied loan classes. The higher allocations in these classes as compared with the other classes is consistent with the inherent risk associated with these loans, as well as generally higher levels of impaired and criticized loans for the periods presented. There has generally been a decrease in the ALL allocated to the commercial real estate portfolio, as the level of classified assets has declined, and historical loss rates have improved as a result of improving economic and market conditions.
The unallocated portion of the ALL reflects estimated inherent losses within the portfolio that have not been detected, as well as the risk of error in the specific and general reserve allocation, other potential exposure in the loan portfolio, variances in management’s assessment of national and local economic conditions and other factors management believes appropriate at the time. The unallocated portion of the allowance increased from $475,000 at December 31, 2017 to $570,000 at December 31, 2018 and represents 4.1% of the ALL at December 31, 2018, compared with 3.7% at December 31, 2017. The Company monitors the unallocated portion of the ALL, and by policy, has determined it should not exceed 6% of the total reserve. Future negative provisions for loan losses may result if the unallocated portion was to increase, and management determined the
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reserves were not required for the anticipated risk in the portfolio. As asset quality has improved the last several years, management has determined a reduced risk of loss associated with the portfolio, as evidenced by lower classified loans and sustainable improvements in delinquencies.
Management believes the Company’s ALL is adequate based on information currently available. Future adjustments to the ALL and enhancements to the methodology may be necessary due to changes in economic conditions, regulatory guidance, or management’s assumptions as to future delinquencies or loss rates.
Deposits
Total deposits grew $339,241,000, or 27.8%, from $1,219,515,000 at December 31, 2017 to $1,558,756,000 at December 31, 2018. The assumption of deposits in the Mercersburg acquisition accounted for approximately one half of the increase, with organic growth contributing approximately 30% and the remainder attributable to growth in interest-bearing demand deposit accounts as certain larger depository relationships, previously enrolled in the Company's repurchase agreement program included in short-term borrowings, were enrolled in a program provided through a third party which provides full FDIC insurance on deposit amounts by exchanging or reciprocating larger depository relationships with other member banks.
The following table presents average deposits for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Demand deposits | $ | 183,387 |  | $ | 161,917 |  | $ | 147,473
Interest-bearing demand deposits | 767,863 |  | 648,174 |  | 565,524
Savings deposits | 102,189 |  | 94,815 |  | 90,272
Time deposits | 324,118 |  | 292,616 |  | 289,574
Total deposits | $ | 1,377,557 |  | $ | 1,197,522 |  | $ | 1,092,843

Average total deposits increased $180,035,000, or 15.0% from 2017 to 2018. Interest-bearing demand deposit account balances were the principal driver, increasing $119,689,000, or 18.5%. Average time deposits less than $250,000 grew from $273,642,000 in 2017 to $287,866,000 in 2018 and average time deposits in excess of $250,000 increased from $18,974,000 in 2017 to $36,252,000 in 2018.
The Company has been able to garner organic growth in both interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing deposit relationships from enhanced cash management offerings as we developed commercial relationships. We also continued to grow core funding deposits through marketing campaigns and improvement in our product delivery with investments in technology and increased sales efforts. We have also been able to increase interest-free funds as we expanded our commercial and industrial loan portfolio.
In 2018, the Company used deposit growth principally to fund loan growth. An additional funding source the Company uses is brokered deposits, which totaled $126,556,000 at December 31, 2018 compared with $96,368,000 at December 31, 2017, and averaged $112,304,000 for 2018 compared with $94,165,000 for 2017. Given interest rate conditions and asset/liability strategies, we issued additional brokered time deposits, which have options that enable the Company to pay them off early.
Management evaluates its utilization of brokered deposits, taking into consideration the interest rate curve and regulatory views on non-core funding sources, and balances this funding source with its funding needs based on growth initiatives. The Company anticipates that as loan growth increases, it will be able to generate core deposit funding by offering competitive rates.
The following table presents maturities of time deposits of $250,000 or more at December 31, 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) | Total
Three months or less | $ | 14,123
Over three months through six months | 12,434
Over six months through one year | 6,660
Over one year | 7,110
Total | $ | 40,327

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Borrowings
In addition to deposit products, the Company uses short-term borrowing sources to meet liquidity needs and for temporary funding. Sources of short-term borrowings include the FHLB of Pittsburgh, federal funds purchased, and to a lesser extent, the FRB discount window. Short-term borrowings also include securities sold under agreements to repurchase with deposit customers, in which a customer sweeps a portion of a deposit balance into a repurchase agreement, which is a secured borrowing with a pool of securities pledged against the balance.
The Company also utilizes long-term debt, consisting principally of FHLB fixed and amortizing advances to fund its balance sheet with original maturities greater than one year. The Company continues to evaluate its funding needs, interest rate movements, the cost of options, and the availability of attractive structures in its evaluation as to the timing and extent of when it enters into long-term borrowings.
In December 2018, we issued unsecured subordinated notes payable totaling $32,500,000, the proceeds of which are designated for general corporate use, including funding of cash consideration for mergers and acquisitions.
For additional information about borrowings, refer to Note 12, Short-Term Borrowings, Note 13, Long-Term Debt, and Note 14, Subordinated Notes, to the Consolidated Financial Statements appearing in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
Shareholders' Equity
Total shareholders’ equity increased $28,668,000, or 19.8%, during 2018. The principal factor in the increase was the issuance of 1,052,635 shares of common stock, valued at $25,053,000, in the Mercersburg acquisition. Other 2018 increases in equity included net income of $12,805,000 and $1,002,000 from the issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation. Partially offsetting these increases were a decrease in the fair value of available for sale securities, net of taxes, of $5,817,000 and dividends paid to shareholders totaling $4,375,000.
In February 2018, the FASB issued changes related to the accounting for the effects of the Tax Act on items in AOCI. The impact of tax rate changes is recorded in income and items accounted for in AOCI could be left with a 'stranded' tax effect that could have those items appear to not reflect the appropriate tax rate. The FASB's changes allowed a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects from the Tax Act to improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. We adopted the changes in December 2017. The amount transferred from AOCI to retained earnings totaled $229,000 and represented the impact of the Tax Law rate change to 21% at the date of enactment for unrealized gains and losses accounted for in AOCI.
On September 14, 2015, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase program which is more fully described in Item 5 under Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. The maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plan is 333,275 shares at December 31, 2018.
The following table includes additional information for shareholders’ equity for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Average shareholders’ equity | $ | 149,662 |  | $ | 141,301 |  | $ | 137,973
Net income | 12,805 |  | 8,090 |  | 6,628
Cash dividends paid | 4,375 |  | 3,488 |  | 2,898
Equity to asset ratio | 8.97 | % |  | 9.29 | % |  | 9.53 | %
Dividend payout ratio | 33.33 | % |  | 42.00 | % |  | 42.68 | %
Return on average equity | 8.56 | % |  | 5.73 | % |  | 4.80 | %

Capital Adequacy and Regulatory Matters
Capital management in a regulated financial services industry must properly balance return on equity to its shareholders while maintaining sufficient levels of capital and related risk-based regulatory capital ratios to satisfy statutory regulatory requirements. The Company’s capital management strategies have been developed to provide attractive rates of returns to its shareholders, while maintaining a “well capitalized” position of regulatory strength.
Effective with the third quarter of 2018, the FRB raised the consolidated asset limit on small bank holding companies from $1,000,000,000 to $3,000,000,000, and a company with assets under the revised limits is not subject to the FRB
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consolidated capital rules. A company with consolidated assets under the revised limit may continue to file reports that include capital amounts and ratios. The Company has elected to continue to file those reports.
Management believes the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2018, the Bank was considered well capitalized under applicable banking regulations.
Tables presenting the Company’s and the Bank’s capital amounts and ratios at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are included in Note 15, Shareholders' Equity and Regulatory Capital, to the Consolidated Financial Statements appearing in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
Tier 1 and total capital increases reflected the Mercersburg acquisition and results of operations for 2018, and, for the Company, the issuance of subordinated notes, which qualified as Tier 2 capital. Risk-weighted assets increased from $1,146,378,000 at December 31, 2017 to $1,330,560,000 at December 31, 2018 for the Company and from $1,143,207,000 at December 31, 2017 to $1,329,477,000 at December 31, 2018 for the Bank, reflecting the Mercersburg acquisition and growth in the loan and investment portfolios.
The Company routinely evaluates its capital levels in light of its risk profile to assess its capital needs. In addition to the minimum capital ratio requirement and minimum capital ratio to be well capitalized presented in the tables in Note 15, we must maintain a capital conservation buffer as noted in Item 1 - Business under the topic Basel III Capital Rules. At December 31, 2018, the Company's and the Bank's capital conservation buffer, based on the most restrictive capital ratio, was 6.0% and 5.4%, which is above the phase in requirement of 1.875% at December 31, 2018. Effective January 1, 2019, the capital conservation buffer became fully phased in at 2.50%, which lowered our computed buffer by 0.875%.
Liquidity and Rate Sensitivity
Liquidity. The primary function of asset/liability management is to ensure adequate liquidity and manage the Company’s sensitivity to changing interest rates. Liquidity management involves the ability to meet the cash flow requirements of customers who may be either depositors wanting to withdraw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs. Our primary sources of funds consist of deposit inflows, loan repayments, maturities and sales of investment securities, the sale of mortgage loans and borrowings from the FHLB of Pittsburgh. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.
We regularly adjust our investments in liquid assets based upon our assessment of expected loan demand, expected deposit flows, yields available on interest-earning deposits and securities and the objectives of our asset/liability management policy.
At December 31, 2018, outstanding loan commitments totaled $366,533,000, which included $44,135,000 in undisbursed loans, $160,971,000 in unused home equity lines of credit, $147,518,000 in commercial lines of credit, and $13,909,000 in standby letters of credit. Time deposits due within one year after December 31, 2018 totaled $259,909,000, or 68% of time deposits. The large percentage of time deposits that mature within one year reflects customers’ preference not to invest funds for long periods in the current interest rate environment. If these maturing deposits do not remain with us, we will be required to seek other sources of funds, including other time deposits and lines of credit. Depending on market conditions, we may be required to pay higher rates on such deposits or other borrowings than we currently pay on time deposits outstanding at December 31, 2018. We believe, however, based on past experience that a significant portion of our time deposits will remain with us. We have the ability to attract and retain deposits by adjusting the interest rates we offer.
Our most liquid assets are cash and cash equivalents. The levels of these assets depend on our operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. At December 31, 2018, cash and cash equivalents totaled $88,815,000, compared with $29,807,000 at December 31, 2017. Securities classified as available for sale, net of pledging requirements, provide additional sources of liquidity, and totaled $301,611,000 at December 31, 2018. Also at December 31, 2018, we had the ability to borrow up to a total of $554,306,000 from the FHLB of Pittsburgh, of which $224,000,000 in advances and letters of credit were outstanding. The Company’s ability to borrow from the FHLB is dependent on having sufficient qualifying collateral, which generally consists of mortgage loans. In addition, we had $35,000,000 in available unsecured lines of credit with other banks at December 31, 2018.
The Company is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity. In addition to its operating expenses, the Company is responsible for paying any dividends declared to its shareholders and interest on its borrowings. The Company also has repurchased shares of its common stock. The Company’s primary source of income is dividends received from the Bank. Restrictions on the Bank’s ability to dividend funds to the Company are included in Note 15, Shareholders'
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Equity and Regulatory Capital, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
Interest Rate Sensitivity. Interest rate sensitivity management requires the maintenance of an appropriate balance between interest sensitive assets and liabilities. Management, through its asset/liability management process, attempts to manage the level of repricing and maturity mismatch so that fluctuations in net interest income are maintained within policy limits in current and expected market conditions. For further discussion, see Part II, Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."
Contractual Obligations
The Company enters into contractual obligations in the normal course of business to fund loan growth, for asset/liability management purposes, to meet required capital needs and for other corporate purposes. The following table presents significant fixed and determinable contractual obligations of principal by payment date at December 31, 2018. Further discussion of the nature of each obligation is included in the referenced Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" referenced in the following table.

|  |  | Payments Due |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Note Reference |  | Less than 1 year |  | 2-3 years |  | 4-5 years |  | More than 5 years |  | Total
Time deposits | 10 |  | $ | 259,909 |  | $ | 111,494 |  | $ | 11,544 |  | $ | 931 |  | $ | 383,878
Short-term borrowings | 12 |  | 64,069 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 64,069
Long-term debt | 13 |  | 40,382 |  | 41,172 |  | 903 |  | 993 |  | 83,450
Subordinated notes | 14 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 32,500 |  | 32,500
Operating lease obligations | 5 |  | 782 |  | 1,335 |  | 895 |  | 4,948 |  | 7,960
Total |  |  | $ | 365,142 |  | $ | 154,001 |  | $ | 13,342 |  | $ | 39,372 |  | $ | 571,857

The contractual obligations table above does not include off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit that are detailed in the following section. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates and many will expire without being drawn upon, therefore the total commitment does not necessarily represent future cash requirements and is excluded from the contractual obligations table.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.
The following table details significant commitments at December 31, 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) | Contract or Notional Amount
Commitments to fund: |
Home equity lines of credit | $ | 160,971
1-4 family residential construction loans | 13,002
Commercial real estate, construction and land development loans | 31,133
Commercial, industrial and other loans | 147,518
Standby letters of credit | 13,909

A discussion of the nature, business purpose, and guarantees that result from the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements is included in Note 17, Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Recently adopted and recently issued accounting standards are included in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
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Supplemental Reporting of Non-GAAP Measures
As a result of prior acquisitions, the Company has intangible assets consisting of goodwill and core deposit and other intangible assets totaling $16,502,000 and $1,075,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets, after tax, totaled $226,000, $67,000 and $65,000 for 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Management believes providing certain “non-GAAP” information will assist investors in their understanding of the effect of acquisition activity on reported results, particularly to overcome comparability issues related to the influence of intangibles (principally goodwill) created in acquisitions and the impact of merger related expenses. Adjusted net income and adjusted diluted net income per share (excluding intangible amortization and merger related expenses), tangible book value per share, tangible return on average tangible equity and tangible return on average tangible assets, as used by the Company in this supplemental reporting, are not GAAP measures. While we believe this information is a useful supplement to the GAAP based measures presented in Item 6, Selected Financial Data and Section 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, readers are cautioned that this non-GAAP disclosure has limitations as an analytical tool, should not be viewed as a substitute for financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results and financial condition as reported under GAAP, nor are such measures necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. This supplemental presentation should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by similar adjustments to be determined in accordance with GAAP.
The following table presents the computation of each non-GAAP based measure shown together with its most directly comparable GAAP based measure.

(in thousands, except per share information) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Adjusted Diluted Net Income per Share (1) |  |  |  |  |
Net income as reported (most directly comparable GAAP based measure) | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628
Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (2) | 226 |  | 67 |  | 65
Merger related expenses (2) | 2,616 |  | 0 |  | 0
Adjusted net income (1) | $ | 15,647 |  | $ | 8,157 |  | $ | 6,693
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding (denominator) | 8,537 |  | 8,226 |  | 8,145
Diluted earnings per share as reported (most directly comparable GAAP based measure) | $ | 1.50 |  | $ | 0.98 |  | $ | 0.81
Amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets (2) | 0.02 |  | 0.01 |  | 0.01
Merger related expenses (2) | 0.31 |  | 0.00 |  | 0.00
Adjusted diluted net earnings per share (1) | $ | 1.83 |  | $ | 0.99 |  | $ | 0.82
Tangible book value per common share |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity | $ | 173,433 |  | $ | 144,765 |  | $ | 134,859
Goodwill and other intangible assets (2) | 15,698 |  | 1,054 |  | 1,151
Tangible common equity | $ | 157,735 |  | $ | 143,711 |  | $ | 133,708
Common shares outstanding | 9,430 |  | 8,347 |  | 8,286
Book value per share (most directly comparable GAAP based measure) | $ | 18.39 |  | $ | 17.34 |  | $ | 16.28
Intangible assets per share | 1.66 |  | 0.12 |  | 0.14
Tangible book value per share | $ | 16.73 |  | $ | 17.22 |  | $ | 16.14

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Tangible Return on Average Tangible Equity |  |  |  |  |
Net income as reported (numerator) | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628
Average equity as reported (denominator) | $ | 149,662 |  | $ | 141,301 |  | $ | 137,973
Return on average equity (most directly comparable GAAP based measure) | 8.56 | % |  |  | 5.73 | % |  |  | 4.80 | %
Adjusted net income (1) - per above | $ | 15,647 |  | $ | 8,157 |  | $ | 6,693
Average equity as reported | $ | 149,662 |  | $ | 141,301 |  | $ | 137,973
Average goodwill | (3,687) |  | (717) |  | 0
Average core deposit and other intangible assets (2) | (990) |  | (269) |  | (87)
Average tangible common equity | $ | 144,985 |  | $ | 140,315 |  | $ | 137,886
Tangible Return on Average Tangible Equity | 10.79 | % |  |  | 5.81 | % |  |  | 4.85 | %
Tangible Return on Average Tangible Assets |  |  |  |  |
Net income as reported (numerator) | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628
Average assets as reported (denominator) | $ | 1,710,597 |  | $ | 1,488,423 |  | $ | 1,325,150
Return on average assets (most directly comparable GAAP based measure) | 0.75 | % |  |  | 0.54 | % |  |  | 0.50 | %
Adjusted net income (1) - per above | $ | 15,647 |  | $ | 8,157 |  | $ | 6,693
Average assets as reported | $ | 1,710,597 |  | $ | 1,488,423 |  | $ | 1,325,150
Average goodwill | (3,687) |  | (717) |  | 0
Average core deposit and other intangible assets (2) | (990) |  | (269) |  | (87)
Average tangible assets | $ | 1,705,920 |  | $ | 1,487,437 |  | $ | 1,325,063
Tangible Return on Average Tangible Assets | 0.92 | % |  |  | 0.55 | % |  |  | 0.51 | %

(1) Excluding intangible amortization and merger related expenses.
(2) Net of related tax effect.
Caution About Forward-Looking Statements
This report contains statements that are considered “forward-looking statements” as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, the Company may make other written and oral communications, from time to time, that contain such statements. Forward-looking statements, including statements that include projections, predictions, expectations or beliefs as to industry trends, future expectations and other matters that do not relate strictly to historical facts, are based on certain assumptions by management, and are often identified by words or phrases such as "may," "anticipate," "believe," "expect," "estimate," "intend," "seek," "plan," "objective," "trend," "goal." and other similar terms. Forward-looking statements are subject to various assumptions, risks, and uncertainties, which change over time, and speak only at the date they are made.
In addition to factors mentioned elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or previously disclosed in our SEC reports (accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or on our website at www.orrstown.com), the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements and future results could differ materially from historical performance:
•If our ALL is not sufficient to cover actual losses, our earnings would decrease.
•Commercial real estate lending may expose us to a greater risk of loss and impact our earnings and profitability.
•The credit risk related to commercial and industrial loans is greater than the risk related to residential loans.
•Changes in interest rates could adversely impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
•Difficult economic and market conditions can adversely affect the financial services industry and may materially and adversely affect the Company.
•Because our business is concentrated in south central Pennsylvania and Washington County, Maryland, our financial performance could be materially adversely affected by economic conditions and real estate values in these market areas.
•Competition from other banks and financial institutions in originating loans, attracting deposits and providing other financial services may adversely affect our profitability and liquidity.
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•The Company’s business strategy includes the continuation of moderate growth plans, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.
•The Company may be adversely affected by technological advances.
•The Company may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.
•An interruption or breach in security with respect to our information systems, or our outsourced service providers, could adversely impact the Company’s reputation and have an adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
•We could be adversely affected by a failure in our internal controls.
•Negative public opinion could damage our reputation and adversely affect our earnings.
•Growing by acquisition involves risks.
•There is no assurance when or even if our acquisition of Hamilton will be completed.
•The Hamilton merger agreement may be terminated in accorda nce with its terms and the merger may not be completed.
•Regula tory approvals may not be received or may take longer than expected in order to be obtained for the Hamilton merger.
•I f the Hamilton merger is not completed, we will have incurred substantial expenses without realizing the expected benefits.
•Goodwill incurred in the Mercersburg and Hamilton mergers may negatively affect our financial condition.
•We may be unable to successfully integrate Mercersburg's and Hamilton's operations.
•Unanticipated costs relating to the mergers could reduce our future earnings per share.
•The market price of our common stock after the mergers may be affected by factors different f rom those affecting our shares currently.
•Governmental regulation and regulatory actions against us may impair our operations or restrict our growth.
•The Dodd-Frank Act may affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and stock price.
•Increases in FDIC insurance premiums may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
•Legislative, regulatory and legal developments involving income and other taxes could materially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and cash flows.
•The Company is required to use judgment in applying accounting policies and different estimates and assumptions in the application of these policies could result in a decrease in capital and/or other material changes to the reports of financial condition and results of operations.
•Changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards could materially affect how we report our financial results and condition.
•The short-term and long-term impact of the changing regulatory capital requirements and new capital rules is uncertain.
•Pending litigation and legal proceedings and the impact of any finding of liability or damages could adversely impact the Company and its financial condition and results of operations.
•Indemnification costs associated with litigation and legal proceedings could adversely impact the Company and its financial condition and results of operations.
•The Parent Company is a holding company dependent for liquidity on payments from its bank subsidiary, which is subject to restrictions.
•The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect the Company.
•If the Company wants to, or is compelled to, raise additional capital in the future, that capital may not be available when it is needed and on terms favorable to current shareholders.
•The market price of our common stock is subject to volatility.
•The Parent Company's primary source of income is dividends received from its bank subsidiary.
•Other risks and uncertainties.
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ITEM 7A – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk comprises exposure to interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange rate risk, commodity price risk, and other relevant market rate or price risks. In the banking industry, a major risk exposure is changing interest rates. The primary objective of monitoring our interest rate sensitivity, or risk, is to provide management the tools necessary to manage the balance sheet to minimize adverse changes in net interest income as a result of changes in the direction and level of interest rates. Federal Reserve Board monetary control efforts, the effects of deregulation, economic uncertainty and legislative changes have been significant factors affecting the task of managing interest rate sensitivity positions in recent years.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the exposure to fluctuations in the Company’s future earnings (earnings at risk) and value (value at risk) resulting from changes in interest rates. This exposure results from differences between the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities that reprice within a specified time period as a result of scheduled maturities, scheduled and unscheduled repayments, the propensity of borrowers and depositors to react to changes in their economic interests, and loan contractual interest rate changes.
We attempt to manage the level of repricing and maturity mismatch through our asset/liability management process so that fluctuations in net interest income are maintained within policy limits across a range of market conditions, while satisfying liquidity and capital requirements. Management recognizes that a certain amount of interest rate risk is inherent, appropriate and necessary to ensure the Company’s profitability. Thus, the goal of interest rate risk management is to evaluate the amount of reward for taking risk and adjusting both the size and composition of the balance sheet relative to the level of reward available for taking risk.
Management endeavors to control the exposure to changes in interest rates by understanding, reviewing and making decisions based on its risk position. The Company primarily uses its securities portfolio, FHLB advances and brokered deposits to manage its interest rate risk position. Additionally, pricing, promotion and product development activities are directed in an effort to emphasize the loan and deposit term or repricing characteristics that best meet current interest rate risk objectives. At present, we do not use hedging instruments for risk management, but we do evaluate them and may use them in the future.
We use simulation analysis to assess earnings at risk and net present value analysis to assess value at risk. These methods allow management to regularly monitor both the direction and magnitude of our interest rate risk exposure. These analyses require numerous assumptions including, but not limited to, changes in balance sheet mix, prepayment rates on loans and securities, cash flows and repricing of all financial instruments, changes in volumes and pricing, future shapes of the yield curve, relationship of market interest rates to each other (basis risk), credit spread and deposit sensitivity. Assumptions are based on management’s best estimates but may not accurately reflect actual results under certain changes in interest rate due to the timing, magnitude and frequency of rate changes and changes in market conditions and management strategies, among other factors. However, the analyses are useful in quantifying risk and providing a relative gauge of our interest rate risk position over time.
Our asset/liability committee operates under management policies, approved by the Board of Directors, which define guidelines and limits on the level of risk. The committee meets regularly and reviews our interest rate risk position and monitors various liquidity ratios to ensure a satisfactory liquidity position. By utilizing our analyses, we can determine changes that may need to be made to the asset and liability mixes to mitigate the change in net interest income under various interest rate scenarios. Management continually evaluates the condition of the economy, the pattern of market interest rates and other economic data to inform the committee on the selection of investment securities. Regulatory authorities also monitor our interest rate risk position along with other liquidity ratios.
Earnings at Risk
Simulation analysis evaluates the effect of upward and downward changes in market interest rates on future net interest income. The analysis involves changing the interest rates used in determining net interest income over the next twelve months. The resulting percentage change in net interest income in various rate scenarios is an indication of our short-term interest rate risk. The analysis assumes recent trends in new loan and deposit volumes will continue while the amount of investment securities remains constant. Additional assumptions are applied to modify volumes and pricing under the various rate scenarios.
The simulation analysis results are presented in the Earnings at Risk table below. At December 31, 2018, similar to at December 31, 2017, these results indicate the Company would be better positioned in a moderately rising rate environment than it would be if interest rates increased more substantially or decreased.
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Value at Risk
Net present value analysis provides information on the risk inherent in the balance sheet that might not be taken into account in the simulation analysis due to the short time horizon used in that analysis. The net present value of the balance sheet incorporates the discounted present value of expected asset cash flows minus the discounted present value of expected liability cash flows. The analysis involves changing the interest rates used in determining the expected cash flows and in discounting the cash flows. The resulting percentage change in net present value in various rate scenarios is an indication of the longer term repricing risk and options embedded in the balance sheet.
At December 31, 2018, these results indicate the Company would be better positioned in a rising interest rate environment than it would be if interest rates decreased. At December 31, 2017, the results indicated the Company was better positioned in a moderately rising rate environment than in a decreasing or more substantially increasing rate environment.

Earnings at Risk |  |  |  |  |  | Value at Risk |  |  |  |
|  | % Change in Net Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  | % Change in Market Value |  |
Change in Market Interest Rates |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | Change in Market Interest Rates |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(100) |  | (2.1) | % |  | (6.5) | % |  | (100) |  | (14.1) | % |  | (7.2) | %
100 |  | (0.6) | % |  | (1.3) | % |  | 100 |  | 6.1 | % |  | (1.8) | %
200 |  | (2.2) | % |  | (4.9) | % |  | 200 |  | 7.1 | % |  | (5.4) | %

Further discussion related to the quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk is included under the heading of Liquidity and Rate Sensitivity in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
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ITEM 8 – FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
SUMMARY OF QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA
The following table presents unaudited quarterly results of operations for years ended December 31.

| 2018 Quarter Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 Quarter Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share information) | December |  | September |  | June |  | March |  | December |  | September |  | June |  | March
Interest income | $ | 19,012 |  | $ | 16,226 |  | $ | 15,324 |  | $ | 14,275 |  | $ | 13,619 |  | $ | 13,098 |  | $ | 12,468 |  | $ | 11,830
Interest expense | 4,383 |  | 3,522 |  | 2,971 |  | 2,591 |  | 2,284 |  | 2,017 |  | 1,750 |  | 1,593
Net interest income | 14,629 |  | 12,704 |  | 12,353 |  | 11,684 |  | 11,335 |  | 11,081 |  | 10,718 |  | 10,237
Provision for loan losses | 200 |  | 200 |  | 200 |  | 200 |  | 800 |  | 100 |  | 100 |  | 0
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 14,429 |  | 12,504 |  | 12,153 |  | 11,484 |  | 10,535 |  | 10,981 |  | 10,618 |  | 10,237
Investment securities gains | 115 |  | 29 |  | 46 |  | 816 |  | 0 |  | 533 |  | 654 |  | 3
Noninterest income | 5,040 |  | 5,463 |  | 5,459 |  | 4,886 |  | 5,173 |  | 4,723 |  | 4,969 |  | 4,332
Noninterest expenses | 18,302 |  | 13,336 |  | 13,272 |  | 13,069 |  | 12,680 |  | 13,087 |  | 12,417 |  | 12,146
Income before income tax expense | 1,282 |  | 4,660 |  | 4,386 |  | 4,117 |  | 3,028 |  | 3,150 |  | 3,824 |  | 2,426
Income tax expense | 130 |  | 644 |  | 374 |  | 492 |  | 3,022 |  | 376 |  | 516 |  | 424
Net income | $ | 1,152 |  | $ | 4,016 |  | $ | 4,012 |  | $ | 3,625 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 2,774 |  | $ | 3,308 |  | $ | 2,002
Per share information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share (a) | $ | 0.13 |  | $ | 0.50 |  | $ | 0.50 |  | $ | 0.45 |  | $ | 0.00 |  | $ | 0.34 |  | $ | 0.41 |  | $ | 0.25
Diluted earnings per share (a) | $ | 0.12 |  | $ | 0.49 |  | $ | 0.48 |  | $ | 0.44 |  | $ | 0.00 |  | $ | 0.34 |  | $ | 0.40 |  | $ | 0.24
Dividends paid per share | $ | 0.13 |  | $ | 0.13 |  | $ | 0.13 |  | $ | 0.12 |  | $ | 0.12 |  | $ | 0.10 |  | $ | 0.10 |  | $ | 0.10
(a) Sum of the quarters may not equal the total year due to rounding. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Index to Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

| Page
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | 56
Report of Crowe LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 57
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 59
Consolidated Statements of Income | 60
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 61
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 62
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 63
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 65

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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (the "Company"), has the responsibility for establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting. Management maintains a comprehensive system of internal control to provide reasonable assurance of the proper authorization of transactions, the safeguarding of assets and the reliability of the financial records. The system of internal control provides for appropriate division of responsibility and is documented by written policies and procedures that are communicated to employees. The Company maintains an internal auditing program, under the supervision of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which independently assesses the effectiveness of the system of internal control and recommends possible improvements.
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company has evaluated the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2018, using the Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. As permitted, management excluded from its evaluation of effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting the Mercersburg Financial Corporation acquisition made during 2018, which is described in Note 2, Mergers and Acquisitions, to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The total assets and total interest income from the acquisition comprised approximately 8% of total consolidated assets at December 31, 2018 and approximately 3% of total interest income for the year ended December 31, 2018. Based upon this evaluation, management has concluded that, at December 31, 2018, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).
Crowe LLP has audited the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, as stated in their report dated March 15, 2019.

/s/ Thomas R. Quinn, Jr. |  | /s/ David P. Boyle
Thomas R. Quinn, Jr. |  | David P. Boyle
President and Chief Executive Officer |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
March 15, 2019 |  |

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors of Orrstown Financial Services, Inc.
Shippensburg, Pennsylvania
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material
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weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. As permitted, the Company has excluded the operations of Mercersburg Financial Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, First Community Bank of Mercersburg acquired during 2018, which is described in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements, from the scope of management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. As such, it has also been excluded from the scope of our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Crowe LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.
Cleveland, Ohio
March 15, 2019
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Consolidated Balance Sheets
ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

| December 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | 2018 |  | 2017
Assets |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 26,156 |  | $ | 21,734
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | 45,664 |  | 8,073
Federal funds sold | 16,995 |  | 0
Cash and cash equivalents | 88,815 |  | 29,807
Restricted investments in bank stocks | 10,842 |  | 9,997
Securities available for sale | 465,844 |  | 415,308
Loans held for sale | 3,340 |  | 6,089
Loans | 1,247,657 |  | 1,010,012
Less: Allowance for loan losses | (14,014) |  | (12,796)
Net loans | 1,233,643 |  | 997,216
Premises and equipment, net | 38,201 |  | 34,809
Cash surrender value of life insurance | 41,327 |  | 33,570
Goodwill | 12,592 |  | 719
Other intangible assets, net | 3,910 |  | 356
Accrued interest receivable | 5,927 |  | 5,048
Other assets | 29,947 |  | 25,930
Total assets | $ | 1,934,388 |  | $ | 1,558,849
Liabilities |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $ | 204,843 |  | $ | 162,343
Interest-bearing | 1,353,913 |  | 1,057,172
Total deposits | 1,558,756 |  | 1,219,515
Short-term borrowings | 64,069 |  | 93,576
Long-term debt | 83,450 |  | 83,815
Subordinated notes | 31,859 |  | 0
Accrued interest and other liabilities | 22,821 |  | 17,178
Total liabilities | 1,760,955 |  | 1,414,084
Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1.25 par value per share; 500,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding | 0 |  | 0
Common stock, no par value—$0.05205 stated value per share 50,000,000 shares authorized; 9,439,255 and 8,347,856 shares issued; 9,430,224 and 8,347,039 shares outstanding | 491 |  | 435
Additional paid—in capital | 151,678 |  | 125,458
Retained earnings | 24,472 |  | 16,042
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (2,972) |  | 2,845
Treasury stock—common, 9,031 and 817 shares, at cost | (236) |  | (15)
Total shareholders’ equity | 173,433 |  | 144,765
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 1,934,388 |  | $ | 1,558,849

The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Income
ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

| Years Ended Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share information) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Interest income |  |  |  |  |
Loans | $ | 49,802 |  | $ | 40,185 |  | $ | 33,916
Investment securities - taxable | 10,858 |  | 7,478 |  | 6,012
Investment securities - tax-exempt | 3,850 |  | 3,134 |  | 1,826
Short term investments | 327 |  | 218 |  | 208
Total interest income | 64,837 |  | 51,015 |  | 41,962
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 10,185 |  | 6,134 |  | 4,811
Short-term borrowings | 1,577 |  | 784 |  | 187
Long-term debt | 1,632 |  | 726 |  | 419
Subordinated notes | 73 |  | 0 |  | 0
Total interest expense | 13,467 |  | 7,644 |  | 5,417
Net interest income | 51,370 |  | 43,371 |  | 36,545
Provision for loan losses | 800 |  | 1,000 |  | 250
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 50,570 |  | 42,371 |  | 36,295
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 6,054 |  | 5,675 |  | 5,445
Other service charges, commissions and fees | 1,737 |  | 1,008 |  | 994
Trust and investment management income | 6,576 |  | 6,400 |  | 5,091
Brokerage income | 2,035 |  | 1,896 |  | 1,933
Mortgage banking activities | 2,663 |  | 2,919 |  | 3,412
Income from life insurance | 1,463 |  | 1,109 |  | 1,099
Other income | 320 |  | 190 |  | 345
Investment securities gains | 1,006 |  | 1,190 |  | 1,420
Total noninterest income | 21,854 |  | 20,387 |  | 19,739
Noninterest expenses |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 32,524 |  | 30,145 |  | 26,370
Occupancy | 3,084 |  | 2,806 |  | 2,491
Furniture and equipment | 4,079 |  | 3,434 |  | 3,335
Data processing | 2,674 |  | 2,271 |  | 2,378
Telephone and communication | 753 |  | 647 |  | 740
Automated teller and interchange fees | 806 |  | 767 |  | 748
Advertising and bank promotions | 1,592 |  | 1,600 |  | 1,717
FDIC insurance | 681 |  | 606 |  | 775
Legal fees | 413 |  | 802 |  | 850
Other professional services | 1,434 |  | 1,571 |  | 1,332
Directors' compensation | 984 |  | 996 |  | 969
Real estate owned | 97 |  | 69 |  | 239
Taxes other than income | 1,012 |  | 866 |  | 767
Intangible asset amortization | 286 |  | 102 |  | 99
Regulatory settlement | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1,000
Merger related | 3,197 |  | 0 |  | 0
Other operating expenses | 4,363 |  | 3,648 |  | 4,330
Total noninterest expenses | 57,979 |  | 50,330 |  | 48,140
Income before income tax expense | 14,445 |  | 12,428 |  | 7,894
Income tax expense | 1,640 |  | 4,338 |  | 1,266
Net income | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628
Per share information: |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.53 |  | $ | 1.00 |  | $ | 0.82
Diluted earnings per share | 1.50 |  | 0.98 |  | 0.81
Dividends paid per share | 0.51 |  | 0.42 |  | 0.35

The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

| Years Ended Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities available for sale arising during the period | (6,359) |  | 6,557 |  | (2,190)
Reclassification adjustment for gains realized in net income | (1,006) |  | (1,190) |  | (1,420)
Net unrealized gains (losses) | (7,365) |  | 5,367 |  | (3,610)
Tax effect | 1,548 |  | (1,586) |  | 1,246
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax and reclassification adjustments | (5,817) |  | 3,781 |  | (2,364)
Total comprehensive income | $ | 6,988 |  | $ | 11,871 |  | $ | 4,264

The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

| Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance, January 1, 2016 | $ | 435 |  | $ | 124,317 |  | $ | 7,939 |  | $ | 1,199 |  | $ | (829) |  | $ | 133,061
Net income | 0 |  | 0 |  | 6,628 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 6,628
Total other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (2,364) |  | 0 |  | (2,364)
Cash dividends ($0.35 per share) | 0 |  | 0 |  | (2,898) |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (2,898)
Share-based compensation plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of stock (22,956 common shares and 25,834 treasury shares), including compensation expense of $958 | 2 |  | 618 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 443 |  | 1,063
Acquisition of treasury stock (35,648 shares) | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (631) |  | (631)
Balance, December 31, 2016 | 437 |  | 124,935 |  | 11,669 |  | (1,165) |  | (1,017) |  | 134,859
Net income | 0 |  | 0 |  | 8,090 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 8,090
Reclassification of disproportionate tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings | 0 |  | 0 |  | (229) |  | 229 |  | 0 |  | 0
Total other comprehensive income, net of taxes | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 3,781 |  | 0 |  | 3,781
Cash dividends ($0.42 per share) | 0 |  | 0 |  | (3,488) |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (3,488)
Share-based compensation plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of stock (4,421 net common shares and 56,885 treasury shares issued), including compensation expense of $1,386 | (2) |  | 523 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1,002 |  | 1,523
Balance, December 31, 2017 | 435 |  | 125,458 |  | 16,042 |  | 2,845 |  | (15) |  | 144,765
Net income | 0 |  | 0 |  | 12,805 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 12,805
Total other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (5,817) |  | 0 |  | (5,817)
Cash dividends ($0.51 per share) | 0 |  | 0 |  | (4,375) |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (4,375)
Issuance of stock (1,052,635 common shares) to acquire Mercersburg Financial Corporation | 55 |  | 24,998 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 25,053
Share-based compensation plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of stock (38,764 net common shares issued and 8,214 net treasury shares acquired), including compensation expense of $1,493 | 1 |  | 1,222 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (221) |  | 1,002
Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | 491 |  | $ | 151,678 |  | $ | 24,472 |  | $ | (2,972) |  | $ | (236) |  | $ | 173,433

The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

| Years Ended Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premium amortization (discount accretion) | 1,406 |  | 4,034 |  | 5,295 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 3,642 |  | 3,265 |  | 2,951 |
Provision for loan losses | 800 |  | 1,000 |  | 250 |
Share-based compensation | 1,493 |  | 1,386 |  | 958 |
Gain on sales of loans originated for sale | (2,144) |  | (2,447) |  | (2,998) |
Mortgage loans originated for sale | (90,305) |  | (104,512) |  | (108,632) |
Proceeds from sales of loans originated for sale | 94,727 |  | 103,131 |  | 114,139 |
Gain on sale of portfolio loans | (291) |  | (32) |  | 0 |
Net gain on disposal of OREO | (108) |  | (18) |  | (182) |
Writedown of OREO | 24 |  | 4 |  | 183 |
Net (gain) loss on disposal of premises and equipment | 12 |  | (18) |  | 147 |
Deferred income taxes | 543 |  | 3,078 |  | (232) |
Investment securities gains | (1,006) |  | (1,190) |  | (1,420) |
Income from life insurance | (1,463) |  | (1,109) |  | (1,099) |
Increase in accrued interest receivable | (879) |  | (376) |  | (827) |
Increase in accrued interest payable and other liabilities | 2,696 |  | 2,012 |  | 561 |
Other, net | 535 |  | 52 |  | (135) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 22,487 |  | 16,350 |  | 15,587 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of AFS securities | 156,364 |  | 162,320 |  | 64,742 |
Maturities, repayments and calls of AFS securities | 18,373 |  | 28,768 |  | 30,192 |
Purchases of AFS securities | (226,014) |  | (203,719) |  | (108,448) |
Net cash and cash equivalents received from acquisitions | 12,407 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
Net (purchases) redemptions of restricted investments in bank stocks | (592) |  | (2,027) |  | 750 |
Net increase in loans | (99,828) |  | (130,791) |  | (108,509) |
Proceeds from sales of portfolio loans | 3,589 |  | 2,195 |  | 5,100 |
Purchases of bank premises and equipment | (4,791) |  | (2,653) |  | (13,369) |
Proceeds from disposal of OREO | 1,413 |  | 541 |  | 1,090 |
Purchases of bank owned life insurance | (900) |  | (600) |  | 0 |
Death benefit proceeds from life insurance contracts | 576 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
Other | 7 |  | 74 |  | (439) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (139,396) |  | (145,892) |  | (128,891) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits | 178,798 |  | 67,063 |  | 120,285 |
Net increase (decrease) in borrowings with original maturities less than 90 days | (14,507) |  | (34,288) |  | 18,708 |
Proceeds from other short-term borrowings | 25,000 |  | 70,000 |  | 0 |
Payments on other short-term borrowings | (40,000) |  | (30,000) |  | (20,000) |
Proceeds from long-term debt | 0 |  | 80,000 |  | 0 |
Payments on long-term debt | (365) |  | (20,348) |  | (332) |
Proceeds from subordinated notes, net of issuance costs | 31,857 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
Dividends paid | (4,375) |  | (3,488) |  | (2,898) |
Acquisition of treasury stock | 0 |  | 0 |  | (631) |
Treasury shares repurchased for employee taxes associated with restricted stock vesting | (651) |  | 0 |  | 0 |
Proceeds from issuance of stock for option exercises and employee stock purchase plan | 160 |  | 137 |  | 105 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 175,917 |  | 129,076 |  | 115,237 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 59,008 |  | (466) |  | 1,933 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 29,807 |  | 30,273 |  | 28,340 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 88,815 |  | $ | 29,807 |  | $ | 30,273 |

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| Years Ended Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 12,930 |  | $ | 7,586 |  | $ | 5,346
Income taxes | 60 |  | 1,638 |  | 1,300
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate acquired in settlement of loans | 539 |  | 1,007 |  | 688
Premise and equipment transferred to held for sale | 1,003 |  | 0 |  | 0
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements. |  |  |  |  |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
See the Glossary of Defined Terms at the beginning of this Report for terms used throughout the consolidated financial statements and related notes of this Form 10-K.
Nature of Operations – Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and subsidiaries is a financial holding company that operates Orrstown Bank, a commercial bank with banking and financial advisory offices in Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Lancaster, Perry and York Counties, Pennsylvania, and in Washington County, Maryland and Wheatland Advisors, Inc., a registered investment advisor non-bank subsidiary, headquartered in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The Company operates in the community banking segment and engages in lending activities, including commercial, residential, commercial mortgages, construction, municipal, and various forms of consumer lending, and deposit services, including checking, savings, time, and money market deposits. The Company also provides fiduciary services, investment advisory, insurance and brokerage services. The Company and the Bank are subject to regulation by certain federal and state agencies and undergo periodic examinations by such regulatory authorities.
Basis of Presentation – The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, the Bank and Wheatland. The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to GAAP and, where applicable, to accounting and reporting guidelines prescribed by bank regulatory authorities. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform with current year classifications. In October 2018, the Company acquired Mercersburg Financial Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, First Community Bank of Mercersburg. The results of operations and assets acquired and liabilities assumed are included only from the date of acquisition. The comparability of the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018, to 2017 and 2016 have been impacted by the acquisition.
The Company's management has evaluated all activity of the Company and concluded that subsequent events are properly reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements and notes as required by GAAP.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the determination of the ALL and those used in valuation methodologies in areas with no observable market, such as loans, deposits, borrowings, goodwill, core deposit and other intangible assets, other assets and liabilities obtained or assumed in business combinations.
Concentration of Credit Risk – The Company grants commercial, residential, construction, municipal, and various forms of consumer lending to customers primarily in its market area of Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Lancaster, Perry and York Counties, Pennsylvania, and in Washington County, Maryland. Therefore the Company's exposure to credit risk is significantly affected by changes in the economy in those areas. Although the Company maintains a diversified loan portfolio, a significant portion of its customers’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent upon economic sectors for commercial real estate, including office space, retail strip centers, sales finance, sub-dividers and developers, and multi-family, hospitality, and residential building operators. Management evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if collateral is deemed necessary by the Company upon the extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies, but generally includes real estate and equipment.
The types of securities the Company invests in are included in Note 3, Securities Available for Sale, and the types of lending the Company engages in are included in Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses.
Cash and Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash, balances due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits due on demand, all of which have original maturities of 90 days or less. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions, loans held for sale, redemption (purchases) of restricted investments in bank stocks, and short-term borrowings.
Cash and cash equivalents include amounts that the Company is required to maintain on hand or on deposit at the Federal Reserve Bank to meet certain regulatory reserve balance requirements. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had reserve requirements of $10,983,000 and $1,395,000.
Balances with correspondent banks may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. The Company considers this to be a normal business risk and reviews correspondent banks' financial condition on a quarterly basis.
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Restricted Investments in Bank Stocks – Restricted investments in bank stocks consist of Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia stock, FHLB of Pittsburgh stock and Atlantic Community Bankers Bank stock. Federal law requires a member institution of the district Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB to hold stock according to predetermined formulas. Atlantic Community Bankers Bank requires its correspondent banking institutions to hold stock as a condition of membership. The restricted investment in bank stocks is carried at cost. Quarterly, management evaluates the bank stocks for impairment based on assessment of the ultimate recoverability of cost rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of cost is influenced by criteria such as operating performance, liquidity, funding and capital positions, stock repurchase history, dividend history, and impact of legislative and regulatory changes.
Securities – The Company typically classifies debt securities as available for sale on the date of purchase. At December 31, 2018 and 2017 the Company had no held to maturity or trading securities. AFS securities are reported at fair value. Interest income and dividends are recognized in interest income on an accrual basis. Purchase premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized to interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities and approximate the level yield method.
Changes in unrealized gains and losses, net of related deferred taxes, for AFS securities are recorded in AOCI. Realized gains and losses on securities are recorded on the trade date using the specific identification method and are included in noninterest income.
AFS securities include investments that management intends to use as part of its asset/liability management strategy. Securities may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, changes in prepayment rates and other factors. The Company does not have the intent to sell any of its AFS securities that are in an unrealized loss position and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost.
Management evaluates securities for OTTI on at least a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. For securities in an unrealized loss position, management considers the extent and duration of the unrealized loss, and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. Management also assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, a security in an unrealized loss position before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the entire difference between amortized cost and fair value is recognized as impairment through earnings. For debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the amount of impairment is split into two components: OTTI related to other factors, which is recognized in OCI, and the remaining OTTI, which is recognized in earnings. The credit loss is defined as the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis.
The Company’s securities are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate risk, market risk, and credit risk. Due to the level of risk associated with certain investments and the level of uncertainty related to changes in the value of investments, it is at least reasonably possible that changes in risks in the near term would materially affect investment assets reported in the consolidated financial statements.
Loans Held for Sale – Loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. Gains and losses on loan sales (sales proceeds minus carrying value) are recorded in noninterest income.
Loans – Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances adjusted for charge-offs, the ALL, and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and amortized as a yield adjustment over the respective term of the loan. For purchased loans that are not deemed impaired at the acquisition date, premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted as adjustments to interest income using the effective yield method.
For all classes of loans, the accrual of interest income on loans, including impaired loans, ceases when principal or interest is past due 90 days or more or immediately if, in the opinion of management, full collection is unlikely. Interest will continue to accrue on loans past due 90 days or more if the collateral is adequate to cover principal and interest, and the loan is in the process of collection. Interest accrued, but not collected, at the date of placement on nonaccrual status, is reversed and charged against current interest income, unless fully collateralized. Subsequent payments received are either applied to the outstanding principal balance or recorded as interest income, depending upon management’s assessment of the ultimate collectability of principal. Loans are returned to accrual status, for all loan classes, when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, the loan has performed in accordance with the contractual terms of the note for a reasonable period of time, generally six months, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is reasonably assured. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan.
Loans, the terms of which are modified, are classified as TDRs if a concession was granted in connection with the modification, for legal or economic reasons, related to the debtor’s financial difficulties. Concessions granted under a TDR
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typically involve a temporary deferral of scheduled loan payments, an extension of a loan’s stated maturity date, a temporary reduction in interest rates, or granting of an interest rate below market rates given the risk of the transaction. If a modification occurs while the loan is on accruing status, it will continue to accrue interest under the modified terms. Nonaccrual TDRs may be restored to accrual status if scheduled principal and interest payments, under the modified terms, are current for six months after modification, and the borrower continues to demonstrate its ability to meet the modified terms. TDRs are evaluated individually for impairment on a quarterly basis including monitoring of performance according to their modified terms.
Allowance for Loan Losses – The ALL is evaluated on at least a quarterly basis, as losses are estimated to be probable and incurred, and, if deemed necessary, is increased through a provision for loan losses charged to earnings. Loan losses are charged against the ALL when management determines that all or a portion of the loan is uncollectible. Recoveries on previously charged-off loans are credited to the ALL when received. The ALL is allocated to loan portfolio classes on a quarterly basis, but the entire balance is available to cover losses from any of the portfolio classes when those losses are confirmed.
Management uses internal policies and bank regulatory guidance in periodically evaluating loans for collectability and incorporates historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.
See Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses, for additional information.
Acquired Loans - Loans acquired in connection with business combinations are recorded at fair value with no carryover of any allowance for loan losses. Fair value of the loans involves estimating the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest.
The excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable discount and is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable discount. These loans are accounted for under the Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. The nonaccretable discount includes estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loan. Subsequent decreases in expected cash flows will require us to evaluate the need for an addition to the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent improvement in expected cash flows will result in the reversal of a corresponding amount of the nonaccretable discount, which we will then reclassify as accretable discount to be recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan.
Loans acquired through business combinations that do meet the specific criteria of ASC 310-30 are individually evaluated each period to analyze expected cash flows. To the extent that the expected cash flows of a loan have decreased due to credit deterioration, we establish an allowance.
Loans acquired through business combinations that do not meet the specific criteria of ASC 310-30 are accounted for under ASC 310-20. These loans are initially recorded at fair value, and include credit and interest rate marks associated with acquisition accounting adjustments. Purchase premiums or discounts are subsequently amortized as an adjustment to yield over the estimated contractual lives of the loans. There is no allowance for loan losses established at the acquisition date for acquired performing loans. An allowance for loan losses is recorded for any credit deterioration in these loans subsequent to acquisition.
Acquired loans that met the criteria for impaired or nonaccrual of interest prior to the acquisition may be considered performing upon acquisition, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delinquent if we expect to fully collect the new carrying value (i.e., fair value) of the loans. As such, we may no longer consider the loan to be nonaccrual or nonperforming and may accrue interest on these loans, including the impact of any accretable discount. In addition, charge-offs on such loans would be first applied to the nonaccretable difference portion of the fair value adjustment.
Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments – Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit commitments issued to meet customer financing needs, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit. These financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The face amount represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. The Company maintains a reserve for probable losses on off-balance sheet commitments which is included in Other Liabilities.
Loans Serviced – The Bank administers secondary market mortgage programs available through the FHLB and the Federal National Mortgage Association and offers residential mortgage products and services to customers. The Bank originates single-family residential mortgage loans for immediate sale in the secondary market and retains the servicing of those loans. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the balance of loans serviced for others totaled $360,322,000 and $334,802,000.
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Transfers of Financial Assets – Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.
Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance – The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain employees. Life insurance is recorded at the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.
Premises and Equipment – Buildings, improvements, equipment, furniture and fixtures are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is carried at cost. Depreciation and amortization has been provided generally on the straight-line method and is computed over the estimated useful lives of the various assets as follows: buildings and improvements, including leasehold improvements – 10 to 40 years; and furniture and equipment – 3 to 15 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the indicated life. Repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred, while major additions and improvements are capitalized. Gain or loss on retirement or disposal of individual assets is recorded as income or expense in the period of retirement or disposal.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets – Goodwill is calculated as the purchase premium, if any, after adjusting for the fair value of net assets acquired in purchase transactions. Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for potential impairment on at least an annual basis, with testing between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights. The Company’s other intangible assets have finite lives and are amortized on either an accelerated amortization method or straight line basis over their estimated lives, generally 10 years for deposit premiums and 10 to 15 years for other customer relationship intangibles.
Mortgage Servicing Rights – The estimated fair value of MSRs related to loans sold and serviced by the Company is recorded as an asset upon the sale of such loans. MSRs are amortized as a reduction to servicing income over the estimated lives of the underlying loans. MSRs are evaluated periodically for impairment by comparing the carrying amount to estimated fair value. Fair value is determined periodically through a discounted cash flows valuation performed by a third party. Significant inputs to the valuation include expected servicing income, net of expense, the discount rate and the expected life of the underlying loans. To the extent the amortized cost of the MSRs exceeds their estimated fair values, a valuation allowance is established for such impairment through a charge against servicing income on the consolidated statements of income. If the Company determines, based on subsequent valuations, that the impairment no longer exists or is reduced, the valuation allowance is reduced through a credit to earnings. MSRs totaled $3,180,000 and $2,897,000 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and are included in Other Assets.
Foreclosed Real Estate – Real estate acquired through foreclosure or other means is initially recorded at the fair value of the related real estate collateral at the transfer date less estimated selling costs, and subsequently at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is determined based on an independent third party appraisal of the property or, when appropriate, a recent sales offer. Costs to maintain such real estate are expensed as incurred. Costs that significantly improve the value of the properties are capitalized. Real estate acquired through foreclosure or other means totaled $1,133,000 and $961,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017 and is included in Other Assets.
Investments in Real Estate Partnerships – The Company has a 99% limited partner interest in several real estate partnerships in central Pennsylvania. These investments are affordable housing projects, which entitle the Company to tax deductions and credits that expire through 2025. The Company accounts for its investments in affordable housing projects under the proportional amortization method when the criteria are met, which is limited to one investment at December 31, 2018. Other investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The investment in these real estate partnerships, included in Other Assets, totaled $3,872,000 and $4,416,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, of which $1,562,000 and $1,776,000 are accounted for under the proportional amortization method.
Equity method losses totaled $331,000, $277,000 and $350,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and are included in other noninterest income. Proportional amortization method losses totaled $214,000, $217,000 and $191,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and are included in income tax expense. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized federal tax credits from these projects totaling $578,000, $1,010,000 and $736,000, which are included in income tax expense.
Advertising – The Company expenses advertising as incurred. Advertising expense totaled $418,000, $631,000 and $763,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Repurchase Agreements – The Company enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities which are included in short-term borrowings. Under these agreements, the Company
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may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase the assets. As a result, these repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing arrangements (i.e., secured borrowings) and not as a sale and subsequent repurchase of securities. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remaining are reflected in AFS securities. The repurchase obligation and underlying securities are not offset or netted as the Company does not enter into reverse repurchase agreements.
The right of setoff for a repurchase agreement resembles a secured borrowing, whereby the collateral would be used to settle the fair value of the repurchase agreement should the Company be in default (e.g., fail to make an interest payment to the counterparty). For the repurchase agreements, the collateral is held by the Company in a segregated custodial account under a third party agreement. Repurchase agreements are secured by GSE MBSs and mature overnight.
Share Compensation Plans – The Company has share compensation plans that cover employees and non-employee directors. Compensation expense relating to share-based payment transactions is measured based on the grant date fair value of the share award, including a Black-Scholes model for stock options. Compensation expense for all share awards is calculated and recognized over the employees’ or non-employee directors' service period, generally defined as the vesting period.
Income Taxes – Income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of enacted tax law to taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.
Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more likely than not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, on income taxes as a component of income tax expense.
Loss Contingencies – Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.
Treasury Stock – Common stock shares repurchased are recorded as treasury stock at cost.
Earnings Per Share – Basic earnings per share represents income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Restricted stock awards are included in weighted average common shares outstanding as they are earned. Diluted earnings per share includes additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate solely to outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards and are determined using the treasury stock method.
Treasury shares are not deemed outstanding for earnings per share calculations.
Comprehensive Income – Comprehensive income consists of net income and OCI. OCI is limited to unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale for all years presented. Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale, net of tax, was the sole component of AOCI at December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Fair Value – Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in the Fair Value note to the consolidated financial statements. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.
Segment Reporting – The Company operates in one significant segment – Community Banking. The Company’s non-community banking activities, principally related to Wheatland, are insignificant to the consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The update implements a common revenue standard that clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue. The core principle of ASU
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2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09 and all subsequent amendments (collectively “ASC 606”). The majority of the Company's revenue comes from interest income, including loans and securities, that are outside the scope of ASC 606. The Company's services that fall within the scope of ASC 606 are presented within noninterest income on the consolidated statements of income and are recognized as revenue as the Company satisfies its obligation to the customer. Services within the scope of ASC 606 include service charges on deposit accounts, income from fiduciary investment management and brokerage activities and interchange fees from service charges on ATM and debit card transactions. ASC 606 did not result in a change to the accounting for any in-scope revenue streams; as such, no cumulative effect adjustment was recorded.
ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The update enhances the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information by updating certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. Among other changes, the update requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, and clarifies that entities should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available for sale securities in combination with the entities' other deferred tax assets. For public companies, this update was effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Our adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. Upon adoption, the fair value of the Company’s loan portfolio is now presented using an exit price method. Also, the Company is no longer required to disclose the methodologies used for estimating fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. The remaining requirements of this update did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The guidance in the update supersedes the requirements in ASC Topic 840, Leases. The guidance is intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for leases with terms of more than 12 months. For public companies, this update will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements, which amends ASC 842, Leases to provide for an adoption option that will not require earlier periods to be restated at the adoption date. The Company currently leases land and space for certain branch offices under operating leases that will result in recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets under the updates. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2019 and recorded a right-of-use asset of approximately $7,000,000 and lease liability of approximately $8,500,000.
ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments in this update require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial assets. Under the updates, the income statement will reflect the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets, as well as the expected increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of financial assets. An entity must use judgment in determining the relevant information and estimation methods that are appropriate in its circumstances. The allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination that are measured at amortized cost basis is determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured at amortized cost basis; however, the initial allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price rather than being reported as a credit loss expense. Only subsequent changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as a credit loss expense for these assets. Off-balance-sheet arrangements such as commitments to extend credit, guarantees, and standby letters of credit that are not considered derivatives under ASC 815 and are not unconditionally cancellable are also within the scope of this update. Credit losses relating to available for sale debt securities should be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. For public companies, the update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. All entities may adopt the amendments in this update earlier as of fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity will apply the amendments in this update on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The Company does not plan to early adopt this standard, but is working through implementation. In that regard, the Company has formed a cross-functional working group, under the direction of the Chief Financial Officer and the Chief Risk Officer. The working group is comprised of individuals from various functional areas including credit, risk management, finance and information technology. Our implementation plan includes, but is not not limited to, an assessment of processes, portfolio segmentation, model development, system requirements and the identification of data and resource needs.We are currently evaluating various loss estimation models. While we currently cannot reasonably estimate the impact of adopting this standard, we expect the impact
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will be influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of our loan and securities portfolios, as well as the general economic conditions and forecasts at the adoption date.
ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash. The update requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18 with no material impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The update simplifies how all entities assess goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. As amended, the goodwill impairment test will consist of one step comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. ASU 2017-04 will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2020, with earlier adoption permitted, and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20). The update shortens the amortization period of certain callable debt securities held at a premium to the earliest call date unless applicable guidance related to certain pools of securities is applied to consider estimated prepayments. Under prior guidance, entities were generally required to amortize premiums on individual, non-pooled callable debt securities as a yield adjustment over the contractual life of the security. ASU 2017-08 does not change the accounting for callable debt securities held at a discount. On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2016-18 with no material impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718). The update clarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. Under ASU 2017-09, an entity will not apply modification accounting to a share-based payment award if all of the following are the same immediately before and after the change: (i) the award's fair value, (ii) the award's vesting conditions and (iii) the award's classification as an equity or liability instrument. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-09 with no material impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The update allowed entities to reclassify from AOCI to retained earnings the 'stranded' tax effects of accounting for income tax rate changes on items accounted for in AOCI which were impacted by tax reform enacted in December 2017. The impact of tax rate changes is recorded in income and items accounted for in AOCI could be left with such a stranded tax effect that could have those items appear to not reflect the appropriate tax rate. The FASB's changes are intended to improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. The changes are effective for years beginning after December 31, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We elected to adopt the changes in December 2017. The amount transferred from AOCI to retained earnings totaled $229,000 and represented the impact of the Tax Law rate change to 21% at the date of enactment for the unrealized gains and losses on securities accounted for in AOCI.
In August 2018, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements. In addition, the amendments expanded the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholders' equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholders' equity presented in the balance sheet must be provided in a note or separate statement and should present a reconciliation of the beginning balance to the ending balance for each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is presented. The disclosure requirements amendment will be effective for the Company with its first interim reporting filing in 2019. The Company expects these changes will result in additional disclosures for the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders' equity.
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NOTE 2. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
Mercersburg Financial Corporation
On October 1, 2018, we acquired 100% of the outstanding common shares of Mercersburg Financial Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, First Community Bank of Mercersburg, headquartered in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. We acquired Mercersburg to further expand our operations in Franklin County, Pennsylvania.
Pursuant to the merger agreement, we issued 1,052,635 shares of our common stock and paid $4,866,000 in cash for all outstanding shares of Mercersburg stock. In accordance with the merger agreement, each outstanding share of Mercersburg common stock was converted into 1.5291 shares of the Company's common stock and $40.00 in cash. Based on our $23.80 closing stock price on Friday, September 28, 2018, the consideration paid to acquire Mercersburg totaled $29,919,000.
The fair value of assets acquired, excluding goodwill, totaled $181,430,000, including loans totaling $141,103,000 and investment securities available for sale totaling $7,352,000. The fair value of liabilities assumed totaled $163,384,000, including deposits totaling $160,433,000. Goodwill represents consideration transferred in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired. At December 31, 2018, the Company recognized $11,873,000 in initial goodwill associated with the Mercersburg acquisition. The goodwill resulting from the acquisition represents the value expected from the expansion of our market in south central Pennsylvania and the enhancement of our operations through customer synergies and efficiencies, thereby providing enhanced customer service. Goodwill acquired in the Mercersburg acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes.
The Mercersburg acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, purchased assets, including identifiable intangible assets, and assumed liabilities were recorded at their respective acquisition date fair values. The fair value measurements of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition as additional information relative to closing date fair values become available. The Company continues to finalize the fair values of loans and, as a result, the fair value adjustment is preliminary and may change as information becomes available.
The following table summarizes the consideration paid for Mercersburg and the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed recognized at the acquisition date:

(Dollars in thousands) |
Fair value of consideration transferred: |
Cash | $ | 4,866
Common stock issued | 25,053
Total consideration transferred | $ | 29,919
Estimated fair values of assets acquired and (liabilities) assumed: |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 17,273
Securities available for sale | 7,352
Loans | 141,103
Premises and equipment | 2,232
Core deposit intangible | 3,840
Goodwill | 11,873
Cash surrender value of life insurance | 6,252
Deferred tax asset, net | 1,323
Other assets | 2,055
Deposits | (160,433)
Other liabilities | (2,951)
| $ | 29,919

The determination of estimated fair values of the acquired loans required the Company to make certain estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature. Based on such factors as past due status, nonaccrual status, bankruptcy status, and credit risk ratings, the acquired loans were divided into loans with evidence of credit quality deterioration, which are accounted for under ASC 310-30 (purchased credit impaired), and loans that do not meet this criteria, which are accounted for under ASC 310-20 (purchased non-impaired). Expected cash
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flows, both principal and interest, were estimated based on key assumptions covering such factors as prepayments, default rates and severity of loss given default. These assumptions were developed using both Mercersburg's historical experience and the portfolio characteristics as of the acquisition date as well as available market research. The fair value estimates for acquired loans were based on the amount and timing of expected principal, interest and other cash flows, including expected prepayments, discounted at prevailing market interest rates applicable to the types of acquired loans, which we considered to be level 3 fair value measurements. Deposit liabilities assumed in the Mercersburg acquisition were segregated into two categories: time-deposits (i.e., deposit accounts with a stated maturity) and demand deposits, both using level 2 fair value measurements. In determining fair value of time deposits, the Company discounted the contractual cash flows of the deposit accounts using prevailing market interest rates for time deposit accounts of similar type and duration. For demand deposits, the acquisition date outstanding balance of the assumed demand deposit accounts approximates fair value. Acquisition date fair values for securities available for sale were determined using Level 1 or Level 2 inputs consistent with the methods discussed further in “Note 18 - Fair Value.” The remaining acquisition date fair values represent either Level 2 fair value measurements or Level 3 fair value measurements (premises and equipment and core deposit intangible).
We recognized a core deposit intangible of $3,840,000, which will be amortized using an accelerated method over a 10-year amortization period, consistent with expected future cash flows.
Loans acquired with Mercersburg were measured at fair value at the acquisition date with no carryover of any ALL. Loans were segregated into those loans considered to be performing and those considered PCI. The following table presents performing and PCI loans acquired, by loan class, at October 1, 2018.

(in thousands) | Performing |  | PCI |  | Total
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 10,336 |  | $ | 1,800 |  | $ | 12,136
Non-owner occupied | 4,405 |  | 672 |  | 5,077
Multi-family | 3,005 |  | 722 |  | 3,727
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 878 |  | 0 |  | 878
Commercial and land development | 2,044 |  | 269 |  | 2,313
Commercial and industrial | 22,433 |  | 5,696 |  | 28,129
Municipal | 1,862 |  | 0 |  | 1,862
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 75,034 |  | 3,103 |  | 78,137
Home-equity - term | 2,258 |  | 23 |  | 2,281
Home equity - lines of credit | 3,144 |  | 0 |  | 3,144
Installment and other loans | 3,233 |  | 186 |  | 3,419
Total loans acquired | $ | 128,632 |  | $ | 12,471 |  | $ | 141,103

The following table presents the fair value adjustments made to the amortized cost basis of loans acquired at October 1, 2018.

(in thousands) |
Gross amortized cost basis at acquisition | $ | 149,162
Market rate adjustment | (3,464)
Credit fair value adjustment on non-credit impaired loans | (1,400)
Credit fair value adjustment on impaired loans | (3,195)
Estimated fair value of acquired loans | $ | 141,103

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The market rate adjustment represents the movement in market interest rates, irrespective of credit adjustments, compared to the contractual rates of the acquired loans. The credit adjustment made on non-PCI loans represents the changes in credit quality of the underlying borrowers from loan inception to the acquisition date. The credit adjustment on PCI loans is derived in accordance with ASC 310-30 and represents the portion of the loan balance that has been deemed uncollectible based on our expectations of future cash flows for each respective loan.
The following table provides information about acquired PCI loans at October 1, 2018.

(in thousands) |
Contractually required principal and interest at acquisition | $ | 21,587
Contractual cash flows not expected to be collected (nonaccretable discount) | (6,873)
Expected cash flows at acquisition | 14,714
Interest component of expected cash flows (accretable discount) | (2,243)
Estimated fair value of acquired PCI loans | $ | 12,471

Unaudited pro forma net income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 would have totaled $15,717,000 and $8,929,000, respectively, and revenues would have totaled $92,996,000 and $79,659,000 for the same years, respectively, had the Mercersburg acquisition occurred January 1, 2017. Merger related costs totaling $3,197,000 have been excluded from the unaudited pro forma net income for 2018.
Hamilton Bancorp, Inc.
On October 23, 2018, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") with Hamilton Bancorp, Inc., a Maryland corporation ("Hamilton") and the holding company for Hamilton Bank, based in Towson, Maryland. At December 31, 2018, Hamilton reported $496,254,000 in assets, $369,457,000 in loans, $384,171,000 in deposits and 3,416,414 common shares outstanding. The Merger Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, Hamilton will merge with and into the Company, with the Company as the surviving corporation, and that Hamilton Bank will merge with and into Orrstown Bank, with Orrstown Bank as the surviving bank. The merger is expected to close in the second quarter of 2019, subject to receipt of regulatory approvals, the approval of Hamilton's shareholders, and the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions. The acquisition will introduce the Company's operations into the Greater Baltimore area of Maryland.
Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, for each share of Hamilton common stock outstanding as of the effective date, the Company will issue $4.10 in cash, without interest, and 0.54 shares of of the Company's common stock, no par value per share. The cash consideration is subject to reduction based on potential losses, write-downs, or reserves related to certain identified loans.
In connection with the Mercersburg and Hamilton acquisitions, we incurred merger related expenses totaling $3,197,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, which are included in noninterest expenses. The expenses consisted primarily of $1,502,000 of investment banking, legal and consulting fees; $1,065,000 of information systems expense, including canceling of contracts; and $630,000 of other expenses.
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NOTE 3. SECURITIES AVAILABLE FOR SALE
At December 31, 2018 and 2017 all investment securities were classified as AFS. The following table summarizes amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in AOCI, at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

(Dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions | $ | 144,596 |  | $ | 1,919 |  | $ | 1,511 |  | $ | 145,004
GSE residential CMOs | 110,421 |  | 332 |  | 2,689 |  | 108,064
Private label residential CMOs | 144 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  | 143
Private label commercial CMOs | 75,911 |  | 55 |  | 921 |  | 75,045
Asset-backed and other | 138,535 |  | 126 |  | 1,073 |  | 137,588
Totals | $ | 469,607 |  | $ | 2,432 |  | $ | 6,195 |  | $ | 465,844
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions | $ | 153,803 |  | $ | 6,133 |  | $ | 478 |  | $ | 159,458
GSE residential MBSs | 48,600 |  | 930 |  | 0 |  | 49,530
GSE residential CMOs | 113,658 |  | 296 |  | 2,835 |  | 111,119
Private label residential CMOs | 999 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  | 1,003
Private label commercial CMOs | 7,809 |  | 0 |  | 156 |  | 7,653
Asset-backed and other | 86,837 |  | 133 |  | 425 |  | 86,545
Totals | $ | 411,706 |  | $ | 7,496 |  | $ | 3,894 |  | $ | 415,308

The following table summarizes AFS securities with unrealized losses at December 31, 2018 and 2017, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position.

| Less Than 12 Months |  |  |  |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions | 27 |  | $ | 46,585 |  | $ | 662 |  | 6 |  | $ | 23,036 |  | $ | 849 |  | 33 |  | $ | 69,621 |  | $ | 1,511
GSE residential CMOs | 1 |  | 18,037 |  | 122 |  | 7 |  | 46,168 |  | 2,567 |  | 8 |  | 64,205 |  | 2,689
Private label residential CMOs | 1 |  | 143 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  | 143 |  | 1
Private label commercial CMOs | 11 |  | 56,499 |  | 712 |  | 2 |  | 6,349 |  | 209 |  | 13 |  | 62,848 |  | 921
Asset-backed and other | 6 |  | 78,900 |  | 859 |  | 3 |  | 10,808 |  | 214 |  | 9 |  | 89,708 |  | 1,073
Totals | 46 |  | $ | 200,164 |  | $ | 2,356 |  | 18 |  | $ | 86,361 |  | $ | 3,839 |  | 64 |  | $ | 286,525 |  | $ | 6,195
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions | 7 |  | $ | 24,577 |  | $ | 473 |  | 1 |  | $ | 5,585 |  | $ | 5 |  | 8 |  | $ | 30,162 |  | $ | 478
GSE residential CMOs | 4 |  | 25,155 |  | 914 |  | 5 |  | 37,459 |  | 1,921 |  | 9 |  | 62,614 |  | 2,835
Private label commercial CMOs | 2 |  | 7,653 |  | 156 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 2 |  | 7,653 |  | 156
Asset-backed and other | 6 |  | 60,006 |  | 425 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 6 |  | 60,006 |  | 425
Totals | 19 |  | $ | 117,391 |  | $ | 1,968 |  | 6 |  | $ | 43,044 |  | $ | 1,926 |  | 25 |  | $ | 160,435 |  | $ | 3,894

State and Political Subdivisions. The unrealized losses presented in the table above have been caused by a widening of spreads and/or a rise in interest rates from the time these securities were purchased. Management considers the investment rating, the state of the issuer of the security and other credit support in determining whether the security is OTTI. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell them before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these securities to be OTTI at December 31, 2018 or at December 31, 2017.
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GSE Residential CMOs. The unrealized losses presented in the table above have been caused by a widening of spreads and/or a rise in interest rates from the time these securities were purchased. The contractual terms of these securities do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than its par value basis. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell them before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these securities to be OTTI at December 31, 2018 or at December 31, 2017.
Private Label Residential CMOs, Private Label Commercial CMOs and Asset-backed and Other. The unrealized losses presented in the table above have been caused by a widening of spreads and/or a rise in interest rates from the time the securities were purchased. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell them before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these securities to be OTTI at December 31, 2018 or at December 31, 2017.
The following table summarizes amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2018. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

| Available for Sale |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 799 |  | $ | 800
Due after one year through five years | 2,531 |  | 2,542
Due after five years through ten years | 37,168 |  | 37,229
Due after ten years | 104,098 |  | 104,433
CMOs | 186,476 |  | 183,252
Asset-backed and other | 138,535 |  | 137,588
| $ | 469,607 |  | $ | 465,844

The following table summarizes proceeds from sales of AFS securities and gross gains and gross losses for the years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Proceeds from sale of AFS securities | $ | 156,364 |  | $ | 162,320 |  | $ | 64,742
Gross gains | 1,681 |  | 1,477 |  | 1,468
Gross losses | 675 |  | 287 |  | 48

AFS securities with a fair value of $164,233,000 and $319,907,000 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were pledged to secure public funds and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
NOTE 4. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES
The Company’s loan portfolio is grouped into classes to allow management to monitor the performance by the borrower and to monitor the yield on the portfolio. Consistent with ASU 2010-20, Disclosures about the Credit Quality of Financing Receivables and the Allowance for Loan Losses, the segments are further broken down into classes to allow for differing risk characteristics within a segment.
The risks associated with lending activities differ among the various loan classes and are subject to the impact of changes in interest rates, market conditions of collateral securing the loans, and general economic conditions. All of these factors may adversely impact both the borrower’s ability to repay its loans and associated collateral.
The Company has various types of commercial real estate loans, which have differing levels of credit risk. Owner occupied commercial real estate loans are generally dependent upon the successful operation of the borrower’s business, with the cash flows generated from the business being the primary source of repayment of the loan. If the business suffers a downturn in sales or profitability, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan could be in jeopardy.
Non-owner occupied and multi-family commercial real estate loans and non-owner occupied residential loans present a different credit risk to the Company than owner occupied commercial real estate loans, as the repayment of the loan is
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dependent upon the borrower’s ability to generate a sufficient level of occupancy to produce rental income that exceeds debt service requirements and operating expenses. Lower occupancy or lease rates may result in a reduction in cash flows, which hinders the ability of the borrower to meet debt service requirements, and may result in lower collateral values. The Company generally recognizes that greater risk is inherent in these credit relationships as compared to owner occupied loans mentioned above.
Acquisition and development loans consist of 1-4 family residential construction and commercial and land development loans. The risk of loss on these loans is largely dependent on the Company’s ability to assess the property’s value at the completion of the project, which should exceed the property’s construction costs. During the construction phase, a number of factors could potentially negatively impact the collateral value, including cost overruns, delays in completing the project, competition, and real estate market conditions which may change based on the supply of similar properties in the area. In the event the collateral value at the completion of the project is not sufficient to cover the outstanding loan balance, the Company must rely upon other repayment sources, including, if any, the guarantors of the project or other collateral securing the loan.
Commercial and industrial loans include advances to local and regional businesses for general commercial purposes and include permanent and short-term working capital, machinery and equipment financing, and may be either in the form of lines of credit or term loans. Although commercial and industrial loans may be unsecured to our highest-rated borrowers, the majority of these loans are secured by the borrower’s accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment. In a significant number of these loans, the collateral also includes the business real estate or the business owner’s personal real estate or assets. Commercial and industrial loans present credit exposure to the Company, as they are more susceptible to risk of loss during a downturn in the economy as borrowers may have greater difficulty in meeting their debt service requirements and the value of the collateral may decline. The Company attempts to mitigate this risk through its underwriting standards, including evaluating the creditworthiness of the borrower and, to the extent available, credit ratings on the business. Additionally, monitoring of the loans through annual renewals and meetings with the borrowers are typical. However, these procedures cannot eliminate the risk of loss associated with commercial and industrial lending.
Municipal loans consist of extensions of credit to municipalities and school districts within the Company’s market area. These loans generally present a lower risk than commercial and industrial loans, as they are generally secured by the municipality’s full taxing authority, by revenue obligations, or by its ability to raise assessments on its customers for a specific utility.
The Company originates loans to its retail customers, including fixed-rate and adjustable first lien mortgage loans with the underlying 1-4 family owner occupied residential property securing the loan. The Company’s risk exposure is minimized in these types of loans through the evaluation of the creditworthiness of the borrower, including credit scores and debt-to-income ratios, and underwriting standards which limit the loan-to-value ratio to generally no more than 80% upon loan origination, unless the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance.
Home equity loans, including term loans and lines of credit, present a slightly higher risk to the Company than 1-4 family first liens, as these loans can be first or second liens on 1-4 family owner occupied residential property, but can have loan-to-value ratios of no greater than 90% of the value of the real estate taken as collateral. The creditworthiness of the borrower is considered including credit scores and debt-to-income ratios.
Installment and other loans’ credit risk are mitigated through prudent underwriting standards, including evaluation of the creditworthiness of the borrower through credit scores and debt-to-income ratios and, if secured, the collateral value of the assets. These loans can be unsecured or secured by assets the value of which may depreciate quickly or may fluctuate, and may present a greater risk to the Company than 1-4 family residential loans.
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The following table presents the loan portfolio by segment and class, excluding residential LHFS, at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Commercial real estate: |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 129,650 |  | $ | 116,811
Non-owner occupied | 252,794 |  | 244,491
Multi-family | 78,933 |  | 53,634
Non-owner occupied residential | 100,367 |  | 77,980
Acquisition and development: |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 7,385 |  | 11,730
Commercial and land development | 42,051 |  | 19,251
Commercial and industrial | 160,964 |  | 115,663
Municipal | 50,982 |  | 42,065
Residential mortgage: |  |  |
First lien | 235,296 |  | 162,509
Home equity – term | 12,208 |  | 11,784
Home equity – lines of credit | 143,616 |  | 132,192
Installment and other loans | 33,411 |  | 21,902
Total Loans (1) | $ | 1,247,657 |  | $ | 1,010,012

(1) Includes $135,009,000 of acquired loans at December 31, 2018.
In order to monitor ongoing risk associated with its loan portfolio and specific loans within the segments, management uses an internal grading system. The first several rating categories, representing the lowest risk to the Bank, are combined and given a “Pass” rating. Management generally follows regulatory definitions in assigning criticized ratings to loans, including "Special Mention," "Substandard," "Doubtful" or "Loss." The Special Mention category includes loans that have potential weaknesses that may, if not monitored or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Bank's position at some future date. These assets pose elevated risk, but their weakness does not yet justify a more severe, or classified rating. Substandard loans are classified as they have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses that jeopardize liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard loans include loans that management has determined not to be impaired, as well as loans considered to be impaired. A Doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as Loss is deferred. Loss loans are considered uncollectible, as the borrowers are often in bankruptcy, have suspended debt repayments, or have ceased business operations. Once a loan is classified as Loss, there is little prospect of collecting the loan’s principal or interest and it is charged-off.
The Company has a loan review policy and program which is designed to identify and monitor risk in the lending function. The ERM Committee, comprised of executive officers and loan department personnel, is charged with the oversight of overall credit quality and risk exposure of the Company's loan portfolio. This includes the monitoring of the lending activities of all Company personnel with respect to underwriting and processing new loans and the timely follow-up and corrective action for loans showing signs of deterioration in quality. A loan review program provides the Company with an independent review of the commercial loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories unless a specific action, such as extended delinquencies, bankruptcy, repossession or death of the borrower occurs, which heightens awareness as to a possible credit event.
Internal loan reviews are completed annually on all commercial relationships with a committed loan balance in excess of $500,000, which includes confirmation of risk rating by an independent credit officer. In addition, all relationships greater than $250,000 rated Substandard, Doubtful or Loss are reviewed quarterly and corresponding risk ratings are reaffirmed by the Company's Problem Loan Committee, with subsequent reporting to the ERM Committee.
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The following summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio ratings based on its internal risk rating system at December 31, 2018 and 2017:

(Dollars in thousands) | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Non-Impaired Substandard |  | Impaired - Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | PCI Loans |  | Total
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 121,903 |  | $ | 3,024 |  | $ | 987 |  | $ | 1,880 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,856 |  | $ | 129,650
Non-owner occupied | 242,136 |  | 10,008 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 650 |  | 252,794
Multi-family | 71,482 |  | 5,886 |  | 717 |  | 131 |  | 0 |  | 717 |  | 78,933
Non-owner occupied residential | 98,125 |  | 736 |  | 1,197 |  | 309 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 100,367
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 7,385 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 7,385
Commercial and land development | 41,251 |  | 25 |  | 583 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 192 |  | 42,051
Commercial and industrial | 150,286 |  | 2,278 |  | 2,940 |  | 286 |  | 0 |  | 5,174 |  | 160,964
Municipal | 50,982 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 50,982
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 229,436 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 2,877 |  | 0 |  | 2,983 |  | 235,296
Home equity – term | 12,170 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 16 |  | 0 |  | 22 |  | 12,208
Home equity – lines of credit | 142,638 |  | 165 |  | 15 |  | 798 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 143,616
Installment and other loans | 33,229 |  | 15 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 166 |  | 33,411
| $ | 1,201,023 |  | $ | 22,137 |  | $ | 6,440 |  | $ | 6,297 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 11,760 |  | $ | 1,247,657
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 113,240 |  | $ | 413 |  | $ | 1,921 |  | $ | 1,237 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 116,811
Non-owner occupied | 235,919 |  | 0 |  | 4,507 |  | 4,065 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 244,491
Multi-family | 48,603 |  | 4,113 |  | 753 |  | 165 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 53,634
Non-owner occupied residential | 76,373 |  | 142 |  | 1,084 |  | 381 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 77,980
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 11,238 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 492 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 11,730
Commercial and land development | 18,635 |  | 5 |  | 611 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 19,251
Commercial and industrial | 113,162 |  | 2,151 |  | 0 |  | 350 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 115,663
Municipal | 42,065 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 42,065
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 158,673 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 3,836 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 162,509
Home equity – term | 11,762 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 22 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 11,784
Home equity – lines of credit | 131,585 |  | 80 |  | 60 |  | 467 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 132,192
Installment and other loans | 21,891 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 11 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 21,902
| $ | 983,146 |  | $ | 6,904 |  | $ | 8,936 |  | $ | 11,026 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,010,012

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For commercial real estate, acquisition and development, and commercial and industrial loans, a loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Generally, loans that are more than 90 days past due are deemed impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed to determine if the loan should be placed on nonaccrual status. Nonaccrual loans in the commercial and commercial real estate portfolios and any TDRs are, by definition, deemed to be impaired. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial, construction and restructured loans by either the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. A loan is collateral dependent if the repayment of the loan is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral. For loans that are deemed to be impaired for extended periods of time, periodic updates on fair values are obtained, which may include updated appraisals. Updated fair values are incorporated into the impairment analysis in the next reporting period.
Loan charge-offs, which may include partial charge-offs, are taken on an impaired loan that is collateral dependent if the loan’s carrying balance exceeds its collateral’s appraised value, the loan has been identified as uncollectible, and it is deemed to be a confirmed loss. Typically, impaired loans with a charge-off or partial charge-off will continue to be considered impaired, unless the note is split into two, and management expects the performing note to continue to perform and is adequately secured. The second, or non-performing note, would be charged-off. Generally, an impaired loan with a partial charge-off may continue to have an impairment reserve on it after the partial charge-off, if factors warrant.
At December 31, 2018 and 2017, nearly all of the Company’s impaired loans’ extent of impairment were measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral securing the loan, except for TDRs. By definition, TDRs are considered impaired. All restructured loans’ impairment were determined based on discounted cash flows for those loans classified as TDRs and still accruing interest. For real estate loans, collateral generally consists of commercial real estate, but in the case of commercial and industrial loans, it could also consist of accounts receivable, inventory, equipment or other business assets. Commercial and industrial loans may also have real estate collateral.
Updated appraisals are generally required every 18 months for classified commercial loans in excess of $250,000. The “as is" value provided in the appraisal is often used as the fair value of the collateral in determining impairment, unless circumstances, such as subsequent improvements, approvals, or other circumstances dictate that another value provided by the appraiser is more appropriate.
Generally, impaired commercial loans secured by real estate, other than performing TDRs, are measured at fair value using certified real estate appraisals that had been completed within the last 18 months. Appraised values are discounted for estimated costs to sell the property and other selling considerations to arrive at the property’s fair value. In those situations in which it is determined an updated appraisal is not required for loans individually evaluated for impairment, fair values are based on one or a combination of approaches. In those situations in which a combination of approaches is considered, the factor that carries the most consideration will be the one management believes is warranted. The approaches are:
•Original appraisal – if the original appraisal provides a strong loan-to-value ratio (generally 70% or lower) and, after consideration of market conditions and knowledge of the property and area, it is determined by the Credit Administration staff that there has not been a significant deterioration in the collateral value, the original certified appraised value may be used. Discounts as deemed appropriate for selling costs are factored into the appraised value in arriving at fair value.
•Discounted cash flows – in limited cases, discounted cash flows may be used on projects in which the collateral is liquidated to reduce the borrowings outstanding, and is used to validate collateral values derived from other approaches.
Collateral on certain impaired loans is not limited to real estate, and may consist of accounts receivable, inventory, equipment or other business assets. Estimated fair values are determined based on borrowers’ financial statements, inventory ledgers, accounts receivable agings or appraisals from individuals with knowledge in the business. Stated balances are generally discounted for the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. In determining fair value, liquidation discounts are applied to this collateral based on existing loan evaluation policies.
The Company distinguishes Substandard loans on both an impaired and nonimpaired basis, as it places less emphasis on a loan’s classification, and increased reliance on whether the loan was performing in accordance with the contractual terms. A
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Substandard classification does not automatically meet the definition of impaired. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of Substandard loans, does not have to exist in individual extensions of credit classified Substandard. As a result, the Company’s methodology includes an evaluation of certain accruing commercial real estate, acquisition and development, and commercial and industrial loans rated Substandard to be collectively, as opposed to individually, evaluated for impairment. Although the Company believes these loans meet the definition of Substandard, they are generally performing and management has concluded that it is likely we will be able to collect the scheduled payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.
Larger groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Generally, the Company does not separately identify individual consumer and residential loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are the subject of a restructuring agreement due to financial difficulties of the borrower.
The following table, which excludes PCI loans, summarizes impaired loans by segment and class, segregated by those for which a specific allowance was required and those for which a specific allowance was not required at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The recorded investment in loans excludes accrued interest receivable due to insignificance. Related allowances established generally pertain to those loans in which loan forbearance agreements were in the process of being negotiated or updated appraisals were pending, and any partial charge-off will be recorded when final information is received.

| Impaired Loans with a Specific Allowance |  |  |  |  |  | Impaired Loans with No Specific Allowance |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Recorded Investment (Book Balance) |  | Unpaid Principal Balance (Legal Balance) |  | Related Allowance |  | Recorded Investment (Book Balance) |  | Unpaid Principal Balance (Legal Balance)
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,880 |  | $ | 2,576
Multi-family | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 131 |  | 336
Non-owner occupied residential | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 309 |  | 632
Commercial and industrial | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 286 |  | 457
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 743 |  | 743 |  | 38 |  | 2,134 |  | 2,727
Home equity—term | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 16 |  | 23
Home equity—lines of credit | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 798 |  | 1,081
| $ | 743 |  | $ | 743 |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 5,554 |  | $ | 7,832
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,237 |  | $ | 2,479
Non-owner occupied | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 4,065 |  | 4,856
Multi-family | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 165 |  | 352
Non-owner occupied residential | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 381 |  | 669
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 492 |  | 492
Commercial and industrial | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 350 |  | 495
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 872 |  | 872 |  | 42 |  | 2,964 |  | 3,706
Home equity—term | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 22 |  | 27
Home equity—lines of credit | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 467 |  | 628
Installment and other loans | 9 |  | 9 |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 33
| $ | 881 |  | $ | 881 |  | $ | 51 |  | $ | 10,145 |  | $ | 13,737

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The following table, which excludes PCI loans, summarizes the average recorded investment in impaired loans and related recognized interest income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  | 2016 |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Average Impaired Balance |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Impaired Balance |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Impaired Balance |  | Interest Income Recognized
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 1,495 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 1,000 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 1,758 |  | $ | 0
Non-owner occupied | 1,842 |  | 0 |  | 392 |  | 0 |  | 6,831 |  | 0
Multi-family | 148 |  | 0 |  | 182 |  | 0 |  | 216 |  | 0
Non-owner occupied residential | 346 |  | 0 |  | 418 |  | 0 |  | 645 |  | 0
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 181 |  | 0 |  | 154 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0
Commercial and land development | 1 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0
Commercial and industrial | 322 |  | 0 |  | 413 |  | 0 |  | 575 |  | 0
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 3,234 |  | 59 |  | 4,012 |  | 58 |  | 4,525 |  | 33
Home equity – term | 19 |  | 0 |  | 61 |  | 0 |  | 98 |  | 0
Home equity – lines of credit | 657 |  | 2 |  | 488 |  | 2 |  | 455 |  | 0
Installment and other loans | 4 |  | 0 |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 12 |  | 0
| $ | 8,249 |  | $ | 63 |  | $ | 7,130 |  | $ | 66 |  | $ | 15,118 |  | $ | 33

The following table presents impaired loans that are TDRs, with the recorded investment at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Number of Contracts |  | Recorded Investment |  | Number of Contracts |  | Recorded Investment
Accruing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | 1 |  | $ | 39 |  | 1 |  | $ | 52
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 11 |  | 1,069 |  | 11 |  | 1,102
Home equity - lines of credit | 1 |  | 24 |  | 1 |  | 29
| 13 |  | 1,132 |  | 13 |  | 1,183
Nonaccruing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | 1 |  | 37 |  | 1 |  | 57
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 8 |  | 658 |  | 8 |  | 715
Installment and other loans | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  | 3
| 9 |  | 695 |  | 10 |  | 775
| 22 |  | $ | 1,827 |  | 23 |  | $ | 1,958

There were no restructured loans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 that were modified as TDRs within the previous 12 months which were in payment default.
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The following table presents the number of loans modified, and their pre-modification and post-modification investment balances for the years ended December 31, 2017, and 2016. There were no loans modified during 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) | Number of Contracts |  | Pre- Modification Investment Balance |  | Post- Modification Investment Balance
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied | 2 |  | $ | 119 |  | $ | 119
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Non-owner occupied | 1 |  | $ | 6,095 |  | $ | 6,095
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 2 |  | 265 |  | 265
Home equity - lines of credit | 1 |  | 34 |  | 34
| 4 |  | $ | 6,394 |  | $ | 6,394

The loans presented in the table above were considered TDRs a result of the Company agreeing to below market interest rates given the risk of the transaction; allowing the loan to remain on interest only status; or a reduction in interest rates, in order to give the borrowers an opportunity to improve their cash flows. For TDRs in default of their modified terms, impairment is generally determined on a collateral dependent approach, except for accruing residential mortgage TDRs, which are generally on the discounted cash flow approach. Certain loans modified during a period may no longer be outstanding at the end of the period if the loan was paid off.
No additional commitments have been made to borrowers whose loans are considered TDRs.
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Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the length of time a portfolio is past due, by aggregating loans based on its delinquencies. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by aging categories of performing loans and nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

|  |  | Days Past Due |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current |  | 30-59 |  | 60-89 |  | 90+ (still accruing) |  | Total Past Due |  | Non- Accrual |  | Total Loans
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 125,887 |  | $ | 66 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 66 |  | $ | 1,841 |  | $ | 127,794
Non-owner occupied | 252,144 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 252,144
Multi-family | 78,085 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 131 |  | 78,216
Non-owner occupied residential | 99,803 |  | 226 |  | 29 |  | 0 |  | 255 |  | 309 |  | 100,367
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 7,385 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 7,385
Commercial and land development | 41,822 |  | 37 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 37 |  | 0 |  | 41,859
Commercial and industrial | 154,988 |  | 411 |  | 105 |  | 0 |  | 516 |  | 286 |  | 155,790
Municipal | 50,982 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 50,982
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 228,179 |  | 1,592 |  | 734 |  | 0 |  | 2,326 |  | 1,808 |  | 232,313
Home equity – term | 11,487 |  | 678 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  | 683 |  | 16 |  | 12,186
Home equity – lines of credit | 142,394 |  | 420 |  | 28 |  | 0 |  | 448 |  | 774 |  | 143,616
Installment and other loans | 33,135 |  | 66 |  | 44 |  | 0 |  | 110 |  | 0 |  | 33,245
Subtotal | 1,226,291 |  | 3,496 |  | 945 |  | 0 |  | 4,441 |  | 5,165 |  | 1,235,897
Loans acquired with credit deterioration: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | 1,784 |  | 0 |  | 72 |  | 0 |  | 72 |  | 0 |  | 1,856
Non-owner occupied | 650 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 650
Multi-family | 717 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 717
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and land development | 192 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 192
Commercial and industrial | 4,943 |  | 231 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 231 |  | 0 |  | 5,174
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 2,506 |  | 382 |  | 42 |  | 53 |  | 477 |  | 0 |  | 2,983
Home equity – term | 17 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  | 22
Installment and other loans | 149 |  | 13 |  | 0 |  | 4 |  | 17 |  | 0 |  | 166
Subtotal | 10,958 |  | 631 |  | 114 |  | 57 |  | 802 |  | 0 |  | 11,760
| $ | 1,237,249 |  | $ | 4,127 |  | $ | 1,059 |  | $ | 57 |  | $ | 5,243 |  | $ | 5,165 |  | $ | 1,247,657

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|  |  | Days Past Due |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current |  | 30-59 |  | 60-89 |  | 90+ (still accruing) |  | Total Past Due |  | Non- Accrual |  | Total Loans
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 115,605 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 17 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 1,185 |  | $ | 116,811
Non-owner occupied | 240,426 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 4,065 |  | 244,491
Multi-family | 53,469 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 165 |  | 53,634
Non-owner occupied residential | 77,454 |  | 145 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 145 |  | 381 |  | 77,980
Acquisition and development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family residential construction | 11,238 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 492 |  | 11,730
Commercial and land development | 19,226 |  | 25 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 25 |  | 0 |  | 19,251
Commercial and industrial | 115,312 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  | 350 |  | 115,663
Municipal | 42,065 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 42,065
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 155,387 |  | 3,333 |  | 1,055 |  | 0 |  | 4,388 |  | 2,734 |  | 162,509
Home equity – term | 11,753 |  | 9 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 9 |  | 22 |  | 11,784
Home equity – lines of credit | 131,208 |  | 474 |  | 72 |  | 0 |  | 546 |  | 438 |  | 132,192
Installment and other loans | 21,749 |  | 141 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 142 |  | 11 |  | 21,902
| $ | 994,892 |  | $ | 4,132 |  | $ | 1,145 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 5,277 |  | $ | 9,843 |  | $ | 1,010,012

The Company maintains its ALL at a level management believes adequate for probable incurred credit losses. The ALL is established and maintained through a provision for loan losses charged to earnings. Quarterly, management assesses the adequacy of the ALL utilizing a defined methodology which considers specific credit evaluation of impaired loans as discussed above, past loan loss historical experience, and qualitative factors. Management believes its approach properly addresses relevant accounting guidance for loans individually identified as impaired and for loans collectively evaluated for impairment, and other bank regulatory guidance.
In connection with its quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the ALL, management reviews its methodology to determine if it properly addresses the current risk in the loan portfolio. For each loan class, general allowances based on quantitative factors, principally historical loss trends, are provided for loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment. An adjustment to historical loss factors may be incorporated for delinquency and other potential risk not elsewhere defined within the ALL methodology.
In addition to this quantitative analysis, adjustments to the ALL requirements are allocated on loans collectively evaluated for impairment based on additional qualitative factors, including:
Nature and Volume of Loans – including loan growth in the current and subsequent quarters based on the Company’s targeted growth and strategic plan, coupled with the types of loans booked based on risk management and credit culture; the number of exceptions to loan policy; and supervisory loan to value exceptions.
Concentrations of Credit and Changes within Credit Concentrations – including the composition of the Company’s overall portfolio makeup and management's evaluation related to concentration risk management and the inherent risk associated with the concentrations identified.
Underwriting Standards and Recovery Practices – including changes to underwriting standards and perceived impact on anticipated losses; trends in the number of exceptions to loan policy; supervisory loan to value exceptions; and administration of loan recovery practices.
Delinquency Trends – including delinquency percentages noted in the portfolio relative to economic conditions; severity of the delinquencies; and whether the ratios are trending upwards or downwards.
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Classified Loans Trends – including internal loan ratings of the portfolio; severity of the ratings; whether the loan segment’s ratings show a more favorable or less favorable trend; and underlying market conditions and impact on the collateral values securing the loans.
Experience, Ability and Depth of Management/Lending staff – including the years’ experience of senior and middle management and the lending staff; turnover of the staff; and instances of repeat criticisms of ratings.
Quality of Loan Review – including the years of experience of the loan review staff; in-house versus outsourced provider of review; turnover of staff and the perceived quality of their work in relation to other external information.
National and Local Economic Conditions – including trends in the consumer price index, unemployment rates, the housing price index, housing statistics compared to the prior year, bankruptcy rates, regulatory and legal environment risks and competition.
The following table presents activity in the ALL for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

| Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Acquisition and Development |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Municipal |  | Total |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Installment and Other |  | Total |  | Unallocated |  | Total
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 6,763 |  | $ | 417 |  | $ | 1,446 |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 8,710 |  | $ | 3,400 |  | $ | 211 |  | $ | 3,611 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 12,796
Provision for loan losses | (442) |  | 396 |  | 209 |  | 14 |  | 177 |  | 363 |  | 165 |  | 528 |  | 95 |  | 800
Charge-offs | (17) |  | (7) |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | (24) |  | (148) |  | (292) |  | (440) |  | 0 |  | (464)
Recoveries | 572 |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 584 |  | 138 |  | 160 |  | 298 |  | 0 |  | 882
Balance, end of year | $ | 6,876 |  | $ | 817 |  | $ | 1,656 |  | $ | 98 |  | $ | 9,447 |  | $ | 3,753 |  | $ | 244 |  | $ | 3,997 |  | $ | 570 |  | $ | 14,014
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 7,530 |  | $ | 580 |  | $ | 1,074 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 9,238 |  | $ | 2,979 |  | $ | 144 |  | $ | 3,123 |  | $ | 414 |  | $ | 12,775
Provision for loan losses | 38 |  | (167) |  | 333 |  | 30 |  | 234 |  | 531 |  | 174 |  | 705 |  | 61 |  | 1,000
Charge-offs | (835) |  | 0 |  | (85) |  | 0 |  | (920) |  | (180) |  | (166) |  | (346) |  | 0 |  | (1,266)
Recoveries | 30 |  | 4 |  | 124 |  | 0 |  | 158 |  | 70 |  | 59 |  | 129 |  | 0 |  | 287
Balance, end of year | $ | 6,763 |  | $ | 417 |  | $ | 1,446 |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 8,710 |  | $ | 3,400 |  | $ | 211 |  | $ | 3,611 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 12,796
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 7,883 |  | $ | 850 |  | $ | 1,012 |  | $ | 58 |  | $ | 9,803 |  | $ | 2,870 |  | $ | 121 |  | $ | 2,991 |  | $ | 774 |  | $ | 13,568
Provision for loan losses | 107 |  | (270) |  | 129 |  | (4) |  | (38) |  | 532 |  | 116 |  | 648 |  | (360) |  | 250
Charge-offs | (872) |  | 0 |  | (79) |  | 0 |  | (951) |  | (577) |  | (194) |  | (771) |  | 0 |  | (1,722)
Recoveries | 412 |  | 0 |  | 12 |  | 0 |  | 424 |  | 154 |  | 101 |  | 255 |  | 0 |  | 679
Balance, end of year | $ | 7,530 |  | $ | 580 |  | $ | 1,074 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 9,238 |  | $ | 2,979 |  | $ | 144 |  | $ | 3,123 |  | $ | 414 |  | $ | 12,775

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The following table summarizes the ending loan balances individually evaluated for impairment based upon loan segment, as well as the related ALL loss allocation for each at December 31, 2018 and 2017. PCI loans are excluded from loans individually evaluated for impairment.

| Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Acquisition and Development |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Municipal |  | Total |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Installment and Other |  | Total |  | Unallocated |  | Total
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans allocated by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 2,320 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 286 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 2,606 |  | $ | 3,691 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 3,691 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 6,297
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 559,424 |  | 49,436 |  | 160,678 |  | 50,982 |  | 820,520 |  | 387,429 |  | 33,411 |  | 420,840 |  | 0 |  | 1,241,360
| $ | 561,744 |  | $ | 49,436 |  | $ | 160,964 |  | $ | 50,982 |  | $ | 823,126 |  | $ | 391,120 |  | $ | 33,411 |  | $ | 424,531 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,247,657
Allowance for loan losses allocated by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 38
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 6,876 |  | 817 |  | 1,656 |  | 98 |  | 9,447 |  | 3,715 |  | 244 |  | 3,959 |  | 570 |  | 13,976
| $ | 6,876 |  | $ | 817 |  | $ | 1,656 |  | $ | 98 |  | $ | 9,447 |  | $ | 3,753 |  | $ | 244 |  | $ | 3,997 |  | $ | 570 |  | $ | 14,014
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans allocated by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 5,848 |  | $ | 492 |  | $ | 350 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 6,690 |  | $ | 4,325 |  | $ | 11 |  | $ | 4,336 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 11,026
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 487,068 |  | 30,489 |  | 115,313 |  | 42,065 |  | 674,935 |  | 302,160 |  | 21,891 |  | 324,051 |  | 0 |  | 998,986
| $ | 492,916 |  | $ | 30,981 |  | $ | 115,663 |  | $ | 42,065 |  | $ | 681,625 |  | $ | 306,485 |  | $ | 21,902 |  | $ | 328,387 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,010,012
Allowance for loan losses allocated by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 42 |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | 51 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 51
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 6,763 |  | 417 |  | 1,446 |  | 84 |  | 8,710 |  | 3,358 |  | 202 |  | 3,560 |  | 475 |  | 12,745
| $ | 6,763 |  | $ | 417 |  | $ | 1,446 |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 8,710 |  | $ | 3,400 |  | $ | 211 |  | $ | 3,611 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 12,796

The following table provides activity for the accretable yield of purchased impaired loans for the year ended December 31, 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Accretable yield, beginning of year | $ | 0 |  |
New loans purchased | 2,243 |  |
Accretion of income | (178) |  |
Accretable yield, end of year | $ | 2,065 |  |

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NOTE 5. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
The following table summarizes premises and equipment at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Land | $ | 7,825 |  | $ | 7,664
Buildings and improvements | 31,987 |  | 31,154
Leasehold improvements | 3,926 |  | 2,482
Furniture and equipment | 22,998 |  | 22,023
Construction in progress | 1,946 |  | 89
| 68,682 |  | 63,412
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 30,481 |  | 28,603
| $ | 38,201 |  | $ | 34,809

Depreciation expense totaled $2,609,000, $2,650,000, and $2,311,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
During 2016, $5,600,000 of premises and equipment, predominantly furniture and equipment, was identified as retired from active use. The Company recorded a loss of $147,000 in connection with this retirement.
At December 31, 2018, bank premises with an estimated fair value of $1,003,000, which were acquired in the Mercersburg acquisition, are designated by management as held for sale and included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The branch locations were closed on February 1, 2019.
The Company leases land and building space associated with certain branch offices, remote automated teller machines, and certain equipment under operating lease agreements which expire at various times through 2027. Rent expense charged to operations in connection with these leases totaled $781,000, $639,000 and $601,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
The following table summarizes minimum rental commitments for years ending December 31 under operating leases with maturities in excess of one year at December 31, 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) |
2019 | $ | 782
2020 | 757
2021 | 578
2022 | 470
2023 | 425
Thereafter | 4,948
| $ | 7,960

NOTE 6. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table presents presents changes in goodwill for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 719 |  | $ | 719 |  | $ | 0
Acquired goodwill | 11,873 |  | 0 |  | 719
Balance, end of year | $ | 12,592 |  | $ | 719 |  | $ | 719

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The following table presents changes in other intangible assets for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 356 |  | $ | 458 |  | $ | 207
Acquired CDI | 3,840 |  | 0 |  | 0
Acquired other customer relationship intangibles | 0 |  | 0 |  | 350
Amortization expense | (286) |  | (102) |  | (99)
Balance, end of year | $ | 3,910 |  | $ | 356 |  | $ | 458

The following table presents the components of other identifiable intangible assets at December 31.

| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
Amortized intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangibles | $ | 3,840 |  | $ | 190 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0
Other customer relationship intangibles | 931 |  | 671 |  | 937 |  | 581
Total | $ | 4,771 |  | $ | 861 |  | $ | 937 |  | $ | 581

The following table presents estimated aggregate amortization expense for years ending December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) |  |
2019 |  | $ | 788
2020 |  | 687
2021 |  | 598
2022 |  | 513
2023 |  | 429
Thereafter |  | 895
|  | $ | 3,910

NOTE 7. INCOME TAXES
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the State of Maryland. The Company is no longer subject to tax examination by tax authorities for years before 2015.
The following table summarizes income tax expense for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Current expense | $ | 1,097 |  | $ | 1,260 |  | $ | 1,498
Deferred expense (benefit) | 543 |  | 443 |  | (232)
Expense due to enactment of federal tax reform legislation | 0 |  | 2,635 |  | 0
Income tax expense | $ | 1,640 |  | $ | 4,338 |  | $ | 1,266

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The following table reconciles the Company's effective income tax rate to its statutory federal rate for years ended December 31.

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Statutory federal tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 34.0 | %
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt interest income | (7.7) | % |  | (13.0) | % |  | (16.0) | %
Income from life insurance | (1.7) | % |  | (2.4) | % |  | (4.7) | %
Disallowed interest expense | 0.8 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  | 1.0 | %
Low-income housing credits and related expense | (2.5) | % |  | (4.6) | % |  | (7.2) | %
Merger related | 0.6 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | %
Expense due to enactment of federal tax reform legislation | 0.0 | % |  | 21.2 | % |  | 0.0 | %
Regulatory settlement | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 4.3 | %
Change in statutory federal tax rate | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 2.3 | %
Other | 0.9 | % |  | (1.3) | % |  | 2.3 | %
Effective income tax rate | 11.4 | % |  | 34.9 | % |  | 16.0 | %

Income tax expense includes $211,000, $405,000 and $483,000 related to net security gains for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
Effective January 1, 2016, the Company changed its statutory federal tax rate from 35% to 34% to reflect its assessment that it will not be in the higher tax bracket. As a result, income tax expense for 2016 increased $185,000 due to the application of the new rate to existing deferred balances.
On December 22, 2017, federal tax reform legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"), was enacted. Among other things, the Tax Act reduced the Company's statutory federal tax rate from 34% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. As a result, we were required to remeasure, through income tax expense, certain deferred tax assets and liabilities using the enacted rate at which we expect them to be recovered or settled. The remeasurement of our net deferred tax asset resulted in additional federal deferred tax expense of $2,635,000, which is included in total tax expense for 2017. Also on December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"), which provided guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provided for a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act's enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740, Income Taxes. In remeasuring our net deferred tax asset, we estimated the income in 2017 for our limited partnership investments in affordable housing real estate partnerships and interest income on nonperforming loans. Adjustment between our estimates and the actual amounts determined during the measurement period did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
The Company's deferred tax asset related to low-income housing credit carryforwards was not impacted by the change in statutory tax rate, as it is treated as payments on future federal income taxes due and not subject to remeasurement. However, the Tax Act did change alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards to be refundable credits. To reflect this change, the Company reclassed its alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards, totaling $5,343,000 at December 31, 2017, from deferred tax assets to other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
There were no penalties or interest related to income taxes recorded in the income statement for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and no amounts accrued for penalties as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
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The following table summarizes the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | $ | 3,143 |  | $ | 2,919
Deferred compensation | 723 |  | 355
Retirement and salary continuation plans | 1,416 |  | 1,301
Share-based compensation | 742 |  | 597
Off-balance sheet reserves | 219 |  | 207
Nonaccrual loan interest | 537 |  | 258
Net unrealized losses on securities available for sale | 791 |  | 0
Purchase accounting adjustments | 1,795 |  | 39
Bonus accrual | 470 |  | 25
Low-income housing credit carryforward | 641 |  | 2,313
Other | 321 |  | 390
Total deferred tax assets | 10,798 |  | 8,404
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Depreciation | 458 |  | 488
Net unrealized gains on securities available for sale | 0 |  | 757
Mortgage servicing rights | 590 |  | 536
Purchase accounting adjustments | 1,021 |  | 251
Other | 150 |  | 122
Total deferred tax liabilities | 2,219 |  | 2,154
Net deferred tax asset, included in Other Assets | $ | 8,579 |  | $ | 6,250

At December 31, 2018, the Company has low-income housing credit carryforwards that expire through 2038. A deferred tax asset is recognized for these carryforwards because the benefit is more likely than not to be realized.
NOTE 8. RETIREMENT PLANS
The Company maintains a 401(k) profit-sharing plan for employees who meet the plan's eligibility requirements. Substantially all of the Company’s employees are covered by the plan, which contains limited match or safe harbor provisions. Employer contributions to the plan are based on the performance of the Company and are at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Employer contribution expense totaled $479,000, $432,000 and $334,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
The Company has deferred compensation agreements with certain present and former directors, whereby a director or his beneficiaries will receive a monthly retirement benefit beginning at age 65. The arrangement is funded by an amount of life insurance on the participating director, which is calculated to meet the Company’s obligations under the compensation agreement. The cash value of the life insurance policies is an unrestricted asset of the Company. The estimated present value of future benefits to be paid totaled $82,000 and $94,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Expense for this plan totaled $9,000, $11,000 and $12,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
The Company also has supplemental discretionary deferred compensation plans for directors and executive officers. The plans are funded annually with director fees and salary reductions which are either placed in a trust account invested by the Bank’s OFA division or recognized as a liability. The trust account balance totaled $1,692,000 and $1,571,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017 and is offset by other liabilities in the same amount. Expense for these plans totaled $61,000, $10,000 and $15,000, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
In addition, the Company has two supplemental retirement and salary continuation plans for directors and executive officers. These plans are funded with single premium life insurance on the plan participants. The cash value of the life insurance policies is an unrestricted asset of the Company. The estimated present value of future benefits to be paid totaled $8,548,000 and $6,109,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Expense for these plans totaled $872,000, $739,000 and $727,000, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
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The Company has promised a continuation of life insurance coverage to certain persons post-retirement. The estimated present value of future benefits to be paid totaled $1,457,000 and $937,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Expense for this plan totaled $126,000, $77,000 and $61,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
Life insurance policy cash values and trust account balances, and estimated present values of future benefits and deferred compensation liabilities, noted above are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.
NOTE 9. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
The Company maintains share-based compensation plans under the shareholder-approved 2011 Plan. The purpose of the share-based compensation plans is to provide officers, employees, and non-employee members of the Board of Directors of the Company with additional incentive to further the success of the Company. At the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders on May 1, 2018, the Company's shareholders approved an increase in the number of shares available for issuance to 881,920 shares and extended the term of the 2011 Plan to May 31, 2028, subject to any future extensions. At December 31, 2018, 881,920 shares of the common stock of the Company were reserved to be issued and 533,852 shares were available to be issued.
The 2011 Plan incentive awards may consist of grants of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, deferred stock units and performance shares. All employees of the Company and its present or future subsidiaries, and members of the Board of Directors of the Company or any subsidiary of the Company, are eligible to participate in the 2011 Plan. The 2011 Plan allows for the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors to determine the type of incentive to be awarded, its term, manner of exercise, vesting of awards and restrictions on shares. Generally, awards are nonqualified under the IRC, unless the awards are deemed to be incentive awards to employees at the Compensation Committee’s discretion.
The following table presents a summary of nonvested restricted shares activity for 2018.

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested shares, beginning of year | 268,411 |  | $ | 18.18
Granted | 85,817 |  | 25.63
Forfeited | (37,392) |  | 18.72
Vested | (41,424) |  | 18.84
Nonvested shares, end of year | 275,412 |  | $ | 20.33

The following table presents restricted shares compensation expense, with tax benefit information, and fair value of shares vested at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Restricted share award expense | $ | 1,479 |  | $ | 1,369 |  | $ | 941
Restricted share award tax benefit | 374 |  | 465 |  | 320
Fair value of shares vested | 1,074 |  | 303 |  | 237

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, unrecognized compensation expense related to the share awards totaled $2,115,000, and $2,035,000. The unrecognized compensation expense at December 31, 2018 is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years.
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The following table presents a summary of outstanding stock options activity for 2018.

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning of year | 59,583 |  | $ | 25.89
Forfeited | (2,235) |  | 28.02
Expired | (15,214) |  | 30.11
Exercised | (1,150) |  | 21.14
Options outstanding and exercisable, end of year | 40,984 |  | $ | 24.34

The exercise price of each option equals the market price of the Company’s stock on the grant date. An option’s maximum term is ten years. All options are fully vested upon issuance. The following table presents information pertaining to options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2018.

Range of Exercise Prices |  | Number Outstanding and Exercisable |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
$21.14 - $24.99 |  | 31,519 |  | 1.40 |  | $ | 21.51
$25.00 - $34.99 |  | 2,792 |  | 1.25 |  | 25.76
$35.00 - $37.59 |  | 6,673 |  | 0.56 |  | 37.10
$21.14 - $37.59 |  | 40,984 |  | 1.25 |  | $ | 24.34

Outstanding and exercisable options had an intrinsic value of $0 at December 31, 2018 and $127,000 at December 31, 2017.
The Company maintains an employee stock purchase plan to provide employees of the Company an opportunity to purchase Company common stock. Eligible employees may purchase shares in an amount that does not exceed 10% of their annual salary at the lower of 95% of the fair market value of the shares on the semi-annual offering date, or related purchase date. The Company reserved 350,000 shares of its common stock to be issued under the employee stock purchase plan. At December 31, 2018, 173,465 shares were available to be issued.
The following table presents information for the employee stock purchase plan for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands except share information) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Shares purchased | 5,907 |  | 6,632 |  | 6,334
Weighted average price of shares purchased | $ | 23.04 |  | $ | 20.57 |  | $ | 16.64
Compensation expense recognized | 14 |  | 17 |  | 17
Tax benefits | 3 |  | 6 |  | 6

The Company issues new shares or treasury shares, depending on market conditions, in its share-based compensation plans.
NOTE 10. DEPOSITS
The following table summarizes deposits by type at December 31.

| 2018 |  | 2017
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $ | 204,843 |  | $ | 162,343
NOW and money market | 856,520 |  | 687,936
Savings | 113,515 |  | 95,148
Time ($250,000 or less) | 343,551 |  | 252,200
Time (over $250,000) | 40,327 |  | 21,888
Total | $ | 1,558,756 |  | $ | 1,219,515

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The following table summarizes scheduled maturities of time deposits for years ending December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) |
2019 | $ | 259,909
2020 | 97,008
2021 | 14,486
2022 | 8,603
2023 | 2,941
Thereafter | 931
| $ | 383,878

Brokered time deposits totaled $126,556,000 and $96,368,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Management evaluates brokered deposits as a funding option, taking into consideration regulatory views on such deposits as non-core funding sources. Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC limit of $250,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled $40,327,000 and $21,888,000.
NOTE 11. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Directors and executive officers of the Company, including their immediate families and companies in which they have a direct or indirect material interest, are considered to be related parties. In the ordinary course of business, the Company engages in various related party transactions, including extending credit and bank service transactions. The Company relies on the directors and executive officers for the identification of their associates.
Federal banking regulations require that any extensions of credit to insiders and their related interests not be offered on terms more favorable than would be offered to non-related borrowers of similar creditworthiness. The following table presents the aggregate activity in loans to related parties during 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 673
New loans | 1,080
Repayments | (728)
Director and officer relationship changes | 16
Balance, end of year | $ | 1,041

None of these loans are past due, on nonaccrual status or have been restructured to provide a reduction or deferral of interest or principal because of deterioration in the financial position of the borrower. There were no loans to a related party that were considered classified loans at December 31, 2018 or 2017.
The Company accepts deposits from related parties, which totaled $3,536,000 and $3,723,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, on the same terms, including interest rates, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with non-related parties.
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NOTE 12. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
The Company has short-term borrowing capability, including short-term borrowings from the FHLB, federal funds purchased and the FRB discount window.
The following table summarizes the use of these short-term borrowings at and for the years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at year-end | $ | 55,000 |  | $ | 50,000 |  | $ | 52,000
Weighted average interest rate at year-end | 2.76 | % |  | 1.21 | % |  | 0.76 | %
Average balance during the year | $ | 71,457 |  | $ | 54,610 |  | $ | 17,841
Average interest rate during the year | 2.09 | % |  | 1.08 | % |  | 0.61 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the year | $ | 103,000 |  | $ | 72,000 |  | $ | 52,000

The Company enters into borrowing arrangements with certain of its deposit customers by agreements to repurchase ("repurchase agreements") under which the Company pledges investment securities owned and under its control as collateral against the borrowing arrangement, which generally matures within one day from the transaction date. The Company is required to hold U.S. Treasury, U.S. Agency or U.S. GSE securities as underlying securities for repurchase agreements. The following table provides additional details for repurchase agreements at and for the years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at year-end | $ | 9,069 |  | $ | 43,576 |  | $ | 35,864
Weighted average interest rate at year-end | 1.22 | % |  | 0.56 | % |  | 0.20 | %
Average balance during the year | $ | 9,715 |  | $ | 43,205 |  | $ | 38,546
Average interest rate during the year | 0.82 | % |  | 0.45 | % |  | 0.20 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the year | $ | 14,591 |  | $ | 55,270 |  | $ | 52,693
Fair value of securities underlying the agreements at year-end | 17,942 |  | 53,485 |  | 56,201

NOTE 13. LONG-TERM DEBT
The following table presents components of the Company’s long-term debt at December 31.

| Amount |  |  |  | Weighted Average rate |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
FHLB fixed rate advances maturing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 | $ | 40,000 |  | $ | 40,000 |  | 1.86 | % |  | 1.86 | %
2020 | 40,350 |  | 40,350 |  | 1.76 | % |  | 1.76 | %
| 80,350 |  | 80,350 |  | 1.81 | % |  | 1.81 | %
FHLB amortizing advance requiring monthly principal and interest payments, maturing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2025 | 3,100 |  | 3,465 |  | 4.74 | % |  |  | 4.74 | %
Total FHLB Advances | $ | 83,450 |  | $ | 83,815 |  | 1.92 | % |  | 1.93 | %

Except for amortizing advances, interest only is paid on a quarterly basis.
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The following table summarizes the aggregate amount of future principal payments required on these borrowings at December 31, 2018:

Years Ending December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |
2019 | $ | 40,382
2020 | 40,751
2021 | 421
2022 | 441
2023 | 462
Thereafter | 993
| $ | 83,450

The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh and has available the FHLB program of overnight and term advances. Under terms of a blanket collateral agreement for advances, lines and letters of credit from the FHLB, collateral for all outstanding advances, lines and letters of credit consisted of 1-4 family mortgage loans and other real estate secured loans totaling $554,306,000 at December 31, 2018. The Bank had additional availability of $330,306,000 at the FHLB on December 31, 2018 based on its qualifying collateral, net of short-term borrowings and long-term debt detailed above, deposit letters of credit totaling $84,000,000 and non-deposit letters of credit totaling $1,550,000 at December 31, 2018.
The Bank has available unsecured lines of credit, with interest based on the daily Federal Funds rate, with two correspondent banks totaling $30,000,000, at December 31, 2018. The Company also has a $5,000,000 unsecured line of credit, with a bank, at the prime rate of interest, at December 31, 2018. There were no borrowings under these lines of credit at December 31, 2018 and 2017.
NOTE 14. SUBORDINATED NOTES
The Company has unsecured subordinated notes payable, which mature December 30, 2028. At December 31, 2018, subordinated notes payable outstanding totaled $31,859,000, which qualified for Tier 2 capital. The notes are recorded net of remaining debt issuance costs totaling $641,000 at December 31, 2018, which are amortized over a 10 year period on an effective yield basis. The subordinated notes have a fixed interest rate of 6.0% through December 30, 2023, which then converts to a variable rate of three-month LIBOR for the applicable interest period plus 3.16% through maturity. The Company may, at its option, redeem the notes, in whole or in part, on any interest payment date on or after December 30, 2023, and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events. There are no debt covenants on the subordinated notes payable.
NOTE 15. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND REGULATORY CAPITAL
The Company maintains a stockholder dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan. Under the plan, shareholders may purchase additional shares of the Company’s common stock at the prevailing market prices with reinvestment dividends and voluntary cash payments. The Company reserved 1,045,000 shares of its common stock to be issued under the dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan. At December 31, 2018, approximately 665,000 shares were available to be issued under the plan.
Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. Under the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's capital guidelines for U.S. Banks ("Basel III rules"), an entity must hold a capital conservation buffer above the adequately capitalized risk-based capital ratios. The required capital conservation buffer was 1.25% for 2017, 1.875% for 2018 and is 2.50% for 2019 under phase-in rules. The Company and the Bank have elected not to include net unrealized gain or loss on available for sale securities in computing regulatory capital.
Effective with the third quarter of 2018, the FRB raised the consolidated asset limit to be considered a small bank holding company from $1,000,000,000 to $3,000,000,000, and a company with assets under the revised limits is not subject to the FRB consolidated capital rules. A company with consolidated assets under the revised limit may continue to file reports that include capital amounts and ratios. The Company has elected to continue to file those reports.
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Management believes, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, that the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.
Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. At December 31, 2018, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank's classification.
The following table presents capital amounts and ratios at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| Actual |  |  |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes (includes applicable capital conservation buffer) |  |  |  | To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 206,988 |  | 15.6 | % |  | $ | 131,393 |  | 9.875 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
Bank | 177,892 |  | 13.4 | % |  | 131,286 |  | 9.875 | % |  | $ | 132,948 |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 160,117 |  | 12.0 | % |  | 104,782 |  | 7.875 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
Bank | 162,880 |  | 12.3 | % |  | 104,696 |  | 7.875 | % |  | 106,358 |  | 8.0 | %
Common Tier 1 (CET1) to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 160,117 |  | 12.0 | % |  | 84,823 |  | 6.375 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
Bank | 162,880 |  | 12.3 | % |  | 84,754 |  | 6.375 | % |  | 86,416 |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital to average assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 160,117 |  | 8.4 | % |  | 76,089 |  | 4.0 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
Bank | 162,880 |  | 8.6 | % |  | 76,113 |  | 4.0 | % |  | 95,142 |  | 5.0 | %
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 152,386 |  | 13.3 | % |  | $ | 106,040 |  | 9.250 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
Bank | 148,997 |  | 13.0 | % |  | 105,747 |  | 9.250 | % |  | $ | 114,321 |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 138,774 |  | 12.1 | % |  | 83,112 |  | 7.250 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
Bank | 135,385 |  | 11.8 | % |  | 82,883 |  | 7.250 | % |  | 91,457 |  | 8.0 | %
Common Tier 1 (CET1) to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 138,774 |  | 12.1 | % |  | 65,917 |  | 5.750 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
Bank | 135,385 |  | 11.8 | % |  | 65,734 |  | 5.750 | % |  | 74,308 |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital to average assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 138,774 |  | 8.9 | % |  | 62,042 |  | 4.0 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
Bank | 135,385 |  | 8.7 | % |  | 62,066 |  | 4.0 | % |  | 77,582 |  | 5.0 | %

In September 2015, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to 5% of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock, or approximately 416,000 shares, in accordance with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. When and if appropriate, repurchases may be made in open market or privately negotiated transactions, depending on market conditions, regulatory requirements and other corporate considerations, as determined by management. Share repurchases may not occur and may be discontinued at any time. At December 31, 2018, 82,725 shares had been repurchased under the program at a total cost of $1,438,000, or $17.38 per share.
On January 23, 2019, the Board declared a cash dividend of $0.15 per common share, which was paid on February 11, 2019.
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Banking regulations limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends or make loans or advances to the Parent Company. Dividends that may be paid in any calendar year are limited to the current year's net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years. At December 31, 2018, dividends from the Bank available to be paid to the Parent Company, without prior approval of the Bank's regulatory agency, totaled $20,490,000, subject to the Bank meeting or exceeding regulatory capital requirements. The Parent Company's principal source of funds for dividend payments to shareholders is dividends received from the Bank.
At December 31, 2018, there were no loans from the Bank to any nonbank affiliate, including the Parent Company. The Bank's loans to a single affiliate may not exceed 10%, and loans to all affiliates may not exceed 20%, of the Bank’s capital stock, surplus, and undivided profits, plus the ALL (as defined by regulation). Loans from the Bank to nonbank affiliates, including the Parent Company, are also required to be collateralized according to regulatory guidelines. At December 31, 2018, the maximum amount the Bank had available to loan nonbank affiliates totaled $17,789,000.
NOTE 16. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table presents earnings per share for years ended December 31.

(In thousands, except per share data) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic | 8,360 |  | 8,070 |  | 8,059
Dilutive effect of share-based compensation | 177 |  | 156 |  | 86
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted | 8,537 |  | 8,226 |  | 8,145
Per share information: |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.53 |  | $ | 1.00 |  | $ | 0.82
Diluted earnings per share | 1.50 |  | 0.98 |  | 0.81

Average outstanding stock options of 21,000, 42,000 and 90,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were not included in the computation of earnings per share because the effect was antidilutive, due to the exercise price exceeding the average market price. The dilutive effect of share-based compensation in each year above relates principally to restricted stock awards.
NOTE 17. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK
The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The contract amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.
The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The following table presents these contract, or notional, amounts at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Commitments to fund: |  |  |
Home equity lines of credit | $ | 160,971 |  | $ | 139,281
1-4 family residential construction loans | 13,002 |  | 11,420
Commercial real estate, construction and land development loans | 31,133 |  | 44,592
Commercial, industrial and other loans | 147,518 |  | 145,394
Standby letters of credit | 13,909 |  | 12,273

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment
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amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit-worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, residential real estate, and income-producing commercial properties.
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. The Company holds collateral supporting those commitments when deemed necessary by management. The liability, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, for guarantees under standby letters of credit issued was not material.
The Company maintains a reserve, based on historical loss experience of the related loan class, for off-balance sheet credit exposures that currently are not funded, in other liabilities. This reserve totaled $998,000 and $816,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The following table presents the net amount expensed for this off-balance sheet credit exposures reserve for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Off-balance sheet credit exposures expense | $ | 182 |  | $ | 32 |  | $ | 312

The Company sells loans to the FHLB of Chicago as part of its MPF Program. Under the terms of the MPF Program, there is limited recourse back to the Company for loans that do not perform in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement. Each loan that is sold under the program is “credit enhanced” such that the individual loan’s rating is raised to a minimum “BBB,” as determined by the FHLB of Chicago. Outstanding loans sold under the MPF Program totaled $30,149,000 and $31,977,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, with limited recourse back to the Company on these loans of $1,186,000 and $1,135,000, respectively. Many of the loans sold under the MPF Program have primary mortgage insurance, which reduces the Company’s overall exposure. The net amount expensed or recovered for the Company's estimate of losses under its recourse exposure for loans foreclosed, or in the process of foreclosure, is recorded in other expenses. The following table presents the net amounts expensed (recovered) for years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
MPF program recourse loss expense (recovery) | $ | (135) |  | $ | 25 |  | $ | 18

NOTE 18. FAIR VALUE
Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments are excluded from disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company.
The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:
Level 1 – quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 – significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3 – at least one significant unobservable input that reflects a company's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
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In instances in which multiple levels of inputs are used to measure fair value, hierarchy classification is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value for instruments measured on a recurring basis:
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government bonds, mortgage products and exchange traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, securities are classified within Level 2 and fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or discounted cash flow. Level 2 securities include U.S. agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions and certain corporate, asset backed and other securities. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. All of the Company’s securities are classified as available for sale.
The Company had no fair value liabilities measured on a recurring basis at December 31, 2018 or 2017.
The following table summarizes assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31.
AFS Securities

(Dollars in Thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Fair Value Measurements
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions | $ | 0 |  | $ | 145,004 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 145,004
GSE residential CMOs | 0 |  | 108,064 |  | 0 |  | 108,064
Private label residential CMOs | 0 |  | 143 |  | 0 |  | 143
Private label commercial CMOs | 0 |  | 67,836 |  | 7,209 |  | 75,045
Asset-backed and other | 0 |  | 137,588 |  | 0 |  | 137,588
Totals | $ | 0 |  | $ | 458,635 |  | $ | 7,209 |  | $ | 465,844
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions | $ | 0 |  | $ | 159,458 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 159,458
GSE residential MBSs | 0 |  | 49,530 |  | 0 |  | 49,530
GSE residential CMOs | 0 |  | 111,119 |  | 0 |  | 111,119
Private label residential CMOs | 0 |  | 1,003 |  | 0 |  | 1,003
Private label commercial CMOs | 0 |  | 7,653 |  | 0 |  | 7,653
Asset-backed and other | 0 |  | 86,545 |  | 0 |  | 86,545
Totals | $ | 0 |  | $ | 415,308 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 415,308

During 2018, we purchased one private label commercial CMO that was measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at December 31, 2018. Fair value for this investment at December 31, 2018 totaled $7,209,000. The investment was purchased at $7,213,000, premium amortization expense totaling $41,000 was included in earnings in 2018 and an unrealized gain of $37,000 was recognized in other comprehensive income in 2018. The Level 3 valuation is based on a non-executable broker quote, which is considered a significant unobservable input. Such quotes are updated as available and may remain constant for a period of time for certain broker-quoted securities that do not move with the market or that are not interest rate sensitive as a result of their structure or overall attributes.
Certain financial assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value for these financial assets.
Impaired Loans
Loans are designated as impaired when, in the judgment of management and based on current information and events, it is probable that all amounts due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement, will not be collected. The measurement of loss associated with impaired loans for all loan classes can be based on either the observable market price of the loan, the fair value of the collateral, or discounted cash flows based on a market rate of interest for performing TDRs. For collateral-dependent loans, fair value is measured based on the value of the collateral securing the loan, less estimated costs to sell.
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Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The value of the real estate collateral is determined utilizing an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Company using observable market data (Level 2). However, if the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction, or if management adjusts the appraisal value, then the fair value is considered Level 3. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal, if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’ financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivable collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (Level 3). Impaired loans with an allocation to the ALL are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for loan losses on the consolidated statements of income. Specific allocations to the ALL or partial charge-offs totaled $928,000 and $2,266,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Changes in the fair value of impaired loans for those still held at December 31 considered in the determination as to the provision for loan losses, totaled $146,000, $867,000 and $268,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
Foreclosed Real Estate
OREO property acquired through foreclosure is initially recorded at the fair value of the property at the transfer date less estimated selling cost. Subsequently, OREO is carried at the lower of its carrying value or the fair value less estimated selling cost. Fair value is usually determined based upon an independent third-party appraisal of the property or occasionally upon a recent sales offer. There were no specific charges to value OREO at the lower of cost or fair value on properties held at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Changes in the fair value of foreclosed real estate for those still held at December 31 charged to OREO totaled $0, $0, and $43,000 for the years ending December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
The following table summarizes assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Fair Value Measurements
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 1,087 |  | $ | 1,087
Multi-family | 0 |  | 0 |  | 131 |  | 131
Non-owner occupied residential | 0 |  | 0 |  | 278 |  | 278
Commercial and industrial | 0 |  | 0 |  | 25 |  | 25
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1,121 |  | 1,121
Home equity - lines of credit | 0 |  | 0 |  | 409 |  | 409
Total impaired loans | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 3,051 |  | $ | 3,051
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 430 |  | $ | 430
Non-owner occupied | 0 |  | 0 |  | 4,066 |  | 4,066
Multi-family | 0 |  | 0 |  | 165 |  | 165
Non-owner occupied residential | 0 |  | 0 |  | 344 |  | 344
Commercial and industrial | 0 |  | 0 |  | 53 |  | 53
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1,951 |  | 1,951
Home equity - lines of credit | 0 |  | 0 |  | 161 |  | 161
Installment and other loans | 0 |  | 0 |  | 3 |  | 3
Total impaired loans | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 7,173 |  | $ | 7,173

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The following table presents additional qualitative information about assets measured on a nonrecurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value.

| Fair Value Estimate |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | 3,051 |  | Appraisal of collateral |  | Management adjustments on appraisals for property type and recent activity |  | 5% - 75% discount
|  |  |  |  | - Management adjustments for liquidation expenses |  | 6% - 20% discount
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | 7,173 |  | Appraisal of collateral |  | Management adjustments on appraisals for property type and recent activity |  | 7% - 75% discount
|  |  |  |  | - Management adjustments for liquidation expenses |  | 0% - 20% discount

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Fair values of financial instruments
GAAP requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, including those that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities at December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 26,156 |  | $ | 26,156 |  | $ | 26,156 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | 45,664 |  | 45,664 |  | 45,664 |  | 0 |  | 0
Federal funds sold | 16,995 |  | 16,995 |  | 16,995 |  | 0 |  | 0
Restricted investments in bank stock | 10,842 |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a
AFS securities | 465,844 |  | 465,844 |  | 0 |  | 458,635 |  | 7,209
Loans held for sale | 3,340 |  | 3,413 |  | 0 |  | 3,413 |  | 0
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses | 1,233,643 |  | 1,229,645 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 1,229,645
Accrued interest receivable | 5,927 |  | 5,927 |  | 0 |  | 2,853 |  | 3,074
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 1,558,756 |  | 1,555,912 |  | 0 |  | 1,555,912 |  | 0
Short-term borrowings | 64,069 |  | 64,069 |  | 0 |  | 64,069 |  | 0
Long-term debt | 83,450 |  | 82,951 |  | 0 |  | 82,951 |  | 0
Subordinated notes | 31,859 |  | 31,256 |  | 0 |  | 31,256 |  | 0
Accrued interest payable | 1,301 |  | 1,301 |  | 0 |  | 1,301 |  | 0
Off-balance sheet instruments | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 21,734 |  | $ | 21,734 |  | $ | 21,734 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 0
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | 8,073 |  | 8,073 |  | 8,073 |  | 0 |  | 0
Restricted investments in bank stock | 9,997 |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a
AFS securities | 415,308 |  | 415,308 |  | 0 |  | 415,308 |  | 0
Loans held for sale | 6,089 |  | 6,272 |  | 0 |  | 6,272 |  | 0
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses | 997,216 |  | 994,617 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 994,617
Accrued interest receivable | 5,048 |  | 5,048 |  | 0 |  | 2,580 |  | 2,468
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 1,219,515 |  | 1,213,288 |  | 0 |  | 1,213,288 |  | 0
Short-term borrowings | 93,576 |  | 93,576 |  | 0 |  | 93,576 |  | 0
Long-term debt | 83,815 |  | 83,949 |  | 0 |  | 83,949 |  | 0
Accrued interest payable | 495 |  | 495 |  | 0 |  | 495 |  | 0
Off-balance sheet instruments | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0

The methods used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2017 did not necessarily represent an exit price. In accordance with our adoption of ASU 2016-01, the methods utilized to measure the fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2018 represents an approximation of exit price, however, an actual exit price may differ.
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NOTE 19. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
All of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within noninterest income on the consolidated statements of income. Consistent with ASC 606, noninterest income covered by this guidance is recognized as services are transferred to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services.
Service Charges on Deposit Accounts - The Company earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance, and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM use fees, stop payment charges, statement rendering, and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point in time the Company fulfills the customer's request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Service charges on deposits are withdrawn from the customer's account balance.
Interchange Income - The Company earns interchange fees from debit/credit cardholder transactions conducted through the MasterCard payment network. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder. Interchange income is presented net of cardholder rewards.
Wealth Management and Investment Advisory Income (Gross) - The Company earns wealth management and investment brokerage fees from its contracts with trust and wealth management customers to manage assets for investment, and/or to transact on their accounts. These fees are primarily earned over time as the Company provides the contracted services and are generally assessed based on a tiered scale of the market value of assets under management. Fees that are transaction based, including trade execution services, are recognized at the point in time that the transaction is executed, i.e., the trade date. Other related services provided included financial planning services and the fees the Company earns, which are based on a fixed fee schedule, are recognized when the services are rendered. Services are generally billed in arrears and a receivable is recorded until fees are paid.
Investment Brokerage Income (Net) - The Company earns fees from investment management and brokerage services provided to its customers through a third-party service provider. The Company receives commissions from the third-party service provider and recognizes income on a weekly basis based upon customer activity. Because the Company acts as an agent in arranging the relationship between the customer and the third-party service provider and does not control the services rendered to the customers, investment brokerage income is presented net of related costs.
Gains/Losses on Sales of OREO - The Company records a gain or loss on the sale of OREO when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. If the Company finances the sale of OREO to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the OREO asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on the sale, the Company adjusts the transaction price and related gain (loss) on sale if a significant financing component is present.
At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had receivables from customers totaling $640,000 and $682,000.
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The following table presents our noninterest income disaggregated by revenue source for the years ended December 31.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposits | $ | 3,578 |  | $ | 3,392 |  | $ | 3,285
Trust and investment management income | 6,576 |  | 6,400 |  | 5,091
Brokerage income | 2,035 |  | 1,896 |  | 1,933
Merchant and bankcard fees (interchange income) | 2,821 |  | 2,618 |  | 2,563
Revenue from contracts with customers | 15,010 |  | 14,306 |  | 12,872
Other service charges | 1,392 |  | 673 |  | 591
Mortgage banking activities | 2,663 |  | 2,919 |  | 3,412
Income from life insurance | 1,463 |  | 1,109 |  | 1,099
Other income | 320 |  | 190 |  | 345
Investment securities gains | 1,006 |  | 1,190 |  | 1,420
Total noninterest income | $ | 21,854 |  | $ | 20,387 |  | $ | 19,739

NOTE 20. ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. (PARENT COMPANY ONLY) CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Condensed Balance Sheets

| December 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Assets |  |  |
Cash in Orrstown Bank | $ | 28,596 |  | $ | 703
Deposits with other banks | 0 |  | 214
Total cash | 28,596 |  | 917
Investment in Orrstown Bank | 175,299 |  | 140,429
Other assets | 2,057 |  | 4,067
Total assets | $ | 205,952 |  | $ | 145,413
Liabilities |  |  |
Subordinated notes | $ | 31,859 |  | $ | 0
Accrued interest and other liabilities | 660 |  | 648
Total liabilities | 32,519 |  | 648
Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |
Common stock | 491 |  | 435
Additional paid-in capital | 151,678 |  | 125,458
Retained earnings | 24,472 |  | 16,042
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (2,972) |  | 2,845
Treasury stock | (236) |  | (15)
Total shareholders’ equity | 173,433 |  | 144,765
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 205,952 |  | $ | 145,413

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Condensed Statements of Income

| For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Income |  |  |  |  |
Dividends from bank subsidiary | $ | 4,450 |  | $ | 0 |  | $ | 2,200
Interest income from bank subsidiary | 7 |  | 15 |  | 38
Other income | 102 |  | 61 |  | 62
Total income | 4,559 |  | 76 |  | 2,300
Expenses |  |  |  |  |
Interest on short-term borrowings | 57 |  | 0 |  | 0
Interest on subordinated notes | 73 |  | 0 |  | 0
Total interest expense | 130 |  | 0 |  | 0
Share-based compensation | 205 |  | 247 |  | 216
Management fee to Bank | 1,042 |  | 501 |  | 504
Merger related expenses | 1,545 |  | 0 |  | 0
Other expenses | 656 |  | 1,116 |  | 2,152
Total expenses | 3,578 |  | 1,864 |  | 2,872
Income (loss) before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries | 981 |  | (1,788) |  | (572)
Income tax benefit | (735) |  | (596) |  | (606)
Income (loss) before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries | 1,716 |  | (1,192) |  | 34
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries | 11,089 |  | 9,282 |  | 6,594
Net income | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

| For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 12,805 |  | $ | 8,090 |  | $ | 6,628
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Amortization | 3 |  | 0 |  | 0
Deferred income taxes | 22 |  | 16 |  | 4
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries | (11,089) |  | (9,282) |  | (6,594)
Share-based compensation | 205 |  | 247 |  | 216
Net change in other liabilities | 12 |  | (35) |  | (6)
Net change in other assets | 2,039 |  | (377) |  | (849)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 3,997 |  | (1,341) |  | (601)
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital contributed to subsidiaries | 0 |  | (6,100) |  | 0
Net cash paid for acquisitions | (4,597) |  | 0 |  | 0
Other, net | 0 |  | 0 |  | (500)
Net cash used in investing activities | (4,597) |  | (6,100) |  | (500)
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid | (4,375) |  | (3,488) |  | (2,898)
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes, net of costs | 31,857 |  | 0 |  | 0
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 1,448 |  | 1,276 |  | 847
Payments to repurchase common stock | (651) |  | 0 |  | (631)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 28,279 |  | (2,212) |  | (2,682)
Net increase (decrease) in cash | 27,679 |  | (9,653) |  | (3,783)
Cash, beginning | 917 |  | 10,570 |  | 14,353
Cash, ending | $ | 28,596 |  | $ | 917 |  | $ | 10,570

NOTE 21. CONTINGENCIES
The nature of the Company’s business generates a certain amount of litigation involving matters arising out of the ordinary course of business. Except as described below, in the opinion of management, there are no legal proceedings that might have a material effect on the results of operations, liquidity, or the financial position of the Company at this time.
On May 25, 2012, SEPTA filed a putative class action complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania against the Company, the Bank and certain current and former directors and executive officers (collectively, the “Defendants”). The complaint alleges, among other things, that (i) in connection with the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated February 23, 2010 and its Prospectus Supplement dated March 23, 2010, and (ii) during the purported class period of March 24, 2010 through October 27, 2011, the Company issued materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s lending practices and financial results, including misleading statements concerning the stringent nature of the Bank’s credit practices and underwriting standards, the quality of its loan portfolio, and the intended use of the proceeds from the Company’s March 2010 public offering of common stock. The complaint asserts claims under Sections 11, 12(a) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and seeks class certification, unspecified money damages, interest, costs, fees and equitable or injunctive relief. Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), motions for appointment of Lead Plaintiff in this case were due by July 24, 2012. SEPTA was the sole movant and the Court appointed SEPTA Lead Plaintiff on August 20, 2012.
Pursuant to the PSLRA and the Court’s September 27, 2012 Order, SEPTA was given until October 26, 2012 to file an amended complaint and the Defendants until December 7, 2012 to file a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. SEPTA’s opposition to the Defendant’s motion to dismiss was originally due January 11, 2013. Under the PSLRA, discovery and all other proceedings in the case were stayed pending the Court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss. The September 27, 2012 Order
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specified that if the motion to dismiss were denied, the Court would schedule a conference to address discovery and the filing of a motion for class certification. On October 26, 2012, SEPTA filed an unopposed motion for enlargement of time to file its amended complaint in order to permit the parties and new defendants to be named in the amended complaint time to discuss plaintiff’s claims and defendants’ defenses. On October 26, 2012, the Court granted SEPTA’s motion, mooting its September 27, 2012 scheduling Order, and requiring SEPTA to file its amended complaint on or before January 16, 2013 or otherwise advise the Court of circumstances that require a further enlargement of time. On January 14, 2013, the Court granted SEPTA’s second unopposed motion for enlargement of time to file an amended complaint on or before March 22, 2013.
On March 4, 2013, SEPTA filed an amended complaint. The amended complaint expands the list of defendants in the action to include the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm and the underwriters of the Company’s March 2010 public offering of common stock. In addition, among other things, the amended complaint extends the purported 1934 Exchange Act class period from March 15, 2010 through April 5, 2012. Pursuant to the Court’s March 28, 2013 Second Scheduling Order, on May 28, 2013, all defendants filed their motions to dismiss the amended complaint, and on July 22, 2013, SEPTA filed its “omnibus” opposition to all of the defendants’ motions to dismiss. On August 23, 2013, all defendants filed reply briefs in further support of their motions to dismiss. On December 5, 2013, the Court ordered oral argument on the Orrstown Defendants’ motion to dismiss the amended complaint to be heard on February 7, 2014. Oral argument on the pending motions to dismiss SEPTA’s amended complaint was held on April 29, 2014.
The Second Scheduling Order stayed all discovery in the case pending the outcome of the motions to dismiss, and informed the parties that, if required, a telephonic conference to address discovery and the filing of SEPTA’s motion for class certification would be scheduled after the Court’s ruling on the motions to dismiss.
On April 10, 2015, pursuant to Court order, all parties filed supplemental briefs addressing the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court’s March 24, 2015 decision in Omnicare, Inc. v. Laborers District Council Construction Industry Pension Fund on defendants’ motions to dismiss the amended complaint.
On June 22, 2015, in a 96-page Memorandum, the Court dismissed without prejudice SEPTA’s amended complaint against all defendants, finding that SEPTA failed to state a claim under either the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Court ordered that, within 30 days, SEPTA either seek leave to amend its amended complaint, accompanied by the proposed amendment, or file a notice of its intention to stand on the amended complaint.
On July 22, 2015, SEPTA filed a motion for leave to amend under Local Rule 15.1, and attached a copy of its proposed second amended complaint to its motion. Many of the allegations of the proposed second amended complaint are essentially the same or similar to the allegations of the dismissed amended complaint. The proposed second amended complaint also alleges that the Orrstown Defendants did not publicly disclose certain alleged failures of internal controls over loan underwriting, risk management, and financial reporting during the period 2009 to 2012, in violation of the federal securities laws. On February 8, 2016, the Court granted SEPTA’s motion for leave to amend and SEPTA filed its second amended complaint that same day.
On February 25, 2016, the Court issued a scheduling Order directing: all defendants to file any motions to dismiss by March 18, 2016; SEPTA to file an omnibus opposition to defendants’ motions to dismiss by April 8, 2016; and all defendants to file reply briefs in support of their motions to dismiss by April 22, 2016. Defendants timely filed their motions to dismiss the second amended complaint and the parties filed their briefs in accordance with the Court-ordered schedule, above. The February 25, 2016 Order stays all discovery and other deadlines in the case (including the filing of SEPTA’s motion for class certification) pending the outcome of the motions to dismiss.
The allegations of SEPTA’s second amended complaint disclosed the existence of a confidential, non-public, fact-finding inquiry regarding the Company being conducted by the SEC. As disclosed in the Company’s Form 8-K filed on September 27, 2016, on that date the Company entered into a settlement agreement with the SEC resolving the investigation of accounting and related matters at the Company for the periods ended June 30, 2010, to December 31, 2011. As part of the settlement of the SEC’s administrative proceedings and pursuant to the cease-and-desist order, without admitting or denying the SEC’s findings, the Company, its Chief Executive Officer, its former Chief Financial Officer, its former Executive Vice President and Chief Credit Officer, and its Chief Accounting Officer, agreed to pay civil money penalties to the SEC. The Company agreed to pay a civil money penalty of $1,000,000. The Company had previously established a reserve for that amount which was expensed in the second fiscal quarter of 2016. In the settlement agreement with the SEC, the Company also agreed to cease and desist from committing or causing any violations and any future violations of Securities Act Sections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) and Exchange Act Sections 13(a), 13(b)(2)(A) and 13(b)(2)(B), and Rules 12b-20, 13a-1 and 13a-13 promulgated thereunder.
On September 27, 2016, the Orrstown Defendants filed with the Court a Notice of Subsequent Event in Further Support of their Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint, regarding the settlement with the SEC. The Notice attached a copy of the SEC’s cease-and-desist order and briefly described what the Company believed were the most salient terms of the neither
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-admit-nor-deny settlement. On September 29, 2016, SEPTA filed a Response to the Notice, in which SEPTA argued that the settlement with the SEC did not support dismissal of the second amended complaint.
On December 7, 2016, the Court issued an Order and Memorandum granting in part and denying in part defendants’ motions to dismiss SEPTA’s second amended complaint. The Court granted the motions to dismiss the Securities Act claims against all defendants, and granted the motions to dismiss the Exchange Act Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 claims against all defendants except Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank, Thomas R. Quinn, Jr., Bradley S. Everly, and Jeffrey W. Embly. The Court also denied the motions to dismiss the Exchange Act Section 20(a) claims against Quinn, Everly, and Embly.
On January 31, 2017, the Court entered a Case Management Order establishing the schedule for the litigation and, on August 15, 2017, it entered a revised Order that, among other things, set the following deadlines: all fact discovery closes on March 1, 2018, and SEPTA’s motion for class certification is due the same day; expert merits discovery closes May 30, 2018; summary judgment motions are due by June 26, 2018; the mandatory pretrial and settlement conference is set for December 11, 2018; and trial is scheduled to begin on January 7, 2019.
On December 15, 2017, the Orrstown Defendants and SEPTA exchanged expert reports in opposition to and in support of class certification, respectively. On January 15, 2018, the parties exchanged expert rebuttal reports. SEPTA’s motion for class certification was due March 1, 2018, with the Orrstown Defendants’ opposition due April 2, 2018, and SEPTA’s reply due April 23, 2018.
On February 9, 2018, SEPTA filed a Status Report and Request for a Telephonic Status Conference asking the Court to convene a conference to discuss the status of discovery in the case and possible revisions to the case schedule. On February 12, 2018, the Orrstown Defendants filed their status report to provide the Court with a summary of document discovery in the case to date. On February 27, 2018, SEPTA filed an unopposed motion for a continuance of the existing case deadlines pending a status conference with the Court or the issuance of a revised case schedule. On February 28, 2018, the Court issued an Order continuing all case management deadlines until further order of the Court.
On March 27, 2018, the Court held a telephonic status conference with the parties to discuss outstanding discovery issues and case deadlines. On May 2, 2018, the parties filed a joint status report. On May 10, 2018, the Court held a follow-up telephonic status conference at which the parties reported on the progress of discovery to date.
On August 9, 2018, SEPTA filed a motion to compel the production of Confidential Supervisory Information (CSI) of non-parties the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB) and the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, in the possession of Orrstown and third parties. On August 23, 2018, the Orrstown Defendants filed a response to the motion to compel. On August 30, 2018, the FRB filed an unopposed motion to intervene in the Action for the purpose of opposing SEPTA’s motion to compel, and on September 27, 2018, the FRB filed its brief in opposition to SEPTA’s motion. On October 11, 2018, SEPTA filed its reply brief in support of its motion to compel. On February 12, 2019, the Court denied SEPTA’s motion to compel the production of CSI on the ground that SEPTA had failed to exhaust its administrative remedies.
Party and non-party document discovery in the case continues. To date, SEPTA has taken two non-party depositions.
The Company believes that the allegations of SEPTA’s second amended complaint are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously against those claims. It is not possible at this time to estimate reasonably possible losses, or even a range of reasonably possible losses, in connection with the litigation. The Company incurred indemnification costs totaling $645,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017, with several professional service providers in connection with the SEPTA litigation. Indemnification costs incurred in 2018 were not material. These costs are included in legal fees in the consolidated statements of income.
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ITEM 9 – CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Based on the evaluation required by Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b), the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), at December 31, 2018. This evaluation did not include an assessment of those disclosure controls and procedures that are involved in, and did not include as assessment of, internal control over financial reporting as it relates to Mercersburg Financial Corporation. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at December 31, 2018, and that, except as described below, there have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2018.
At December 31, 2018, the business formerly operated by Mercersburg Financial Corporation was operating under a pre-acquisition system of internal controls over financial reporting. Our assessment did not include internal control over financial reporting related to this business. As a result of the Mercersburg Financial Corporation acquisition on October 1, 2018, we will be evaluating changes to processes, information technology systems and other components of internal control over financial reporting as part of our integration activities.
Management's Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting is included in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2018 has been audited by Crowe LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm appearing in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
ITEM 9B – OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
ITEM 10 – DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to all senior financial officers (including its chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief accounting officer, and any person performing similar functions). You can find a copy of the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers by visiting our website at www.orrstown.com and following the links to “Investor Relations” and “Governance Documents.” A copy of the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers may also be obtained, free of charge, by written request to Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., 77 East King Street, PO Box 250, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania 17257, Attention: Secretary. The Company intends to disclose any amendments to or waivers from a provision of the Company’s Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers in a timely manner.
All other information required by Item 10 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, under Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance and Proposal 1 – Election of Directors – Biographical Summaries of Nominees and Directors; Information About Executive Officers; Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings; and Proposal 1 – Election of Directors – Nomination of Directors, and Board Structure, Committees and Meeting Attendance.
ITEM 11 – EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Item 11 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, under Proposal 1 – Election of Directors – Compensation of Directors, Compensation Discussion and Analysis, Compensation Committee Report, Executive Compensation Tables, Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control and Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation.
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ITEM 12 – SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The following table presents equity compensation plan information at December 31, 2018.

Plan Category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
| (a) |  | (b) |  | (c)
Equity compensation plan approved by security holders | 34,440 |  | $ | 24.23 |  | 533,852
Equity compensation plan not approved by security holders (1) | 6,544 |  | 24.89 |  | 0
Total | 40,984 |  | $ | 24.34 |  | 533,852
(1) Awards from the Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan of 2000. Certain options granted remain outstanding from this plan, however no additional options will be granted under this plan. |  |  |  |  |

All other information required by Item 12 is incorporated, by reference, from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, under Share Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.
ITEM 13 – CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Item 13 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, under Proposal 1 – Election of Directors – Director Independence, and Transactions with Related Persons, Promoters and Certain Control Persons.
ITEM 14 – PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Item 14 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, under Proposal 3 – Ratification of the Audit Committee’s Selection of Crowe LLP as the Company’s Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2019 – Relationship with Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
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PART IV
ITEM 15 – EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
a The following documents are filed as part of this report:
(1) – Financial Statements
Consolidated financial statements of the Company and subsidiaries required in response to this Item are incorporated by reference from Item 8 of this report.
(2) – Financial Statement Schedules
All financial statement schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.
(3) – Exhibits

2.1(a) |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated May 31, 2018, by and between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and Mercersburg Financial Corporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 1, 2018.
2.1(b) |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 23, 2018, by and between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and Hamilton Bancorp, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed October 24, 2018.
3.1 |  | Articles of Incorporation as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on January 29, 2010.
3.2 |  | By-laws as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Report on Form 8-K filed January 30, 2018.
4.1 |  | Specimen Common Stock Certificate, incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed February 8, 2010 (File No. 333-164780).
4.2 |  | Subordinated Indenture, dated December 19, 2018, by and between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., and U.S. Bank, National Association, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2018.
4.3 |  | Form of Global Note for subordinated notes, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed December 20, 2018.
4.4 |  | Form of Registration Rights Agreement for subordinated notes, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed December 20, 2018.
10.1(a) |  | Form of Change in Control Agreement for selected officers – incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed May 14, 2008.
10.1(b) |  | Change in Control Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Thomas R. Quinn, Jr. incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed June 8, 2015.
10.1(c) |  | Change in Control Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and David Boyle, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 2, 2015.
10.1(d) |  | Change in Control Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Philip E. Fague, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 2, 2015.
10.1(e) |  | Change in Control Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Robert G. Coradi, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 2, 2015.
10.1(f) |  | Change in Control Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Barbara E. Brobst, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 2, 2015.
10.1(g) |  | Change in Control Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Adam L. Metz, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed March 14, 2017.
10.1(h) |  | Change in Control Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Robert J. Fignar, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 1, 2018.
10.1(i) |  | Change in Control Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Ellen Fish, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed October 24, 2018.

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10.2(a) |  | Amended and Restated Salary Continuation Agreement between Orrstown Bank and Phillip E. Fague, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 (b) of the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.
10.2(b) |  | Salary Continuation Agreement between Orrstown Bank and Thomas R. Quinn, Jr. – incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed January 8, 2010.
10.2(c) |  | Salary Continuation Agreement between Orrstown Bank and David P. Boyle – incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed July 17, 2015.
10.3 |  | Officer group term replacement plan for selected officers – incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999 filed March 28, 2000.
10.4(a) |  | Director Retirement Agreement, as amended, between Orrstown Bank and Anthony F. Ceddia, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4(a) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.
10.4(b) |  | Director Retirement Agreement, as amended, between Orrstown Bank and Jeffrey W. Coy, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4(b) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.

10.4(c) |  | Director Retirement Agreement, as amended, between Orrstown Bank and Andrea Pugh, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4(c) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.
10.4(d) |  | Director Retirement Agreement, as amended, between Orrstown Bank and Gregory A. Rosenberry, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4(d) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.
10.4(e) |  | Director Retirement Agreement, as amended, between Orrstown Bank and Glenn W. Snoke, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4(f) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.
10.4(f) |  | Director Retirement Agreement, as amended, between Orrstown Bank and Joel R. Zullinger, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4(h) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.
10.5 |  | Revenue neutral retirement plan – incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 28, 2000.
10.6 |  | Non-employee director stock option plan of 2000 – incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s registration statement on Form S-8 filed March 31, 2000.
10.7 |  | Employee stock option plan of 2000 – incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s registration statement on Form S-8 filed March 31, 2000.
10.8 |  | 2011 Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan – incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s registration statement on Form S-8 filed M ay 24, 2011.
10.9(a) |  | Employment Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Thomas R. Quinn, Jr. incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed June 8, 2015.
10.9(b) |  | Employment Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and David Boyle, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 2, 2015.
10.9(c) |  | Employment Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Philip E. Fague, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 2, 2015.
10.9(d) |  | Employment Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Robert G. Coradi, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 2, 2015.
10.9(e) |  | Employment Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Barbara E. Brobst, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 2, 2015.
10.9(f) |  | Employment Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Adam L. Metz, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed March 14, 2017.
10.9(g) |  | Employment Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Robert J. Fignar, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed June 1, 2018.
10.9(h) |  | Employment Agreement between Orrstown Financial Services, Inc., Orrstown Bank and Ellen Fish, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed October 24, 2018.
10.10 |  | Brick Plan – Deferred Income Agreement between Orrstown Bank and Joel R. Zullinger, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.
10.11 |  | Form of Executive Employment Agreement for selected officers – incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed January 22, 2010.
10.12(a) |  | Director/Executive Officer Deferred Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13(a) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.

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10.12(b) |  | Trust Agreement for Director/Executive Officer Deferred Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13(b) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 15, 2010.
10.14 |  | Form of Restricted Share Grant Agreement, issued to certain employees on August 15, 2014, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed November 7, 2014.
10.15 |  | Form of Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Report of Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2018.
14 |  | Code of Ethics Policy for Senior Financial Officers posted on Registrant’s website.
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the registrant
23.1 |  | Consent of Crowe LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1 |  | Rule 13a – 14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification (Chief Executive Officer)
31.2 |  | Rule 13a – 14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications (Chief Financial Officer)
32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certifications (Chief Executive Officer)
32.2 |  | Section 1350 Certifications (Chief Financial Officer)

101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

All other exhibits for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.
b Exhibits – The exhibits to this Form 10-K begin after the signature page.
c Financial statement schedules – None required.
ITEM 16 – FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. (Registrant) |
Dated: March 15, 2019 |  | By: | /s/ Thomas R. Quinn, Jr.
|  |  | Thomas R. Quinn, Jr., President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Thomas R. Quinn, Jr. |  | President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director |  | March 15, 2019
Thomas R. Quinn, Jr. |  |  |  |
/s/ David P. Boyle |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |  | March 15, 2019
David P. Boyle |  |  |  |
/s/ Joel R. Zullinger |  | Chairman of the Board and Director |  | March 15, 2019
Joel R. Zullinger |  |  |  |
/s/ Cindy J. Joiner |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Cindy J. Joiner |  |  |  |
/s/ Mark K. Keller |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Mark K. Keller |  |  |  |
/s/ Thomas D. Longenecker |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Thomas D. Longenecker |  |  |  |
/s/ Andrea Pugh |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Andrea Pugh |  |  |  |
/s/ Michael J. Rice |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Michael J. Rice |  |  |  |
/s/ Gregory A. Rosenberry |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Gregory A. Rosenberry |  |  |  |
/s/ Eric A. Segal |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Eric A. Segal |  |  |  |
/s/ Glenn W. Snoke |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Glenn W. Snoke |  |  |  |
/s/ Floyd E. Stoner |  | Director |  | March 15, 2019
Floyd E. Stoner |  |  |  |

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