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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
[X] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 0-15087
HEARTLAND EXPRESS INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Nevada |  | 93-0926999
(State or Other Jurisdiction |  | (I.R.S. Employer
of Incorporation or organization) |  | Identification No.)
901 Heartland Way, | North Liberty, | Iowa |  | 52317
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

319-645-7060
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | HTLD | NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes | [X] | No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes | [X] | No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer [X] |  | Accelerated filer [ ]
Non-accelerated filer [ ] |  | Smaller reporting company [ ]
|  | Emerging growth company [ ]

If an emerging company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
I ndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes [ ] | No [ X ]

As of May 6, 2024 there were 79,051,070 shares of the registrant’s common stock ($0.01 par value) outstanding.
1

HEARTLAND EXPRESS, INC.
AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of Mar ch 31, 202 4 and December 31, 202 3 (unaudited) | 3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 202 4 and 202 3 (unaudited) | 4
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 202 4 and 202 3 (unaudited) | 5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended Ma rch 31, 202 4 and 202 3 (unaudited) | 6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 7
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 14
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 22
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 23
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 24
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 24
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 25
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 25
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 25
Item 5. Other Information | 25
Item 6. Exhibits | 26
Signatures | 27

2

PART I

HEARTLAND EXPRESS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except per share amounts) (unaudited)
ASSETS |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 23,823 |  |  | $ | 28,123 |
Trade receivables, net of $2.8 and $2.7 million allowance in 2024 and 2023, respectively |  | 107,932 |  |  | 102,740 |
Prepaid tires |  | 9,417 |  |  | 10,650 |
Other current assets |  | 13,842 |  |  | 17,602 |
Income tax receivable |  | 5,128 |  |  | 10,157 |
Total current assets |  | 160,142 |  |  | 169,272 |
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT |  |  |  |
Land and land improvements |  | 118,690 |  |  | 118,682 |
Buildings |  | 149,788 |  |  | 149,780 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 6,835 |  |  | 6,835 |
Shop and service equipment |  | 20,815 |  |  | 20,822 |
Revenue equipment |  | 1,016,102 |  |  | 1,021,208 |
Construction in progress |  | 4,161 |  |  | 2,582 |
Property and equipment, gross |  | 1,316,391 |  |  | 1,319,909 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  | 474,940 |  |  | 434,558 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 841,451 |  |  | 885,351 |
GOODWILL |  | 322,597 |  |  | 322,597 |
OTHER INTANGIBLES, NET |  | 97,283 |  |  | 98,537 |
OTHER ASSETS |  | 15,467 |  |  | 14,953 |
DEFERRED INCOME TAXES, NET |  | 1,401 |  |  | 1,494 |
OPERATING LEASE RIGHT OF USE ASSETS |  | 14,144 |  |  | 17,442 |
|  | $ | 1,452,485 |  |  | $ | 1,509,646 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 35,704 |  |  | $ | 37,777 |
Compensation and benefits |  | 29,739 |  |  | 28,492 |
Insurance accruals |  | 24,153 |  |  | 21,507 |
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities - current portion |  | 8,986 |  |  | 9,303 |
Operating lease liabilities - current portion |  | 7,740 |  |  | 9,259 |
Other accruals |  | 21,146 |  |  | 17,138 |
Total current liabilities |  | 127,468 |  |  | 123,476 |
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Income taxes payable |  | 6,238 |  |  | 6,270 |
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities less current portion |  | 254,616 |  |  | 290,696 |
Operating lease liabilities less current portion |  | 6,404 |  |  | 8,183 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 179,850 |  |  | 189,121 |
Accident and work comp accruals less current portion |  | 29,119 |  |  | 26,640 |
Total long-term liabilities |  | 476,227 |  |  | 520,910 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 14) |  |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $.01; authorized 5,000 shares; none issued |  | — |  |  | — |
Capital stock, common, $.01 par value; authorized 395,000 shares; issued 90,689 in 2024 and 2023; outstanding 79,051 and 79,039 in 2024 and 2023, respectively |  | 907 |  |  | 907 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 4,518 |  |  | 4,527 |
Retained earnings |  | 1,043,404 |  |  | 1,060,094 |
Treasury stock, at cost; 11,638 and 11,650 shares in 2024 and 2023, respectively |  | (200,039) |  |  | (200,268) |
|  | 848,790 |  |  | 865,260 |
|  | $ | 1,452,485 |  |  | $ | 1,509,646 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
3

HEARTLAND EXPRESS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
OPERATING REVENUE |  | $ | 270,320 |  |  | $ | 330,916 |  |  |  |  |
OPERATING EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries, wages, and benefits |  | 112,697 |  |  | 123,333 |  |  |  |  |
Rent and purchased transportation |  | 23,863 |  |  | 33,144 |  |  |  |  |
Fuel |  | 47,321 |  |  | 57,528 |  |  |  |  |
Operations and maintenance |  | 16,264 |  |  | 15,026 |  |  |  |  |
Operating taxes and licenses |  | 5,315 |  |  | 5,543 |  |  |  |  |
Insurance and claims |  | 14,584 |  |  | 11,002 |  |  |  |  |
Communications and utilities |  | 2,440 |  |  | 2,876 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 46,504 |  |  | 48,469 |  |  |  |  |
Other operating expenses |  | 15,626 |  |  | 17,891 |  |  |  |  |
Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment |  | 89 |  |  | (6,786) |  |  |  |  |
|  | 284,703 |  |  | 308,026 |  |  |  |  |
Operating (loss) income |  | (14,383) |  |  | 22,890 |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 366 |  |  | 484 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (5,302) |  |  | (6,075) |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) income before income taxes |  | (19,319) |  |  | 17,299 |  |  |  |  |
Federal and state income taxes |  | (4,211) |  |  | 4,687 |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (15,108) |  |  | $ | 12,612 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (15,108) |  |  | $ | 12,612 |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted |  | $ | (0.19) |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 79,044 |  |  | 78,987 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted |  | 79,122 |  |  | 79,022 |  |  |  |  |
Dividends declared per share |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
4

HEARTLAND EXPRESS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)
|  | Capital |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Stock, |  | Paid-In |  | Retained |  | Treasury |  |
|  | Common |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | Stock |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | 4,527 |  |  | $ | 1,060,094 |  |  | $ | (200,268) |  |  | $ | 865,260 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,108) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,108) |
Dividends on common stock, $0.02 per share |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,582) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,582) |
Stock-based compensation, net of tax |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |  |  | 220 |
Balance, March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | 4,518 |  |  | $ | 1,043,404 |  |  | $ | (200,039) |  |  | $ | 848,790 |
|  | Capital |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Stock, |  | Paid-In |  | Retained |  | Treasury |  |
|  | Common |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | Stock |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | 4,165 |  |  | $ | 1,051,641 |  |  | $ | (201,236) |  |  | $ | 855,477 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,612 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,612 |
Dividends on common stock, $0.02 per share |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,581) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,581) |
Stock-based compensation, net of tax |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | 111 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | 4,197 |  |  | $ | 1,062,672 |  |  | $ | (201,157) |  |  | $ | 866,619 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
5

HEARTLAND EXPRESS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (15,108) |  |  | $ | 12,612 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 46,504 |  |  | 48,469 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (9,178) |  |  | (8,659) |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 283 |  |  | 152 |
Debt-related amortization |  | 263 |  |  | 269 |
Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment |  | 89 |  |  | (6,786) |
Changes in certain working capital items: |  |  |  |
Trade receivables |  | (5,192) |  |  | 13,649 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 2,586 |  |  | 4,864 |
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and accrued expenses |  | 5,732 |  |  | (10,978) |
Accrued income taxes |  | 4,997 |  |  | 12,850 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 30,976 |  |  | 66,442 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment |  | 6,649 |  |  | 28,859 |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (4,697) |  |  | (42,149) |
Change in other assets |  | — |  |  | 489 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | 1,952 |  |  | (12,801) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |
Shares withheld for employee taxes related to stock-based compensation |  | (63) |  |  | (41) |
Repayments of finance leases and debt |  | (36,660) |  |  | (47,325) |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (36,723) |  |  | (47,366) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (3,795) |  |  | 6,275 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  | 41,188 |  |  | 64,478 |
End of period |  | $ | 37,393 |  |  | $ | 70,753 |
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest expense |  | $ | 5,289 |  |  | $ | 6,121 |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net of refunds |  | $ | (77) |  |  | $ | 232 |
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |
Purchased property and equipment in accounts payable |  | $ | 4,812 |  |  | $ | 2,059 |
Sold revenue equipment and property in other current assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 232 |
Common stock dividends declared in accounts payable |  | $ | 1,582 |  |  | $ | 1,581 |
RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 23,823 |  |  | $ | 55,506 |
Restricted cash included in other current assets |  | 323 |  |  | 746 |
Restricted cash included in other assets |  | 13,247 |  |  | 14,501 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 37,393 |  |  | $ | 70,753 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6

HEARTLAND EXPRESS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
Note 1. Basis of Presentation and New Accounting Pronouncements
Heartland Express, Inc. is a holding company incorporated in Nevada, which directly or indirectly owns all of the stock of the following active legal entities: Heartland Express, Inc. of Iowa, Heartland Express Services, Inc., Heartland Express Maintenance Services, Inc. ("Heartland Express"), and Midwest Holding Group, LLC and Millis Transfer, LLC ("Millis Transfer"), and Smith Transport, LLC and Franklin Logistics, LLC ("Smith Transport"), and CFI entities, Transportation Resources, Inc. and Contract Freighters, Inc. (collectively with certain Mexican entities, "CFI"). Effective December 31, 2023, Smith Trucking, Inc. was merged into Smith Transport, Inc. Further, effective December 31, 2023, Smith Transport, Inc. and Franklin Logistics, Inc. were converted to Smith Transport, LLC and Franklin Logistics, LLC, respectively. On May 31, 2022, Heartland Express, Inc. of Iowa acquired Smith Transport, a truckload carrier headquartered in Roaring Spring, Pennsylvania. On August 31, 2022, Heartland Express, Inc. of Iowa acquired CFI's non-dedicated U.S. dry van and temperature-controlled truckload business located in Joplin, Missouri, and certain Mexican entities (collectively "CFI Logistica") with operations located in Mexico. We, together with our subsidiaries, are a short, medium, and long-haul truckload carrier and transportation services provider. We primarily provide nationwide asset-based dry van truckload service for major shippers across the United States, along with cross-border freight and other transportation services offered through third party partnerships in Mexico.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the parent company, Heartland Express, Inc., and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. All material intercompany items and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes to the financial statements required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all normal, recurring adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K the Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on February 28, 2024. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or any other interim periods. There were no changes to the Company's significant accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
In November 2023, the FASB issued Update 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures". The amendments in the update improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new standard although based on initial evaluation we do not believe there will be a material impact from adoption.
In December 2023, the FASB issued Update 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". The amendments in the update improve income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information as well as the effectiveness of certain other income tax disclosures. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new standard although based on initial evaluation we do not believe there will be a material impact from adoption.
Note 2. Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. There were no significant changes in estimates and assumptions used by management related to our critical accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
7

Note 3. Segment Information
We provide truckload services across the United States (U.S.), Mexico, and parts of Canada. These truckload services are primarily asset-based transportation services in the dry van truckload market, and we also offer truckload temperature-controlled transportation services and Mexico logistics services, which are not significant to our consolidated operations. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) oversees and manages all of our transportation services, on a combined basis, including previously acquired entities. As a result of the foregoing, we have determined that we have one reportable segment, consistent with the authoritative accounting guidance on disclosures about segments of an enterprise and related information.
Note 4. Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue over time as control of the promised services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The delivery of the shipment and completion of the performance obligation allows for the collection of payment generally within 30 days after the delivery date of the shipment for the majority of our customers.
The Company's operations are consistent with those in the trucking industry where freight is hauled twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week, subject to hours of service rules. The Company’s average length of haul is approximately 400 loaded miles per trip and each individual shipment accepted by the Company is considered a separate contract with the performance obligation being the delivery of the freight. Our average length of haul for each load of freight generally equals less than two days of continuous transit time. The Company estimates revenue for multiple-stop loads based on miles run and estimates revenue for single stop loads based on transit time, as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit provided. The Company hauls freight and earns revenue on a consistent basis throughout the periods presented. A corresponding contract asset existed for the estimated revenue of these in-process loads for $1.9 million and $1.9 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Recorded contract assets are included in the accounts receivable line item of the balance sheet. Corresponding liabilities are recorded in the accounts payable and accrued liabilities and compensation and benefits line items for the estimated expenses on these same in-process loads. The Company had no contract liabilities associated with our operations as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Total revenues recorded were $270.3 million and $330.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Fuel surcharge revenues were $36.2 million and $49.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accessorial, brokerage and other revenues recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) collectively represented $20.1 million and $24.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Note 5. Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with insignificant interest rate risk and original maturities of three months or less at acquisition. At March 31, 2024, restricted and designated cash and investments totaled $13.5 million, of which $0.3 million was included in other current assets and $13.2 million was included in other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheet. Restricted and designated cash and investments totaled $13.0 million at December 31, 2023, of which $0.3 million was included in other current assets and $12.7 million was included in other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The restricted funds represent deposits required by state agencies for self-insurance purposes and designated funds that are earmarked for a specific purpose and not for general business use.
Note 6. Prepaid Tires, Property, Equipment, and Depreciation
Property and equipment are reported at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. New tires are capitalized separately from revenue equipment and are reported separately as “Prepaid tires” in the consolidated balance sheets and amortized over two years. Depreciation for financial statement purposes is computed by the straight-line method for all assets other than new tractors. We recognize depreciation expense on new tractors (excludes assets acquired through an acquisition) using the 125% declining balance method. Revenue equipment acquired through acquisitions is generally revalued to current market values as of the acquisition date. Assets obtained more than a year prior to the acquisition by the acquired company are depreciated on a straight-line basis aligned with the remaining period of expected use, whereas those obtained less than a year prior are depreciated consistent with newly purchased assets. As acquired equipment is replaced, our fleet returns to our base methods of declining balance depreciation for tractors and straight-line depreciation for trailers. New tractors are depreciated to salvage values of $15,000 while new trailers are depreciated to salvage values of $4,000. For equipment acquired through acquisitions the salvage values on used equipment is determined based upon
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factors including the age of the equipment, estimated market value, and expected period of usage. At March 31, 2024, there was no amounts receivable related to equipment sales recorded in other current assets compared to $2.5 million at December 31, 2023.
Note 7. Other Intangibles, Net and Goodwill
All intangible assets determined to have finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The useful life of an intangible asset is the period over which the asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows. There was no change in the gross amount of identifiable intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The $97.3 million of other intangibles, net recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2024 includes $31.6 million of indefinite lived trade name intangible assets, not subject to amortization, along with $65.7 million finite lived intangible assets, net. Amortization expense of $1.3 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, was included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).
Intangible assets subject to amortization consisted of the following at March 31, 2024:

| Amortization period (years) |  | Gross Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net finite intangible assets
|  |  | (in thousands)
Customer relationships | 15-20 |  | $ | 75,836 |  |  | $ | 13,716 |  |  | $ | 62,120 |
Trade name | 0.5-10 |  | 12,900 |  |  | 10,300 |  |  | 2,600 |
Covenants not to compete | 1-10 |  | 5,839 |  |  | 4,900 |  |  | 939 |
|  |  | $ | 94,575 |  |  | $ | 28,916 |  |  | $ | 65,659 |

The carrying amount of goodwill was $322.6 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Note 8. (Loss) Earnings per Share
Basic (loss) earnings per share is based upon the weighted average common shares outstanding during each year. Diluted (loss) earnings per share is based on the basic weighted (loss) earnings per share with additional weighted common shares for common stock equivalents. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, we had outstanding restricted shares of common stock to certain of our employees and directors, under the Company's restricted stock award plans. A reconciliation of the numerator (net (loss) income) and denominator (weighted average number of shares outstanding of the basic and diluted (loss) earnings per share) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three months ended March 31, 2024
| Net Loss (numerator) |  | Shares (denominator) |  | Per Share Amount
Basic loss per share | $ | (15,108) |  |  | 79,044 |  |  | $ | (0.19) |
Effect of restricted stock | — |  |  | 78 |  |  |
Diluted loss per share | $ | (15,108) |  |  | 79,122 |  |  | $ | (0.19) |

| Three months ended March 31, 2023
| Net Income (numerator) |  | Shares (denominator) |  | Per Share Amount
Basic earnings per share | $ | 12,612 |  |  | 78,987 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |
Effect of restricted stock | — |  |  | 35 |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 12,612 |  |  | 79,022 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |

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Note 9. Equity
We have a stock repurchase program with 6.6 million shares remaining authorized for repurchase as of March 31, 2024. There were no shares repurchased in the open market during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Repurchases are expected to continue from time to time, as determined by market conditions, cash flow requirements, securities law limitations, long-term debt balances, and other factors, until the number of shares authorized have been repurchased, or until the authorization is terminated. The share repurchase authorization is discretionary and has no expiration date.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, our Board of Directors declared dividends totaling $1.6 million and $1.6 million, respectively. Future payment of cash dividends and the amount of such dividends will depend upon our financial conditions, our results of operations, our cash requirements, our tax treatment, and certain corporate law requirements, as well as factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.
Note 10. Stock-Based Compensation
In July 2011, a Special Meeting of Stockholders of Heartland Express, Inc. was held, at which meeting the approval of the Heartland Express, Inc. 2011 Restricted Stock Award Plan (the "2011 Plan") was ratified. The 2011 Plan made available up to 0.9 million shares for the purpose of making restricted stock grants to our eligible officers and employees. The 2011 Plan has no shares that remain available for the purpose of making restricted stock grants at March 31, 2024. In May 2021, at the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Heartland Express, Inc. 2021 Restricted Stock Award Plan (the "2021 Plan") was approved. The 2021 Plan made available up to 0.6 million shares for the purpose of making restricted stock grants to our eligible employees, directors and consultants. The 2021 Plan has 0.5 million shares that remain available for the purpose of making restricted stock grants at March 31, 2024.
There were no shares that were granted during the period 2011 to 2021 that remain unvested at March 31, 2024. Shares granted in 2022 through 2024 have various vesting terms that range from immediate to four years from the date of grant. Compensation expense associated with these awards is based on the market value of our stock on the grant date. Compensation expense associated with restricted stock awards to employees is included in salaries, wages, and benefits, while expense associated with awards to directors or consultants is included in other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). There were no significant assumptions made in determining fair value. Compensation expense associated with restricted stock awards was $0.3 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Unrecognized compensation expense was $0.2 million at March 31, 2024 which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.4 years.
The following tables summarize our restricted stock award activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
| Number of Shares of Restricted Stock Awards (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at beginning of period | 85.8 |  |  | $ | 14.84 |
Granted | 5.0 |  |  | 11.65 |
Vested | (17.0) |  |  | 14.67 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding (unvested) at end of period | 73.8 |  |  | $ | 14.67 |

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| Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Number of Shares of Restricted Stock Awards (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at beginning of period | 40.1 |  |  | $ | 16.01 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |
Vested | (7.0) |  |  | 15.95 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding (unvested) at end of period | 33.1 |  |  | $ | 16.02 |

Note 11. Long-Term Debt
In conjunction with the acquisition of CFI on August 31, 2022, (the “CFI Closing Date”), Heartland entered into a $550.0 million unsecured credit facility which included a $100.0 million revolving line of credit (“Revolving Facility”) and $450.0 million in term loans (“Term Facility” and, together with the Revolving Facility, the “Credit Facilities”). The Credit Facilities includes a consortium of lenders, including joint bookrunners JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (“Wells Fargo”).
The Credit Facilities replaced the previous credit arrangements in place for the Company which consisted of a November 2013 Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo, along with an asset-based credit facility with Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania that was assumed as part of the acquisition of Smith Transport on May 31, 2022.
The full amount of the Term Facility was made in a single draw on August 31, 2022 and amounts borrowed under the Term Facility that are repaid or prepaid may not be reborrowed. The Term Facility amortizes in quarterly installments which began in September 2023, at 5% per annum through June 2025 and 10% per annum from September 2025 through June 2027, with the balance due on the date that is five years from the CFI Closing Date. Based on debt repayments made through March 31, 2024, required minimum payments have been covered until the term loan maturity on August 31, 2027.
The Revolving Facility consists of a five-year revolving credit facility with aggregate commitments in an amount equal to $100.0 million, of which up to $50.0 million is available for the issuance of letters of credit, and including a swingline facility in an amount equal to $20.0 million. The Revolver will mature and the commitments thereunder will terminate on the date that is five years after the CFI Closing Date. Amounts repaid under the Revolving Facility may be reborrowed. The Credit Facilities include an uncommitted accordion feature pursuant to which the Company may request up to $275.0 million in incremental revolving or term loans, subject to lender approvals.
The indebtedness, obligations, and liabilities under the Credit Facilities are unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on an unsecured basis by the Company, Borrower, and certain other subsidiaries of the Company. The Borrower may voluntarily prepay outstanding loans under the Credit Facilities in whole or in part at any time without premium or penalty, subject to payment of customary breakage costs in the case of Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate loans.
The Credit Facilities contain usual and customary events of default and negative covenants for a facility of this nature including, among other things, restrictions on the Company’s ability to incur certain additional indebtedness or issue guarantees, to create liens on the Company’s assets, to make distributions on or redeem equity interests (subject to certain exceptions, including that (a) the Company may pay regularly scheduled dividends on the Company’s common stock not to exceed $10.0 million during any fiscal year and (b) the Company may make any other distributions so long as it maintains a net leverage ratio not greater than 2.50 to 1.00), to make investments and to engage in mergers, consolidations, or acquisitions. The Credit Facilities contain customary financial covenants, including (i) a maximum net leverage ratio of 2.75 to 1.00, measured quarterly on a trailing twelve-month basis, and (ii) a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.00 to 1.00, measured quarterly on a trailing twelve-month basis. We were in compliance with the respective financial covenants at March 31, 2024 and have been in compliance since the inception of the Credit Facilities.
Outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facilities will accrue interest, at the option of the Borrower, at a per annum rate of (i) for an “ABR Loan”, the alternate base rate (defined as the interest rate per annum equal to the highest of (a) the variable rate of interest announced by the administrative agent as its “prime rate”, (b) 0.50% above the Federal Funds Rate, (c) the Term SOFR for an interest period of one-month plus 1.1%, or (d) 1.00%) plus the applicable margin or (ii) for a “SOFR Loan”, the Term
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SOFR Rate for an interest period of one, three or six-months as selected by Company plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin for ABR Loans ranges from 0.250% to 0.875% and the applicable margin for SOFR Loans ranges from 1.250% to 1.875%, depending on the Company’s net leverage ratio.
We had $240.0 million outstanding on the Term Facility and nothing outstanding under the Revolving Facility at March 31, 2024. Outstanding letters of credit associated with the Revolving Facility at March 31, 2024 were $12.0 million. As of March 31, 2024, the Revolving Facility available for future borrowing was $88.0 million. As of March 31, 2024 the weighted average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facilities was 7.0%. Unamortized loan origination fees of $1.0 million at March 31, 2024 are included in long-term debt and finance lease liabilities.
The May 31, 2022 acquisition of Smith Transport included the assumption of $46.8 million of debt and financing lease obligations associated with the fleet of revenue equipment of which $24.6 million was outstanding at March 31, 2024, (the "Smith Debt"). The Smith Debt has $7.3 million of outstanding principal and is made up of installment notes with a weighted average interest rate of 4.4% at March 31, 2024, due in monthly installments with final maturities at various dates ranging from February 2027 to January 2029, secured by related revenue equipment. The remaining Smith Debt of $17.3 million are finance lease obligations with a weighted average interest rate of 3.9% at March 31, 2024, due in monthly installments with final maturities at various dates ranging from October 2024 to April 2026 with the weighted average remaining lease term of 1.5 years.
Note 12. Lease Obligations
During 2023, we sold multiple properties for a combined $25.6 million gain. In separate transactions related to the respective sales, we entered into operating lease agreements, each with a base term of two years. The right-of-use assets associated with terminal leases was $7.7 million as of March 31, 2024.
Smith Transport has revenue equipment operating lease right-of-use assets from leases entered into before the May 31, 2022 acquisition. These right-of-use equipment operating lease assets have a total balance of $6.4 million as of March 31, 2024. The equipment and property operating leases have a weighted average interest rate of 5.5% at March 31, 2024, due in monthly installments with final maturities at various dates ranging from April 2024 to April 2027 with the weighted average remaining lease term of 2.0 years. The Company has related party operating leases with the founder of Smith Transport, where the Company is both a lessor and lessee of certain real estate properties. These leases represent an insignificant portion of the right-of-use lease assets discussed above. See Note 11. Long-Term Debt for additional details on the finance leases.
Our future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2024, are summarized as follows by lease category:

(in thousands) | Operating |  | Finance
2024 (remaining) | $ | 6,457 |  |  | $ | 6,773 |
2025 | 6,609 |  |  | 7,557 |
2026 | 1,587 |  |  | 3,840 |
2027 | 320 |  |  | — |
2028 | — |  |  | — |
Thereafter | — |  |  | — |
Total minimum lease payments | $ | 14,973 |  |  | $ | 18,170 |
Less: future payment amount for interest | 829 |  |  | 836 |
Present value of minimum lease payments | $ | 14,144 |  |  | $ | 17,334 |
Less: current portion | 7,740 |  |  | 7,216 |
Lease obligations, long-term | $ | 6,404 |  |  | $ | 10,118 |

Note 13. Income Taxes
We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Such amounts are adjusted, as appropriate, to reflect changes in tax rates expected to be in effect when temporary differences reverse. The
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effect of a change in tax rates on deferred taxes is recognized in the period that the change is enacted. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the Company's deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We had no recorded valuation allowance at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Our effective tax rate was 21.8% and 27.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate is primarily the result of permanent differences during the quarter offsetting the loss in 2024 while increasing the tax rate calculated on income in 2023.
We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. We record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.
At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had a total of $5.5 million and $5.5 million in gross unrecognized tax benefits, respectively included in long-term income taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheet. Of this amount, $4.3 million and $4.4 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact our effective tax rate as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The net change in unrecognized tax benefits was a decrease of $0.1 million and an increase of $0.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. The difference in the net change in unrecognized tax benefits year over year for the three months is the result of underlying transactions that occurred in 2023 that did not occur in 2024. The total net amount of accrued interest and penalties for such unrecognized tax benefits was $0.8 million and $0.7 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively and is included in long-term income taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheets. These unrecognized tax benefits relate to state income tax filing positions. Income tax expense is increased each period for the accrual of interest on outstanding positions and penalties when the uncertain tax position is initially recorded. Income tax expense is reduced in periods by the amount of accrued interest and penalties associated with reversed uncertain tax positions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations, when applicable or when a position is settled. Net interest and penalties included in income tax expense was nominal for both the three month period ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

| 2024
| (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 5,522 |
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations | (66) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | 5,456 |

A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and ultimately settled. It is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome or the timing of resolution for uncertain tax positions. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months. These changes could result from the expiration of the statute of limitations, examinations, or other unforeseen circumstances. We do not have any outstanding litigation related to income tax matters. At this time, management’s best estimate of the reasonably possible change in the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is approximately no change to an increase of $1.0 million during the next twelve months, due to the combination of expiration of certain statute of limitations and estimated additions. The federal statute of limitations remains open for the years 2020 and forward. Tax years 2013 and forward are subject to audit by state tax authorities depending on the tax code and administrative practice of each state.
Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies
We are a party to ordinary, routine litigation and administrative proceedings incidental to our business. In the opinion of management, our potential exposure under pending legal proceedings is adequately provided for in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
The total estimated purchase commitments for tractors (net of tractor sale commitments) and trailer equipment as of March 31, 2024 was $4.8 million. These commitments extend through the remainder of 2024.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS
This Item 2 contains certain statements that may be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and such statements are subject to the safe harbor created by such sections and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements, including without limitation: any projections of earnings (losses), revenues, or other financial items; any statement of plans, strategies, and objectives of management for future operations; any statements concerning proposed new services or developments; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; and any statements of belief and any statement of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Such statements may be identified by their use of terms or phrases such as “seeks,” “expects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” "ensure," “projects,” “believes,” “hopes,” “plans,” “goals,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “likely,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “potential,” “predict,” “continue,” “strategy,” “future,” “outlook,” and similar terms and phrases. Forward-looking statements are based on currently available operating, financial, and competitive information. In this Form 10-Q, statements relating to general trucking industry trends, including future freight demand and capacity, freight rates, operating ratio goals, anticipated revenue equipment sales and purchases, including revenue equipment gains, the used equipment market, and the availability of revenue equipment, future customer relationships, future growth and acquisitions, including the anticipated impact of our acquisitions of Smith Transport and CFI, our ability to attract and retain drivers, future driver compensation, including possible driver compensation increases, future insurance and claims expense, including the impact of our insurance renewal, the impact of changes in interest rates and tire prices, future liquidity, expected fuel costs, including strategies for managing fuel costs, the potential impact of pending litigation, our dividend policy, future capital spending, future depreciation expense, our future repurchases of our shares, future cost reduction and implementation of freight optimization strategies, including at Millis Transfer, CFI, and Smith Transport, our ability to react to and capitalize on changing market conditions, and the expected impact of operational improvements and strategic changes, among others, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, which could cause future events and actual results to differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by, or underlying the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the sections entitled "Item 1A. Risk Factors," set forth in the Company's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2024. Readers should review and consider such factors, along with various disclosures in our press releases, stockholder reports, and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
All such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The Company expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in the Company's expectations with regard thereto or any change in the events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statement is based.
References in this Quarterly Report to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Heartland,” or the “Company” or similar terms refer to Heartland Express, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Overview
Prior to our acquisitions in 2022 we, together with our subsidiaries, historically were a short-to-medium haul truckload carrier where approximately 99.9% of our operating revenue was derived from shipments within the United States with the remainder being Canada and no operations in Mexico. With the acquisition of CFI on August 31, 2022, we significantly expanded our scale and our transportation services. We continue to provide nationwide asset-based dry van truckload service for major shippers from across the U.S. and now including cross border freight to and from Mexico and our consolidated average length of haul is approximately 400 loaded miles. We continue to focus on providing high quality service to targeted customers with a high density of freight in our regional operating areas. We also offer truckload temperature-controlled transportation services and Mexico logistics services, which are not significant to our consolidated operations. Through the acquisition of CFI, we now provide transportation logistics services across Mexico for our customers and provide cross-border freight services for customer loads moving from the United States into Mexico and loads originating from Mexico into the United States. We utilize third party service providers for all miles run in Mexico and to move freight across the US-Mexico border while leveraging terminal locations in the US and Mexico near the border to facilitate these moves. We generally earn revenue based on the number of miles per load delivered and the revenue per mile or per load paid. We operate our consolidated operations under the brand names of Heartland Express, Millis Transfer, Smith Transport, and CFI. We manage our business based on overall corporate operating goals and objectives that are the same for all of our brands. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), our CEO, evaluates the operational efficiencies of our transportation services, operating performance and asset allocation on a combined basis based on consolidated operating goals and objectives. We believe the keys to success are maintaining high
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levels of customer service and safety, which are predicated on the availability of experienced drivers and late-model equipment. We believe that our service standards, safety record, and equipment accessibility have made us a core carrier to many of our major customers, as well as allowed us to build solid, long-term relationships with customers and brand ourselves as an industry leader for on-time service.
We operate in a cyclical industry. Freight demand began to soften in the back half of 2022 and continued to degrade throughout all of 2023. We expect freight demand to remain challenged at lower demand levels in at least the first half of 2024 based upon the freight demand experienced in the first quarter of 2024. We expect the strategic changes that we have implemented during 2023 and into 2024 will improve our operational readiness ahead of future expected freight demand growth, which could happen as soon as mid to late 2024. However, supply chain issues for tractors, trailers and related parts, general consumer product output and inventory volatility, consumer demand, the political landscape, foreign wars, and disruption in oil and diesel markets all could create additional volatility regarding freight demand during 2024.
We continue to focus on providing quality service to targeted customers with a high density of freight in our regional operating areas. Organic growth has become increasingly difficult for traditional over-the-road truckload carriers given a shortage of qualified drivers in the industry and availability of revenue equipment assets. We have completed two recent strategic acquisitions to combat these industry challenges. In addition, we continue to evaluate and explore different driving options and offerings for our existing and potential new drivers across our unique mix of driver offerings at Heartland Express, Millis Transfer, Smith Transport, and CFI.
In addition to past organic growth through the development of our regional operating areas, we have completed ten acquisitions since 1986 with the most recent and our fifth acquisition since 2013, CFI, occurring on August 31, 2022 following the acquisition of Smith Transport on May 31, 2022. These ten acquisitions have enabled us to solidify our position within existing regions, expand into new operating regions, expand service offerings to address longer length of haul needs from customers, pursue new customer relationships in new markets, as well as expand business relationships with current customers in new markets. We are highly selective about acquisitions, with our main criteria being (i) safe operations, (ii) high quality professional truck drivers, (iii) fleet profile that is compatible with our philosophy or can be replaced economically, and (iv) freight profile that will allow a path to a low-80s operating ratio upon full integration, application of our cost structure, and freight optimization, including exiting certain business that fails to meet our operating profile. We have historically been a debt free organization, although with the acquisition of CFI we now have a significant amount of debt. We have also significantly lowered our debt balance from 2022 to date in 2024. We expect to continue to evaluate acquisition candidates presented to us, however, we do not expect to make any significant acquisitions while we are paying down debt. We believe future growth depends upon several factors including the level of economic growth and the related customer demand, the available capacity in the trucking industry, our ability to identify and consummate future acquisitions, our ability to integrate operations of acquired companies to realize efficiencies, and our ability to attract and retain experienced drivers that meet our hiring standards.
The trucking industry has been faced with a qualified driver shortage. During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased freight demand intensified an already challenging qualified driver market. Competition for qualified drivers continued to be challenging into 2024 and is expected to be a challenge going forward due to the decreasing numbers of qualified drivers in our industry. However, driver availability challenges were reduced in 2023 and into 2024, as a result of the declining freight and economic environments and we believe certain drivers have moved from smaller less financially stable carriers to more financially stable carriers and from independent contractors to company drivers. Although there has been some increased movement of drivers between companies in our industry, the issue of a decreasing amount of qualified CDL drivers in our industry continues. We continually explore new strategies to attract and retain qualified drivers with changes in market conditions and demands. We hire the majority of our drivers with at least six months of over-the-road experience and safe driving records. As discussed below, the Company's driver training program provides an additional source of future potential professional drivers. In order to attract and retain experienced drivers who understand the importance of customer service, we have sought to solidify our position as an industry leader in driver compensation in our operating markets and for the services we provide. We have continued to get more creative in providing better pay, benefits, equipment, and facilities for our drivers. Our comprehensive driver compensation and benefits program rewards drivers for years of service and safe operating mileage benchmarks, which are critical to our operational and financial performance. Certain driver pay packages include minimum pay protection provisions, future pay increases based on years of continued service with us, increased rates for accident-free miles of operation, detention pay, and other pay programs to assist drivers with unproductive time associated with circumstances outside of their control, such as inclement weather, equipment breakdowns, and customer issues. As a result of the freight environment during the second half of 2023 and into 2024, we have paid more through these programs, resulting in an increase of driver pay per mile and as a percentage of revenue. This has allowed us to maintain driver turnover rates lower than the industry average as a result. We believe that our driver compensation and benefits package is consistently among the best in the industry. We are committed to investing in our drivers and compensating them for safety as both are key to our operational and financial performance. Currently over 10% of our driver employees, individually, have achieved 1.0 million safe miles.
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In response to the driver shortage in our industry, the Company continues to evaluate and pursue the expansion of driver training schools. Millis Transfer has operated a driver training school program, Millis Training Institute, since 1989. Millis Training Institute is a driver training program dedicated to identifying, training, and developing capable individuals into obtaining their commercial driving license and becoming professional truck drivers. This driver training program currently provides a source of qualified professional drivers for our Company. The driver training program offers an additional opportunity to hire professional drivers other than the traditional approach of hiring only experienced over-the-road drivers. During 2022, we rolled out the first Heartland Training Institute location in Phoenix, Arizona, modeled after the successful program in place at Millis Transfer. We will continue to evaluate this training program for future expansion.
Managing fuel cost continues to be one of management's top priorities given the volatility in the price of diesel fuel. The Department of Energy ("DOE") average diesel fuel prices per gallon for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were $3.96 and $4.41 (a 10.2% decrease), respectively. Average DOE prices have been $3.94, $4.24, and $4.26 for the three months ended June 30, 2023, September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2023, respectively. We cannot predict what fuel prices will be for the remainder of 2024, but fuel expense has become the second highest expense behind salaries, wages, and benefits, and we expect volatile pricing for the remainder of 2024. We are not able to pass through all fuel price increases through fuel surcharge agreements with customers due to tractor idling time, along with empty and out-of-route miles. Therefore, our operating income is negatively impacted with increased net fuel costs (fuel expense less fuel surcharge revenue) in a rising fuel environment and is positively impacted in a declining fuel environment. Specifically, during the first quarter of 2024 fuel prices were lower at the same time we were incurring higher empty mile moves with our drivers as a result of slower freight demand. During the first quarter of 2023, fuel prices were declining and empty mile moves were not as high because of better freight demand and more options for freight moves. Therefore, our net fuel cost per mile (gross fuel expense net of fuel surcharge revenues) was significantly higher in the quarter ended March 31, 2024 compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2023 although the gross price was higher in 2023 as compared to 2024. We expect to continue to manage and implement fuel initiative strategies that we believe will effectively manage fuel costs. These initiatives include strategic fueling of our trucks, whether it be terminal fuel or over-the-road fuel, bulk fuel purchases, controlling out-of-route miles, controlling empty miles, utilizing idle management programming and battery power and diesel power units to minimize idling, educating drivers to save energy, trailer skirting and rear fairings, and increasing fuel economy through the purchase of newer, more fuel-efficient tractors. Given the reduction in demand for freight services throughout the first three months of 2024 the company incurred a higher amount of empty miles. At March 31, 2024, the Company’s tractor fleet had an average age of 2.4 years and the Company's trailer fleet had an average age of 6.7 years compared to March 31, 2023 when the Company’s tractor fleet had an average age of 2.1 years and the Company's trailer fleet had an average age of 6.2 years.
We ended the first three months of 2024 with operating revenues of $270.3 million, including fuel surcharges, net loss of $15.1 million, and basic net loss per share of $0.19 on basic weighted average outstanding shares of 79.0 million compared to operating revenues of $330.9 million, including fuel surcharges, net income of $12.6 million, and basic net income per share of $0.16 on basic weighted average shares of 79.0 million in the first three months of 2023. We posted a 105.3% operating ratio (operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenues) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 93.1% for the same period of 2023. We posted a 105.6% non-GAAP adjusted operating ratio(1) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 91.4% for the same period of 2023. We had total assets of $1.5 billion at March 31, 2024. We had a loss on assets of (0.8)% and a loss on equity of (1.5)% over the immediate past four quarters ended March 31, 2024, compared to return on assets of 8.5% and return on equity of 15.3% for the immediate past four quarters ended March 31, 2023.
Our cash flow from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 of $31.0 million was 11.5% of operating revenues, compared to $66.4 million and 20.1% of operating revenues in the same period of 2023. During 2024, we had net cash provided by investing activities of $2.0 million resulting from net property and equipment transactions. Net cash provided by property and equipment was primarily the result of a low volume of normal tractor and trailer fleet replacement activity. We had net cash used in financing activities of $36.7 million resulting primarily from debt repayments associated with debt taken on with our 2022 acquisitions. Our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash decreased $3.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024. We ended the first quarter of 2024 with cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $37.4 million. Cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash was $23.8 million at March 31, 2024.
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(1)

GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation Schedule: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue, adjusted operating income, and adjusted operating ratio reconciliation (a)
|  | Three months ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (Unaudited, in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenue |  | $ | 270,320 |  |  | $ | 330,916 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Fuel surcharge revenue |  | 36,212 |  |  | 49,647 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenue, excluding fuel surcharge revenue |  | 234,108 |  |  | 281,269 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses |  | 284,703 |  |  | 308,026 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Fuel surcharge revenue |  | 36,212 |  |  | 49,647 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Amortization of intangibles |  | 1,254 |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted operating expenses |  | 247,237 |  |  | 257,088 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating (loss) income |  | (14,383) |  |  | 22,890 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted operating (loss) income |  | $ | (13,129) |  |  | $ | 24,181 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating ratio |  | 105.3 | % |  | 93.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted operating ratio |  | 105.6 | % |  | 91.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a) Operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue is based upon operating revenue minus fuel surcharge revenue. Adjusted operating income is based upon operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue, less operating expenses, net of fuel surcharge revenue, and non-cash amortization expense related to intangible assets. Adjusted operating ratio is based upon operating expenses, net of fuel surcharge revenue, and amortization of intangibles, as a percentage of operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue. We believe that operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue, adjusted operating income, and adjusted operating ratio are more representative of our underlying operations by excluding the volatility of fuel prices, which we cannot control. Operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue, adjusted operating income, and adjusted operating ratio are not substitutes for operating revenue, operating income, or operating ratio measured in accordance with GAAP. There are limitations to using non-GAAP financial measures. Although we believe that operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue, adjusted operating income, and adjusted operating ratio improve comparability in analyzing our period-to-period performance, they could limit comparability to other companies in our industry if those companies define such measures differently. Because of these limitations, operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue, adjusted operating income, and adjusted operating ratio should not be considered measures of income generated by our business or discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business. Management compensates for these limitations by primarily relying on GAAP results and using non-GAAP financial measures on a supplemental basis.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth the percentage relationships of expense items to total operating revenue for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenue |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries, wages, and benefits |  | 41.7 | % |  | 37.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rent and purchased transportation |  | 8.8 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel |  | 17.5 | % |  | 17.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operations and maintenance |  | 6.0 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating taxes and licenses |  | 2.0 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance and claims |  | 5.4 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Communications and utilities |  | 0.9 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 17.2 | % |  | 14.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other operating expenses |  | 5.8 | % |  | 5.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on disposal of property and equipment |  | — | % |  | (2.0) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 105.3 | % |  | 93.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (loss) |  | (5.3) | % |  | 6.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (1.9) | % |  | (1.8) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes |  | (7.1) | % |  | 5.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes |  | (1.5) | % |  | 1.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | (5.6) | % |  | 3.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared With the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Our quarterly operating ratio was 105.3% and 105.6% non-GAAP adjusted operating ratio as compared to the prior year 93.1% and 91.4%. See the “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation Schedule” above for a reconciliation of our non-GAAP adjusted operating ratio. Our net loss was $15.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to net income of $12.6 million during the period ended March 31, 2023. The worsening operating ratio and net income are the result of a combination of an extended and significant period of weak freight demand, driven by excess capacity in the industry, unfavorable weather early in the quarter, and ongoing operating cost inflation. Further, we have implemented strategic changes which targeted unprofitable customers and lanes of freight that were not acceptable for the long term profitability of our organization. These decisions, while difficult, were made to set a course to ensure that we are prepared to capitalize on stronger freight demand with more efficient operations in the future. Consistent with past acquisitions, we continue to implement cost reduction and freight optimization strategies at Millis Transfer, Smith Transport, and CFI, focused on improving the consolidated operating ratio.
Operating revenue decreased $60.6 million (18.3%), to $270.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $330.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in revenue was the result of a weak freight environment leading to a decline in total miles resulting in the decrease in trucking and other revenues of $47.2 million (16.8%) along with a decrease to fuel surcharge revenue of $13.4 million (27.1%) from $49.6 million in 2023 to $36.2 million in 2024. Operating revenues (the total of trucking and fuel surcharge revenue) are primarily earned based on loaded miles driven in providing truckload services. The number of loaded miles is affected by general freight supply and demand trends and the number of revenue earning equipment vehicles (tractors). The number of tractors is directly affected by the number of available drivers providing capacity to us. Our operating revenues are reviewed regularly by our CODM on a combined basis across the U.S. due to the similar nature of our services offerings and related similar base pricing structure.
Fuel surcharge revenues represent fuel costs passed on to customers based on customer specific fuel surcharge recovery rates and billed loaded miles. Fuel surcharge revenues decreased due to lower average DOE diesel fuel prices (10.2%), as reported by the DOE, along with a decrease in loaded miles during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to March 31, 2023.
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Salaries, wages, and benefits decreased $10.6 million (8.6%), to $112.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $123.3 million in the 2023 period. Salaries, wages, and benefits decreased primarily due to the reduction of driver payroll as a result of lower company miles, along with a reduction of office and shop employees. Offsetting this decrease was an increase in driver pay for non-productive time associated with weather shut downs, layovers, and other factors associated with a slower freight environment. As a result, salaries, wages, and benefits as a percentage of gross revenues was higher in 2024 compared to 2023. We have continued to get more creative in providing better pay, driving opportunities, benefits, equipment, and facilities for our drivers. We expect the qualified driver shortage within the trucking industry to continue to be a challenge in the foreseeable future. However, driver availability improved in 2023 and to date in 2024, as a result of the changing freight and economic environments and we believe certain drivers have moved from smaller less financially stable carriers to more financially stable carriers.
Rent and purchased transportation decreased $9.2 million, to $23.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $33.1 million for the same period of 2023. The decrease resulted from reduced purchased transportation and lower contractor miles associated with the CFI business integration, along with a reduction of leased equipment, partially offset by an increase in property leases.
Fuel decreased $10.2 million (17.7%), to $47.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $57.5 million for the same period of 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower average diesel price per gallon (10.2%) as reported by the DOE along with less miles driven. We expect to see fuel price volatility through the remainder of 2024.
Operations and maintenance expense increased $1.3 million (8.3%), to $16.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $15.0 million in the same period of 2023. The net increase is mainly attributable to higher equipment maintenance costs. At March 31, 2024, the Company’s tractor fleet had an average age of 2.4 years and the Company's trailer fleet had an average age of 6.7 years compared to March 31, 2023 when the Company’s tractor fleet had an average age of 2.1 years and the Company's trailer fleet had an average age of 6.2 years. Based upon current agreements for new revenue equipment we anticipate that the average age of our fleet of tractors and trailers will increase by December 31, 2024, although due to warranties in place on our equipment we do not believe the increased age will significantly impact operations and maintenance expense.
Operating taxes and licenses decreased $0.2 million (4.1%), to $5.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $5.5 million in the same period of 2023. The decrease resulted from a reduction of operating units as a result of the soft freight environment.
Insurance and claims expense was $14.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $11.0 million in 2023. The increase is due to unfavorable claim severity and frequency. In April 2023, we renewed our primary auto liability insurance with a three year program. Under the April 2023 renewal, our auto liability retention limit across all operating entities was increased to $3.0 million for any individual claim, subject to a $3.5 million corridor for any one accident or combination of accidents that exceed $3.0 million, based on the insured party, accident date, and circumstances of the loss event. In April 2024, an additional corridor was added, where we retain liability of $5.0 million for any one accident or combination of accidents that exceed $10.0 million. Liabilities in excess of the $3.0 million deductible, the $3.5 million corridor, and the $5.0 million corridor are covered by insurance up to $80.0 million. We retain any liability in excess of $80.0 million. Furthermore, under the April 2023 renewal, our premiums are subject to upward or downward adjustments based on claims experience in the $3.0 million to $10.0 million policy during the three year program. The elevated retention limit and the premium adjustment feature could lead to increased volatility in our insurance and claims expense, depending on the frequency and magnitude of claims. We believe these insurance program features better meet the needs of our consolidated risk profile.
Communications and utilities decreased $0.5 million (15.6%), to $2.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $2.9 million in the same period of 2023. The decrease resulted from the consolidation of terminal locations in overlapping markets.
Depreciation and amortization decreased $2.0 million (4.1%), to $46.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $48.5 million in the same period of 2023 as a result of ongoing fleet replacement strategies. We expect depreciation expense in 2024 to be approximately $180 million to $185 million.
Other operating expenses decreased $2.3 million, to $15.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $17.9 million in the same period of 2023. The decrease resulted from a reduction of miles as a result of the soft freight environment.
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Gains (loss) on the disposal of property and equipment decreased $6.9 million, to a loss on disposal of $0.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $6.8 million gain on disposal in the same period of 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a significant decrease of equipment sales volume. We do not expect gains on disposition of equipment to be significant during the calendar year of 2024.
Interest expense decreased $0.8 million, to $5.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $6.1 million in the same period of 2023. The interest expense is made up of $5.0 million from the Credit Facilities coinciding with the acquisition of CFI while the remaining $0.3 million is the result of debt and financing leases assumed through the Smith Transport acquisition. We expect further reductions to interest expense as we pay down the debt.
Our effective tax rate was 21.8% and 27.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate is primarily the result of permanent differences during the quarter offsetting the loss in 2024 while increasing the tax rate calculated on income in 2023.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The growth of our business requires significant investments in new revenue equipment. Historically, except for acquisitions, we have been debt-free, funding revenue equipment purchases with our primary sources of liquidity, cash flow provided by operating activities and proceeds from sales of used equipment. In conjunction with the acquisition of CFI on August 31, 2022, (the “CFI Closing Date”), Heartland entered into a $550.0 million unsecured credit facility which included a $100.0 million revolving line of credit (“Revolving Facility”) and $450.0 million in term loans (“Term Facility” and, together with the Revolving Facility, the “Credit Facilities”). The Credit Facilities includes a consortium of lenders, including joint bookrunners JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (“Wells Fargo”).
The Credit Facilities replaced the previous credit arrangements in place for the Company which consisted of a November 2013 Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo, along with an asset-based credit facility with Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania that was assumed as part of the acquisition of Smith Transport on May 31, 2022.
The full amount of the Term Facility was made in a single draw on August 31, 2022 and amounts borrowed under the Term Facility that are repaid or prepaid may not be reborrowed. The Term Facility amortizes in quarterly installments beginning in September 2023, at 5% per annum through June 2025 and 10% per annum from September 2025 through June 2027, with the balance due on the date that is five years from the CFI Closing Date. Based on debt repayments made through March 31, 2024, required minimum payments have been covered until the term loan maturity on August 31, 2027.
The Revolving Facility consists of a five-year revolving credit facility with aggregate commitments in an amount equal to $100.0 million, of which up to $50.0 million is available for the issuance of letters of credit, and including a swingline facility in an amount equal to $20.0 million. The Revolver will mature and the commitments thereunder will terminate on the date that is five years after the CFI Closing Date. Amounts repaid under the Revolving Facility may be reborrowed. The Credit Facilities include an uncommitted accordion feature pursuant to which the Company may request up to $275.0 million in incremental revolving or term loans, subject to lender approvals.
The indebtedness, obligations, and liabilities under the Credit Facilities are unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on an unsecured basis by the Company, Borrower, and certain other subsidiaries of the Company. The Borrower may voluntarily prepay outstanding loans under the Credit Facilities in whole or in part at any time without premium or penalty, subject to payment of customary breakage costs in the case of SOFR rate loans.
The Credit Facilities contain usual and customary events of default and negative covenants for a facility of this nature including, among other things, restrictions on the Company’s ability to incur certain additional indebtedness or issue guarantees, to create liens on the Company’s assets, to make distributions on or redeem equity interests (subject to certain exceptions, including that (a) the Company may pay regularly scheduled dividends on the Company’s common stock not to exceed $10.0 million during any fiscal year and (b) the Company may make any other distributions so long as it maintains a net leverage ratio not greater than 2.50 to 1.00), to make investments and to engage in mergers, consolidations, or acquisitions. The Credit Facilities contain customary financial covenants, including (i) a maximum net leverage ratio of 2.75 to 1.00, measured quarterly on a trailing twelve-month basis, and (ii) a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.00 to 1.00, measured quarterly on a trailing twelve-month basis. We were in compliance with the respective financial covenants at March 31, 2024 and have been in compliance since the inception of the Credit Facilities.
Outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facilities will accrue interest, at the option of the Borrower, at a per annum rate of (i) for an “ABR Loan”, the alternate base rate (defined as the interest rate per annum equal to the highest of (a) the variable rate of
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interest announced by the administrative agent as its “prime rate”, (b) 0.50% above the Federal Funds Rate, (c) the Term SOFR for an interest period of one-month plus 1.1%, or (d) 1.00%) plus the applicable margin or (ii) for a “SOFR Loan”, the Term SOFR Rate for an interest period of one, three or six-months as selected by Company plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin for ABR Loans ranges from 0.250% to 0.875% and the applicable margin for SOFR Loans ranges from 1.250% to 1.875%, depending on the Company’s net leverage ratio.
We had $240.0 million outstanding on the Term Facility and nothing outstanding under the Revolving Facility at March 31, 2024. Outstanding letters of credit associated with the Revolving Facility at March 31, 2024 were $12.0 million. As of March 31, 2024, the Revolving Facility available for future borrowing was $88.0 million. As of March 31, 2024 the weighted average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facilities was 7.0%. Unamortized loan origination fees of $1.0 million at March 31, 2024 are included in long-term debt and finance lease liabilities.
The May 31, 2022 acquisition of Smith Transport included the assumption of $46.8 million of debt and financing lease obligations associated with the fleet of revenue equipment of which $24.6 million was outstanding at March 31, 2024, (the "Smith Debt"). The Smith Debt has $7.3 million of outstanding principal and is made up of installment notes with a weighted average interest rate of 4.4% at March 31, 2024, due in monthly installments with final maturities at various dates ranging from February 2027 to January 2029, secured by related revenue equipment. The remaining Smith Debt of $17.3 million are finance lease obligations with a weighted average interest rate of 3.9% at March 31, 2024, due in monthly installments with final maturities at various dates ranging from October 2024 to April 2026 with the weighted average remaining lease term of 1.5 years.
At March 31, 2024, we had $23.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, $246.3 million in net outstanding debt, $17.3 million in finance lease liabilities, $14.1 million in operating lease obligations, and $88.0 million available borrowing capacity on the Revolving Facility.
We intend to diligently pay down the debt we incurred and assumed to complete our most recent acquisitions, while maintaining our regular quarterly dividends and funding our ongoing capital expenditure needs. While we are paying down the debt, we do not expect to declare special dividends or make significant acquisitions. We expect to evaluate the potential of share repurchases in addition to paying down the debt. The specific timing and amount of future repurchases will be determined by market conditions, cash flow requirements, securities law limitations, and other factors. We continue to remain flexible to ensure the best deployment of our capital given market conditions and the needs of the Company.
The total estimated purchase commitments for tractors (net of tractor sale commitments) and trailer equipment as of March 31, 2024 was $4.8 million. These commitments extend through the remainder of 2024. We anticipate continued disposition of older tractors and trailers in the Smith Transport and CFI fleets throughout 2024 and beyond. During the calendar year of 2024, we currently expect net capital expenditures, including terminal projects, of approximately $15 to $20 million and do not expect gains on disposition of equipment to be significant during the calendar year of 2024.
Cash flow provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $31.0 million as compared to $66.4 million during the same period of 2023. This decrease was due to a $23.2 million reduction in net income net of non-working capital items and a decrease of $12.3 million less cash provided by working capital items. Cash flows provided by operating activities was 11.5% of operating revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared with 20.1% for the same period of 2023.
Cash provided by investing activities was $2.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to cash used in investing activities of $12.8 million during the comparative 2023 period. The increase in cash provided by investing activities is due to $15.2 million decrease in net property and equipment activity.
Cash used in financing activities decreased $10.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due mainly to a decrease of $10.7 million of repayments of finance leases and debt during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
We have a stock repurchase program with 6.6 million shares remaining authorized for repurchase under the program as of March 31, 2024 and the program has no expiration date. There were no shares repurchased in the open market during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Shares repurchased are accounted for as treasury stock. We expect to evaluate the potential of share repurchases in addition to paying down the debt. The specific timing and amount of future repurchases will be determined by market conditions, cash flow requirements, securities law limitations, and other factors. We continue to remain flexible to ensure the best deployment of our capital given market conditions and the needs of the Company.
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We had net income tax refunds of $0.1 million and net income tax payments of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Management believes we have adequate liquidity to meet our current and projected needs in the foreseeable future. Management believes we will continue to have significant capital requirements over the long-term, which we expect to fund with current available cash, cash flows provided by operating activities, proceeds from the sale of used equipment and to a lesser extent, available capacity on the Credit Facilities.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
General
We are exposed to market risk changes in interest rates during periods when we have outstanding borrowings and from changes in commodity prices, primarily fuel and rubber. We do not currently use derivative financial instruments for risk management purposes, although we have used instruments in the past for fuel price risk management, and do not use them for either speculation or trading. Because substantially all of our operations are confined to the United States, we are not directly subject to a material foreign currency risk.
Interest Rate Risk
We had $246.3 million net debt outstanding and $17.3 million in finance lease liabilities at March 31, 2024. Of the total $263.6 million net debt and finance lease liabilities outstanding, $240.0 million is subject to variable interest rates and the remainder is at fixed annual interest rates. Interest rates associated with borrowings under the Credit Facilities are based on the SOFR rate plus a spread based on the Company’s net leverage ratio. Increases in interest rates would currently impact our interest expense given our outstanding borrowings subject to variable interest rates. An increase of 1.0% in the SOFR rate would drive a decrease to our income before income taxes by approximately $2.4 million annually based on the current amount of debt outstanding that is subject to variable interest rates.
Commodity Price Risk
We are subject to commodity price risk primarily with respect to purchases of fuel and rubber. We have fuel surcharge agreements with most customers that enable us to pass through most long-term price increases therefore limiting our exposure to commodity price risk. Fuel surcharges that can be collected do not always fully offset an increase in the cost of fuel as we are not able to pass through fuel costs associated with out-of-route miles, empty miles, and tractor idle time. Based on our actual fuel purchases for 2023, assuming miles driven, fuel surcharges as a percentage of revenue, percentage of unproductive miles, and miles per gallon remained consistent with 2023 amounts, a $1.00 increase in the average price of fuel per gallon, year over year, would decrease our income before income taxes by approximately $12.3 million in 2024. We use a significant amount of tires to maintain our revenue equipment. We are not able to pass through 100% of price increases from tire suppliers due to the severity and timing of increases and current rate environment. Historically, we have sought to minimize tire price increases through bulk tire purchases from our suppliers. Based on our expected tire purchases for 2024, a 10% increase in the price of tires would increase our tire purchase expense by $2.2 million, resulting in a corresponding decrease in income before income taxes.
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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures– We have established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) to ensure that material information relating to us, including our consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to the officers who certify our financial reports and to other members of senior management and the Board of Directors.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operations of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures, or our internal controls, will prevent all errors or intentional fraud. An internal control system, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can only provide reasonable, not total, assurance that the objectives of such internal controls are met.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting – There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are a party to ordinary, routine litigation and administrative proceedings incidental to our business. These proceedings primarily involve claims for personal injury, property damage, cargo, and workers’ compensation incurred in connection with the transportation of freight. We maintain insurance to cover liabilities arising from the transportation of freight for amounts in excess of certain self-insured retentions.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
While we attempt to identify, manage, and mitigate risks and uncertainties associated with our business, some level of risk and uncertainty will always be present. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, in the section entitled "Item 1A. Risk Factors," describes some of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business. The information presented below supplements such risk factors. We are amending and restating in its entirety the risk factor entitled “We self-insure for a significant portion of our claims exposure, which could significantly increase the volatility of, and decrease the amount of, our earnings” from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as set forth below. The risk factor set forth below should be read in conjunction with the risk factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. These risks and uncertainties have the potential to materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, projected results, and future prospects.
We self-insure for a significant portion of our claims exposure, which could significantly increase the volatility of, and decrease the amount of, our earnings.
Our future insurance and claims expense might exceed historical levels, which could reduce our earnings. Our business results in a substantial number of claims and litigation related to workers’ compensation, auto liability, general liability, cargo and property damage claims, personal injuries, and employment issues as well as employees’ health insurance. We self-insure for a portion of our claims, which could increase the volatility of, and decrease the amount of, our earnings, and could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations. We are also responsible for our legal expenses relating to such claims. We reserve currently for anticipated losses and related expenses. We periodically evaluate and adjust our claims reserves to reflect trends in our own experience as well as industry trends. However, ultimate results may differ from our estimates due to a number of uncertainties, including evaluation of severity, legal costs, and claims that have been incurred but not reported, which could result in losses over our reserved amounts. Due to our high retained amounts, we have significant exposure to fluctuations in the number and severity of claims. If we are required to reserve or pay additional amounts because our estimates are revised or the claims ultimately prove to be more severe than originally assessed or if our self-insured retention levels change, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
We maintain insurance for most risks above the amounts for which we self-insure with licensed insurance carriers. We do not currently maintain directors’ and officers’ insurance coverage, although we are obligated to indemnify them against certain liabilities they may incur while serving in such capacities. If any claim is not covered by an insurance policy, exceeds our coverage, or falls outside the aggregate coverage limit, we would bear the excess or uncovered amount, in addition to our other self-insured amounts. Certain insurance carriers that provide excess insurance coverage to us currently and for past claim years have encountered financial issues. In recent years there have been several insurance carriers that have exited the excess reinsurance market. Insurance carriers have raised premiums and collateral requirements for many businesses, including trucking companies. This trend is expected to continue. As a result, our insurance and claims expense could likely increase if we have a similar experience at renewal, or we could find it necessary to raise our self-insured retention or decrease our aggregate coverage limits when our policies are renewed or replaced.
In April 2023, we renewed our primary auto liability insurance with a three year program. Under the April 2023 renewal, our auto liability retention limit across all operating entities was increased to $3.0 million for any individual claim, subject to a $3.5 million corridor for any one accident or combination of accidents that exceed $3.0 million, based on the insured party, accident date, and circumstances of the loss event. In April 2024, an additional corridor was added, where we retain liability of $5.0 million for any one accident or combination of accidents that exceed $10.0 million. Liabilities in excess of the $3.0 million deductible, the $3.5 million corridor, and the $5.0 million corridor are covered by insurance up to $80.0 million. We retain any liability in excess of $80.0 million. Furthermore, under the April 2023 renewal, our premiums are subject to upward or downward adjustments based on claims experience in the $3.0 million to $10.0 million policy during the three year program. The elevated retention limit and the premium adjustment feature could lead to increased volatility in our insurance and claims expense, depending on the frequency and magnitude of claims.
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Should these expenses increase, we become unable to find excess coverage in amounts we deem sufficient, we experience a claim in excess of our coverage limits, we experience a claim for which we do not have coverage, or we have to increase our reserves or collateral, there could be a materially adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
During the first quarter of 2024 no director or officer adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
(a) Exhibits

| 3.1 |  | Articles of Incorporation, as amended. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, dated November 9, 2017.
| 3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, dated November 9, 2017.
| 31.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.
| 31.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.
| 32.1** |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.2** |  | Certification of the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
| 101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
| 101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
| 101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
| 101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
| 101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
| 104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused the report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | HEARTLAND EXPRESS, INC.
Date: | May 10, 2024 | By: /s/ Christopher A. Strain
|  | Christopher A. Strain
|  | Vice President of Finance
|  | and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer)

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