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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Nature of Operations – Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. is a financial holding company that operates Orrstown Bank, a commercial bank providing banking and financial advisory services in Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Lancaster, Perry and York Counties, Pennsylvania, and in Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Howard and Washington Counties, Maryland. The Company operates in the community banking segment and engages in lending activities, including commercial, residential, commercial mortgages, construction, municipal, and various forms of consumer lending, and deposit services, including checking, savings, time, and money market deposits. The Company’s lending area also includes adjacent counties in Pennsylvania and Maryland, as well as Loudon County, Virginia and Berkeley, Jefferson and Morgan Counties, West Virginia. The Company also provides fiduciary services, investment advisory, insurance and brokerage services. The Company and the Bank are subject to regulation by certain federal and state agencies and undergo periodic examinations by such regulatory authorities.

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, the Bank. The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to GAAP and, where applicable, to accounting and reporting guidelines prescribed by bank regulatory authorities. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior years' amounts to conform with current year classifications. These reclassifications did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

The Company's management has evaluated all activity of the Company and concluded that subsequent events are properly reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements and notes as required by GAAP.

To prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk – The Company grants commercial, residential, construction, municipal, and various forms of consumer lending to clients primarily in its market area in south central Pennsylvania and in the greater Baltimore region and Washington County, Maryland, in addition to adjacent counties in Pennsylvania and Maryland, as well as Loudon County, Virginia and Berkeley, Jefferson and Morgan Counties, West Virginia. Therefore, the Company's exposure to credit risk is significantly affected by changes in the economy in those areas. Although the Company maintains a diversified loan portfolio, a significant portion of its clients’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent upon economic sectors for commercial real estate, including office space, retail strip centers, sales finance, sub-dividers and developers, and multi-family, hospitality, and residential building operators. Management evaluates each clients' creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained upon the extension of credit is based on management’s credit evaluation of the client. Types of collateral held varies, but generally include real estate and equipment.

The types of securities the Company invests in are included in Note 3, Investment Securities, and the types of lending the Company engages in are included in Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash, balances due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits due on demand, all of which have original maturities of 90 days or less. Net cash flows are reported for client loan and deposit transactions, loans held for sale, redemption (purchases) of restricted investments in bank stocks, and short-term borrowings.

Under the FRB regulations, the Bank generally had been required to maintain cash reserves against specified deposit liabilities. The FRB issued a final rule on December 22, 2020 that amended Regulation D by lowering the reserve requirement on all net transaction accounts maintained at depository institutions to 0%. Effective January 1, 2024, the FRB will establish the new reserve requirement exemption amount and low reserve tranche, but will not elevate the current reserve percentage above zero for depository institutions.

Balances with correspondent banks may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. The Company considers this to be a normal business risk and reviews the financial condition of its correspondent banks on a quarterly basis.

Restricted Investments in Bank Stocks

Restricted Investments in Bank Stocks – Restricted investments in bank stocks consist of Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia stock, FHLB of Pittsburgh stock and Atlantic Community Bankers Bank stock. Federal law requires a member institution of the district Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB to hold stock according to predetermined formulas. Atlantic Community Bankers Bank requires its correspondent banking institutions to hold stock as a condition of membership. The restricted investment in bank stocks is carried at cost. On a quarterly basis, management evaluates the bank stocks for impairment based on assessment of the ultimate recoverability of cost rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of cost is influenced by criteria such as operating performance, liquidity, funding and capital positions, stock repurchase history, dividend history, and impact of legislative and regulatory changes.

Investment Securities

Investment Securities – AFS securities include investments that management intends to use as part of its asset/liability management strategy. The Company typically classifies debt securities as AFS on the date of purchase. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no held to maturity or trading securities. AFS securities are reported at fair value. Interest income and dividends on debt securities are recognized in interest income on an accrual basis. Purchase premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized to interest income using the interest method over the terms of the investment securities and approximate the level yield method. Changes in unrealized gains and losses, net of related deferred taxes, for AFS securities are recorded in AOCI. Realized gains and losses on investment securities are recorded on the trade date using the specific identification method and are included in noninterest income on the consolidated statements of income.

The Company’s securities are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate risk, market risk, and credit risk. Due to the level of risk associated with certain investments and the level of uncertainty related to changes in the value of investments, it is at least reasonably possible that changes in risks in the near term would materially affect investment securities reported in the consolidated financial statements.

Investment securities may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, changes in prepayment rates and other factors. Prior to implementation of CECL, unrealized losses on AFS debt securities caused by a credit event would require the direct write-down of the AFS security through the OTTI approach; however, the new standard under ASC 326-30, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, requires credit losses to be presented as an ACL. The Company is still required to conduct an impairment evaluation on AFS securities to determine whether the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery. If these situations apply, the guidance continues to require the Company to reduce the security's amortized cost basis down to its fair value through earnings. The Company also evaluates the unrealized losses on AFS securities to determine if a security's decline in fair value below its amortized cost basis is due to credit factors. The evaluation is based upon factors such as the creditworthiness of the underlying borrowers, performance of the underlying collateral, if applicable, and the level of credit support in the security structure. Management also evaluates other factors and circumstances that may be indicative of a decline in the fair value of the security due to a credit factor. This includes, but is not limited to, an evaluation of the type of security, length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost and near-term prospects of the issuer. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of the expected cash flows of the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. Under the CECL standard, if the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost, an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, which is limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any additional amount of loss would be due to non-credit factors and is recorded in AOCI, net of taxes. If a credit loss is recognized in earnings, subsequent improvements to the expectation of collectability will be recognized through the ACL. If the fair value of the security increases above its amortized cost, the unrealized gain will be recorded in AOCI, net of taxes, on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The Company considers the unrealized losses on the AFS securities to be related to fluctuations in market conditions, primarily interest rates, and not reflective of deterioration in credit. In addition, the Company maintains that it has the intent and ability to hold these AFS securities until the amortized cost is recovered and it is more likely than not that any of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position would not be required to be sold. The Company did not record a cumulative-effect adjustment related to its AFS securities upon adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans Held-for-Sale – The Company has elected to record the mortgage loans held for sale portfolio at fair market value as opposed to the lower of cost or market. The Company economically hedges its residential loans held for sale portfolio with forward sale agreements, which are reported at fair value. A lower of cost or market accounting treatment would not allow the Company to record the excess of the fair market value over book value, but would require the Company to record the corresponding reduction in value on the hedges. Both the loans and related hedges are carried at fair value, which reduces earnings volatility as the amounts more closely offset, particularly in environments when interest rates are declining. For loans held-for-sale for which the fair value option has been elected, the aggregate fair value was less than the aggregate principal balance by $1.5 million and $1.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no loans held-for-sale that were nonaccrual or 90 or more days past due as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Gains and losses on loan sales (sales

proceeds minus carrying value) are recorded in noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income. Interest income on these loans is recognized in interest and fees on loans in the consolidated statements of income.

Loans and Acquired Loans

Loans – Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at their amortized cost, inclusive of net deferred loan origination fees and costs and unamortized premium or discount. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and amortized as a yield adjustment over the respective term of the loan using the interest method. For SBA PPP loans, the loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and accreted into interest income as a yield adjustment under the effective yield method over the estimated life of the PPP loans, with any unamortized net fees being recognized as interest income over the remaining life of the loans. Purchased loans are initially recorded at fair value and include credit and interest rate marks associated with acquisition accounting adjustments. Premiums and discounts are subsequently amortized or accreted as adjustments to interest income using the effective yield method over the contractual lives of the loans.

For all classes of loans, the accrual of interest income on loans, including individually evaluated loans, ceases when principal or interest is past due 90 days or more and collateral is inadequate to cover principal and interest or immediately if, in the opinion of management, full collection is unlikely. Interest will continue to accrue on loans past due 90 days or more if the collateral is adequate to cover principal and interest, and the loan is in the process of collection. Interest accrued, but not collected, at the date of placement on nonaccrual status, is reversed and charged against interest income, unless fully collateralized. Subsequent payments received are either applied to the outstanding principal balance or recorded as interest income, depending upon management’s assessment of the ultimate collectability of principal. Loans are returned to accrual status, for all loan classes, when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, the loan has performed in accordance with the contractual terms of the note for a reasonable period of time, generally six months, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is reasonably assured. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan.

Acquired Loans - Loans that are purchased are accounted for similar to originated loans, whereby an ACL is recognized with a corresponding increase to the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income. PCD loans are recorded at their purchase price plus the ACL expected at the time of acquisition resulting in a gross up of the amortized cost of the loans. Subsequent changes in the ACL from the initial ACL estimate are recorded as provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses – In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, the current expected credit losses accounting standard commonly referred to as "CECL," which replaces the incurred loss model with the lifetime expected loss model. The CECL methodology requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses over the contractual term for financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity securities, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The CECL methodology also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (e.g., loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees and other similar instruments), net investments in leases recognized by a lessor in accordance with ASC Topic 842 on leases and AFS debt securities.

To implement the new standard, the Company established a cross-discipline governance structure, which included a dedicated working group and a CECL Committee consisting of members from different functions including Finance, Credit, Risk and Lending, who provided implementation oversight and reviewed policy elections, key assumptions, processes, and model results. The working group was responsible for the implementation process that included developing the loan segmentation, data sourcing and validation, loss driver inputs, qualitative factors, parallel model runs, scenario testing and back testing.

The Company utilized a third-party vendor to assist in the implementation process of its new model to calculate credit losses over the estimated life of the applicable financial assets. The Company elected to use the DCF methodology for the quantitative analysis for the majority of its loan segments, which applies the probability of default and loss given default factors to future cash flows, and then adjusts to the net present value to derive the required reserve. Reasonable and supportable macroeconomic conditions include unemployment and GDP. Model assumptions include the discount rate, prepayments and curtailments. The development and validation of credit models also included determining the length of the reasonable and supportable forecast and regression period and utilizing national peer group historical loss rates. For the consumer loan segments, the remaining life methodology was selected as a practical expedient and based on the risk characteristics. The implementation also included review of model runs and certain assumptions, documentation of policies, procedures and controls, and engagement of another third-party consultant for model validation.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The adoption of the new CECL standard resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment that increased the ACL for loans by $2.4 million and increased the off-balance sheet credit exposures reserve by $100 thousand. Retained earnings, net of deferred taxes, decreased by $2.0 million, and deferred tax assets increased by $559 thousand. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASU 2016-13 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with the incurred loss model under the previously applicable GAAP.

The following table illustrates the impact of the adoption of CECL, and the transition away from the incurred loss method, on January 1, 2023. The impact to the ACL is presented at the loan segment level:


	January 1, 2023
	Reserves under Incurred Loss Model		Reserves under CECL Model		Impact of CECL Adoption
Financial Assets:
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate	$	13,558	$	16,415	$	2,857
Acquisition and development	3,214		3,000		(214)
Commercial and industrial	4,505		5,433		928
Municipal	24		193		169
Consumer loans:
Residential mortgage	3,444		2,323		(1,121)
Installment and other	188		237		49
Unallocated reserve	245		—		(245)
Allowance for credit losses on loans	$	25,178	$	27,601	$	2,423
Liabilities:
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures	$	1,633	$	1,733	$	100

The ACL represents the amount that, in management's judgment, appropriately reflects credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the ACL on loans, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL on loans when received. Changes to the ACL are recorded through the provision for credit losses on loans in the consolidated statements of income.

The ACL is maintained at a level considered appropriate to absorb credit losses over the expected life of the loan. The ACL for expected credit losses is determined based on a quantitative assessment of two categories of loans: collectively evaluated loans and individually evaluated loans. In addition, the ACL also includes a qualitative component which adjusts the CECL model results for risk factors that are not considered within the CECL model, but are relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan classes.

The ACL on loans is measured on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist within the Company's loan segments between commercial and consumer. For purposes of estimating the Company’s ACL, management generally evaluates collectively evaluated loans by federal call code in order to group loans with similar risk characteristics. Each of these loan segments are broken down into multiple loan classes, which are characterized by loan type, collateral type, risk attributions and the manner in which management monitors the performance of the borrower. The risks associated with lending activities differ and are subject to the impact of change in interest rates, market conditions and the impact on the collateral securing the loans, and general economic conditions. The commercial loan segment includes commercial real estate, acquisition and development, commercial and industrial and municipal loan classes. The consumer loan segment includes residential mortgage, installment and other consumer loans.

Loans collectively evaluated includes loans on accrual status, except for loans previously restructured that do not share similar risk characteristics which are individually evaluated. The ACL for loans collectively evaluated is measured using a lifetime expected loss rate model that considers historical loss performance and past events in addition to forecasts of future economic conditions. The Company elected to use the DCF methodology for the quantitative analysis for the majority of its loan segments, which applies the probability of default to future cash flows, using a loss driver model and loss given default factors, and then adjusts to the net present value to derive the required reserve. The probability of default estimates are derived through the application of reasonable and supportable economic forecasts to the regression models, which incorporates the Company's and peer loss-rate data, unemployment rate and GDP. The reasonable and supportable forecasts of the selected economic metrics are then input into the regression model to calculate an expected default rate. The expected default rates are then applied to expected loan balances estimated through the consideration of contractual repayment terms and expected prepayments. The prepayment and curtailment assumptions adjust the contractual terms of the loan to arrive at the expected cash flows. The development and validation of credit models also included determining the length of the reasonable and supportable forecast and regression period and utilizing national peer group historical loss rates. Management selected the

national unemployment rate and GDP as the drivers of the quantitative portion of collectively evaluated reserves on loan classes reliant upon the DCF methodology, primarily as a result of high correlation coefficients identified in regression modeling. For the consumer loan segment, the quantitative reserve was calculated using the remaining life methodology where the average historical bank-specific and peer loss rates are applied to expected loan balances over an estimated remaining life of loans. The estimated remaining life is calculated using historical bank-specific loan attrition data.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis, and are excluded from the collective evaluation for the ACL. Loans identified to be individually evaluated under CECL include loans on nonaccrual status and may include accruing loans that do not share similar risk characteristics to other accruing loans collectively evaluated. A specific reserve analysis is applied to the individually evaluated loans, which considers collateral value, an observable market price or the present value of expected future cash flows. A specific reserve may be assigned if the measured value of the loan using one of the before mentioned methods is less than the current carrying value of the loans.

A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the Company determines foreclosure is probable or the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Collateral could be in the form of real estate, equipment or business assets. An ACL may result for a collateral-dependent loan if the fair value of the underlying collateral, as of the reporting date, adjusted for expected costs to repair or sell, was less than the amortized cost basis of the loan. If repayment of the loan is instead dependent only on the operation, rather than the sale of the collateral, the measure of the ACL does not incorporate estimated costs to sell. For loans analyzed on the basis of projected future principal and interest cash flows, the Company will discount the expected cash flows at the effective interest rate of the loan, and an ACL would result if the present value of expected cash flows was less than the amortized cost basis of the loan.

Based on management's analysis, adjustments may be applied for additional factors impacting the risk of loss in the loan portfolio beyond the quantitatively calculated reserve on collectively evaluated loans. As the quantitative reserve calculation incorporates historical conditions, management may consider an additional or reduced reserve is warranted through qualitative risk factors based on current and expected conditions. These qualitative risk factors considered by management are comparable to legacy factors prior to the adoption of CECL and include significant or unexpected changes in:

•Lending policies, procedures, underwriting standards and recovery practices;

•Nature and volume of loans;

•Concentrations of credit;

•Collateral valuation trends;

•Delinquency and classified loan trends;

•Experience, ability and depth of management and lending staff;

•Quality of loan review system; and

•Economic conditions and other external factors.

For PCD loans, the nonaccrual status is determined in the same manner as for other loans. Prior to the adoption of CECL, these PCD loans were classified as PCI loans and accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30, Receivables – Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality ("ASC 310-30"). In accordance with the CECL standard, management did not reassess whether PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the adoption date. As permitted by CECL, the Company elected to account for its PCD loans under ASC 310-20, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Assets ("ASC 310-20"). These loans are initially recorded at fair value, and include credit and interest rate marks associated with acquisition accounting adjustments. Purchase premiums or discounts are subsequently amortized as an adjustment to yield over the estimated contractual lives of the loans. Under ASC 310-20, the acquired loans are analyzed on an individual asset level, and no longer maintained in pools and accounted for as units of accounts, which would permit treating each pool as a single asset. The impact of this election resulted in loans reported as nonaccrual and individually evaluated for credit expected losses under the CECL methodology.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures (“ASU 2022-02”). ASU 2022-02 eliminated the TDR accounting model, and requires that the Company evaluate, based on the accounting for loan modifications, whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, if the modification results in a more-than-insignificant direct change in the contractual cash flows and whether the modifications represent terms that would result in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The Company refers to these loans as "financial difficulty modifications" or "FDMs." This change required all loan modifications to be accounted for under the general loan modification guidance in ASC 310-20, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, and subject entities to new disclosure requirements on loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. If a modification occurs

while the loan is on accrual status, it will continue to accrue interest under the modified terms. After the initial modification and recognition of a FDM, the Company will monitor the performance of the borrower. If no subsequent qualifying modifications are made to the FDM, the loan does not require disclosure in the current period's disclosures after the one-year period has elapsed. Upon adoption of CECL, the TDRs were evaluated and included in the CECL loan segment pools if the loans shared similar risk characteristics to other loans in the pool or remained with loans individually evaluated for which the ACL was measured using the collateral-dependent or DCF method. In addition, ASU 2022-02 provides enhanced disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings and disclosure of current period gross charge-offs for financing receivables by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on a modified retrospective basis, which did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

A comprehensive analysis of the ACL is performed by the Company on a quarterly basis. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACL utilizing a defined methodology to determine if it properly addresses the current and expected risks in the loan portfolio, which considers the performance of borrowers and specific evaluation of individually evaluated loans including historical loss experiences, trends in delinquencies, nonperforming loans and other risk assets, and the qualitative factors. Risk factors are continuously reviewed and adjusted, as needed, by management when conditions support a change. Management believes its approach properly addresses relevant accounting and bank regulatory guidance for loans both collectively and individually evaluated. The results of the comprehensive analysis, including recommended changes, are governed by the Company's Reserve Adequacy Committee, whose members were also a part of the Company's CECL Committee.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments – Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit commitments issued to meet client financing needs, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit. These financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The face amount represents the exposure to loss, before considering client collateral or ability to repay. The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk from the contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures includes consideration of the utilization rates expected on the loan commitments, and estimates the expected credit losses for the undrawn commitments by the loan segments. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and is adjusted through the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income.

Loans Serviced

Loans Serviced – The Bank administers secondary market mortgage programs available through the FHLB and the Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA") and offers residential mortgage products and services to clients. The Bank originates single-family residential mortgage loans for sale in the secondary market and retains the servicing of those loans.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of Financial Assets – Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance

Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance – The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain employees. Life insurance is recorded at the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

Derivatives

Derivatives - FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), provides the disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging activities with the intent to provide users of financial statements with an enhanced understanding of: (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, (b) how the entity accounts for derivative instruments and related hedged items, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Further, qualitative disclosures are required that explain the Company’s objectives and strategies for using derivatives, as well as quantitative disclosures about the fair value of and gains and losses on derivative instruments, and disclosures about credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative instruments.

As required by ASC 815, the Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered

fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge.

The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. The Company's objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company uses interest rate swaps or interest rate caps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy.

Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of fixed or variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making variable-rate or fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Changes to the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI and are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged transaction affects earnings. The Company discontinues cash flow hedge accounting if it is probable the forecasted hedged transactions will not occur in the initially identified time period due to circumstances. Upon discontinuance, the associated gains and losses deferred in AOCI are reclassified immediately into earnings and subsequent changes in the fair value of the cash flow hedge are recognized in earnings.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method. This update clarified the guidance in Topic 815 on fair value hedge accounting of interest rate risk for financial asset portfolios by allowing entities to apply the "portfolio layer" method to portfolios of all financial assets, including both prepayable an nonprepayable financial assets. The model allows entities to designate multiple layers in a single portfolio as individual hedged items and also allows entities the flexibility to use any type of derivative (or combination of derivatives) by applying the multiple-layer model that aligns with its risk management strategy. At any time after the initial hedge designation, no assets may be added to a closed portfolio once it is designated in a portfolio layer method hedge; however, new hedging relationships associated with the portfolio may be designated and existing hedging relationships associated with the portfolio may be dedesignated to align with an entity’s evolving strategy for managing interest rate risk on a timely basis. Under the portfolio layer method, the basis of the portfolio assets is generally adjusted at the portfolio level rather than being allocated to individual assets within the portfolio, except when the allocation of basis adjustments is required by other areas of GAAP.

Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. The gain or loss on the fair value hedge, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in current earnings as the fair value changes. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability.

Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain customers. The Company executes interest rate swaps and interest rate caps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps and interest rate caps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting derivatives that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.

The Company also may enter into risk participation agreements with a financial institution counterparty for an interest rate derivative contract related to a loan in which the Company may be a participant or the agent bank. The risk participation agreement provides credit protection to the agent bank should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contracts with the agent bank. The Company manages its credit risk on risk participation agreements by monitoring the creditworthiness of the borrower, which is based on the same credit review process as though the Company had entered into the derivative directly with the borrower. The notional amount of a risk participation agreement reflects the Company's pro-rata share of the derivative instrument, consistent with its share of the related participated loan. Changes in the fair value of the risk participation agreement are recognized directly into earnings.

As a part of its normal residential mortgage operations, the Company will enter into an interest rate lock commitment with a potential borrower. The Company may enter into a corresponding commitment with an investor to sell that loan at a specific price shortly after origination. In accordance with FASB ASC 820, adjustments are recorded through earnings to account for the

net change in fair value of these held for sale loans. The fair value of held for sale loans can vary based on the interest rate locked with the customer and the current market interest rate at the balance sheet date.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and Equipment – Buildings, improvements, equipment, and furniture and fixtures are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is carried at cost. Depreciation and amortization has been recognized generally on the straight-line method and is computed over the estimated useful lives of the various assets as follows: buildings and improvements, including leasehold improvements – 10 to 40 years; and furniture and equipment – 3 to 15 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the indicated life. Repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred, while additions and improvements are typically capitalized. Gains or losses on the retirement or disposal of individual assets is recorded as income or expense in the period of retirement or disposal. Premises no longer in use and held for sale are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets at the lower of carrying value or fair value and no depreciation is charged on them. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, premises held-for-sale totaled zero and $2.0 million, respectively.

Leases

Leases - The Company evaluates its contracts at inception to determine if an arrangement either is a lease or contains one. Operating lease ROU assets are included in other assets and operating lease liabilities in accrued interest payable and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company had no finance leases at December 31, 2023.

ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent an obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, so the Company's incremental borrowing rate is used, which approximates its fully collateralized borrowing rate, based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is reevaluated upon lease modification. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any initial direct costs and prepaid lease payments made less any lease incentives. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company may include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option.

In accordance with ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”), the Company keeps leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the balance sheet. The Company recognizes these lease payments in the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components and has elected the practical expedient to account for them as a single lease component.

The Company's operating leases relate primarily to bank branches and office space. The difference between the lease assets and lease liabilities primarily consists of deferred rent liabilities to reduce the measurement of the lease assets.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets – Goodwill is calculated as the purchase premium, if any, after adjusting for the fair value of net assets acquired in purchase transactions. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for potential impairment on at least an annual basis, with testing between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that could potentially reduce the fair value of a reporting unit. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights. The Company’s other intangible assets have finite lives and are amortized on either an accelerated amortization method or straight-line basis over their estimated lives, generally 10 years for deposit premiums and 7 to 15 years for other client relationship intangibles.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage Servicing Rights – The estimated fair value of MSRs related to loans sold and serviced by the Company is recorded as an asset upon the sale of such loans. MSRs are amortized as a reduction to servicing income over the estimated lives of the underlying loans. MSRs are evaluated periodically for impairment by comparing the carrying amount to estimated fair value. Fair value is determined periodically through a DCF valuation performed by a third party. Significant inputs to the valuation include expected servicing income, net of expense, the discount rate and the expected life of the underlying loans. To the extent the amortized cost of the MSRs exceeds their estimated fair values, a valuation allowance is established for such impairment through a charge against servicing income on the consolidated statements of income. If the Company determines, based on subsequent valuations, that the impairment no longer exists or is reduced, the valuation allowance is reduced through a credit to earnings.

Foreclosed Real Estate

Foreclosed Real Estate – Real estate acquired through foreclosure or other means is initially recorded at the fair value of the related real estate collateral at the transfer date less estimated selling costs, and subsequently at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is determined based on an independent third party appraisal of the property or, when appropriate, a recent sales offer. Costs to maintain such real estate are expensed as incurred. Costs that significantly improve the value of the properties are capitalized.

Investments in Real Estate Partnerships

Investments in Real Estate Partnerships – The Company has a 99% limited partnership interest in several real estate partnerships in central Pennsylvania. These investments are affordable housing projects, which entitle the Company to tax deductions and credits that expire through 2025. The Company accounts for its investments in affordable housing projects under the proportional amortization method when the criteria are met.

Advertising

Advertising – The Company expenses advertising as incurred.

Repurchase Agreements

Repurchase Agreements – The Company may enter into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities which are included in short-term borrowings on the consolidated balance sheets. Under these agreements, the Company may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase the assets. As a result, these repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing arrangements (i.e., secured borrowings) and not as a sale and subsequent repurchase of securities. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remaining are reflected in AFS securities. The repurchase obligation and underlying securities are not offset or netted as the Company does not enter into reverse repurchase agreements.

The right of setoff for a repurchase agreement resembles a secured borrowing, whereby the collateral would be used to settle the fair value of the repurchase agreement should the Company be in default (e.g., fail to make an interest payment to the counterparty). For the repurchase agreements, the collateral is held by the Company in a segregated custodial account under a third party agreement. Repurchase agreements are secured by U.S. government or government-sponsored debt securities and mature overnight.

Share Compensation Plans

Stock Compensation Plans – The Company has stock compensation plans that cover employees and non-employee directors. Compensation expense relating to share-based payment transactions is measured based on the grant date fair value of the share award, including a Black-Scholes model for stock options. Compensation expense for all stock awards is calculated and recognized over the employees’ or non-employee directors' service period, generally defined as the vesting period. There were no outstanding and exercisable stock options at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes – Income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of enacted tax law to taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more likely than not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, on income taxes as a component of income tax expense.

The Company may earn federal tax credits from its investments in real estate and solar energy tax equity partnerships. The Company accounts for its investments in affordable housing projects under the proportional amortization method when the criteria are met and under the deferral method of accounting for its solar energy tax equity investments.

Loss Contingencies

Loss Contingencies – Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Treasury Stock

Treasury Stock – Common stock shares repurchased are recorded as treasury stock, at cost on the consolidated balance sheets, on a settlement date basis.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share – Basic earnings per share represents income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Restricted stock awards are included in weighted average common shares outstanding as they are earned. Diluted earnings per share includes additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate solely to outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards and are determined using the treasury stock method. Treasury shares are not deemed outstanding for earnings per share calculations. There were no outstanding and exercisable stock options at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive Income – Comprehensive income consists of net income and OCI. Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities and interest rate swaps used in cash flow hedges, net of tax, were the components of AOCI at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Fair Value

Fair Value – Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in the Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting – The Company operates in one segment – Community Banking. The Company’s non-community banking activities are insignificant to the consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. Under current GAAP, an entity can only elect to apply the proportional amortization method to investments in low-income housing tax credit ("LIHTC") structures. The proportional amortization method results in the cost of the investment being amortized in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received, with the amortization of the investment and the income tax credits being presented net in the consolidated statements of income as a component of income tax expense (benefit). The amendments will allow entities to elect to account for all other equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits to using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the tax credit program through which the investment earns income tax credits, when certain conditions are met. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and may be adopted either on a modified retrospective basis or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its equity investments; however, the Company does not anticipate that the amendment will significantly impact its financial condition and results of operations.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The updated guidance requires enhanced disclosures for significant expenses by reportable operating segments. The significant expense categories would be those regularly provided to the Company's chief operating decision-

maker ("CODM") and included in an operating segment's measures of profit or loss. Other required disclosures include the composition of other segment items, the title and position of the CODM and an explanation on how the CODM evaluates and uses the reportable segment's performance. This guidance for segment reporting is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company will adopt the new standard for annual reporting period beginning January 1, 2024 and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. The Company is not currently required to report segment information and, as such, does not anticipate that the updated guidance will have a significant impact to its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require updates to the disclosures of the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The income tax rate reconciliation will require expanded disclosure, using percentages and reporting currency amounts, to include specific categories, including state and local income tax, net of the federal income tax effect, tax credits and nontaxable and nondeductible items, with additional qualitative explanations of individually significant reconciling items. The amount of income taxes paid will require disaggregation by jurisdictional categories: federal, state and foreign. This guidance for income tax disclosures is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the updated guidance; however, does not expect it to have a significant impact to its consolidated financial statements.

Revenue

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and all subsequent amendments (collectively “ASC 606”). The update implements a common revenue standard that clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue. The core principle of ASC 606 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to clients in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The majority of the Company's revenue comes from interest income, including loans and securities, which are outside the scope of ASC 606. The Company's services that fall within the scope of ASC 606 are presented within noninterest income on the consolidated statements of income and are recognized as revenue as the Company satisfies its obligation to the client. Services within the scope of ASC 606 include service charges on deposit accounts, income from trust and investment management and brokerage activities and interchange fees from service charges on ATM and debit card transactions. ASC 606 did not result in a change to the accounting for any in-scope revenue streams; as such, no cumulative effect adjustment was recorded.

Descriptions of revenue generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606 are as follows:

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts - The Company earns fees from its deposit clients for transaction-based, account maintenance, and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM use fees to clients and non-clients (included in other service charges, commissions and fees in the consolidated statements of income), stop payment charges, statement rendering, and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point in time the Company fulfills the client's request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Service charges on deposits are withdrawn from the client's account balance.

Trust and Investment Management Income - The Company earns wealth management and investment brokerage fees from its contracts with trust and wealth management clients to manage assets for investment, and/or to transact on their accounts. These fees are primarily earned over time as the Company provides the contracted services and are generally assessed based on a tiered scale of the market value of assets under management. Fees that are transaction based, including trade execution services, are recognized at the point in time that the transaction is executed, i.e., the trade date. Other related services provided included financial planning services and the associated fees the Company earns, which are based on a fixed fee schedule, are recognized when the services are rendered. Services are generally billed in arrears and a receivable is recorded until fees are paid.

Brokerage Income - The Company earns fees from investment management and brokerage services provided to its clients through a third-party service provider. The Company receives commissions from the third-party service provider and recognizes income on a weekly basis based upon client activity. As the Company acts as an agent in arranging the relationship between the client and the third-party service provider and does not control the services rendered to the clients, brokerage income is presented net of related costs.

Interchange Income - The Company earns interchange fees from debit/credit cardholder transactions conducted through the MasterCard payment network. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder. Interchange income is presented net of cardholder rewards.