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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 are as follows:
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred income tax assets: |  | (in thousands)
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 672 |  |  | $ | 772 |
Accrued expenses |  | 4,964 |  |  | 6,383 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 120 |  |  | 36 |
Insurance accruals |  | 12,869 |  |  | 13,278 |
State net operating loss carryforward |  | 94 |  |  | — |
Indirect tax benefits of unrecognized tax benefits |  | 1,160 |  |  | 1,206 |
Other |  | 2 |  |  | 45 |
Total gross deferred tax assets |  | 19,881 |  |  | 21,720 |
Less valuation allowance |  | — |  |  | — |
Net deferred tax assets |  | 19,881 |  |  | 21,720 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Property and equipment |  | (167,911) |  |  | (188,999) |
Goodwill and amortizable intangibles |  | (36,048) |  |  | (34,396) |
Prepaid expenses |  | (3,549) |  |  | (4,617) |
Total gross deferred tax liability |  | (207,508) |  |  | (228,012) |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (187,627) |  |  | $ | (206,292) |
The deferred tax amounts above have been classified in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows:
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in thousands)
Noncurrent assets, net |  | $ | 1,494 |  |  | $ | 1,224 |
Long-term liabilities, net |  | (189,121) |  |  | (207,516) |
|  | $ | (187,627) |  |  | $ | (206,292) |
We have not recorded a valuation allowance against any deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022. In management’s opinion, it is more likely than not that we will be able to utilize these deferred tax assets in future periods as a result of our history of profitability, taxable income, and reversal of deferred tax liabilities. Income tax expense consists of the following:
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Current income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 19,020 |  |  | $ | 31,951 |  |  | $ | 25,571 |
State |  | 3,543 |  |  | 9,657 |  |  | 7,068 |
Foreign |  | 596 |  |  | 195 |  |  | — |
|  | 23,159 |  |  | 41,803 |  |  | 32,639 |
Deferred income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | (14,500) |  |  | 3,717 |  |  | (4,392) |
State |  | (3,311) |  |  | 2,005 |  |  | (1,477) |
Foreign |  | (270) |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |
|  | (18,081) |  |  | 5,704 |  |  | (5,869) |
Total |  | $ | 5,078 |  |  | $ | 47,507 |  |  | $ | 26,770 |
The income tax provision differs from the amount determined by applying the U.S. federal tax rate as follows:
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Federal tax at statutory rate (21%) |  | $ | 4,169 |  |  | $ | 38,029 |  |  | $ | 22,270 |
State taxes, net of federal benefit |  | 708 |  |  | 9,711 |  |  | 4,452 |
Permanent differences to return |  | 1,740 |  |  | 449 |  |  | (227) |
Return to provision adjustment |  | (1,482) |  |  | (203) |  |  | 302 |
Uncertain income tax penalties and interest, net |  | (152) |  |  | (226) |  |  | (266) |
Foreign Rate Differential |  | 154 |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |
Other |  | (59) |  |  | (311) |  |  | 239 |
|  | $ | 5,078 |  |  | $ | 47,507 |  |  | $ | 26,770 |
At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a total of $5.5 million and $5.7 million in gross unrecognized tax benefits, respectively, included in long-term income taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheets. Of this amount, $4.4 million and $4.5 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact our effective tax rate as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Unrecognized tax benefits were a net decrease of $0.2 million and a net increase of $1.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in 2022 is the result of non-recurring transactions occurring in 2022 that did not occur in 2023 more than offsetting the reduction to the liability due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitation and reductions to prior year tax positions, net of current year additions with respective states. This had the effect of increasing the effective rate in 2022. The total net amount of accrued interest and penalties for such unrecognized tax benefits was $0.7 million and $0.7 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in income taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheets. Net interest and penalties included in income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was an expense of approximately zero, $0.1 million, and approximately zero, respectively. Income tax expense is increased each period for the accrual of interest on outstanding positions and penalties when the uncertain tax position is initially recorded. Income tax expense is reduced in periods by the amount of accrued interest and penalties associated with reversed uncertain tax positions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations, when applicable or when a position is settled. Income tax expense was reduced during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 due to reversals of interest and penalties due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations and settlements, net of additions for interest and penalty accruals during the same period. These unrecognized tax benefits relate to risks associated with state income tax filing positions for our corporate subsidiaries. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (in thousands)
Balance at January 1, | $ | 5,744 |  |  | $ | 4,671 |
Additions based on tax positions related to current year | 345 |  |  | 1,921 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | — |  |  | 131 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (176) |  |  | — |
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations | (391) |  |  | (771) |
Settlements | — |  |  | (208) |
Balance at December 31, | $ | 5,522 |  |  | $ | 5,744 |
A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and ultimately settled. It is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome or the timing of resolution for uncertain tax positions. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months. These changes could result from the expiration of the statute of limitations, examinations or other unforeseen circumstances. We do not have any outstanding litigation related to tax matters. At this time, management’s best estimate of the reasonably possible change in the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is approximately no change to an increase of $1.0 million during the next twelve months, due to the combination of expiration of certain statute of limitations and estimated additions. The federal statute of limitations remains open for the years 2020 and forward. Tax years 2013 and forward are subject to audit by state tax authorities depending on the tax code and administrative practice of each state.

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