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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ |  | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No. 0-28190

CAMDEN NATIONAL CORPORATION
(Exact Name of Registrant As Specified in Its Charter)

Maine |  | 01-0413282
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2 Elm Street | Camden | ME |  |  | 04843
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (207) 236-8821

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, without par value |  | CAC |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter periods that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial account standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $438,245,610.
The number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock as of February 28, 2024 was 14,566,850.
Certain information required in response to Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from Camden National Corporation’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders pursuant to Regulation 14A of the General Rules and Regulations of the Commission.

CAMDEN NATIONAL CORPORATION
2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 16
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 30
I tem 1C. | C ybersecurity | 30
Item 2. | Properties | 31
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 31
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 32
PART II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 33
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 35
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 35
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 76
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 77
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 146
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 146
Item 9B. | Other Information | 147
Item 9 C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that P revent Inspections | 14 7
PART III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 148
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 148
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 148
Item 13. | Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence | 148
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 148
PART IV
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 149
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 151
| Signatures | 152

i

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The discussions set forth below and in the documents we incorporate by reference herein contain certain statements that may be considered forward-looking statements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including certain plans, exceptions, goals, projections, and statements, which are subject to numerous risks, assumptions, and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “assume,” “plan,” “target,” or “goal” or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “could” and other expressions which predict or indicate future events or trends and which do not relate to historical matters. Forward-looking statements should not be relied on, because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond the control of Camden National Corporation (the “Company”). These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
The following factors, among others, could cause the Company’s financial performance to differ materially from the Company’s goals, plans, objectives, intentions, expectations and other forward-looking statements:
•weakness in the United States economy in general and the regional and local economies within the New England region and Maine, which could result in a deterioration of credit quality, an increase in the allowance for credit losses or a reduced demand for the Company’s credit or fee-based products and services;
•changes in trade, monetary, and fiscal policies and laws, including interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System;
•inflation, interest rate, market, and monetary fluctuations;
•ongoing competition in the labor markets and increased employee turnover;
•the adequacy of succession planning for key executives or other personnel, and the Company’s ability to transition effectively to new members of the senior executive team;
•competitive pressures, including continued industry consolidation and the increased financial services provided by non-banks;
•deterioration in the value of the Company's investment securities;
•commercial real estate vacancies and their impact on the ability of borrowers to repay their loans;
•volatility in the securities markets that could adversely affect the value or credit quality of the Company’s assets, impairment of goodwill, or the availability and terms of funding necessary to meet the Company’s liquidity needs;
•changes in information technology and other operational risks, including cybersecurity, that require increased capital spending;
•changes in consumer spending and savings habits;
•changes in tax, banking, securities and insurance laws and regulations;
•the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings, including tax-related examinations and other matters;
•changes in accounting policies, practices and standards, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies as well as the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), and other accounting standard setters;
•the effects of climate change on the Company and its customers, borrowers or service providers;
•the effects of civil unrest, international hostilities, including the war in Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East, or other geopolitical events;
•the effects of epidemics and pandemics;
•turmoil and volatility in the financial services industry, including failures or rumors of failures of other depository institutions, which could affect the ability of depository institutions, including Camden National Bank, to attract and retain depositors, and could affect the ability of financial services providers, including the Company, to borrow or raise capital;
•actions taken by governmental agencies to stabilize the financial system and the effectiveness of such actions;
•increases in deposit insurance assessments due to bank failures;
1

•changes to regulatory capital requirements in response to recent development affecting the banking sector; and
•questions about the soundness of one or more financial institutions with which the Company does business.
In addition, statements regarding the potential effects of notable national and global current events on the Company’s business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may constitute forward-looking statements and are subject to the risk that the actual effects may differ, possibly materially, from what is reflected in those forward-looking statements due to factors and future developments that are uncertain, unpredictable and in many cases beyond the Company's control.
You should carefully review all of these factors, and be aware that there may be other factors that could cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from those anticipated, including the risk factors listed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” beginning on page 15. Readers should carefully review the risk factors described therein and should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.
These forward-looking statements were based on information, plans and estimates at the date of this report, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements for any reason, including to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, future events or other changes, except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation.
2

PART I
Item 1. Business
Overview. Camden National Corporation (hereafter referred to as “we,” “our,” “us,” or the “Company”) is a publicly-held bank holding company, with $5.7 billion in assets at December 31, 2023, incorporated under the laws of the State of Maine and headquartered in Camden, Maine. Camden National Bank (the “Bank”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, was founded in 1875. The Company was founded in 1984, went public in 1997 and is registered with NASDAQ Global Market (“NASDAQ”) under the ticker symbol “CAC.”
Our consolidated financial statements accompanying this Form 10-K include the accounts of the Company, the Bank and the Bank’s subsidiaries and divisions. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Who We Are. We are an award-winning, full-service community bank supporting individuals, families, and businesses at every stage of their financial journey. With offices across Northern New England, we offer competitive financial products and services, delivered by a talented team and complemented by the latest in digital banking to empower our customers to bank the way they want. Founded in 1875, we’re passionate about making a difference in people’s lives, so that together we can thrive in a vibrant, prosperous community for all.
As a dedicated community bank, we actively give back and make a difference in our communities and neighborhoods where we live, work, and play. Community is at the core of what we do and why we do it, and as we’ve grown over the years, our commitment to socially-minded growth and giving back has deepened.
Our Commitment to Corporate Responsibility. Our commitment to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) progress is an integral part of our company culture as we work to create a thriving, sustainable, and inclusive future for all of our constituents.
Our Core Values. We are uncompromisingly committed to our core values, and rigorously pursue opportunities to add long-term value for our customers, shareholders, employees, and the communities we serve.
We are guided and inspired by our Core Values:
•Honesty and integrity – above all else
•Trust – built on fairness
•Service – second to none
•Responsibility – to use our resources for the greater good
•Excellence – through hard work and lifelong learning
•Diversity – realized through inclusion and respect
Our culture and values are strengths that support our strategic goal to generate consistent, sustainable long-term value for all of our constituents.
What We Do. The Company, as a diversified financial services provider, pursues the objective of achieving long-term sustainable growth by balancing growth opportunities against profit, while mitigating risks inherent in the financial services industry. The primary business of the Company and the Bank is to attract deposits from, and to extend loans to, consumer, institutional, municipal, non-profit and commercial customers. The Company, through the Bank, provides a broad array of banking and other financial services, including wealth management and trust services, brokerage, investment advisory and insurance services, to consumer, business, non-profit and municipal customers. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, net interest income was our primary revenue source, representing 81%, 78%, and 73%, of our total revenues 1, respectively. Net interest income is the interest earned on our lending activities, investment securities and other interest-earning assets, less the interest paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings (i.e. our primary business activities).
We have achieved a five-year compounded annual asset growth rate of 5%, resulting in $5.7 billion in total assets at December 31, 2023. Asset growth over the past five years of $1.3 billion has been all organic, including further growth and
1 Revenue is the sum of net interest income and non-interest income.
3

expansion into Southern Maine, and select markets in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Our primary focus continues to be on profitable organic growth and we may pursue acquisitions that support our long-term strategy and fit our culture and core values.
The financial services industry continues to experience consolidations through mergers that could create opportunities for us to promote our value proposition to other financial institutions and financial service companies. We continue to evaluate the possibility of expansion into new markets through both de novo expansion and acquisitions. Regardless of merger and acquisition opportunities that may be present, we are always focused on maximizing growth within our current markets, and particularly those that we see as growth markets. We consider our growth markets to be those that that have accelerated growth opportunities in comparison to our other markets, based on current and forecasted demographic information, and where we currently have less of a presence and market share. Further details of our financial information can be found within the consolidated financial statements within Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report.
Camden National Bank. The Bank is a national banking association chartered under the laws of the United States and headquartered in Camden, Maine. Originally founded in 1875, the Bank became a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company as a result of a corporate reorganization in 1984. The Bank provides a broad array of banking and other financial services to consumer, institutional, municipal, non-profit and commercial customers. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank had 56 branches in 13 of Maine's 16 counties, two locations in New Hampshire, including a branch in Portsmouth and a commercial loan production office in Manchester, a mortgage loan production office in Braintree, Massachusetts, and 65 ATMs. The Bank optimizes its in-person professional financial guidance with state-of-the-art technology, delivered through sophisticated digital channels. These digital products empower customers to bank anywhere at any time, including, but not limited to, online and mobile banking; MortgageTouch™, our easy-to-use online platform for consumer borrowers; BusinessTouch™, our online loan application system with instant approval, making borrowing faster and easier for small businesses; and TreasuryLink™, our secure online platform designed to offer advanced cash management, monitoring capabilities and controls for commercial customers.
The Bank offers comprehensive wealth management and trust services, including investment advisory services, through our wealth management team, doing business as Camden National Wealth Management, and brokerage, investment advisory, insurance and financial planning services through our financial consulting team, doing business as Camden Financial Consultants.
•Camden National Wealth Management provides a broad range of fiduciary and asset management services to both individual and institutional clients. The wealth management services provided by Camden National Wealth Management complement the services provided by the Bank, offering high net worth individuals and families, businesses and not-for profit customers investment management, financial planning and trustee services.
•Camden Financial Consultants is in the business of helping clients work toward their financial goals. Camden Financial Consultants provides full-service brokerage and insurance and its financial offerings include college, retirement, and estate planning, mutual funds, strategic asset management accounts, and variable and fixed annuities.
Securities and advisory services are offered through LPL Financial (“LPL”), a registered investment advisor and broker-dealer (member FINRA/SIPC). Insurance products are offered through LPL or its licensed affiliates. Camden Financial Consultants and the Bank are not registered as a broker-dealer or investment advisor and are not affiliated with LPL Financial. Registered representatives of LPL offer products and services using Camden Financial Consultants, and may also be employees of the Bank. These products and services are being offered through LPL or its affiliates, which are separate entities from, and not affiliates of, Camden Financial Consultants or the Bank. Securities and insurance offered through LPL or its affiliates are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any other government agency, are not bank deposits or obligations and may lose value.
Customers may also access the Bank’s products and services using other channels, including on-line at www.CamdenNational.bank or download our mobile phone application (or “app”).
Competition. We compete throughout Maine, and select areas of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Our primary markets historically have been and continue to be within Maine. Within Maine, we operate in 13 of the state's 16 counties, with our primary markets and presence being throughout coastal and central Maine. Many of these markets are characterized as rural areas. Major competitors in our primary market area include local independent banks, as well as local branches of large regional and national banking organizations and brokerage houses, marketplace lenders and other financial technology companies (“fintechs”), financial advisors, thrift institutions and credit unions. Other competitors for deposits and loans within our primary market area include insurance companies, money market funds, consumer finance companies and financing affiliates of consumer durable goods manufacturers.
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We have effectively competed with other financial institutions by emphasizing customer service, highlighted by local decision-making, establishing long-term customer relationships, building customer loyalty and providing products and services designed to me e t the needs of customers. Through Camden National Wealth Management and Camden Financial Consultants, we compete for trust, trust-related, investment management, individual retirement, foundation and endowment management services and brokerage services with local banks and non-banks, as well as with a number of brokerage firms and investment advisors with offices in our market area. In addition, most of these services are widely available to our customers by telephone, online and mobile channels through firms located outside our market area.
Investor Relations. The Company’s Investor Relations information can be obtained through our internet address, w ww.CamdenNational.bank or www.CamdenNationalCorporation.com. The Company makes available on or through its Investor Relations page, without charge, its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The Company’s reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition, the Company makes available, free of charge, its press releases and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics through the Company’s Investor Relations page. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this document and should not be considered part of this report.
Human Capital
We recognize the importance of our relationships with our employees, customers, and the communities we serve. Our employees—known as “Stakeholders” at Camden National Bank—are the key to our success. We are powered by an extraordinary team of 600 employees, as of December 31, 2023, who work together to provide expert banking solutions to help people achieve their financial potential.
We believe we have the experience and responsibility to take a proactive approach to engage and support a broad range of employees. We strive to ensure our employees’ work experience permits them to use their skills and passions to make a difference while growing their careers and being recognized and appreciated for their diverse talents, backgrounds, and perspectives.
Employee Development and Retention. To attract, engage, and retain top talent, we strive to create a supportive workplace, with opportunities for our employees to grow and develop in their careers. We provide numerous training and development opportunities, a robust tuition reimbursement program, and competitive compensation, including a minimum starting wage of $17 per hour for all employees.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. We recognize that a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workforce is essential to achieving and maintaining a thriving company. We are on a constantly evolving journey toward fostering diversity, equity and inclusion (“DEI”) throughout the organization. Through our commitment to fostering a fair, safe, and welcoming workplace environment for all, we aim to maintain a culture that enables our employees to be their best in serving our customers and communities, while achieving business success. We maintain a number of human resources and other policies, including an anti-harassment and anti-retaliation policy, to promote a workplace that is safe for all and that supports a culture where people feel they can report incidents that threaten that safety. In addition, we have a confidential whistleblower program that forwards complaints to the audit committee and the Board of Directors, and we work to take necessary action as quickly as possible after a complaint is received.
We also prohibit discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation (including gender identity and gender expression), national origin, citizenship status, age, disability, genetic information, or veteran status. We employ based on talent and potential for growth, and we value a diversity of backgrounds and ideas. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 67% of our employees self-identified as women, and approximately 45% of our vice presidents, 37% of our senior vice presidents and 33% of our executive vice presidents self-identified as women.
Our commitment to DEI starts at the top of our organization, with oversight of our initiatives provided by the Board of Directors and our president and CEO. Our president and CEO sponsors our Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Council (“DEI Council”) established in 2021. The DEI Council is self-governed by employees and represents the diversity of our employee population, including employees who identify as racially diverse and LGBTQ+. The DEI Council's purpose is to provide a channel for open communication and feedback, and provide valued advice on all matters pertaining to diversity, equity and inclusion across our organization.
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To strengthen our DEI commitment, during 2023 we identified a DEI officer to lead the organization’s DEI efforts and expand its diverse talent pipelines to shape an environment where diverse voices and backgrounds continue to be welcomed and heard. In 2023, we completed a full-scope review of our recruiting process with an external consultant to determine whether employment applicants included diverse pools of candidates; the review had no major improvement suggestion. In addition, we expanded our partnerships with organizations to support us in building a diverse recruiting pipeline and saw a 6% increase in the number of diverse applicants (i.e., non-white, veteran status and/or people with a disability) over the last year. We were recognized in 2023 by the Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve State Committee as we were presented with the Above and Beyond Award in recognition of the support we provide to our National Guard and Reserve employees.
Health and Wellness. We are also deeply committed to the health and well-being of our employees. This commitment is reflected in the benefits we offer our employees, including: market-competitive compensation; healthcare; paid time off, including parental/family leave; retirement benefits; short-term and long-term disability; an employee hardship fund, which provides employees dealing with a financial hardship access to funds that the employee is not required to repay; an emotional well-being support program and a wellness reimbursement program.
Information about our Executive Officers
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the executive officers of the Company, as defined by Rule 3b-7 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Executive Officer |  | Position |  | Age
Simon R. Griffiths |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  | 50
Michael R. Archer, CPA |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer |  | 40
David J. Ackley |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer |  | 48
William H. Martel |  | Executive Vice President, Technology and Support Services, Chief Technology Officer |  | 54
Jennifer L. Mirabile |  | Executive Vice President, Managing Director, Camden National Wealth Management |  | 64
Patricia A. Rose |  | Executive Vice President, Retail and Mortgage Banking Officer |  | 60
Ryan A. Smith |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Credit Officer |  | 51
Renée D. Smyth |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Experience and Marketing Officer |  | 53

Simon R. Griffiths joined the Company in November 2023 as Executive Vice President (“EVP”) and Chief Operating Officer until he became President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), and a member of the board of directors of the Company and the Bank on January 1, 2024. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Griffiths most recently served as EVP - Head of Core Banking at Citizens Bank, managing the retail, business banking, contact center, deposit and core banking delivery channels. Mr. Griffiths joined Citizens Bank in 2015 from Santander Bank, where he served as EVP, Managing Director of the retail network. Mr. Griffiths started his banking career at Washington Mutual Bank in 2002.
Michael R. Arche r joined the Company in October 2013 and became EVP, Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) of the Company on January 3, 2022. Prior to becoming EVP, CFO, Mr. Archer served as the Company’s Senior Vice President (“SVP”) and Corporate Controller from June 2016 until January 2022. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Archer spent seven years at PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP. Mr. Archer is a licensed Certified Public Accountant, and a graduate of the American Bankers Association Stonier Graduate School of Banking where he also completed the Wharton Leadership Program. Mr. Archer currently serves as a member of local non-profit organizations, including as the Treasurer and a board member of Jobs for Maine's Graduates, Inc., board member for the local little league, and as a committee member for the local town recreational department.
David J. Ackley joined the Company in 2011 and became EVP, Chief Risk Officer in July 2023. Prior to becoming EVP, Chief Risk Officer, Mr. Ackley served as SVP and Director of Information Security & Enterprise Risk Management for the Company from 2016 through July 2023 and prior to that served as Vice President and Senior Information Security Officer of the Company. Mr. Ackley began his career as a Communication Computer Systems Operator for the United States Air Force, specializing in information technology, cybersecurity, risk mitigation, and encrypted communications before spending 14 years as Science and Technology Corporation’s Manager of Information Technology. He is a founding member of the Boston Federal Reserve’s Cyber Threat Sharing Forum and currently serves on the American Bankers Association’s Risk and Compliance Conference Planning Committee.
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William H. Martel joined the Company in March 2020 as EVP, Technology and Support Services and currently holds the title of EVP, Chief Technology Officer. Prior to joining the Company Mr. Martel served as Head of U.S. Operations Technology for Santander U.S. in Boston, leading the Operations and Information Technology Service Management transformations for the US. Previously, Mr. Martel was a Senior Vice President at TD Bank and served in several senior management positions in the US and Canada. Mr. Martel began his banking career as a senior branch manager for People’s Heritage Bank, a predecessor to BankNorth Group. He is a founding member, past president and the current Treasurer of Amagara Marungi, a Maine based non-profit.
Jennifer L. Mirabile joined the Company in 2017 as the Managing Director of Camden National Wealth Management. A licensed CFP since 1998, Ms. Mirabile brings more than 28 years of experience in senior wealth management, private banking and relationship management from her previous roles at People's United Bank Wealth Management and Key Private Bank. Ms. Mirabile currently serves as a member of several nonprofit committees and serves on the board of directors for the Penobscot Bay YMCA.
Patricia A. Rose joined the Company in September 2017 as EVP, Retail and Mortgage Banking. Ms. Rose came to the Company from Citizens Bank where she served for two years as Head of Strategic Onboarding & Orientation, and, prior to that, Director level roles in Retail Network Sales and Strategy at Santander Bank for six years. Ms. Rose began her career in banking at Fleet Bank and Sovereign Bank where she held a variety of leadership roles and served as Market President of Retail Banking in Eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Ryan A. Smith joined the Company in 2012 and held the title of EVP, Commercial Banking for the Company from 2020 through 2023 before being named as EVP, Chief Credit Officer in December 2023. Prior to becoming an EVP, Mr. Smith led the southern Maine commercial banking line of business and the treasury management line of business from 2012 through 2015, when he then became Director of Commercial Banking for central and midcoast Maine from 2015 through 2019. In 2019, he was promoted to SVP, Director of Credit Administration.
Renée D. Smyth joined the Company as SVP, Chief Marketing Officer upon completion of the merger of Camden National Corporation and SBM Financial, Inc., the parent company of The Bank of Maine, on October 16, 2015. She was promoted to EVP, Chief Experience and Marketing Officer in May 2017. Ms. Smyth served as SVP, Head of Marketing for The Bank of Maine, from 2010 through October 15, 2015. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Smyth was SVP and Director of Affinity Programs for Override, an international loyalty marketing service company. She is a strategic advisor to Finding Our Voices and the American Heart Association’s Go Red for Women.
All of the executive officers hold office at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors. There are no arrangements or understandings between any of the directors, officers or any other persons pursuant to which any of the officers have been selected as officers. There are no “family relationships” among the directors and executive officers, as the Securities and Exchange Commission defines that term.
Supervision and Regulation
The following discussion addresses elements of the regulatory framework applicable to bank holding companies and their subsidiaries. This regulatory framework is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”), and the banking system as a whole, rather than the protection of shareholders or non-depository creditors of a bank holding company such as the Company.
As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“FRB”) under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHCA”). As a national bank, the Bank is subject to primary regulation, supervision and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”).
The following is a summary of certain aspects of various statutes and regulations applicable to the Company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. This summary is not a comprehensive analysis of all applicable laws, and you should refer to the applicable statutes and regulations for more information. Changes in applicable laws or regulations, and in their interpretation and application by regulatory agencies and other governmental authorities, cannot be predicted, but may have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
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Regulation of the Company
As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the FRB, which has the authority, among other things, to order bank holding companies to cease and desist from unsafe or unsound banking practices; to assess civil money penalties; and to order termination of non-banking activities or termination of ownership and control of a non-banking subsidiary by a bank holding company.
Source of Strength. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”), the Company is required to serve as a source of financial strength for the Bank. This support may be required at times when the Company may not have the resources to provide it. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a bank subsidiary will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment.
Acquisitions and Activities. The BHCA prohibits a bank holding company, without prior approval of the FRB, from acquiring all or substantially all the assets of a bank, acquiring control of a bank, merging or consolidating with another bank holding company, or acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting shares of another bank or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, the acquiring bank holding company would control more than 5% of any class of the voting shares of such other bank or bank holding company. The BHCA also prohibits a bank holding company from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks or furnishing services to its subsidiary banks. However, a bank holding company may engage in and may own shares of companies engaged in activities that the FRB has determined, by order or regulation, to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto.
Limitations on Acquisitions of Company Common Stock. The Change in Bank Control Act prohibits a person or group of persons acting in concert from acquiring “control” of a bank holding company unless the FRB has been notified and has not objected to the transaction. Under a rebuttable presumption established by the FRB, the acquisition of 10% or more of a class of voting securities of a bank holding company with a class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act would generally constitute the acquisition of control of a bank holding company. In addition, the BHCA prohibits any company from acquiring control of a bank or bank holding company without first having obtained the approval of the FRB. Under the BHCA, a company is deemed to control a bank or bank holding company if the company owns, controls or holds with power to vote 25% or more of a class of voting securities of the bank or bank holding company, controls in any manner the election of a majority of directors or trustees of the bank or bank holding company, or the FRB determines that the company has the power to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of the bank or bank holding company.
Regulation of the Bank
The Bank is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the OCC. Additionally, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) has secondary supervisory authority as the insurer of the Bank’s deposits. The Bank is also subject to regulations issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), as enforced by the OCC. The FRB may directly examine the subsidiaries of the Company, including the Bank. The enforcement powers available to the federal banking regulators include, among other things, the ability to issue cease and desist or removal orders; to terminate insurance of deposits; to assess civil money penalties; to issue directives to increase capital; to place the Bank into receivership; and to initiate injunctive actions against banking organizations and institution-affiliated parties.
Deposit Insurance. The deposit obligations of the Bank are insured by the FDIC’s DIF up to the applicable limits. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”), insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC if the FDIC finds that the insured depository institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC.
The Bank’s deposits are subject to deposit insurance assessments to maintain the DIF. The Bank’s deposit insurance assessments are based on its assets. To determine its deposit insurance assessment, the Bank computes the base amount of its average consolidated assets less its average tangible equity (defined as the amount of Tier I capital) and the applicable assessment rate. The rule for calculating assessment rates for established small banks, including the Bank, utilizes the CAMELS rating system, which is a supervisory rating system designed to take into account and reflect all financial and operational risks that a bank may face, including capital adequacy, asset quality, management capability, earnings, liquidity and sensitivity to market risk. Each of the seven financial ratios and a weighted average of CAMELS component ratings is multiplied by a corresponding pricing multiplier. The sum of these products is added to a uniform amount, with the resulting sum being an institution’s initial base assessment rate (subject to minimum or maximum assessment rates based on a bank’s CAMELS composite rating). This method takes into account various measures, including an institution’s leverage ratio, brokered deposit ratio, one year asset growth, the ratio of net income before taxes to total assets and considerations related to asset quality.
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In October 2022, the FDIC finalized a rule to increase the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules for all insured depository institutions by 2 basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The increased assessment rate is intended to improve the likelihood that the DIF reserve ratio would reach the required minimum of 1.35 percent by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028. Under the FDIC’s final rule, assessments for established small banks range from 2.5 to 32 basis points, after adjustments. The FDIC has the power to make further adjustments to deposit insurance assessment rates at any time, and the Company is not able to predict the amount or timing of any such adjustment.
In November, 2023, the FDIC finalized a rule that imposes special assessments to recover the losses to the DIF resulting from the FDIC’s use, in March 2023, of the systemic risk exception to the least-cost resolution test under the FDIA in connection with the receiverships of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. Under the rule, the assessment base is the estimated uninsured deposits that an insured depository institution reported in its December 31, 2022 Call Report, excluding the first $5 billion in estimated uninsured deposits. Because the Bank reported less than $5 billion in estimated uninsured deposits in its December 31, 2022 Call Report, the Bank will not be subject to the special assessments.
Activities and Investments of National Banking Associations. National banking associations must comply with the National Bank Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the OCC, which limit the activities of national banking associations to those that are deemed to be part of, or incidental to, the “business of banking.” Activities that are part of, or incidental to, the business of banking include taking deposits, borrowing and lending money and discounting or negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and other evidences of debt. Subsidiaries of national banking associations generally may only engage in activities permissible for the parent national bank.
Lending Restrictions. Federal law limits a bank’s authority to extend credit to its insiders, including its directors, executive officers and 10% shareholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons. Among other things, extensions of credit to insiders are required to be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons. Also, the terms of such extensions of credit may not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features and may not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the bank’s capital. An extension of credit to an insider includes credit exposure arising from a derivatives transaction, repurchase agreement, reverse repurchase agreement, securities lending transaction or securities borrowing transaction. Additionally, asset sale transactions with insiders must be on market terms, and if the transaction represents more than 10% of the capital and surplus of the Bank, the transactions must be approved by a majority of the disinterested directors of the Bank.
Brokered Deposits. Section 29 of the FDIA and FDIC regulations generally limit the ability of an insured depository institution to accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit unless the institution’s capital category is “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework described below or, with a waiver from the FDIC, “adequately capitalized.” A bank that is “adequately capitalized” and that accepts or renews brokered deposits subject to a waiver from the FDIC is subject to additional restrictions on the interest rates it may offer. Depository institutions that have brokered deposits in excess of 10% of total assets will be subject to increased FDIC deposit insurance premium assessments. Under FDIC regulations, an institution that is “well capitalized” and has a CAMELS composite rating of 1 or 2 is permitted to exempt reciprocal deposits from treatment as brokered deposits up to the lesser of $5 billion or 20% of the institution’s total liabilities. Institutions that are not well rated or “well capitalized” may treat reciprocal deposits as non-brokered up to an amount equal to a “special cap” set forth in the regulations.
Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”). The CRA requires the OCC to evaluate the Bank’s performance in helping to meet the credit needs of the entire communities it serves, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with its safe and sound banking operations, and to take this record into consideration when evaluating certain applications. The OCC rates a national bank’s compliance with the CRA as “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve” or “Substantial Noncompliance.” Failure of the Bank to receive at least a “Satisfactory” rating could inhibit the Bank or the Company from undertaking certain activities, including acquisitions of other financial institutions. The Bank currently has an “Outstanding” CRA rating resulting from its 2021 CRA performance evaluation.
In October 2023, the OCC, together with the FRB and FDIC, issued a joint final rule to modernize the CRA regulatory framework. The final rule is intended, among other things, to adapt to changes in the banking industry, including the expanded role of mobile and online banking, and to tailor performance standards to account for differences in bank size and business models. The final rule introduces new tests under which the performance of banks with over $2 billion in assets, including the Bank, will be assessed. The new rule also includes data collection and reporting requirements, some of which would not apply to the Bank, because they are applicable only to banks with over $10 billion in assets. Most provisions of the final rule will become effective on January 1, 2026, and the data reporting requirements will become effective on January 1, 2027.
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Capital Adequacy and Safety and Soundness
Regulatory Capital Requirements. The Company and the Bank are subject to risk-based capital requirements and rules issued by the FRB, the OCC and the FDIC (the “Capital Rules”) that are based on the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s (“Basel Committee”) framework for strengthening capital and liquidity regulation (referred to as Basel III). The Capital Rules are intended to reflect the relationship between the banking organization’s capital and the degree of risk associated with its operations based on transactions recorded on-balance sheet as well as off-balance sheet items. The FRB and the OCC may from time to time require that a banking organization maintain capital above the minimum levels discussed below, due to the banking organization’s financial condition or actual or anticipated growth. Under the Capital Rules, the Company and the Bank apply the Standardized Approach in measuring their risk-weighted assets (“RWA”) and regulatory capital.
The Capital Rules define qualifying capital instruments and specify minimum amounts of capital as a percentage of assets that banking organizations are required to maintain.
Under the Capital Rules, risk-based capital ratios are calculated by dividing Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital, Tier 1 capital and total risk-based capital, respectively, by RWA. Assets and off-balance sheet credit equivalents are assigned a risk weight based primarily on supervisory assessments of relative credit risk.
Under the Capital Rules, the Company and the Bank are each required to maintain a minimum CET1 capital to RWA ratio of 4.5%, a minimum Tier 1 capital to RWA ratio of 6%, a minimum total capital to RWA ratio of 8% and a minimum leverage ratio of 4%. Additionally, the Capital Rules require a capital conservation buffer, consisting solely of CET1 capital in an amount above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for “adequately capitalized” institutions equal to 2.5% of total RWA, resulting in a requirement for the Company and the Bank effectively to maintain CET1, Tier 1 and total capital ratios of 7%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 capital to RWA above the minimum requirement but below the capital conservation buffer face restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, pay discretionary bonuses, and to engage in share repurchases based on the amount of the shortfall and the institution’s “eligible retained income” (the greater of (i) net income for the preceding four quarters, net of distributions and associated tax effects not reflected in net income and (ii) average net income over the preceding four quarters).
The Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1 capital. As a “non-advanced approaches” firm under the Capital Rules, the Company is subject to rules that provide for simplified capital requirements relating to the threshold deductions for mortgage servicing assets, deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that a banking organization could not realize through net operating loss carry backs, and investments in the capital of unconsolidated financial institutions, as well as the inclusion of minority interests in regulatory capital.
The Company and the Bank, as non-advanced approaches banking organizations, made a one-time, permanent election under the Capital Rules to exclude the effects of certain components of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) included in shareholders’ equity under U.S. GAAP in determining regulatory capital ratios.
The federal bank regulators have adopted regulations as required by the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”) to implement an exemption from the Capital Rules for smaller banking organizations, including the Company and the Bank, that maintain a “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” of at least 8% to 10%. Under these regulations, a “qualifying small banking organization” can choose to apply the Community Bank Leverage Ratio framework if its Community Bank Leverage Ratio (i.e., the ratio of its Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets minus certain deductions from total assets), is greater than the required threshold of 9%. A “qualifying small banking organization” that maintains tangible equity in excess of the applicable Community Bank Leverage Ratio would be deemed to be in compliance with (i) the leverage and risk-based capital requirements promulgated by the federal banking agencies; (ii) in the case of a depository institution, the capital ratio requirements to be considered “well-capitalized” under the federal banking agencies’ “prompt corrective action” regime (see “—Prompt Corrective Action” below); and (iii) “any other capital or leverage requirements” to which the organization is subject, unless the appropriate federal banking agency determines otherwise based on the particular organization’s risk profile. The Company has evaluated the potential impact of this rule and has elected not to apply the Community Bank Leverage Ratio framework to its operations, and instead measures its capital adequacy under the Capital Rules as described above. Under these regulations, as long as the Company and the Bank continue to meet the requirements to be qualifying small banking organizations (i.e., they have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and meet certain risk-based criteria), they are permitted to opt into (or out of) the Community Bank Leverage Ratio framework at any time and for any reason. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of the Community Bank Leverage Ratio and may opt into that framework in the future. The Company cannot guarantee, however, that it or the Bank will continue to meet
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the conditions to be eligible to apply the Community Bank Leverage Ratio, nor can the Company predict at this time whether it or the Bank will choose to apply the Community Bank Leverage Ratio in the future.
In December 2017, the Basel Committee published standards that it described as the finalization of the Basel III post-crisis regulatory reforms. Among other things, these standards revise the Basel Committee's standardized approach for credit risk (including by recalibrating risk weights and introducing new capital requirements for certain “unconditionally cancellable commitments,” such as home equity lines of credit) and provides a new standardized approach for operational risk capital. Under the current U.S. capital rules, operational risk capital requirements and a capital floor apply only to advanced approaches institutions, and not to the Company or Bank. In July 2023, the federal banking regulators proposed revisions to the Basel III Capital Rules to implement the Basel Committee’s 2017 standards and make other changes to the Basel III Capital Rules. The revised capital requirements of the proposed rule would not apply to the Company or Bank because they have less than $100 billion in total consolidated assets and trading assets and liabilities below the threshold for market risk requirements.
Prompt Corrective Action. The FDIA requires the federal banking agencies to take prompt corrective action with respect to depository institutions that do not meet the minimum capital requirements described above. The FDIA establishes five capital categories (“well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized”). The federal banking regulators must take certain mandatory supervisory actions, and are authorized to take other discretionary actions, with respect to institutions that are less than adequately capitalized, with supervisory actions progressively becoming more punitive as the institution’s capital category declines. Supervisory actions include: (i) restrictions on payment of capital distributions and management fees, (ii) requirements that a federal bank regulator monitor the condition of the institution and its efforts to restore its capital, (iii) submission of a capital restoration plan, (iv) restrictions on the growth of the institution’s assets and (v) requirements for prior regulatory approval of certain expansion proposals. A bank that is “critically undercapitalized” (i.e., has a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%) will be subject to further restrictions and generally will be placed in conservatorship or receivership within 90 days. An insured depository institution is considered “well capitalized” if it (i) has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater; (ii) has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater; (iii) has a CET1 ratio of at least 6.5% or greater; (iv) has a leverage capital ratio of 5.0% or greater; and (v) is not subject to any written agreement, order, capital directive, or prompt corrective action directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure.
The FDIA’s prompt corrective action provisions apply only to depository institutions such as the Bank, and not to bank holding companies. Under the FRB’s regulations, a bank holding company, such as the Company, is considered “well capitalized” if the bank holding company (i) has a total risk based capital ratio of at least 10%, (ii) has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6%, and (iii) is not subject to any written agreement order, capital directive or prompt corrective action directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure. Although prompt corrective action regulations apply only to depository institutions and not to bank holding companies, a bank that is required to submit a capital restoration plan generally must concurrently submit a performance guarantee by its parent holding company. The liability of the parent holding company under any such guarantee is limited to the lesser of five percent of the bank’s assets at the time it became “undercapitalized” or the amount needed to comply.
Information concerning the Company and the Bank with respect to capital requirements is incorporated by reference from Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Capital Resources" and Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements included within this report.
The Bank and the Company meet all capital requirements under the Capital Rules, including the capital conservation buffer, and each meet the capital ratio requirements to be “well capitalized” for purposes of the prompt corrective action provisions of the FDIA and applicable FRB regulations, respectively.
Safety and Soundness Standards. The FDIA requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to prescribe safety and soundness standards, by regulations or guidelines, as the agencies deem appropriate. Guidelines adopted by the federal bank regulatory agencies establish general standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings and compensation, fees and benefits. In general, these guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risk and exposures specified in the guidelines. In addition, the federal banking agencies adopted regulations that authorize, but do not require, an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by an agency that it is not satisfying any of such safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan or fails in any material respect to implement an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order restricting asset growth, requiring an institution to increase its ratio of tangible equity to assets or directing other actions of the types to which an undercapitalized institution is subject under the “prompt corrective action” provisions of the FDIA. See “—Prompt Corrective Action” above. If an institution
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fails to comply with such an order, the agency may seek to enforce such order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil money penalties.
Dividend and Share Repurchase Restrictions
The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries. The revenue of the Company (on a parent-only basis) is derived primarily from interest and dividends paid to it by the Bank. The right of the Company, and consequently the right of shareholders of the Company, to participate in any distribution of the assets or earnings of the Bank through the payment of such dividends or otherwise is necessarily subject to the prior claims of creditors of the Bank (including depositors), except to the extent that certain claims of the Company in a creditor capacity may be recognized. The Company and the Bank are subject to various federal and state restrictions on their ability to pay dividends as described below.
Restrictions on Bank Holding Company Dividends. The FRB has the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from paying dividends if such payment is deemed to be an unsafe or unsound practice. The FRB has indicated generally that it may be an unsafe or unsound practice for bank holding companies to pay dividends unless the bank holding company’s net income over the preceding year is sufficient to fund the dividends and the expected rate of earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. FRB guidance also directs bank holding companies to inform the FRB reasonably in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid. Further, the Company’s ability to pay dividends is restricted if it does not maintain the capital conservation buffer. See “—Capital Adequacy and Safety and Soundness—Regulatory Capital Requirements” above.
Under Maine law, a corporation’s Board of Directors may declare, and the corporation may pay, dividends on its outstanding shares, in cash or other property, generally only out of the corporation’s unreserved and unrestricted earned surplus, or out of the unreserved and unrestricted net earnings of the current fiscal year and the next preceding fiscal year taken as a single period, except under certain circumstances, including when the corporation is insolvent, or when the payment of the dividend would render the corporation insolvent or when the declaration would be contrary to the corporation’s charter.
Restrictions on Bank Dividends. Under OCC regulations, national banks generally may not declare a dividend in excess of the bank’s undivided profits or, absent OCC approval, if the total amount of dividends declared by the national bank in any calendar year exceeds the total of the national bank’s retained net income year-to-date combined with its retained net income for the preceding two years. National banks also are prohibited from declaring or paying any dividend if, after making the dividend, the national bank would be considered “undercapitalized” (as defined by reference to other OCC regulations). The OCC has the authority to use its enforcement powers to prohibit a national bank, such as the Bank, from paying dividends if, in its opinion, the payment of dividends would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice. Further, the Bank’s ability to pay dividends is restricted if it does not maintain the capital conservation buffer. See “—Capital Adequacy and Safety and Soundness—Regulatory Capital Requirements” above.
Certain Transactions by Banks with their Affiliates
Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and the FRB’s Regulation W restrict transactions between a bank and its affiliates, including its parent bank holding company. The Bank is subject to these restrictions, which include quantitative and qualitative limits on the amounts and types of transactions that may occur, including extensions of credit (which include credit exposure arising from repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, securities borrowing and derivative transactions) to affiliates, investments in the stock or securities of affiliates, purchases of assets from affiliates and other “covered transactions.” Generally, a bank’s (including its subsidiaries) covered transactions with any affiliate are subject to the following limits: (i) the aggregate amount of covered transactions with any one affiliate cannot exceed 10% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus; and (ii) the aggregate amount of covered transactions with all affiliates cannot exceed 20% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus. Transactions between a bank and its affiliates, including a parent holding company, must be on market terms and not otherwise unduly favorable to an affiliate, and, in the case of extensions of credit, be secured by specified amounts and types of collateral.
Anti-Tying Restrictions
Generally, a bank is prohibited from extending credit, leasing or selling property, furnishing any service or fixing or varying the consideration for any of the foregoing on the condition that (i) the customer obtains additional credit, property or services from the bank’s parent holding company or any subsidiary of the holding company, or (ii) the customer will not obtain credit, property or services from a competitor of the bank or its affiliates (except to the extent the restriction is a reasonable condition imposed to assure the soundness of the credit extended).
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Consumer Protection Regulation
The Company and the Bank are subject to federal and state laws designed to protect consumers and prohibit unfair or deceptive business practices, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Home Ownership Protection Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (“FACT Act”), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (“GLBA”), the Truth in Lending Act, the CRA, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the National Flood Insurance Act and various state law counterparts. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must interact with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans and providing other services. In addition, the CFPB has a broad mandate to prohibit unfair, deceptive or abusive acts and practices, is specifically empowered to require certain disclosures to consumers and draft model disclosure forms, and is responsible for making rules and regulations under the federal consumer protection laws relating to financial products and services. Failure to comply with consumer protection laws and regulations can subject financial institutions to enforcement actions, fines and other penalties. The OCC examines the Bank for compliance with CFPB rules and enforces CFPB rules with respect to the Bank.
Mortgage Reform. The Dodd-Frank Act prescribes certain standards that mortgage lenders must consider before making a residential mortgage loan, including verifying a borrower’s ability to repay such mortgage loan, and allows borrowers to assert violations of certain provisions of the Truth in Lending Act as a defense to foreclosure proceedings. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, prepayment penalties are prohibited for certain mortgage transactions and creditors are prohibited from financing insurance policies in connection with a residential mortgage loan or home equity line of credit. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act prohibits mortgage originators from receiving compensation based on the terms of residential mortgage loans and generally limits the ability of a mortgage originator to be compensated by others if compensation is received from a consumer. The Dodd-Frank Act requires mortgage lenders to make additional disclosures prior to the extension of credit, in each billing statement and for negative amortization loans and hybrid adjustable rate mortgages.
Data Privacy and Cyber Security. The GLBA requires financial institutions to implement policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of nonpublic personal information about consumers to nonaffiliated third parties. In general, the Bank must provide its customers with an initial and annual disclosure that explains its policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of such nonpublic personal information, and, except as otherwise required or permitted by law, the Bank is prohibited from disclosing such information except as provided in such policies and procedures. However, an annual disclosure is not required to be provided by a financial institution if the financial institution only discloses information under exceptions from GLBA that do not require an opt out to be provided and if there has been no change in its privacy policies and practices since its most recent disclosure provided to consumers. The GLBA also requires that the Bank develop, implement and maintain a comprehensive written information security program designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information (as defined under GLBA), to protect against anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information; and to protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer. The Bank is also required to send a notice to customers whose sensitive information has been compromised if unauthorized use of this information is reasonably possible.
Most states, including the states where the Bank operates, have enacted legislation concerning breaches of data security and Congress is considering federal legislation that would require consumer notice of data security breaches. Pursuant to the FACT Act, the Bank must develop and implement a written identity theft prevention program to detect, prevent, and mitigate identity theft in connection with the opening of certain accounts or certain existing accounts. Additionally, the FACT Act amends the Fair Credit Reporting Act to generally prohibit a person from using information received from an affiliate to make a solicitation for marketing purposes to a consumer, unless the consumer is given notice and a reasonable opportunity and a reasonable and simple method to opt out of the making of such solicitations.
The U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies impose notification requirements on banking organizations with respect to significant computer security incidents. Under these regulations, a bank holding company, such as the Company, and a national bank, such as the Bank, are required to notify the FRB or OCC, respectively, within 36 hours of incidents that have materially disrupted or degraded, or are reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade the banking organization’s ability to deliver services to a material portion of its customer base, jeopardize the viability of key operations of the banking organization, or pose a threat to the financial stability of the United States (“U.S.”).
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Anti-Money Laundering
The Bank Secrecy Act. Under the Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”), a financial institution is required to have systems in place to detect certain transactions, based on the size and nature of the transaction, and to monitor and report suspicious activity to appropriate law enforcement or regulatory authorities. Financial institutions, such as the Bank, are also required to adopt and implement policies and procedures with respect to, among other things, anti-money laundering (“AML”) compliance, suspicious activity, currency transaction reporting, customer identity verification and customer risk analysis, enhanced due diligence based upon risk and identification and monitoring of beneficial ownership. In addition, financial institutions are required to take steps to monitor their correspondent banking and private banking relationships as well as, if applicable, their relationships with “shell banks.” In evaluating an application under Section 3 of the BHCA to acquire a bank or an application under the Bank Merger Act to merge banks or affect a purchase of assets and assumption of deposits and other liabilities, the applicable federal banking regulator must consider the AML compliance record of both the applicant and the target.
In January 2021, the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (“AMLA”), which amends the BSA, was enacted. Among other things, the AMLA codifies a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance for financial institutions; requires the development of standards by the U.S. Department of the Treasury for evaluating technology and internal processes for BSA compliance; and expands enforcement- and investigation-related authority, including a significant expansion in the available sanctions for certain BSA violations. Many of the statutory provisions in the AMLA will require additional rule-makings, reports and other measures, and the impact of the AMLA will depend on, among other things, rule-making and implementation guidance. I n June 2021, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, issued the priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy required under the AMLA. The priorities include: corruption, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, transnational crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking and proliferation financing.
OFAC. The U.S. has imposed economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals and others. These sanctions, which are administered by the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), take many different forms. Generally, however, they contain one or more of the following elements: (i) restrictions on trade with or investment in a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on “U.S. persons” engaging in financial or other transactions relating to a sanctioned country or with certain designated persons and entities; (ii) a blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest, by prohibiting transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons); and (iii) restrictions on transactions with or involving certain persons or entities. Blocked assets (for example, property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the Company.
Executive and Incentive Compensation
Guidelines adopted by the federal banking agencies prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as “excessive” when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director or principal stockholder. The federal banking regulators have issued comprehensive guidance on incentive compensation policies (the “Incentive Compensation Guidance”) intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine safety and soundness of such organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The Incentive Compensation Guidance is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the organization’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management, and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors. The Incentive Compensation Guidance states that enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements or related risk-management control or governance processes pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.
In October 2022, the SEC adopted a final rule directing national securities exchanges and associations, including NASDAQ, to implement listing standards that require all listed companies to adopt policies mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive-based compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding a required accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period. The excess compensation would be based on the amount the executive officer would have received had the incentive-based compensation been determined using the restated financial statements. NASDAQ’s
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listing standards required by the SEC’s rule became effective in October 2023. The Company has adopted a clawback policy in accordance with these standards.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
An investment in the Company involves risk, which could be substantial. Market, liquidity, credit, operational, legal, compliance, reputational and strategic risks are inherent in our business. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect the Company are described below. Any of the following risks could affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations and could be material and/or adverse in nature. You should consider all of the following risks together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Economic and Market Conditions Risk
Our financial condition and results of operations have been adversely affected, and in the future may be adversely affected, by the U.S. and international financial market and economic conditions.
We have been, and in the future may be, affected by general business and economic conditions in the U.S. and, to a lesser extent, abroad. These conditions include short-term and long-term interest rates, inflation, money supply, political issues, legislative and regulatory changes, fluctuations in both debt and equity capital markets, broad trends in industry and finance, unemployment, investor confidence and customer deposit behavior, all of which are beyond our control. These conditions can change suddenly and negatively. For example, economic concerns were heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic from early 2020 through 2022. In addition, bank failures in March and April of 2023 prompted by sudden and significant withdrawals of deposits at the failing banks resulted in significant volatility in the stock prices of certain financial services institutions. Volatility due to failures of other banks or general uncertainty regarding the health of banks may affect customer deposit behavior and cause deposit withdrawals. Other future changes in any of these conditions, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, conflict in the Middle East, the threat or occurrence of a U.S. sovereign default or government shutdown, a downgrade, or perceived future downgrade, in the U.S. sovereign credit rating or outlook, disruptions in the financial services industry or other future events that we are unable to predict, could result in increases in loan delinquencies and non-performing assets, decreases in loan collateral values, the value of our investment portfolio and demand for our products and services or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
In addition, volatility and uncertainty related to inflation and its effects, which could potentially contribute to poor economic conditions, may contribute to or enhance some of the risks described in this section. For example, higher inflation could reduce demand for our products, adversely affect the creditworthiness of our borrowers or result in lower values for our interest-earning assets and investment securities. Higher inflation could also lead to higher interest rates, which could negatively affect our performance. See “Fluctuations in market interest rates have in the past adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, our performance” below. Any of these effects, or others that we are not able to predict, could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Fluctuations in market interest rates have in the past adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, our performance.
Our profitability depends to a large extent upon our net interest income, which is the difference between interest income earned from loans and investments and the interest expense paid on deposits and borrowings. Net interest income is our largest source of revenue and can be affected significantly by changes in market interest rates, including in the shape of the yield curve or in spreads between different market interest rates, as well as by changes related to inflation. In particular, changes in relative interest rates may reduce our net interest income as the difference between interest income and interest expense decreases. As a result, we have adopted asset and liability management policies to minimize the potential adverse effects of changes in interest rates on net interest income, primarily by altering the mix and maturity of loans, investments and funding sources. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis—Risk Management Policies—Interest Rate Risk” for additional information regarding the Company’s asset and liability management policies and practices, as well as its interest rate risk position, including assumptions used in determining such, as of December 31, 2023. There is risk that any change in interest rates could negatively affect our results of operations or financial condition. Because market interest rates may change by differing magnitudes and at different times, significant changes in interest rates over an extended period of time could reduce overall net interest income.
In response to inflation, the Federal Reserve raised targeted Effective Federal Funds Rate significantly during 2022 and through July 2023 to a target range of 5.25% – 5.5%. The sharp increase in interest rates has resulted in a prolonged inverted yield curve, where short-term interest rates exceed long-term interest rates. These increased interest rates negatively affected our results of operations during 2022 and 2023 by decreasing net interest income, and therefore decreasing revenue and net income, The increased interest rates also contributed in 2022 and 2023 to losses in our investment portfolio, including realized
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and unrealized losses in the AFS portfolio and unrealized losses in the HTM portfolio, a $1.8 million charge-off of a Signature Bank corporate bond in 2023, slowing residential and commercial loan production, and may negatively impact our borrowers’ ability to repay their current loan obligations, though we have not yet seen any material degradation in our credit quality. These conditions may continue or worsen if the Federal Reserve continues to hold interest rates at the current level or raise interest rates in response to inflationary pressures or other economic conditions.
Volatility in interest rates can also result in customer deposits flowing away from financial institutions into direct investments. Direct investments, such as United States government and corporate securities and other investment vehicles (including money market mutual funds), generally pay higher rates of return than financial institutions because of the absence of federal insurance premiums, and a prolonged high-interest rate environment may cause the Bank to experience increased deposit migration. This may cause the Bank to lose some of its low-cost deposit funding or could adversely affect the Bank’s operations and liquidity. Customers may also continue to move non-interest-bearing deposits into interest-bearing accounts, thereby increasing our overall deposit costs. Higher funding costs may continue to reduce our net interest margin and net interest income.
We could be adversely affected by the actions or commercial soundness, strength or stability of other financial institutions.
Actual or perceived issues with, or rumors or questions about, one or more financial institutions, or the financial services industry more generally, have led to, and may in the future lead to, market-wide liquidity problems; rapid and significant deposit withdrawals at certain banks, particularly those with elevated levels of uninsured deposits; losses or defaults by certain institutions, up to and including failures of certain banks; and significant volatility in the stock of financial services institutions. In addition, our ability to engage in routine funding and settlement transactions could be adversely affected by any of these events or by other events that affect the commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Failures of one or more banks that are unrelated to the Bank may in the future increase the Bank’s deposit insurance assessments, and customers and others may seek to make comparisons between failed or failing banks and the Bank, which, even if unfounded, can spread quickly through social media or other online channels. Such comparisons could affect customer confidence in the Bank and lead to deposit withdrawals or other negative effects we are unable to predict, any of which could materially and negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty and other relationships. We maintain a diversified securities portfolio and have exposure to many different counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial industry, including brokers and dealers, other commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, and other financial institutions. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, the soundness, strength or stability of one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions and organizations. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. Furthermore, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be liquidated or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the financial instrument exposure due to us. Any such losses could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
In addition, although we believe that we have adequately reviewed our investment securities for the need for an allowance for credit losses or impairment, over time, the economic and market environment may provide additional insight regarding the fair value of certain securities, which could change our judgment regarding the need for an allowance for credit losses or impairment. If a counterparty should default, become insolvent, declare bankruptcy, or otherwise cease to exist, the value of our investment may be impaired. This could result in provision for credit losses or realized losses being charged against future income. Given the significant judgments involved, there is risk that material provisions may be recorded to establish an allowance for credit losses resulting in realized losses. In 2023, we fully wrote-off a $1.8 million Signature Bank corporate bond, as Signature Bank failed in March 2023, and we recognized the charge-off through provisions for credit losses on our investment securities portfolio.
Camden National Wealth Management may be negatively affected by changes in economic and market conditions.
A substantial portion of income from fiduciary services is dependent on the market value of wealth management assets under management, which are primarily marketable securities. Changes in domestic and foreign economic conditions, volatility in financial markets, and general trends in business and finance, all of which are beyond our control, could adversely impact the market value of these assets and the fee revenues derived from the management of these assets.
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Continued market volatility has impacted, and may in the future impact, our business and the value of our common stock.
Our business performance and the trading price of shares of our common stock have in the past, and may in the future be, affected by many factors affecting financial institutions, including volatility in the credit, mortgage and housing markets, fluctuations in interest rates (including in response to inflation), the markets for securities relating to mortgages or housing, and the value of debt and mortgage-backed and other securities that we hold in our investment portfolio. Government action and legislation may also impact us and the value of our common stock. We cannot predict what impact, if any, future volatility will have on our business or share price and for these and other reasons our shares of common stock may trade at a price lower than that at which they were purchased.
In addition, the value of securities, derivatives and other financial instruments which we own can be affected materially by market volatility. Volatility, illiquid market conditions or other disruptions in the financial markets may make it difficult to value certain financial instruments. Valuations of financial instruments in future periods may result in significant changes in the value of financial instruments we own. At the time of any disposition of such financial instruments, the price that we realize will depend on the demand and liquidity in the market at that time and may be materially lower than their current fair value. Any of these factors could cause a decline in the value of financial instruments that we own, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, losses in the value of our investment securities or loan portfolio could affect market perception of us and create volatility in our stock price. Losses in the value of our investment securities, even if they do not affect earnings or capital, could also cause some depositors, particularly those who maintain uninsured and uncollateralized deposits, to question the stability of the Bank and to move their deposits away from the Bank. Such events could negatively affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Credit Risk and Lending Business Risk
Our loans are concentrated in certain areas of Maine and adverse conditions in those markets could adversely affect our operations.
We primarily serve individuals and businesses located in the state of Maine, with 68% of our loan portfolio concentrated among borrowers in Maine as of December 31, 2023, with higher concentrations of exposure in Cumberland, Kennebec, Knox and York counties. Further, because a substantial portion of the loan portfolio is secured by real estate in this area, the value of the associated collateral is also subject to regional real estate market conditions. Adverse economic, political or business developments or natural hazards, the severity and frequency of which are increasing as a result of climate change, may affect these areas and the ability of property owners in these areas to make payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages. If these regions experience adverse economic, political or business conditions, such as prolonged elevated inflation and interest rates, or if they experience a pandemic or similar event, such as occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, we would likely experience higher rates of loss and delinquency on these loans than if the loans were more geographically diverse. In addition, adverse economic, political or other events may affect certain industries in our markets more than others. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions on individuals and economic activity adversely affected hospitality, transportation and commercial real estate industries in Maine. Negative effects on those industries could result in higher rates of loss and delinquency on our loans, which could have a material, adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Our loan portfolio includes commercial real estate and commercial loans, which are generally riskier than other types of loans.
At December 31, 2023, our commercial real estate and commercial loan portfolios comprised 51% of our total loan balances. Commercial loans generally carry larger loan balances and involve a higher risk of nonpayment or late payment than residential mortgage loans. Commercial loans may lack standardized terms and may include a balloon payment feature. The ability of a borrower to make or refinance a balloon payment may be affected by a number of factors, including the financial condition of the borrower, prevailing economic conditions and prevailing interest rates, and rising interest rates may make it more difficult or impossible for borrowers to refinance maturing loans. Repayment of these loans is generally more dependent on the economy and the successful operation of a business. High vacancy rates in commercial properties, including higher vacancy rates experienced during and after the COVID-19 pandemic have affected, and in the future may affect, the value of commercial real estate, including by causing the value of properties securing commercial real estate loans to be less than the amounts owed on such loans. Because of the risks associated with commercial loans, we may experience higher rates of default, and other risks described above may be more pronounced, than if the portfolio were more heavily weighted toward residential mortgage loans. Higher rates of default or other events could cause us to experience higher credit losses or could otherwise have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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Refer to “—Financial Condition—Loans” for additional information regarding concentrations within our commercial loan portfolio. Risks of higher credit losses and other risks described above that could result from adverse economic or other events affecting any industry within our commercial loan portfolio may be exacerbated by industry concentrations within the commercial loan portfolio.
If our allowance for credit losses for loans is not adequate to cover actual loan losses, our earnings could decrease.
We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio and provide an allowance for credit losses for these loans (herein referred to as the “allowance for loan losses”) based on a number of factors. The level of the allowance for loan losses reflects management's continuing evaluation of industry concentrations, specific credit risks, credit loss experience, current loan portfolio quality, current economic trends and conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future, changes in competitive, legal, and regulatory conditions, and unidentified losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. On a monthly basis, management reviews the allowance for loan losses to assess recent asset quality trends and impact on the Company's financial condition. On a quarterly basis, the allowance for loan losses is reviewed and approved at the Company's Audit Committee, and later reviewed and ratified by the Bank's Board of Directors. Determination of the allowance for loan losses is inherently subjective because it requires significant estimates and management judgment of credit risks and future trends, which are subject to material changes. If our assumptions are incorrect, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover the losses we could experience, which would have an adverse effect on operating results, and may also cause us to increase the allowance for loan losses in the future. Deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans, changes in accounting principles, and other factors, both within and outside our control, may require an increase in the allowance for loan losses. In addition, bank regulators periodically review our allowance for loan losses and may require us to increase our provisions for credit losses or recognize further loan charge-offs. Any increase in our allowance for loan losses or loan charge-offs as required by regulatory authorities could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. If additional amounts are provided to the allowance for credit losses, our earnings could decrease.
Prepayments of loans may negatively impact our business.
Generally, our customers may prepay the principal amount of their outstanding loans at any time, frequently without financial penalty to the borrower. The speeds at which such prepayments occur, as well as the size of such prepayments, are within our customers’ discretion. Fluctuations in interest rates, in certain circumstances, may also lead to high levels of loan prepayments. If customers prepay the principal amount of their loans, and we are unable to lend those funds to other borrowers or invest the funds at the same or higher interest rates, interest income will be reduced. A significant reduction in interest income could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
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Competitive and Strategic Risk
We experience strong competition within our industry and markets, which may impact our profitability and adversely affect the price of our common stock.
Competition in the banking and financial services industry is strong. In our market areas, we compete for loans, deposits and other financial products and services with large financial companies, local independent banks, thrift institutions, savings institutions, mortgage brokerage firms, credit unions, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, brokerage and investment banking firms, and other financial intermediaries that offer similar services. Some of these competitors have substantially greater resources and lending limits than those of the Bank and may offer services that the Bank does not or cannot provide. Some of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations we are, and, as a result, may be able to compete more effectively for business. In particular, the activity of non-bank lenders and other financial technology companies (“fintechs”) has grown significantly over recent years and is expected to continue to grow. Fintechs have offered and may continue to offer bank or bank-like products. For example, a number of fintechs have applied for, and in some cases received, bank or industrial loan charters. In addition, other fintechs have partnered with existing banks to allow them to offer deposit and loan products to their customers. Regulatory changes may also make it easier for fintechs to partner with banks and offer deposit products. Other regulation has raised the asset thresholds at which more onerous regulatory requirements apply, which could cause certain large bank holding companies with less than $250 billion in total consolidated assets, which were previously subject to more stringent enhanced prudential standards, to become more competitive or to pursue expansion more aggressively. There is also increased competition by out-of-market competitors through online and mobile channels. Our long-term success depends on our ability to compete successfully with other financial institutions and fintechs. Because we maintain a smaller staff and have fewer financial and other resources than larger institutions with which we compete, we may be limited in our ability to attract customers. If we are unable to attract and retain customers, we may be unable to achieve growth in the loan and core deposit portfolios, and our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected.
In addition, return on shareholders’ equity and other measures of profitability, which affect the market price of our common stock, depend in part on continued growth and expansion. The ability to generate internal growth is affected by the competitive factors described herein as well as by the primarily rural characteristics and related demographic features of the markets we serve. If we are unable to compete or grow effectively in our markets, it could adversely affect our business and the price of our common stock.
Market changes may adversely affect pricing of, and demand for, our services and impact results of operations.
Channels for servicing our customers are evolving rapidly, with less reliance on traditional branches, more use of online and mobile banking, and increased demand for universal bankers and other relationship managers who can service multiple product lines. We compete with larger providers that are rapidly evolving their service offerings, thereby escalating the costs of evolving the Bank’s efforts to keep pace. We have a process for evaluating the profitability of our branches and other office and operational facilities. The identification of unprofitable operations and facilities can lead to restructuring charges and introduce the risk of disruptions to revenues and customer relationships.
In addition, our success depends, in part, on our ability to adapt products and services to changing industry standards. There is increasing pressure to provide products and services at lower prices. Lower prices can reduce our net interest margin and revenues from fee-based products and services. The adoption of new or emerging technologies, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, or further developments in current technologies may require us to make substantial expenditures to modify or adapt our existing products and services to remain competitive. These and other capital investments in our businesses may not produce expected growth in earnings anticipated at the time of the expenditure. We might not be successful in developing or introducing new products and services, adapting to changing customer preferences and spending and saving habits (which may be altered significantly and suddenly), achieving market acceptance of our products and services, or sufficiently developing and maintaining loyal customer relationships.
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Camden National Wealth Management faces intense competition in attracting and retaining clients.
Due to strong competition, Camden National Wealth Management may not be able to attract and retain clients at current levels. Competition is strong as there are numerous well-established and successful investment management and wealth advisory firms including commercial banks and trust companies, investment advisory firms, mutual fund companies, stock brokerage firms, and other financial companies. Our ability to attract and retain wealth management clients is dependent upon our ability to compete with competitors’ investment products, level of investment performance, client services, and marketing and distribution capabilities. If we are not successful, our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected.
The Company faces competition in pursuing acquisition opportunities, may not be able to identify attractive acquisition targets or may not be able to complete future acquisitions.
In pursuing acquisition opportunities, we may be in competition with other companies having similar growth strategies, including banks, bank holding companies, mutual banks and mutual holding companies. In addition, economic conditions may impede our ability to identify or acquire acquisition candidates. In particular, current market conditions have resulted in large unrealized losses in the investment portfolios at many banking organizations. If we were to acquire such an organization, any such losses would be recognized, thereby impeding our ability to complete an acquisition on acceptable terms. Furthermore, a number of banks in our markets or neighboring markets are organized as mutual banks and may not be interested in a transaction with a counterparty that is not organized in the same manner, such as the Company. These and other economic factors or competition for these acquisitions could result in increased acquisition prices and a lack of attractive acquisition opportunities. As a result, we may not be able to identify or acquire acquisition candidates.
In addition, we generally must receive federal regulatory approval before we can acquire a bank or bank holding company. Our ability to pursue or complete an attractive acquisition could be negatively affected by regulatory delay or other regulatory issues. We cannot be certain when or if, or on what terms and conditions, any required regulatory approvals will be granted. If we commit certain regulatory violations, including those that result in a downgrade in certain of our bank regulatory ratings, we may not be able to pursue future acquisitions for a period of time, or governmental authorities could preclude us from doing so even if we were otherwise able.
Liquidity Risk
Our cost of funds has increased and may in the future increase further as a result of loss of deposits, a change in deposit mix or changes in interest rates.
Deposits are a low cost, stable source of funding. We compete with banks, other financial institutions and fintechs for deposits. Recent increases in short-term interest rates have resulted in and are expected to continue to result in more intense competition in deposit pricing. Competition and increasing interest rates have caused us to increase the interest rates we pay on deposits. In addition, a loss in the value of our investment or loan portfolio, perceived concerns regarding our or the Bank’s capital position or perceived concerns regarding the level of the Bank’s uninsured and uncollateralized deposits could cause rapid and significant deposit outflows. Funding costs may increase further if we lose deposits and are forced to replace them with more expensive sources of funding, if clients shift their deposits into higher cost products or if we need to continue to raise interest rates to avoid losing deposits. Higher funding costs reduce our net interest margin, net interest income and net income. If we were to experience a significant outflow of deposits, we may face significantly increased funding costs, suffer significant losses and have a significantly reduced ability to raise new capital.
As of December 31, 2023, brokered deposits made up 2% of our total deposits. We have utilized and will continue to utilize brokered deposits when it is a more cost effective source of funding compared to alternative funding sources. Should we become less than well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action framework, our use of brokered deposits may be limited, which could result in the use of more costly funding sources that would reduce our net interest margin, net interest income and net income. See “Supervision and Regulation—Capital Adequacy and Safety and Soundness—Prompt Corrective Action” and “Supervision and Regulations—Regulation of the Bank—Brokered Deposits” for additional information on the prompt corrective action framework and the regulation of brokered deposits.
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Wholesale funding sources may prove insufficient to replace deposits and support our operations and future growth.
The Company and the Bank must maintain sufficient funds to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers. To manage liquidity, we draw upon a number of funding sources in addition to core deposit growth and repayments and maturities of loans and investments. These sources include brokered deposits, borrowings through the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”) and correspondent banks, proceeds from the sale of investments and loans, and liquidity resources at the holding company. Our ability to manage liquidity will be severely constrained if we are unable to maintain access to funding or if adequate financing is not available to accommodate future growth at acceptable costs, or if there are unforeseen outflows of cash or collateral, such as that seen by certain financial institutions during 2020 when corporate customers drew on revolving credit facilities at a historic pace in response to COVID-19 or by certain banks that experienced large and sudden outflows of deposits in 2023. In addition, if we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources to support future growth, our revenues may not increase proportionately to cover our costs. In this case, operating margins and profitability would be adversely affected. Turbulence in the capital and credit markets may adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition and the willingness of certain counterparties and customers to do business with us.
We could lose access to sources of liquidity if we were to experience financial or regulatory issues.
We rely on sources of liquidity provided by the Federal Reserve, such as the Federal Reserve discount window and other liquidity facilities that the Federal Reserve may establish from time to time, as well as liquidity provided by FHLBB. To access these sources of liquidity, the Federal Reserve or FHLBB may impose conditions that we and the Bank are in sound financial condition (as determined by the Federal Reserve or FHLBB) or that we and the Bank maintain minimum supervisory ratings. If we or the Bank were to experience financial or regulatory issues, it could affect our or the Bank’s ability to access liquidity facilities, including at times when we or the Bank needs additional liquidity for the operation of its business. If we or the Bank were to lose access to these liquidity sources, it could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition.
In addition, recent bank failures led to significant volatility in the financial services industry and to liquidity problems at certain institutions. Although governmental support was provided in connection with recent bank failures, including the FDIC’s invoking the systemic risk exception to guarantee uninsured deposits, there can be no guarantee that the FDIC will invoke the systemic risk exception in connection with any future bank failures or that the government would otherwise take any action to provide liquidity to troubled institutions. Further, even if governmental support for financial institutions is available in the future, it may not be sufficient to address systemic risks.
We are a holding company and dependent upon our subsidiary for dividends, distributions and other payments to meet our liquidity needs.
We are a legal entity separate and distinct from our direct and indirect subsidiaries. Our revenue (on a parent-only basis) is derived primarily from interest and dividends paid to us by the Bank. Our right, and consequently the right of our shareholders, to participate in any distribution of the assets or earnings of the Bank through the payment of such dividends or otherwise is necessarily subject to the prior claims of creditors of the Bank (including depositors), except to the extent that certain claims of us in a creditor capacity may be recognized.
Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends only when, and if declared by our Board of Directors. Although we have historically declared cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and our Board of Directors may reduce or eliminate our common stock dividend in the future. The FRB has authority to prohibit bank holding companies from paying dividends if such payment is deemed to be an unsafe or unsound practice. Additionally, the OCC has the authority to use its enforcement powers to prohibit a bank from paying dividends if, in its opinion, the payment of dividends would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice. Further, as a bank holding company, we are required inform and consult with FRB supervisory staff prior to declaring and paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid. If we experience losses in a series of consecutive quarters, we may be required to inform and consult with the FRB supervisory staff prior to declaring or paying any dividends. In this event, there can be no assurance that the FRB will approve the payment of such dividends. Our ability to pay dividends would also be restricted under current regulatory capital rules if we do not maintain a capital conservation buffer. A reduction or elimination of dividends could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. See Item 1. “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Dividend Restrictions” and “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Regulatory Capital Requirements.”
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Regulatory and Legal Risk
Our banking business is highly regulated, and we may be adversely affected by changes in law and regulation.
We are subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB, and the Bank is subject to regulation and supervision by the OCC and the FDIC, as well as regulations issued by the CFPB. Federal laws and regulations govern numerous matters affecting us, including changes in the ownership or control of banks and bank holding companies, maintenance of adequate capital and the financial condition of a financial institution, permissible types, amounts and terms of extensions of credit and investments, permissible non-banking activities, the level of reserves against deposits and restrictions on dividend payments. The OCC possesses the power to issue cease and desist orders to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of law by banks subject to their regulation, and the FRB possesses similar powers with respect to bank holding companies. These and other restrictions limit the manner in which we may conduct business and obtain financing.
Our business is highly regulated and the laws, rules, regulations, and supervisory guidance and policies applicable to us are subject to regular modification and change, and there have been significant revisions to the laws and regulations applicable to banks and bank holding companies that have been enacted or proposed in recent years. We expect that we will remain subject to extensive regulation and supervision, and that the level of regulatory scrutiny may fluctuate over time, based on numerous factors, including changes in the U.S. presidential administration or one or both houses of Congress and public sentiment regarding financial institutions (which can be influenced by scandals and other incidents that involve participants in the industry). In particular, fee revenues from non-sufficient funds, overdraft protection and other bank fees have been, and may continue to be, subject to increased scrutiny. For example, the OCC has in the past discussed options to reform national bank overdraft practices that, if implemented, could impose significant restrictions on a national bank’s ability to charge overdraft protection fees. In addition, the CFPB recently proposed a rule that would significantly alter the regulatory framework applicable to overdraft fees imposed by financial institutions with $10 billion or more in total assets, including by imposing significant limits on the amount of overdraft fees a financial institution would be permitted to charge. Although the proposed rule would not apply to the Bank, the CFPB has indicated that it may consider changes to regulations applicable to smaller institutions such as the Bank. Formal rules or guidance to implement such restrictions have not been proposed, but the implementation of any such restrictions could adversely affect our non-interest income and results of operations. In addition, the Biden Administration has called on all regulatory agencies to reduce or eliminate certain fees relating to a number of services, including banking services. At the same time, the CFPB launched an initiative to reduce the amounts and types of fees financial institutions may charge. Such changes could affect our ability or willingness to provide certain products or services, necessitate changes to our business practices or reduce our revenues. Further, recent events in the banking industry, including three high-profile bank failures in 2023, and the results of regulatory investigations into the failures could result in increased regulatory scrutiny and heightened regulatory requirements, any of which could require us to expend significant time and effort to implement appropriate compliance procedures or to incur other expenses, and could negatively affect our financial condition or results of operations.
We are unable to predict the form or nature of any future changes to statutes or regulation, including the interpretation or implementation thereof. Changes to statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations, or policies, have and could in the future subject us to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer, and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations, policies or supervisory guidance could result in enforcement and other legal actions by federal or state authorities, including criminal and civil penalties, the loss of FDIC insurance, revocation of a banking charter, other sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties, and/or reputational damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See Item 1., “Business—Supervision and Regulation.”
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We may become involved in lawsuits and legal proceedings that may lead to adverse consequences.
As a participant in the financial services industry, many aspects of the Company’s business involve substantial risk of legal liability. From time to time, we are named or threatened to be named as defendants in various lawsuits, including class actions, arising from our business activities. In addition, when other financial institutions receive adverse judgments in litigation or agree to settlements, that may encourage plaintiffs and their attorneys to bring and maintain claims, including class actions, against other financial institutions, including the Company. There is no assurance that litigation with private parties will not increase in the future. Future actions against us may result in judgments, settlements, fines, penalties or other results adverse to us, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations, or cause serious reputational harm to us. Although we maintain insurance, the scope of this coverage may not provide us with full, or even partial, coverage in any particular case. As a result, a judgment against us in any such litigation and/or legal costs incurred in defending us against such litigation could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.
We may incur fines, penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations, possibly even inadvertent or unintentional violations.
The financial services industry is subject to intense scrutiny from bank supervisors in the examination process and aggressive enforcement of federal and state regulations, particularly with respect to mortgage-related practices and other consumer compliance matters, and compliance with AML, BSA and OFAC regulations, and economic sanctions against certain foreign countries and nationals. Enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices. In addition, some legal/regulatory frameworks provide for the imposition of fines or penalties for noncompliance even though the noncompliance was inadvertent or unintentional and even though there were systems and procedures designed to ensure compliance in place at the time. There have been a number of significant enforcement actions in recent years by regulators, state attorneys general and the Department of Justice against banks and other non-bank financial institutions with respect to AML and sanctions laws, and some have resulted in substantial penalties including criminal pleas. Although the Company and the Bank have adopted policies and procedures designed to comply with these laws, any failure to comply with these laws and other regulations, or to maintain an adequate compliance program, could result in significant fines, penalties, lawsuits, regulatory sanctions, reputational damage, or restrictions on our business.
We are subject to numerous laws designed to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income communities and to protect consumers, including the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.
The Community Reinvestment Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose community investment and nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The FRB, OCC, CFPB, the Department of Justice and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under the Community Reinvestment Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act or other fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions, restrictions on expansion and restrictions on entering new business lines. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are required to maintain sufficient capital and adequate liquidity.
As a banking organization, our capital and liquidity are subject to regulation and supervision by banking regulators. We are required to maintain minimum levels of capital. In addition, our banking regulators could require us to maintain more and higher quality capital than previously expected. Our banking regulators could also require us to hold higher levels of short-term investments, thereby limiting our ability to invest in longer-term or less liquid assets at higher yields. The need to maintain capital and liquidity could result in our being required to take steps to increase our regulatory capital and may dilute shareholder value or limit our ability to pay dividends or otherwise return capital to our investors through stock repurchases. In addition, if we fail to maintain appropriate levels of capital or liquidity, we could become subject to formal or informal enforcement actions that may impose restrictions on our business, including limiting our lending activities or our ability to expand, requiring us to raise additional capital (which may be dilutive to shareholders) or requiring regulatory approval to pay dividends or otherwise return capital to shareholders. See Item 1. “Business-Supervision and Regulation-Regulatory Capital Requirements” for additional information on capital requirements applicable to us and the Bank.
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Operational and Business Risk
Damage to our reputation could significantly harm our business.
We are dependent on our reputation within our market area, as a trusted and responsible financial company, for all aspects of our relationships with customers, employees, vendors, third-party service providers and others with whom we conduct business or potential future business, particularly because our business is primarily concentrated in certain areas of Maine. Our actual or perceived failure to (i) identify and address potential conflicts of interest, ethical issues, money-laundering, or privacy issues; (ii) meet legal and regulatory requirements applicable to the Bank and to the Company; (iii) maintain the privacy of customer and accompanying personal information; (iv) maintain adequate record keeping; (v) engage in proper sales and trading practices; and (vi) identify the legal, reputational, credit, liquidity and market risks inherent in our products; or any action of one of our employees that results in actual or perceived misconduct or error, among other things, could give rise to reputational risk that could cause harm to the Bank and our business prospects. If we fail to address any of these issues in an appropriate manner, we could be subject to additional legal risks, which, in turn, could increase the size and number of litigation claims and damages asserted or subject us to enforcement actions, fines and penalties and cause us to incur related costs and expenses. Because we primarily serve individuals and businesses located in Maine, any negative impact resulting from reputational harm, including any impact on our ability to attract and retain customers and employees, likely would be greater than if our business were more geographically diverse. Moreover, the advent and expansion of social media creates the potential for rapid and widespread dissemination of information, including inaccurate, misleading, or false information, that could damage our reputation and affect our ability to attract and retain customers and employees.
We may incur significant losses as a result of ineffective risk management processes and strategies.
We seek to monitor and control our risk exposure through a risk and control framework encompassing a variety of separate but complementary financial, credit, operational, compliance and legal reporting systems, internal controls, management review processes and other mechanisms. While we employ a broad and diversified set of risk monitoring and risk mitigation techniques, those techniques and the judgments that accompany their application may not be effective and may not anticipate every economic and financial outcome in all market environments or the specifics and timing of such outcomes. Market conditions over the last several years, including those resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, have involved unprecedented dislocations and highlight the limitations inherent in using historical data to manage risk. If our risk and control framework, or the assumptions underlying our framework, prove ineffective, we may not be able to mitigate our risk exposures effectively, and, as a result, we could incur litigation, negative regulatory consequences, reputational damage or other adverse consequences, and we could suffer unexpected losses that may affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our business may be adversely affected if we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees.
The Company’s employees are its most important resource, and in many areas of the financial services industry, competition for qualified personnel is intense. If the Company provides inadequate succession planning, or is unable to continue to retain and attract qualified employees, this could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s performance, including its competitive position.
COVID-19 had significant effects on labor and employment, including heightened pressures on employers to increase compensation and provide work-from-home and other flexible working arrangements. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, employees have shifted their focus to expectations that extend beyond compensation, including better work-life balance, improved advancement opportunities and improved training, and many businesses, including us, have experienced higher rates of turnover as a result of such changes. Our ability to compete successfully for talent has been and may continue to be affected by our ability to adapt quickly to such shifts in employee focus, and there is no assurance that these developments will not cause increased turnover or impede our ability to retain and attract qualified employees.
We could be held responsible for environmental liabilities of properties we acquired through foreclosure.
In the course of business, we may acquire, through foreclosure, properties securing loans originated or purchased that are in default. Particularly in commercial real estate lending, there is a risk that material environmental violations could be discovered on these properties. In this event, we might be required to remedy these violations at the affected properties at our sole cost and expense. The cost of remedial action could substantially exceed the value of affected properties. We may not have adequate remedies against the prior owner or other responsible parties and could find it difficult or impossible to sell the affected properties. These events could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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Systems failures, interruptions or breaches of security concerning our information base, including the information we maintain relating to our customers, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In the ordinary course of business, we rely on electronic communications and information systems to conduct our business and to store sensitive data, including financial information regarding customers. We are subject to certain operational risks, including, but not limited to, data processing system failures and errors, inadequate or failed internal processes, human error, customer or employee fraud, cyberattacks, hacking, identity theft and catastrophic failures resulting from terrorist acts or natural disasters. We depend upon data processing, software, communication, and information exchange on a variety of computing platforms and networks and over the internet, and we rely on the services of a variety of vendors to meet our data processing and communication needs. Despite instituted safeguards, we cannot be certain that all of our systems are entirely free from vulnerability to attack or other technological difficulties or failures. If information security is breached or other technology difficulties or failures occur, information may be lost or misappropriated, services and operations may be interrupted and we could be exposed to claims from customers. A cybersecurity breach or cyberattack could persist for an extended period before being detected and could result in theft of sensitive data or disruption of our transaction processing systems. While we maintain a system of internal controls and procedures, any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
We regularly assess and test our security systems and disaster preparedness, including back-up systems, but the risks are substantially escalating. As a result, cybersecurity and the continued enhancement of our controls and processes to protect our systems, data and networks from attacks, unauthorized access or significant damage remain a priority. We have expended substantial resources to protect our systems, and may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures in our computer systems and networks, and we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through insurance maintained by us. Any such losses, which may be difficult to detect, could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, the occurrence of such a loss could expose the Company and the Bank to reputational risk, the loss of customers and additional regulatory scrutiny.
We are subject to a variety of cybersecurity risks that, if realized, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Information security risks for financial institutions such as the Company and the Bank are significant due to the use of online, telephone and mobile banking channels by customers and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists and other external parties. Third parties with whom we or our customers do business also present operational and information security risks to us. We see an increasing trend of cyberattacks targeting providers in the financial services industry, as well as increased security breaches or failures of their own systems. Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks. Our businesses rely on our digital technologies, computer and email systems, software, and networks to conduct their operations. As our reliance on technology systems increases, the potential risks of technology-related interruptions in our operations or the occurrence of cyber incidents also increases. Our technologies, systems, networks and our customers’ devices are periodically the target of cyberattacks, and may be the target of future cyberattacks, including through the introduction of computer viruses, and/or malicious code, or by means of phishing attacks, social engineering or other information security breaches. Malicious actors may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers or other users of our systems to disclose sensitive information, including passwords and other identifying information, in order to gain access to data or our systems.
In recent years, there have been several well-publicized attacks on various companies, including in the financial services industry, and personal, proprietary, and public e-mail systems in which the perpetrators gained unauthorized access to confidential information and customer data, often through the introduction of computer viruses or malware, cyberattacks, phishing, social engineering or other means. Even if not directed at the Company or the Bank specifically, attacks on other entities with whom we do business or on whom we otherwise rely or attacks on financial or other institutions important to the overall functioning of the financial system could adversely affect, directly or indirectly, aspects of our business.
Information security risks continue to increase, in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, ongoing work-from-home arrangements, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, activists, and other external parties, some of which may be linked to terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our systems or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities. System enhancements and updates may also create risks associated with implementing and integrating new
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systems. Due to the complexity and interconnectedness of information technology systems, the process of enhancing our systems can itself create a risk of systems disruptions and security issues.
Although we believe we have appropriate information security controls and procedures, we may not be able to anticipate, detect, or implement effective preventative measures against all potential threats, particularly because the techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, often are not recognized until launched and can be initiated from a variety of sources. In addition, a cybersecurity breach or cyberattack could persist for an extended period before being detected, which could exacerbate the harmful effects of a successful cyberattack. If one or more of the events described above occurs, this could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of our or our customers’ confidential, proprietary and other information, the theft of customer assets through fraudulent transactions or disruption of our or our customers’ or other third parties’ business operations, which could result in legal or regulatory action, significant losses, increased compliance costs or reputational damage, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Because the investigation of any information security breach is inherently unpredictable and would require substantial time to complete, the Company may not be able to quickly remediate the consequences of any breach, which may increase the costs, and enhance the negative consequences associated with a breach. In addition, to the extent the Company’s insurance covers aspects of any breach, such insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of the Company’s losses.
As cybersecurity and data privacy risks for banking organizations and other financial institutions have significantly increased in recent years, cybersecurity and data privacy issues have become the subject of increasing legislative and regulatory focus. We could be adversely affected if new legislation or regulations are adopted or if existing legislation or regulations are modified such that we are required to alter our systems or are required to change our business practices or privacy policies. If cybersecurity, data privacy, data protection, data transfer or data retention laws are implemented, interpreted or applied in a manner inconsistent with our current practices, we may be subject to fines, litigation or regulatory enforcement actions or ordered to change our business practices, policies or systems in a manner that adversely affects our results of operations.
We must adapt to information technology changes in the financial services industry, which could present operational issues, require significant capital spending, or impact our reputation.
The financial services industry is constantly undergoing technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. We invest significant resources in information technology system enhancements in order to provide functionality and security at an appropriate level. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and reduce costs. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully implement and integrate future system enhancements could adversely impact the ability to provide timely and accurate financial information in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, which could result in sanctions from regulatory authorities. Such sanctions could include fines and suspension of trading in our stock, among others. In addition, future system enhancements could have higher than expected costs and/or result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase the costs associated with the implementation as well as ongoing operations.
Failure to properly utilize system enhancements that are implemented in the future could result in impairment charges that adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations and could result in significant costs to remediate or replace the defective components. In addition, we may incur significant training, licensing, maintenance, consulting and amortization expenses during and after systems implementations, and any such costs may continue for an extended period of time.
We rely on other companies to provide key components of our business infrastructure.
Third party vendors provide key components of our business infrastructure such as internet connections, network access and core application processing. While we have selected these third party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. Any problems caused by these third parties, including as a result of their not providing us their services for any reason or their performing their services poorly, could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers or otherwise conduct our business efficiently and effectively. Replacing these third party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense.
Third parties with which we do business could also be sources of information security risk to us, including from breakdowns, systems failures or cyber threats through their systems to our systems. Any of these occurrences could impact our
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ability to operate our business, or cause financial loss, potential liability to clients, reputational damage or regulatory consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Our operations and financial performance could be adversely affected by natural disasters, and climate change may exacerbate those risks and create compliance, strategic, reputational and other risks.
Our business, as well as the operations and activities of our customers, could be negatively affected by climate change. Climate change presents both immediate and long-term risks to us and our customers and these risks are expected to increase over time. Climate change presents several risks, including (i) operational risk from the physical effects of climate events on our facilities and other assets, on our vendors’ facilities and on our customers’ assets, including real estate pledged as collateral for our loans; and (ii) transitional risks, including new or more stringent regulatory requirements and potential effects on our reputation and/or changes in our business as a result of our climate change practices, our carbon footprint and our business relationships with customers who operate in carbon-intensive industries.
Natural disasters can disrupt our operations, result in damage to our properties, reduce or destroy the value of the collateral for our loans and negatively affect the economies in which we operate, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. A significant natural disaster, such as a tornado, hurricane, earthquake, fire or flood, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business (including as a result of damage to our own facilities or systems or to the facilities or systems of third-party vendors on which we rely), and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate for losses that may occur. Because we primarily serve individuals and businesses located in Maine, a natural disaster likely would have a greater impact on our business, operations and financial condition than if our business were more geographically diverse.
Both the frequency and severity of some kinds of natural disasters, including wildfires, flooding, tornadoes and hurricanes, have increased, and we expect will continue to increase, as a result of climate change. In addition, long-term shifts in the climate, including altered distribution and intensity of rainfall, rising sea levels and a rising heat index, negatively affect our ability to predict the effects of natural disasters accurately. Climate change may result in reduced availability of insurance for our borrowers, including insurance that protects property pledged as collateral, or disrupt their operations, which could increase our credit risk by diminishing borrowers’ repayment capacity or collateral values.
Efforts to transition to a low-carbon economy could result in new and/or more stringent regulatory requirements. Federal and state banking regulators and supervisory authorities, investors and other stakeholders have increasingly viewed financial institutions as important in helping to address the risks related to climate change both directly and with respect to their customers, which may result in financial institutions coming under increased pressure regarding the disclosure and management of their climate risks and related lending and investment activities. Ongoing legislative or regulatory uncertainties and changes regarding climate risk management and practices may result in higher regulatory, compliance, credit and reputational risks and costs, and failure to comply with any new laws or regulations could result in legal or regulatory sanctions and harm to our reputation. In addition, changes to consumer and business preferences or in the attitudes of regulators, shareholders and employees regarding climate change, may affect the activities in which we engage and the products that we offer, and may require us to adjust our lending portfolios and business strategies. Risks associated with climate change are continuing to evolve rapidly, making it difficult to assess the effects of climate change on our business, and we expect that climate change-related risks will continue to evolve and increase over time.
In addition, environmental matters have been the subject of increased focus by regulators, particularly with respect to the accuracy of statements made by issuers regarding their ESG practices, initiatives and investment strategies. The SEC has established an enforcement task force to examine ESG practices and disclosures by public companies and identify inaccurate or misleading statements, often referred to as “greenwashing.” There have been enforcement actions relating to ESG disclosures and policies and procedures failures, and we expect that there will be a greater level of enforcement activity in the future. A perception or accusation of greenwashing could damage our reputation, result in litigation or enforcement actions, or adversely affect our ability to raise capital and attract and retain customers.
Acts of terrorism, pandemics and other external events could harm our business.
Acts of terrorism, war or other international hostilities, civil unrest, violence or pandemics could cause disruptions to our business or the economy as a whole, such as the disruptions experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Any of these events could affect us directly (for example, by interrupting our systems, causing significant damage to our facilities or otherwise preventing us from conducting our ordinary business) or indirectly as a result of effects on our borrowers and other customers
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or third-party vendors (for example, by damaging property pledged as collateral for our loans). The Company has suffered, and could in the future suffer, adverse consequences to the extent that pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, terrorist activities, civil unrest, international hostilities, including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East, or other external events affect the financial markets or the economy in general or in any region in which the Company, or third parties on which the Company relies, operate.
For example, the COVID-19 pandemic created economic and financial disruptions that have adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, the Company’s business, financial condition, capital and results of operations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company experienced significant disruptions to its normal operations, including the temporary closing of branches and a sudden increase in the volume of work-from-home arrangements. In addition, the Company was indirectly negatively affected by the pandemic’s effects on the Company’s borrowers and other customers, and by its effects on global financial markets. The COVID-19 pandemic caused, and any future pandemics, terrorist activities, civil unrest or international hostilities, may cause, an increase in delinquencies, bankruptcies or defaults that could result in the Company experiencing higher levels of nonperforming assets, net charge-offs and provisions for credit losses.
Depending on the impact of current international hostilities on general economic and market conditions, there is a risk that adverse conditions could occur or worsen, including supply chain disruptions; higher inflation; decreased demand for the Company’s products and services or those of its borrowers, which could increase credit risk; challenges related to maintaining sufficient qualified personnel due to labor shortages, talent attrition, employee illness, or willingness to return to work; and disruptions to business operations at the Company and at counterparties, vendors and other service providers.
In addition, the escalation or continuation of international hostilities, including the war between Russia and Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East, could result in, among other things, further increased risk of cyberattacks, supply chain disruptions, higher inflation, lower consumer demand and increased volatility in commodity, currency and other financial markets.
The Company’s ability to mitigate the adverse consequences of these occurrences is in part dependent on the quality of the Company’s resiliency planning, and the Company’s ability, if any, to anticipate the nature of any such event that occurs. The adverse effects of pandemics, terrorist activities, civil unrest, international hostilities or other external events also could be increased to the extent that there is a lack of preparedness on the part of national or regional emergency responders or on the part of other organizations and businesses that the Company transacts with, particularly those that it depends upon, but has no control over.
Accounting and Tax Risk
Our financial statements are based in part on assumptions and estimates, which, if wrong, could cause unexpected losses in the future.
Pursuant to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, we are required to use certain assumptions and estimates in preparing our financial statements, including in determining credit loss reserves, reserves related to litigation and the fair value of certain assets and liabilities, among other items. If assumptions or estimates underlying our financial statements are incorrect, we may experience material losses. For additional information, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies.”
We may be required to write down goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets.
When we acquire a business, a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition may be allocated to goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired determines the amount of the purchase price that is allocated to goodwill. At December 31, 2023, our goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets totaled $95.7 million. Under current accounting standards, if we determine goodwill or intangible assets are impaired, we would be required to write down the value of these assets to fair value. We conduct an annual review, or more frequently if events or circumstances warrant such additional review, to determine whether goodwill is impaired. We recently completed our goodwill impairment analysis as of November 30, 2023 and concluded goodwill was not impaired. We conduct a review of our other intangible assets for impairment should events or circumstances warrant such review. There were no triggers for such review for impairment for other intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2023. We may be required to take an impairment charge in the future. Any impairment charge would have a negative effect on our shareholders’ equity and financial results and may cause a decline in our stock price.
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Changes in accounting standards can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations.
Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. From time to time, the FASB and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be hard to anticipate and implement and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. For example, the introduction of Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), as updated, commonly referred to as “CECL,” substantially changed how we calculate our allowance for credit losses. Other future changes in accounting standards could materially impact how we report our financial condition, and we cannot predict whether such standards will be adopted or their resultant impact.
Changes in tax laws and regulations and differences in interpretation of tax laws and regulations may adversely impact our financial statements.
Local, state or federal tax authorities may interpret tax laws and regulations differently than we do and challenge tax positions that we have taken on tax returns. This may result in differences in the treatment of revenues, deductions, credits and/or differences in the timing of these items. The differences in treatment may result in payment of additional taxes, interest or penalties that could have a material adverse effect on our results. In addition, there may be future changes to tax laws, administrative rulings or court decisions that could adversely affect our financial condition, including an increased provision for income taxes and/or reduced net income. We are not able to predict the timing or impact of any changes in local, state or federal tax laws.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
The Company has developed and implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity risk management program that is intended to protect the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential information in its computer systems and networks. The Company’s cybersecurity risk management program, a component of the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) Program, is based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework, regulatory guidance and other industry standards. The Company’s process for identifying, assessing, managing and prioritizing cybersecurity risks throughout the Company includes:
•A third party risk assessment program for the Company’s third party vendors that access the Company’s data (each, a “Vendor”) to ensure that all Vendors meet the Company’s cybersecurity requirements, including, periodic risk assessments of Vendors, monitoring Vendor compliance with the Company’s cybersecurity requirements, and a requirement that all contracts with Vendors include provisions requiring the Vendor to notify the Company of any cyber incident, and/or to maintain minimum levels of cybersecurity insurance;
•A security awareness program that includes training employees on best practices for securing the Company’s data, as well as regular social engineering testing to keep employees informed of cybersecurity threats and to train them to look for malicious emails and other potential cybersecurity threats;
•A dedicated information security team that monitors threats and vulnerabilities that arise, and regularly performs threat intelligence and vulnerability management;
•The Company’s engagement of a third party to conduct periodic independent testing of the Company’s cybersecurity defenses to confirm that the defenses are effective;
•A Managed Detection and Response (“MDR”) service that continuously monitors the Company’s systems and alerts the Company’s information security team of any detected anomalies or suspicious activity and stops any event that is deemed dangerous to the Company’s systems or networks;
•An Incident Response Plan (“IRP”) and Business Continuity Plan (“BCP”) which outline steps to be taken during a cyber incident and to recover systems and continue business operations following a cyber incident; and
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•A Cybersecurity Incident Response Team (“CSIRT”) that tracks cyber incidents, including those that affect third parties that are handling the Company’s data.
Cybersecurity Threats
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not identify any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition other than the risks described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors”.
Cybersecurity Governance
Board of Directors’ Oversight. The Company’s Board of Directors oversees the Company’s cybersecurity program, including the oversight of risks related to cybersecurity through various committees that are responsible for monitoring and testing the Company's information security. The Board of Directors conducts an annual review of the Company’s cybersecurity- related policies. Quarterly, the Company’s Senior Vice President, Director of Information Security (“DIS”) presents reports to the Audit Committee on vulnerability management and cybersecurity testing effectiveness, emerging threats and industry and regulatory changes that affect cybersecurity, and responds to inquiries from the Audit Committee. In addition, the Technology Committee receives and evaluates quarterly updates from the DIS on cybersecurity performance and on cybersecurity trends and strategies. The Board of Directors receives quarterly updates from the EVP, Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”) on cybersecurity metrics and the cybersecurity risk management program’s performance.
Management Oversight. While the Board of Directors and its Audit and Technology Committees oversee management’s processes related to cybersecurity risks, management is responsible for identifying, monitoring and mitigating the material cybersecurity risks that face the Company. The Company’s CRO is directly responsible for the overall cybersecurity risk management program which is a part of the Company's ERM Program. The CRO and the DIS oversee the information security department’s implementation and maintenance of the cybersecurity security risk management program, including oversight of Vendors and regular reporting to the Board of Directors and its Audit and Technology Committees on the effectiveness of the cybersecurity risk management program. The DIS updates the CRO as appropriate, including as new developments or information related to cyber incidents arise.
The Company’s CRO has over 27 years of experience in cybersecurity and information technology. The CRO joined the Company in 2011 and became CRO in July 2023. Prior to becoming CRO, he served as SVP and Director of Information Security & ERM for six years and prior to that served five years as Vice President and Senior Information Security Officer of the Company. Prior to joining the Company, the CRO had a ten year career in information technology and began his career serving with the United States Air Force, specializing in information technology, cybersecurity, risk mitigation, and encrypted communications.
The Company’s DIS joined the Company in 2023 and has over 20 years of experience in information technology and cybersecurity. The DIS has held senior management positions in information security for the past ten years. The DIS holds several industry certifications including Certified Information Systems Security Professional (“CISSP”), Certified Information Systems Auditor (“CISA”), Certified in Risk and Management Systems Controls (“CRISC”) and Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer (“CDPSE”).
Item 2. Properties
The Company owns its principal executive offices, located at 2 Elm Street, Camden, Maine, and the Company leases additional executive offices at 3 Canal Plaza, Portland, Maine. The Company also owns and operates a service center in Rockport, Maine, and owns or leases, and operates, 56 branches located throughout Maine, a branch in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, a commercial loan production office in Manchester, New Hampshire, and a mortgage loan production office in Braintree, Massachusetts. None of the properties owned by the Company are subject to a mortgage or other encumbrance. All facilities are fully utilized and considered suitable and adequate for the purposes intended.
For additional information regarding the Company's premises and equipment and lease obligations see Notes 5 and 6 of the consolidated financial statements within Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The Company is currently involved, and from time to time in the future may become involved, in various legal claims that
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arise in the normal course of the Company’s business. The Company may also in the future become involved in other regulatory, judicial and/or arbitration proceedings relating to matters that arise in connection with the conduct of the Company’s business. Because of the difficulty in predicting the outcome of these matters, particularly when they are in their early stages, the Company cannot predict what the final outcome of each legal proceeding may be, or what the eventual loss, fine or penalty related to each proceeding may be, if any. Based on currently available information, in our opinion the results of legal proceedings that are currently pending are not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Reserves are established for legal claims only when losses associated with the claims are judged to be probable, and the loss can be reasonably estimated. In many lawsuits and arbitrations, it is not possible to determine whether a liability has been incurred or to estimate the ultimate or minimum amount of that liability until the case is close to resolution, in which case a reserve will not be recognized until that time. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not maintain material reserves against legal claims.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company’s common stock is currently traded on the NASDAQ Global Market (“NASDAQ”) under the ticker symbol “CAC.” The Company has paid quarterly dividends since its foundation in 1984. The high and low closing sales prices (as quoted by NASDAQ for 2023 and 2022) and cash dividends declared per share of the Company’s common stock, by calendar quarter for the past two years, were as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022
| Market Price |  | Dividends Declared per Share |  | Market Price |  | Dividends Declared per Share
| High |  | Low |  |  | High |  | Low |
First Quarter | $ | 42.35 |  |  | $ | 35.43 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |  |  | $ | 51.63 |  |  | $ | 46.72 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |
Second Quarter | 35.73 |  |  | 28.98 |  |  | 0.42 |  |  | 47.94 |  |  | 41.93 |  |  | 0.40 |
Third Quarter | 36.75 |  |  | 28.20 |  |  | 0.42 |  |  | 49.01 |  |  | 42.60 |  |  | 0.40 |
Fourth Quarter | 38.89 |  |  | 26.82 |  |  | 0.42 |  |  | 44.07 |  |  | 40.38 |  |  | 0.42 |

As of February 28, 2024, there were 14,566,850 shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding, and there were approximately 1,000 holders of record of the Company’s common stock. Such number of shareholders does not reflect the number of persons or entities holding stock in nominee name through banks, brokerage firms and other nominees.
Although the Company has historically paid quarterly dividends on its common stock, the Company’s ability to pay such dividends depends on a number of factors, including restrictions under federal laws and regulations on the Company’s ability to pay dividends, and as a result, there can be no assurance that dividends will be paid in the future. For further information on dividend restrictions, refer to Item 1. “Business—Supervision and Regulation” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Capital Resources.”
The following graph illustrates the annual percentage change in the cumulative total shareholder return of the Company’s common stock for the period December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023. For purposes of comparison, the graph illustrates comparable shareholder returns of the S&P U.S. SmallCAP Banks Index and the Russell 2000 Stock Index. The graph assumes a $100 investment on December 31, 2018 in the Company’s common stock and each of the foregoing indices and assumes the reinvestment of all dividends. The comparisons in the graph are based on historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, future performance of the Company’s common stock.
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Stock Performance Graph
In January 2023, the Board of Directors approved a common stock repurchase program, authorizing management to repurchase up to 750,000 shares, or approximately 5%, of the Company's outstanding common stock, that had an expiration date of the earlier of (i) reaching the authorized share repurchase amount, (ii) vote by the Board of Directors to terminate the plan, or (iii) one year. As of December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 65,692 shares at an average price of $30.44, none of which were repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2023. This repurchase program expired after one year in January 2024.

Issuer's Purchases of Equity Securities
Period |  | Total number of shares (or units) purchased |  | Average price paid per share (or unit) |  | Total number of shares (or units) purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | Maximum number (or appropriate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
October 1-31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 684,308 |
November 1-30, 2023 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 684,308 |
December 1-31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 684,308 |
Total |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 684,308 |

In January 2024, the Board of Directors authorized a common stock repurchase program authorizing management to repurchase up to 750,000 shares, or approximately 5%, of the Company's outstanding common stock. This program replaces the 2023 repurchase program and will terminate upon the earlier of (i) reaching the authorized share repurchase amount, (ii) vote by the Board of Directors to terminate the plan, or (iii) January 5, 2024.
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Item 6. [Reserved]
Not applicable.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The discussion below focuses on the factors affecting our consolidated results of operations and financial condition at and for the year ended December 31, 2023, and where appropriate, factors that may affect our future financial performance, unless stated otherwise. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, notes to the consolidated financial statements and selected consolidated financial data.
Refer to the Company’s 2022 annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2023 for the discussion of results of operations and financial condition at and for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
The acronyms and abbreviations identified below are used throughout Item 7. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The following is provided to aid the reader and provide a reference page when reviewing this section of the Form 10-K:

Acronym |  | Description |  | Acronym |  | Description
AFS: |  | Available-for-sale |  | GAAP: |  | Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States
ALCO: |  | Asset/Liability Committee |  | GDP: |  | Gross domestic product
ACL: |  | Allowance for credit losses |  | HTM: |  | Held-to-maturity
AOCI: |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | LGD: |  | Loss given default
ASC: |  | Accounting Standards Codification |  | LIBOR: |  | London Interbank Offered Rate
ASU: |  | Accounting Standards Update |  | LTIP: |  | Long-Term Performance Share Plan
Bank: |  | Camden National Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Camden National Corporation |  | Management ALCO: |  | Management Asset/Liability Committee
BOLI: |  | Bank-owned life insurance |  | MBS: |  | Mortgage-backed security
Board ALCO: |  | Board of Directors' Asset/Liability Committee |  | MSPP: |  | Management Stock Purchase Plan
BTFP: |  | Bank Term Funding Program, introduced by the Federal Reserve Bank in March 2023 |  | N/A: |  | Not applicable
CCTA: |  | Camden Capital Trust A, an unconsolidated entity formed by Camden National Corporation |  | N.M.: |  | Not meaningful
CD: |  | Certificate of deposits |  | OCC: |  | Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
CECL: |  | Current Expected Credit Losses |  | OCI: |  | Other comprehensive income (loss)
Company: |  | Camden National Corporation |  | OREO: |  | Other real estate owned
CMO: |  | Collateralized mortgage obligation |  | PD: |  | Probability of default
CUSIP: |  | Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures |  | ROU: |  | Right-of-use
DCRP: |  | Defined Contribution Retirement Plan |  | SBA: |  | U.S. Small Business Administration
EPS: |  | Earnings per share |  | SBA PPP: |  | U.S. Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program
FASB: |  | Financial Accounting Standards Board |  | SERP: |  | Supplemental executive retirement plans
FDIC: |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |  | SOFR: |  | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
FHLBB: |  | Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston |  | TDR: |  | Troubled-debt restructured loan
FHLMC: |  | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  | UBCT: |  | Union Bankshares Capital Trust I, an unconsolidated entity formed by Union Bankshares Company that was subsequently acquired by Camden National Corporation
FRB: |  | Federal Reserve System Board of Governors |  | U.S.: |  | United States of America
FRBB: |  | Federal Reserve Bank of Boston |  |  |  |

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES AND RECONCILIATION TO GAAP
In addition to evaluating the Company’s results of operations in accordance with GAAP, management supplements this evaluation with an analysis of certain non-GAAP financial measures, such as adjusted net income; adjusted diluted earnings per share; adjusted return on average assets; adjusted return on average equity; pre-tax, pre-provision income and adjusted pre-tax, pre-provision; income; the efficiency ratio; return on average tangible equity and adjusted return on average tangible equity; tangible book value per share and tangible common equity ratio; net interest income (fully-taxable equivalent); and core deposits and average core deposits. We utilize these non-GAAP financial measures for purposes of measuring our performance against our peer group and other financial institutions and analyzing our internal performance. We also believe these non-GAAP financial measures help investors better understand the Company’s operating performance and trends and allow for better performance comparisons to other banks. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures remove the impact of unusual items that may obscure trends in the Company’s underlying performance. These disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP operating results, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other financial institutions.
Adjusted Net Income; Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share; Adjusted Return on Average Assets; and Adjusted Return on Average Equity. Adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share, adjusted return on average assets and adjusted return on average equity are each supplemental measures that exclude certain transactions as outlined and calculated in the table below. Each item reconciles to reported net income, diluted earnings per share, return on average assets and return on average equity. The Company believes these adjusted financial metrics assist users of its financial statements with their financial analysis period-over-period as they are adjusted for certain non-recurring items.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except number of shares, per share data and ratios) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Adjusted Net Income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income, as presented |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |
Adjustment for net loss on sale of securities |  | 10,310 |  |  | 912 |  |  | — |
Adjustment for Signature Bank bond write-off |  | 1,838 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax impact of above adjustments(1) |  | (2,551) |  |  | (192) |  |  | — |
Adjusted net income |  | $ | 52,980 |  |  | $ | 62,159 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |
Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share, as presented |  | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 4.17 |  |  | $ | 4.60 |
Adjustment for net loss on sale of securities |  | 0.71 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | — |
Adjustment for Signature Bank bond write-off |  | 0.13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax impact of above adjustments(1) |  | (0.18) |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | — |
Adjusted diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 3.63 |  |  | $ | 4.22 |  |  | $ | 4.60 |
Adjusted Return on Average Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets, as presented |  | 0.76 | % |  | 1.12 | % |  | 1.31 | %
Adjustment for net loss on sale of securities |  | 0.18 | % |  | 0.02 | % |  | — |
Adjustment for Signature Bank bond write-off |  | 0.03 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax impact of above adjustments(1) |  | (0.04) | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted return on average assets |  | 0.93 | % |  | 1.14 | % |  | 1.31 | %
Adjusted Return on Average Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average equity, as presented |  | 9.30 | % |  | 13.15 | % |  | 12.72 | %
Adjustment for net loss on sale of securities |  | 2.21 | % |  | 0.20 | % |  | — |
Adjustment for Signature Bank bond write-off |  | 0.39 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax impact of above adjustments(1) |  | (0.55) | % |  | (0.04) | % |  | — |
Adjusted return on average equity |  | 11.35 | % |  | 13.31 | % |  | 12.72 | %

(1) Assumed a 21% income tax rate.
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Pre-Tax, Pre-Provision Income and Adjusted Pre-Tax, Pre-Provision Income. Pre-tax, pre-provision income and adjusted pre-tax, pre-provision income are each a supplemental measure of operating earnings and performance. Pre-tax, pre-provision income is calculated as net income before adjustment for provision (credit) for credit losses and adjustment for income tax expense, and adjusted pre-tax, pre-provision income is calculated as net income before adjustment for net loss on sale of securities and adjustment for SBA PPP loan income. These supplemental measures became more widely used by financial institutions as a measure of financial performance for comparability across financial institutions due to the provision for credit losses, as well as the SBA PPP loan income that was received on SBA loans originated, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic that were not a recurring and sustainable source of revenues for financial institutions.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income, as presented |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |
Adjustment for income tax expense |  | 10,453 |  |  | 15,608 |  |  | 17,627 |
Adjustment for provision (credit) for credit losses |  | 2,100 |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | (3,190) |
Pre-tax, pre-provision income |  | $ | 55,936 |  |  | $ | 81,547 |  |  | $ | 83,451 |
Adjustment for net loss on sale of securities |  | 10,310 |  |  | 912 |  |  | — |
Adjustment for SBA PPP loan income |  | (14) |  |  | (1,254) |  |  | (8,170) |
Adjusted pre-tax, pre-provision income |  | $ | 66,232 |  |  | $ | 81,205 |  |  | $ | 75,281 |

Efficiency Ratio. The efficiency ratio represents an approximate measure of the cost required for the Company to generate a dollar of revenue. This is a common measure used by financial institutions and is a key ratio for evaluating Company performance. The efficiency ratio is calculated as the ratio of (i) total non-interest expense, adjusted for certain operating expenses, as necessary to (ii) net interest income on a tax equivalent basis plus total non-interest income, adjusted for certain other income items, as necessary.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Non-interest expense, as presented |  | $ | 107,361 |  |  | $ | 106,849 |  |  | $ | 103,720 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for prepayment fees on borrowings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (514) |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted non-interest expense |  | $ | 107,361 |  |  | $ | 106,849 |  |  | $ | 103,206 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income, as presented |  | $ | 132,263 |  |  | $ | 147,694 |  |  | $ | 137,436 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for the effect of tax-exempt income(1) |  | 901 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 988 |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest income, as presented |  | 31,034 |  |  | 40,702 |  |  | 49,735 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for net loss on sale of securities |  | 10,310 |  |  | 912 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net interest income plus non-interest income |  | $ | 174,508 |  |  | $ | 190,245 |  |  | $ | 188,159 |  |  |  |  |
Ratio of non-interest expense to total revenues(2) |  | 65.75 | % |  | 56.72 | % |  | 55.41 | % |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP efficiency ratio |  | 61.52 | % |  | 56.16 | % |  | 54.85 | % |  |  |  |

(1) Reported on a tax-equivalent basis using a 21% income tax rate.
(2) Revenue is the sum of net interest income and non-interest income.
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Return on Average Tangible Equity and Adjusted Return on Average Tangible Equity. Return on average tangible equity is the ratio of (i) net income, adjusted for tax effected amortization of core deposit intangible assets and other adjustments, as necessary, to (ii) average shareholders' equity, adjusted for average goodwill and core deposit intangible assets. This adjusted financial ratio reflects a shareholders' return on tangible capital deployed in our business and is a common performance measure within the financial services industry. Adjusted return on average tangible equity is calculated the same as return on average tangible equity but uses adjusted net income which excludes certain transactions as shown in the table above. The Company believes this adjusted metric assists users of its financial statements with their period-over-period financial analysis as it is adjusted for certain non-recurring items.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Return on Average Tangible Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income, as presented |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for amortization of core deposit intangible assets |  | 592 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 655 |  |  |  |  |
Tax impact of above adjustment(1) |  | (124) |  |  | (131) |  |  | (138) |  |  |  |  |
Net income, adjusted for amortization of core deposit intangible assets |  | $ | 43,851 |  |  | $ | 61,933 |  |  | $ | 69,531 |  |  |  |  |
Average equity, as presented |  | $ | 466,717 |  |  | $ | 467,245 |  |  | $ | 542,725 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for average goodwill and core deposit intangible assets |  | (95,962) |  |  | (96,572) |  |  | (97,211) |  |  |  |  |
Average tangible equity |  | $ | 370,755 |  |  | $ | 370,673 |  |  | $ | 445,514 |  |  |  |  |
Return on average equity |  | 9.30 | % |  | 13.15 | % |  | 12.72 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average tangible equity |  | 11.83 | % |  | 16.71 | % |  | 15.61 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted Return on Average Tangible Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net income (see “Adjusted Net Income” table above) |  | $ | 52,980 |  |  | $ | 62,159 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for amortization of core deposit intangible assets |  | 592 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 655 |  |  |  |  |
Tax impact of above adjustment(1) |  | (124) |  |  | (131) |  |  | (138) |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net income, adjusted for amortization of core deposit intangible assets |  | $ | 53,448 |  |  | $ | 62,653 |  |  | $ | 69,531 |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted return on average tangible equity |  | 14.42 | % |  | 16.90 | % |  | 15.61 | % |  |  |  |

(1) Assumed a 21% income tax rate.
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Tangible Book Value per Share and Tangible Common Equity Ratio. Tangible book value per share is the ratio of (i) shareholders’ equity less goodwill, and core deposit intangible assets to (ii) total common shares outstanding at period end. Tangible book value per share is a common measure within our industry when assessing the value of a company as it removes goodwill and other intangible assets generated within purchase accounting upon a business combination.
Tangible common equity is the ratio of (i) shareholders’ equity less goodwill and core deposit intangible assets to (ii) total assets less goodwill and core deposit intangible assets. This ratio is a measure used within our industry to assess whether or not a company is highly leveraged.

(In thousands, except number of shares and per share data) |  | December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible Book Value Per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity, as presented |  | $ | 495,064 |  | $ | 451,278 |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for goodwill and core deposit intangible assets |  | (95,668) |  | (96,260) |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible shareholders' equity |  | $ | 399,396 |  | $ | 355,018 |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares outstanding at period end |  | 14,565,952 |  | 14,567,325 |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value per share |  | $ | 33.99 |  |  | $ | 30.98 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible book value per share |  | $ | 27.42 |  |  | $ | 24.37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible Common Equity Ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,714,506 |  | $ | 5,671,850 |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for goodwill and core deposit intangible assets |  | (95,668) |  | (96,260) |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible assets |  | $ | 5,618,838 |  | $ | 5,575,590 |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity ratio |  | 8.66 | % |  | 7.96 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible common equity ratio |  | 7.11 | % |  | 6.37 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Net Interest Income (Fully-Taxable Equivalent). Net interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent basis is net interest income plus the taxes that would have been paid had tax-exempt securities been taxable. This number attempts to enhance the comparability of the performance of assets that have different tax liabilities. This is a common measure with the financial services industry and is used within the calculation of net interest margin on a fully-taxable equivalent basis.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Net interest income, as presented |  | $ | 132,263 |  |  | $ | 147,694 |  |  | $ | 137,436 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for the effect of tax-exempt income(1) |  | 901 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 987 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income, tax equivalent |  | $ | 133,164 |  |  | $ | 148,631 |  |  | $ | 138,423 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Reported on a tax-equivalent basis using a 21% income tax rate.
Core Deposits. Core deposits are used by management to measure the portion of the Company's total deposits that management believes to be more stable and lower cost. The Company calculates core deposits as total deposits less CDs and brokered deposits. Management believes core deposits is a useful measure to assess the Company's deposit base, including its potential volatility.

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits, as presented |  | $ | 4,597,360 |  |  | $ | 4,826,929 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for certificates of deposit |  | (609,503) |  |  | (300,451) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for brokered deposits |  | (101,919) |  |  | (181,253) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core deposits |  | $ | 3,885,938 |  |  | $ | 4,345,225 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Average Core Deposits. Average core deposits are used by management to measure the portion of the Company's total deposits that management believes to be more stable and at a lower interest rate cost. The Company calculates average core deposits as total deposits less CDs. Management believes core deposits is a useful measure to assess the Company's deposit base, including its potential volatility.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Total average deposits, as presented(1) |  | $ | 4,481,322 |  |  | $ | 4,472,063 |  |  | $ | 4,096,411 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for average certificates of deposit |  | (453,723) |  |  | (295,586) |  |  | (333,352) |  |  |  |  |
Average core deposits |  | $ | 4,027,599 |  |  | $ | 4,176,477 |  |  | $ | 3,763,059 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Brokered deposits are excluded from total average deposits, as presented on the Average Balance, Interest and Yield/Rate analysis table.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties, and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. In preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, management is required to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses reported. Actual results could materially differ from our current estimates, as a result of changing conditions and future events. Several estimates are particularly critical and are susceptible to significant near-term change, including (i) the ACL, including the ACL on loans, off-balance sheet credit exposures and investments; (ii) accounting for acquisitions and the subsequent review of goodwill and intangible assets generated in an acquisition for impairment; (iii) income taxes; and (iv) accounting for defined benefit and postretirement plans.
Refer to Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for additional details of the Company's accounting policies, including new accounting standards recently adopted.
Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”). The ACL is calculated using the current expected credit loss accounting model, often referred to as “CECL.” Under CECL, the ACL at each reporting period serves as our best estimate of projected credit losses over the contractual life of certain assets, adjusted for expected prepayments, given an expectation of economic conditions and forecasts as of the valuation date.
The recorded ACL on loans and HTM debt investments is determined based on the amortized cost basis of the assets and may be determined at various levels, including homogeneous loan pools, individual credits with unique risk factors, and CUSIP. We use a discounted cash flow approach to calculate the ACL for each loan segment. Within the discounted cash flow model, a probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) assumption is applied to calculate the expected loss for each loan segment. PD is the probability the asset will default within a given timeframe and LGD is the percentage of the assets not expected to be collected due to default. PD and LGD data may be derived using (1) internal historical default and loss experience, as well as from (2) external data if there are not statistically meaningful loss events or our own internal loss data does not span a full economic cycle for a given loan segment.
CECL may create more volatility in our ACL, particularly our ACL on loans and ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures. Under CECL, our ACL may increase or decrease period-to-period based on many factors, including, but not limited to: (i) macroeconomic forecasts and conditions; (ii) a change in the forecast period; (iii) a change in the reversion speed; (iv) a change in the prepayment speed assumption; (v) an increase or decrease in loan balances, including changes to our loan portfolio mix; (vi) credit quality of the loan portfolio; and (vii) various qualitative factors outlined in ASU 2016-13.
Under CECL, the ACL on AFS securities is reviewed to determine the extent the fair value of a security designated as AFS is less than its amortized cost and we either (i) intend to sell the security or (ii) it is more-likely-than-not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, then the investment is permanently impaired and the amortized cost basis is written down to fair value and a corresponding impairment charge is recorded within the consolidated statements of income. If neither of the above is true, but the fair value of the investment is below its amortized cost basis at the reporting date, then an allowance is established on the AFS investment for the portion of the impairment that is due to credit reasons (e.g. credit rating downgrades, past due receivables, and/or other macro- or micro-adverse trends). The allowance established on an AFS investment due to credit losses is limited to the amount the fair value of the investment is below its amortized cost basis as of the reporting date. If the fair value of the investment is below its amortized cost basis for non-credit-related reasons (e.g. interest rate environment), then the impairment continues to be recognized within shareholders' equity through AOCI.
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ACL on Loans. We consider the ACL on loans to be a critical accounting policy given the uncertainty in evaluating the allowance required to cover management’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loans in its portfolio. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is a key management function that requires significant judgment and estimate by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the current loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance in future periods. While our current evaluation indicates that the ACL on loans at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was appropriate, the allowance may need to be increased under adversely different conditions or assumptions.
The significant key assumptions used with the ACL on loans calculation at December 31, 2023 and 2022 using the CECL methodology, included:
•Macroeconomic factors (loss drivers): Macroeconomic factors are used within our discounted cash flow model to forecast the PD over the forecast period. As macroeconomic factor condition worsen, the PD increases, and the corresponding LGD increases, resulting in an increase in the ACL on loans. We monitor and assess Maine unemployment, changes in Maine GDP, changes in National GDP, and changes in Maine's Housing Price Index at least annually to determine if these macroeconomic factors continue to be the most predictive indicator of losses within our loan portfolio. Macroeconomic factors used in the calculation of the ACL on loans may change from time to time and in times of greater uncertainty, we may consider a range of possible forecasts and evaluate the probability of each scenario. We assessed our loss factors again in the fourth quarter of 2023 and there were no changes made to the ACL on loans calculation for reporting as of December 31, 2023.
•Forecast Period and Reversion speed: The company uses a reasonable and supportable forecast period in developing the ACL, which represents the time period that management believes it can reasonably forecast the identified loss drivers. Generally, the forecast period management believes to be reasonable and supportable is set annually and validated through an assessment of economic leading indicators. In periods of greater volatility and uncertainty, such as that seen across the global markets and economies, including the U.S., we are likely to use a shorter forecast period, whereas when markets, economies and various other factors are considered more stable and certain, we are likely to use a longer forecast period. Generally, we expect our forecast period to range from one to three years. Once the reasonable and supportable forecast period is determined, The company reverts its loss expectations to the long-run historical mean for the remainder of the contract life of the asset, adjusted for prepayments. In determining the length of time over which the reversion will take place (i.e. “reversion speed”), we consider such factors such as, but not limited to, historical loan loss experience over previous economic cycles, as well as where we believe we are within the current economic cycle.
At December 31, 2023, we used a two-year forecast period and a two-year reversion period for each loan segment to measure the ACL on loans. At December 31, 2022, we used a one-year forecast period and one-year reversion period for each loan segment to measure the ACL on loans. This change was to better align the economic forecasted data used to calculate the ACL with the Company’s internal views of the future economic state.
•Prepayment speeds: Prepayment speeds are determined for each loan segment utilizing our own historical loan data, as well as consideration of current environmental factors. The prepayment speed assumption is utilized with the discounted cash flow model (i.e. the CECL model) to forecast expected cash flows over the contractual life of the loan, adjusted for expected prepayments. A higher prepayment speed assumption will drive a lower ACL, and vice versa. In the fourth quarter of 2023 we decreased our prepayment speeds for our residential, commercial real estate non-owner-occupied and commercial real estate owner-occupied. These decreases were to better align the prepayment speeds in the model with the current portfolio in the current interest rate environment.
•Qualitative factors: Companies are required to consider various qualitative factors that may impact expected credit losses. We continue to consider qualitative factors in determining and arriving at our ACL on loans each reporting period. In 2023 the Company increased the qualitative factors used to address the increased risk in certain commercial real estate segments to ensure the Company has adequate reserves over these segments.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the recorded ACL on loans was $36.9 million and represented our best estimate of expected credit losses within our loan portfolio as of each date. However, we may adjust our assumptions to account for differences between expected and actual losses each period. A future change of our assumptions will likely alter the level of allowance required and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The ACL is reviewed periodically within a calendar quarter to assess trends in the aforementioned key assumptions, as well as asset quality within our loan portfolio, and we consider the impact of these trends on the ACL and the Company's financial condition, if any. The ACL on loans is reviewed and approved on a quarterly basis by the Company's Audit Committee, and later reviewed and ratified by the Bank's Board of Directors.
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Refer to “—Results of Operations—Provision for Credit Losses,” “—Financial Condition—Asset Quality,” and Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
ACL on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. We consider the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures to be a critical accounting policy given the uncertainty in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover management’s estimate of all expected credit losses on expected future loan fundings of, primarily, unfunded loan commitments for those that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The expected credit loss factor calculated for each loan segment using the ACL on loans methodology described above, as well as within Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements, is used to calculate the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures for each applicable loan segment, and, thus, are subject to the same level of estimation risk and volatility previously described. In addition, one other key assumption is used to derive the allowance on off-balance sheet credit exposures and that is the expected funding rate. The expected funding rate is derived using historical loan-level data for credit line usage, and is applied to total off-balance sheet credit exposures at each reporting date, excluding any that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company, to determine the expected funding amount. As unfunded loan commitments are funded, the allowance migrates from that provided for off-balance sheet credit exposures to the ACL on loans. If the expected funding rate or any other key assumption used is not reasonable, then this could have an adverse impact on the total ACL upon funding.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the recorded ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $2.4 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and presented within accrued interest and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition. Increases (decreases) to the allowance are presented within provision (credit) for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income. The allowance at December 31, 2023 and 2022, represented our best estimate, however, we may adjust our assumptions to account for differences between expected and actual losses from period to period. A future change to our assumptions will likely alter the level of allowance required and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition.
Refer to “—Results of Operations—Provision for Credit Losses,” “—Financial Condition—Asset Quality,” and Note 3 and 11 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
ACL for HTM Debt Securities. The estimate of expected credit losses on our HTM investment portfolio is based on the expected cash flows of each individual CUSIP over its contractual life and considers historical credit loss information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Given the rarity of municipal defaults and losses, we utilize external third party loss forecast models as the sole source of municipal default and loss rates. Investment cash flows are modeled over a reasonable and supportable forecast period and then revert to the long-term average economic conditions on a straight line basis (similar to that of our ACL on loans policy). Management may exercise discretion to make adjustments based on various environmental factors.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company held securities in its HTM portfolio with an amortized cost basis of $545.0 million and $546.6 million, that primarily consisted of MBS and CMO debt securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored agencies. Under ASU 2016-13, we may exclude certain securities when the historical credit loss information, adjusted for current conditions and forecasts, resulting in zero risk of nonpayment of the amortized cost basis of the security. We have evaluated and determined there is zero risk of nonpayment on all securities guaranteed by the U.S government agencies. In 2023, the Company engaged a third party to calculate the necessary allowances required due on all other HTM securities. In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded provision expense of $1.8 million on one HTM debt security, which was driven by the full write-off of one Signature Bank corporate bond due to its failure in March 2023. This was the only exposure we had to failed banks in 2023. However, no allowance was carried given the immaterial amount that was calculated based on the nature of such securities as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. Should our HTM portfolio continue grow in size, change its mix and/or experience credit deterioration, an allowance may be recorded at that time.
Refer to “—Financial Condition—Investments” and Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
ACL on AFS Debt Securities. We consider the ACL on AFS debt securities to be a critical accounting policy given the size of the investment portfolio and level of estimation used to determine the allowance, as appropriate. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's AFS portfolio is entirely made up of assets that are fair valued using level 2 valuation techniques in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. We engage a third party pricing agency to assist with the valuation of such debt securities and the assets are carried at fair value at each reporting period. An allowance is recorded on an AFS debt security to the extent an event has occurred that suggests receipt of full contractual payments are at risk. When such an event has been identified, a discounted cash flow model is used to determine the expected losses due to credit risk, and an allowance
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is recorded to reduce the carrying value of the debt security by the calculated expected loss amount, limited to the amount by which the fair value of the debt security is below its amortized cost basis.
As further described within “—Financial Condition—Investments,” the Company's AFS portfolio, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, was primarily consisted of MBS and CMO debt securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored agencies, and, thus, presenting little to no credit risk. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had not identified indications of credit risk and did not carry any allowance for credit losses on its AFS portfolio and did not record any permanent impairments during the remainder of 2023, 2022, 2021.
Refer to “—Financial Condition—Investments” and Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
Purchase Price Allocation and Impairment of Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets. We record all acquired assets and liabilities at fair value, which is an estimate determined by the use of internal valuation techniques. We also may engage external valuation services to assist with the valuation of material assets and liabilities acquired, including, but not limited to, loans, core deposit intangibles and/or other intangible assets, real estate and time deposits. As part of purchase accounting, we typically acquire goodwill and other intangible assets as part of the purchase price. These assets are subject to ongoing periodic impairment tests under differing accounting models. We did not acquire any other company or assets during 2023 or 2022.
Goodwill impairment evaluations are required to be performed at least annually, but may be required more frequently if certain conditions indicate a potential impairment may exist. Our policy is to perform the goodwill impairment analysis annually as of November 30 th, or more frequently as warranted. The goodwill impairment evaluation is required to be performed at the reporting unit level. Goodwill impairment is measured by the amount the book value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, and an impairment charge is recorded for the lesser of this amount or the amount to write-down goodwill to zero.
We elected to use the quantitative analysis to perform the annual goodwill impairment assessment as of November 30, 2023 and 2022 and concluded that goodwill was not impaired. We may use a qualitative analysis to evaluate goodwill for impairment when it is believed that it is not more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is below its book value, or if a quantitative analysis was recently used to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit, and there are not any indications of events that would suggest such conclusions for impairment have changed. The Company did not recognize any impairment of goodwill in 2023, 2022 or 2021.
The Company's core deposit intangible assets have a finite life and are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Core deposit intangible assets are subject to impairment tests if events or circumstances indicate a possible inability to realize the carrying amount. Core deposit intangible assets are measured for impairment utilizing a cost recovery model. We did not identify any events or circumstances that occurred in 2023, 2022 or 2021 that would indicate that our core deposit intangible assets may be impaired and should be evaluated for such.
Refer to “—Financial Condition—Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible Assets” and Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
Income Taxes. We account for income taxes by deferring income taxes based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, considering the provisions of enacted tax laws. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the consolidated statements of condition.
We must also assess the likelihood that any deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and establish a valuation allowance for those assets determined not likely to be recoverable. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company carried deferred tax assets totaling $42.2 million and $50.2 million, respectively, and did not record any valuation allowance on these deferred tax assets. Although we determined a valuation allowance was not required for our deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there is no guarantee that these assets will be realized. To the extent a valuation allowance on the Company's deferred tax assets is recorded in future periods, a material charge to the Company's consolidated statements of income may result and reduce net income. Judgment is required in determining the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting deferred tax assets and liabilities, including projections of future taxable income.
As of December 31, 2023, our federal and state income tax returns for 2022, 2021 and 2020 were open to audit by federal and various state authorities. If, as a result of an audit, we were to be assessed interest and penalties, the amounts would be recorded through other non-interest expense on the consolidated statements of income.
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Refer to “—Results of Operations—Income Tax Expense” and Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
Defined Benefit and Postretirement Plans. We use a December 31 st measurement date to determine the expenses for the Company's defined benefit and postretirement plans and related financial disclosure information. Postretirement plan expense is sensitive to changes in the number of eligible employees, changes in the discount rate, mortality rate, and other expected
rates, such as medical cost trends rates and salary scale assumptions. There are no new entrants to the Company's defined benefit and postretirement plans.
Refer to Note 18 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
2023 Overview. Throughout 2023, the U.S. economy and the financial services industry experienced significant and unexpected stress due to several key factors, including: (1) effects of material increases in short-term interest rates driven by aggressive increases in the Federal Funds Rate, which has resulted in a historically prolonged inversion of the interest rate yield curve; (2) liquidity issues resulting in part from three major bank failures that occurred in the first half of 2023 and which contributed to deposit outflows at certain banks; and (3) increased concerns regarding asset quality, particularly within the commercial real estate office space. The combination of these factors has placed great emphasis on deposit gathering across the industry, and coupled with rising short-term interest rates has resulted in rapidly rising deposit costs that have compressed net interest margins across the banking industry.
In response to the macro-environment and the factors outlined above, we shifted our priorities in 2023 to: (1) maintain our deposit base and liquidity strength; (2) optimize our net interest margin; and (3) maintain our strong asset quality. We continue to be focused on driving long-term shareholder value by working to maintain the financial strength and resiliency of the Company’s balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, we are well-positioned not only to withstand current market turbulence but also to capitalize on opportunities that may arise within the markets in which the Company does business.
During 2023, through the combination of cash dividends and share repurchases, the Company returned $26.5 million of capital to shareholders, which included the repurchase of 65,692 shares of its common stock at a weighted average price of $30.44 and cash dividends to shareholders of $1.68 per share, a 4% increase over 2022. In January 2024, we announced a new share repurchase program approved by the Company’s Board of Directors for up to 750,000 shares, or approximately 5% of total shares outstanding at December 31, 2023, and the termination of our share repurchase program that was opened in 2023.
Operating Results. For 2023, the Company reported net income of $43.4 million and diluted earnings per share of $2.97, which were each 29% lower compared to 2022. Our 2023 financial results were impacted both by the macroeconomic conditions as described above, and by certain actions we took in response to these conditions as we focused on maintaining the long-term strength of our franchise, through maintaining and growing deposit relationships, maintaining our excellent asset quality, and maintaining capital levels. During 2023, the strength of our capital position enabled us to take certain actions to improve the Company’s future earnings capacity and improve profitability through by selling certain investments and redeploying the proceeds into higher yielding assets at current market rates. In doing so, the Company recorded pre-tax investment losses totaling $10.3 million (or $8.9 million in after-tax losses) in 2023, which contributed to the decrease in net income and diluted earnings per share compared to 2022. Adjusting for the investment losses, as well as a write-off of a $1.8 million (or $1.4 million after taxes) Signature Bank corporate bond due to its failure in the first quarter of 2023, adjusted net income (non-GAAP) and adjusted diluted earnings per share in 2023 decreased 15% and 14%, respectively, compared to 2022.
The Company, and the broader financial services industry, operated in an inverted yield curve environment for the entirety of 2023. The impact of the inverted yield curve has compressed the Company’s, and many other banks, net interest margin, which has driven a decrease in revenues and net income, as well as a reduction in profitability metrics, for 2023 compared to 2022. The Company’s net interest margin for 2023 was 2.46%, compared to 2.86% for 2022. We took several steps to stabilize net interest margin and reposition the Company’s balance sheet with a focus on improving our interest rate sensitivity to short- and long-term yield curve inversion for a longer time period, and positioning the Company for profitable growth as the economy and market conditions show signs of normalizing. In addition to the sales of investment securities described above, we took the following actions during 2023:
•We executed $500.0 million of interest rate swaps designed to improve our interest rate risk position to rising and “higher for longer” short-term interest rates and generated $4.9 million of net interest income.
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•We leveraged the Bank Term Funding Program (i.e., a funding program created in early-2023 in response to bank failures to make additional funding available to depository institutions and to help stabilize market confidence) as it provided lower-cost alternative funding and provided us, and other banks, with the option to prepay borrowings under the program without penalty. To improve our liquidity position, we borrowed $135.0 million from the program at a rate of 4.70% for a period of one year.
•We managed deposit costs actively through customer-level interactions and conversations, leveraging the strong relationships we build through our branch network and various channels. Since the beginning of the rising short-term interest rate cycle (i.e., January 1, 2022), our cumulative deposit beta (excluding brokered deposits), which measures the change in the Company’s average deposit rate to the average change in the Effective Federal Funds Rate, through December 31, 2023 was 33%.
•We tempered loan growth to 2% for 2023 through disciplined new loan origination pricing. For 2023, our weighted-average new loan origination yield across our entire loan portfolio was 7.21%.
Financial Highlights. Our financial highlights for 2023 include:
Strong Liquidity Position – At December 31, 2023, total uninsured and uncollateralized 1 deposits were 15% of our total deposits, and we maintained access to available funding of two times our total uninsured and uncollateralized deposits.
Strong Capital Position – At December 31, 2023, all of our regulatory capital ratios were well in excess of regulatory capital requirements. Our capital and loan reserve levels, along with our strong credit quality position us for continued success in light of current market conditions that are both dynamic and volatile.
Strong Asset Quality – Key credit quality metrics in both commercial and consumer portfolios remain resilient, despite the macroeconomic pressures created by rapidly rising interest rates and continued risk of a recession in the near-term. Asset quality continues to be a source of strength for the Company, with non-performing assets of 0.13% of total assets and past due loans of 0.12% of total loans at December 31, 2023.
Shareholder Returns – We increased our cash dividend paid per share by 4% over the last year to $1.68 for 2023. Over the past five years, the Company's annual cash dividend has increased 8% on a compounded basis. The increase reflects our ability to generate long-term, sustainable earnings and our commitment to deliver meaningful returns to our shareholders. At December 31, 2023, our annualized dividend yield reached 4.46%, based on our closing stock price of $37.63, on December 29, 2023 (the last business day of the year).
We deployed $2.0 million of capital through the repurchase of 65,692 shares of the Company's common stock.
1 Uncollateralized deposits are customer deposit balances for which the Company has not pledged any of its assets, including investment securities, or provided any other type of guarantee.
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Financial Highlights |  | As of or For The Year ended December 31, |  |
(In thousands, except per share data and ratios) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
Earnings and Profitability |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | (29) | %
Diluted EPS |  | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 4.17 |  |  | (29) | %
Adjusted net income (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 52,980 |  |  | $ | 62,159 |  |  | (15) | %
Adjusted diluted EPS (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 3.63 |  |  | $ | 4.22 |  |  | (14) | %
Return on average assets |  | 0.76 | % |  | 1.12 | % |  | (0.36) | %
Adjusted return on average assets (non-GAAP) |  | 0.93 | % |  | 1.14 | % |  | (0.21) | %
Return on average equity |  | 9.30 | % |  | 13.15 | % |  | (3.85) | %
Adjusted return on average equity (non-GAAP) |  | 11.35 | % |  | 13.31 | % |  | (1.96) | %
Return on average tangible equity (non-GAAP) |  | 11.83 | % |  | 16.71 | % |  | (4.88) | %
Adjusted return on average tangible equity (non-GAAP) |  | 14.42 | % |  | 16.90 | % |  | (2.48) | %
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) |  | 61.52 | % |  | 56.16 | % |  | 5.36 | %
Balance Sheet and Liquidity |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 4,098,094 |  |  | $ | 4,010,353 |  |  | 2 | %
Deposits |  | $ | 4,597,360 |  |  | $ | 4,826,929 |  |  | (5) | %
Cash dividends declared per share |  | $ | 1.68 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | 4 | %
Uninsured and uncollateralized deposits to total deposits |  | 14.56 | % |  | 15.45 | % |  | (0.89) | %
Available liquidity sources to uninsured and uncollateralized deposits |  | 201.67 | % |  | 205.23 | % |  | (3.56) | %
Credit Quality and Capital |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-performing assets to total assets |  | 0.13 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 0.04 | %
Loans 30-89 days past due to total loans |  | 0.12 | % |  | 0.06 | % |  | 0.06 | %
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans |  | 0.90 | % |  | 0.92 | % |  | (0.02) | %
Total risk-based capital ratio |  | 14.36 | % |  | 13.80 | % |  | 0.56 | %
Tangible common equity ratio (non-GAAP) |  | 7.11 | % |  | 6.37 | % |  | 0.74 | %

47

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin
Net interest income is the interest earned on our lending activities, investment securities and other interest-earning assets, less the interest paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings (i.e. our primary business activities). Net interest income, which is our largest source of revenue, accounted for 81%, 78% and 73% of total revenues for the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net interest income is affected by factors including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, loan and deposit pricing strategies and competitive conditions, loan prepayment speeds, the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and the level of non-performing assets.
Net Interest Income. Net interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent basis for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $133.2 million, a decrease of $15.5 million, or 10%, over 2022. The decrease consisted of a $68.9 million, or 275%, increase in interest expense, which was partially offset by an increase in interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent basis of $53.5 million, or 31%, between periods.
•The Company’s average cost of funds for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 1.83%, compared to 0.51% for the year ended December 31, 2022, and was the driver for the increase in interest expense year-over-year. Our deposit and borrowing costs increased sharply during 2023 as the Federal Funds Rate reached a target range of 5.25% to 5.50% in 2023, and the average Effective Federal Funds Rate for 2023 was 5.03%, compared to an average of 1.68% for 2022.
The Company’s average deposit costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 were 1.56%, compared to 0.42% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Deposits costs were pressured throughout 2023 due to the increase in short-term rates. Other drivers of deposit costs included strong deposit competition within our markets, and more broadly across depository institutions, including in response to bank failures that occurred during the first half of 2023, as well as changes in the deposit remix as depositors moved deposits to higher interest-earning deposit accounts. During 2023, the pace at which deposit customers began deploying their excess cash into higher interest-earning deposit accounts accelerated, and this change in deposit remix drove an increase in money market and CD balances and a decrease in low-cost deposits accounts (e.g., non-interest-bearing checking and savings accounts).
The Company’s average cost of borrowings for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 3.58%, compared to 1.35% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was driven by the sharp increase in short-term interest between years, but also was due to the increased average borrowings of $196.1 million, or 42%, needed to help support average interest-earning asset growth of $211.2 million, or 4%, between years.
•The increase in interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent basis was also primarily driven by the higher interest rate environment between years. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company’s yield on average interest-earning assets was 4.19%, compared to 3.34% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average 10-year U.S. Treasury Rate for 2023 was 3.96%, compared to 2.95% for 2022.
The Company’s average loan yield was 4.80% for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of 90 basis points over 2022. Throughout 2023, we reinvested loan and investment cash flows received primarily back into loans at current market rates supporting yield expansion. During 2023, average loan balances increased 10% compared to 2022 contributing interest income growth year-over-year.
The Company’s average investment yield was 2.28% for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of 31 basis points over 2022. The increase in investment yield was driven by reinvesting the cash flows from the Company’s lower yielding investments and the proceeds of the sale of $126.8 million of lower yielding investments at a pre-tax investment loss of $10.3 million into higher interest-earnings assets. The increase in our investment yield was able to drive an increase in interest income on investments year-over-year and fully offset the impact of a decrease in average investment balances of 10% between years.
Net Interest Margin. Net interest margin is calculated as net interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent basis as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. Our net interest margin on a fully-taxable equivalent basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 2.46% and 2.86%, respectively.
The following table presents, for the periods noted, average balances, interest income, interest expense, and the corresponding average yields earned and rates paid, as well as net interest income, net interest rate spread and net interest margin:
48

|  | Average Balance, Interest and Yield/Rate Analysis
|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance(1) |  | Interest |  | Yield/Rate |  | Average Balance(1) |  | Interest |  | Yield/Rate |  | Average Balance(1) |  | Interest |  | Yield/Rate
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks and other interest-earning assets |  | $ | 33,676 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |  |  | 5.50 | % |  | $ | 52,068 |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | 0.99 | % |  | $ | 268,879 |  |  | $ | 322 |  |  | 0.12 | %
Investments – taxable |  | 1,203,445 |  |  | 26,088 |  |  | 2.17 | % |  | 1,329,586 |  |  | 24,468 |  |  | 1.84 | % |  | 1,189,895 |  |  | 19,724 |  |  | 1.66 | %
Investments – nontaxable(2) |  | 100,614 |  |  | 3,706 |  |  | 3.68 | % |  | 111,113 |  |  | 3,919 |  |  | 3.53 | % |  | 115,169 |  |  | 3,798 |  |  | 3.30 | %
Loans(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | 1,659,078 |  |  | 80,182 |  |  | 4.83 | % |  | 1,532,225 |  |  | 61,452 |  |  | 4.01 | % |  | 1,412,884 |  |  | 51,488 |  |  | 3.64 | %
Commercial(2) |  | 398,465 |  |  | 23,872 |  |  | 5.99 | % |  | 396,000 |  |  | 16,494 |  |  | 4.17 | % |  | 340,727 |  |  | 12,959 |  |  | 3.80 | %
SBA PPP |  | 483 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 2.99 | % |  | 6,999 |  |  | 1,254 |  |  | 17.91 | % |  | 118,414 |  |  | 8,170 |  |  | 6.90 | %
Municipal(2) |  | 16,702 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 4.04 | % |  | 19,305 |  |  | 618 |  |  | 3.20 | % |  | 20,529 |  |  | 691 |  |  | 3.37 | %
Residential real estate |  | 1,748,076 |  |  | 71,566 |  |  | 4.09 | % |  | 1,511,985 |  |  | 52,738 |  |  | 3.49 | % |  | 1,156,698 |  |  | 41,792 |  |  | 3.61 | %
Consumer and home equity |  | 253,877 |  |  | 19,194 |  |  | 7.56 | % |  | 243,901 |  |  | 12,268 |  |  | 5.03 | % |  | 250,061 |  |  | 10,528 |  |  | 4.21 | %
Total loans |  | 4,076,681 |  |  | 195,502 |  |  | 4.80 | % |  | 3,710,415 |  |  | 144,824 |  |  | 3.90 | % |  | 3,299,313 |  |  | 125,628 |  |  | 3.81 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 5,414,416 |  |  | 227,147 |  |  | 4.19 | % |  | 5,203,182 |  |  | 173,725 |  |  | 3.34 | % |  | 4,873,256 |  |  | 149,472 |  |  | 3.07 | %
Cash and due from banks |  | 65,396 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49,744 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51,983 |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | 264,479 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 270,111 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 364,740 |  |  |  |  |
Less: ACL |  | (36,965) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (34,237) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (34,433) |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,707,326 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,488,800 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,255,546 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES & SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest checking |  | $ | 1,020,045 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 1,206,383 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 1,083,357 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Interest checking |  | 1,614,598 |  |  | 37,205 |  |  | 2.30 | % |  | 1,502,896 |  |  | 11,569 |  |  | 0.77 | % |  | 1,297,695 |  |  | 2,512 |  |  | 0.19 | %
Savings |  | 675,478 |  |  | 788 |  |  | 0.12 | % |  | 760,264 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | 675,533 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 0.04 | %
Money market |  | 717,478 |  |  | 19,210 |  |  | 2.68 | % |  | 706,934 |  |  | 5,341 |  |  | 0.76 | % |  | 706,474 |  |  | 2,075 |  |  | 0.29 | %
Certificates of deposit |  | 453,723 |  |  | 12,927 |  |  | 2.85 | % |  | 295,586 |  |  | 1,481 |  |  | 0.50 | % |  | 333,352 |  |  | 1,782 |  |  | 0.53 | %
Total deposits |  | 4,481,322 |  |  | 70,130 |  |  | 1.56 | % |  | 4,472,063 |  |  | 18,734 |  |  | 0.42 | % |  | 4,096,411 |  |  | 6,646 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokered deposits |  | 184,709 |  |  | 8,754 |  |  | 4.74 | % |  | 130,455 |  |  | 1,571 |  |  | 1.20 | % |  | 282,399 |  |  | 1,274 |  |  | 0.45 | %
Customer repurchase agreements |  | 191,646 |  |  | 2,847 |  |  | 1.49 | % |  | 215,761 |  |  | 1,103 |  |  | 0.51 | % |  | 185,246 |  |  | 570 |  |  | 0.31 | %
Subordinated debentures |  | 44,331 |  |  | 2,150 |  |  | 4.85 | % |  | 44,331 |  |  | 2,140 |  |  | 4.83 | % |  | 48,605 |  |  | 2,523 |  |  | 5.19 | %
Other borrowings |  | 246,058 |  |  | 10,102 |  |  | 4.11 | % |  | 80,100 |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | 1.93 | % |  | 3,562 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 0.99 | %
Total borrowings |  | 666,744 |  |  | 23,853 |  |  | 3.58 | % |  | 470,647 |  |  | 6,360 |  |  | 1.35 | % |  | 519,812 |  |  | 4,402 |  |  | 0.85 | %
Total funding liabilities |  | 5,148,066 |  |  | 93,983 |  |  | 1.83 | % |  | 4,942,710 |  |  | 25,094 |  |  | 0.51 | % |  | 4,616,223 |  |  | 11,048 |  |  | 0.24 | %
Other liabilities |  | 92,543 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 78,845 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 96,598 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 466,717 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 467,245 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 542,725 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities & shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 5,707,326 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,488,800 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,255,546 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (fully-taxable equivalent) |  |  |  | 133,164 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 148,631 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 138,424 |  |  |
Less: fully-taxable equivalent adjustment |  |  |  | (901) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (937) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (988) |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  | $ | 132,263 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 147,694 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 137,436 |  |  |
Net interest rate spread (fully-taxable equivalent) |  |  |  |  |  | 2.36 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.83 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.83 | %
Net interest margin (fully-taxable equivalent) |  |  |  |  |  | 2.46 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.86 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.84 | %

(1) Reported average balances are calculated on a daily basis.
(2) Reported on a tax-equivalent basis calculated using a 21% tax rate, including certain commercial loans.
(3) Non-accrual loans and loans held for sale are included in total average loans.
49

The following table presents certain information on a fully-taxable equivalent basis regarding changes in interest income and interest expense for the periods indicated. For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided with respect to changes attributable to rate and volume. The (a) changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior year's rate), (b) changes in rates (change in rate multiplied by current year's volume), and (c) changes in rate/volume (change in rate multiplied by the change in volume), which is allocated to the change due to rate column.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 vs. December 31, 2022 |  | For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 vs. December 31, 2021
|  | Increase (Decrease) Due to: |  | Net Increase (Decrease) |  | Increase (Decrease) Due to: |  | Net Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands) |  | Volume |  | Rate |  |  | Volume |  | Rate |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks and other interest-earning assets |  | $ | (145) |  |  | $ | 1,482 |  |  | $ | 1,337 |  |  | $ | (260) |  |  | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | 192 |
Investments – taxable |  | (2,321) |  |  | 3,941 |  |  | 1,620 |  |  | 2,319 |  |  | 2,425 |  |  | 4,744 |
Investments – nontaxable |  | (371) |  |  | 158 |  |  | (213) |  |  | (134) |  |  | 255 |  |  | 121 |
Commercial real estate |  | 5,138 |  |  | 12,916 |  |  | 18,054 |  |  | 4,344 |  |  | 5,620 |  |  | 9,964 |
Commercial |  | 102 |  |  | 7,307 |  |  | 7,409 |  |  | 2,100 |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | 3,535 |
SBA PPP |  | (1,167) |  |  | (73) |  |  | (1,240) |  |  | (7,688) |  |  | 772 |  |  | (6,916) |
Municipal |  | (83) |  |  | 139 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (41) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (73) |
Residential real estate |  | 8,145 |  |  | 11,328 |  |  | 19,473 |  |  | 12,826 |  |  | (1,880) |  |  | 10,946 |
Consumer and home equity |  | 502 |  |  | 6,424 |  |  | 6,926 |  |  | (259) |  |  | 1,999 |  |  | 1,740 |
Total interest income |  | 9,800 |  |  | 43,622 |  |  | 53,422 |  |  | 13,207 |  |  | 11,046 |  |  | 24,253 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest checking |  | 860 |  |  | 24,776 |  |  | 25,636 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 8,667 |  |  | 9,057 |
Savings |  | (42) |  |  | 487 |  |  | 445 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 66 |
Money market |  | 80 |  |  | 13,789 |  |  | 13,869 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3,265 |  |  | 3,266 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 791 |  |  | 10,655 |  |  | 11,446 |  |  | (200) |  |  | (101) |  |  | (301) |
Brokered deposits |  | 651 |  |  | 6,532 |  |  | 7,183 |  |  | (684) |  |  | 981 |  |  | 297 |
Customer repurchase agreements |  | (123) |  |  | 1,867 |  |  | 1,744 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 533 |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (222) |  |  | (161) |  |  | (383) |
Other borrowings |  | 3,203 |  |  | 5,353 |  |  | 8,556 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 753 |  |  | 1,511 |
Total interest expense |  | 5,420 |  |  | 63,469 |  |  | 68,889 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 13,875 |  |  | 14,046 |
Net interest income (fully-taxable equivalent) |  | $ | 4,380 |  |  | $ | (19,847) |  |  | $ | (15,467) |  |  | $ | 13,036 |  |  | $ | (2,829) |  |  | $ | 10,207 |

Net interest income included the following for the periods indicated:

|  | Income Statement Location |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest income from residential real estate derivatives |  | Interest income |  | $ | 4,682 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Loan fees(1) |  | Interest income |  | 340 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 7,156 |
Net fair value mark accretion from purchase accounting |  | Interest income and Interest expense |  | 145 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 689 |
Recoveries on previously charged-off acquired loans |  | Interest income |  | 88 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 226 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 5,255 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 8,071 |

(1) For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $10,000, $1.2 million and $6.9 million of fees associated with SBA PPP loan originations.
50

The Company's consolidated financial statements and the notes to the consolidated financial statements presented within have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires the measurement of the financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars and, in some cases, current fair values without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Unlike many industrial companies, substantially all of our assets and virtually all of our liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on our performance than the general level of inflation. Over short periods of time, interest rates and the yield curve may not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as inflation.
Provision for Credit Losses
For the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company has accounted for its provision for credit losses in accordance with ASU 2016-13, commonly referred to as the “CECL” standard. Refer to “—Critical Accounting Policies” and Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for the Company's accounting and policies for the ACL.
The provision for credit losses was made up of the following components for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |  | Change from 2023 to 2022
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ |  | %
Provision (credit) for loan losses |  | $ | 1,174 |  |  | $ | 4,430 |  |  | $ | (3,817) |  |  | $ | (3,256) |  |  | (73) | %
(Credit) provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures |  | (912) |  |  | 70 |  |  | 627 |  |  | (982) |  |  | N.M.
Provision for credit losses - HTM debt securities |  | 1,838 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,838 |  |  | N.M.
Provision for credit losses |  | $ | 2,100 |  |  | $ | 4,500 |  |  | $ | (3,190) |  |  | $ | (2,400) |  |  | (53) | %

Provision (credit) for loan losses. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the provision for loan losses of $1.2 million was driven by loan growth of 2% and net charge-offs of 0.03% of average loans for the year.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the provision for loan losses was $4.4 million and was driven by loan growth of 17% and net charge-offs of 0.02% of average loans, partially offset by a release of $5.0 million of additional reserves provided for certain commercial real estate loans at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic due to the heightened credit risk at that time.
The Company’s asset quality remained strong at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Refer to “—Financial Condition—Asset Quality” for further details.
Provision for credit losses on off-balance credit exposures. At December 31, 2023, the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $2.4 million, as compared to $3.3 million as of December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven by the decrease in unfunded credit lines of $79.2 million and decrease in the residential and commercial pipelines of $31.9 million between periods.
Provision for HTM debt securities: In the first quarter of 2023, the Company fully wrote-off of one Signature Bank corporate bond as Signature Bank failed. There was no additional provision expense recorded for 2023, and there was no provision expense recorded for the Company’s HTM portfolio for 2022.
51

Non-Interest Income
The following table sets forth information regarding non-interest income for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |  | Change from 2023 to 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ |  | %
Debit card income |  | $ | 12,613 |  |  | $ | 13,340 |  |  | $ | 13,105 |  |  | $ | (727) |  |  | (5) | %
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | 7,839 |  |  | 7,587 |  |  | 6,626 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 3 | %
Income from fiduciary services |  | 6,669 |  |  | 6,407 |  |  | 6,516 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 4 | %
Mortgage banking income, net |  | 2,921 |  |  | 4,221 |  |  | 13,704 |  |  | (1,300) |  |  | (31) | %
Brokerage and insurance commissions |  | 4,650 |  |  | 4,147 |  |  | 3,913 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 12 | %
Bank-owned life insurance |  | 2,349 |  |  | 1,901 |  |  | 2,364 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 24 | %
Net loss on sale of securities |  | (10,310) |  |  | (912) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,398) |  |  | — |
Other income |  | 4,303 |  |  | 4,011 |  |  | 3,507 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 7 | %
Total non-interest income |  | $ | 31,034 |  |  | $ | 40,702 |  |  | $ | 49,735 |  |  | $ | (9,668) |  |  | (24) | %
Non-interest income as a percentage of total revenues(1) |  | 19 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 27 | % |  |  |  |

(1) Revenue is the sum of net interest income and non-interest income.
Debit card income represents the interchange fees earned from debit card transactions of our business and consumer checking account customers, and the annual incentive bonus received from our network provider. The decrease between periods was driven by the decrease in average earning rate between periods. Additionally customer spend increased 2%, which was lower than the 2022 increase of 4% that resulted in a lower annual incentive bonus from Visa of $400,000.
Service charges on deposit accounts represents the fees earned from providing various services to deposit customers, including overdraft, normal fees for servicing deposit accounts, and cash management fees for business customers. In 2022, the Company stopped charging its depositors non-sufficient fund fees. Overdraft fee income for the year ended 2023 was $5.4 million, and overdraft fee income and non-sufficient fund fees for the year ended 2022 was $5.3 million.
Income from fiduciary services represents the fees earned for investment advisory and trust services provided by Camden National Wealth Management. The fees earned are primarily a percentage of our clients' assets under management. Assets under management were $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2023, representing an increase of 10% over 2022.
Mortgage banking income, net is generated through the sale of residential mortgage loans to secondary market investors and also includes income recognized upon the sale of residential mortgages in which we maintain the servicing rights creating a mortgage servicing asset, net of related amortization of the capitalized mortgage servicing asset. Our practice has been to sell the servicing rights for residential mortgages originated, except for certain third party relationships that require the Company to service the loan.
The decrease in mortgage banking income, net for the year ended 2023 compared to 2022, was driven by a 49% decrease in residential mortgage production between years as purchase and refinance activity began to slow in the second half of 2022 and continued throughout 2023 as interest rates increased. In response to the interest rate environment, we shifted our loan pricing strategy in 2023 to slow our on-books loan production given the focus on deposits, net interest margin and asset quality, this included selling more of our residential mortgage production. For the year ended 2023, we sold 49% of our residential mortgage production, compared to 20% in 2022.
Brokerage and insurance commissions represent the fees earned for brokerage services, investment advisory and insurance services provided by the Bank, doing business as Camden Financial Consultants. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2023 over 2022 was driven by a 17% increase in assets under administration to $796.7 million as of December 31, 2023.
Bank-owned life insurance represents the change in cash surrender value of the Company's various BOLI policies in place for certain current and former officers of the Company and Bank. The change in cash surrender value reflects the performance of the underlying investments of the policies. In 2022 there was a decrease of $387,000 due to the underlying investments in one of the Company's BOLI contracts dropping below its stable value wrapper. There were no decreases in the market value of these underlying investments in 2023.
52

Net loss on sale of securities represents the realized (loss) gain upon sale of our debt investments. In 2023, we
executed investment sales that resulted in pre-tax losses of $10.3 million. The trades were completed to reposition a portion of our balance sheet and are expected to improve future earnings and profitability through the reinvestment of $126.8 million of cash proceeds through balance sheet optimization.
In 2022, we executed investment sales that resulted in pre-tax losses of $912,000. The trades were completed to reposition a portion of our balance and are expected to improve future earnings and profitability through the reinvestment of $37.3 million of cash proceeds through balance sheet optimization.
Refer to “—Financial Condition—Investments,” and Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
Other Income includes third party merchant and credit card commissions, customer loan swap fees and other miscellaneous fees and net gains on equity securities.
Non-Interest Expense
The following table sets forth information regarding non-interest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |  | Change from 2023 to 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ |  | %
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 60,009 |  | $ | 62,019 |  | $ | 61,007 |  | $ | (2,010) |  |  | (3) | %
Furniture, equipment and data processing |  | 13,377 |  | 13,043 |  | 12,247 |  | 334 |  |  | 3 | %
Net occupancy costs |  | 7,674 |  | 7,578 |  | 7,532 |  | 96 |  |  | 1 | %
Debit card expense |  | 5,126 |  | 4,602 |  | 4,313 |  | 524 |  |  | 11 | %
Consulting and professional fees |  | 4,520 |  | 4,073 |  | 3,691 |  | 447 |  |  | 11 | %
Regulatory assessments |  | 3,413 |  | 2,338 |  | 2,074 |  | 1,075 |  |  | 46 | %
Amortization of core deposit intangible assets |  | 592 |  | 625 |  | 655 |  | (33) |  |  | (5) | %
OREO and collection costs (recoveries), net |  | 42 |  | 29 |  | (101) |  | 13 |  |  | 45 | %
Other expenses |  | 12,608 |  | 12,542 |  | 12,302 |  | 66 |  |  | 1 | %
Total non-interest expense |  | $ | 107,361 |  | $ | 106,849 |  | $ | 103,720 |  | $ | 512 |  |  | — | %
Ratio of non-interest expense to total revenues |  | 65.75 | % |  | 56.72 | % |  | 55.41 | % |  |  |  |
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) |  | 61.52 | % |  | 56.16 | % |  | 54.85 | % |  |  |  |

Salaries and employee benefits includes employee wages, commissions, incentives, equity compensation, employer-related taxes, insurance benefits, and other certain employee-related costs, net of direct employee-related costs incurred for loan originations. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by: (1) a modest decrease in salary costs of $100,000 driven by a decrease in average full-time equivalent employees of 5% that fully offset normal annual merit and transition-related costs for our President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) of $303,000, (2) a decrease in bonuses and incentives of $1.7 million based on annual financial performance and a decrease in average full-time equivalent employees along with a decrease in insurance costs of 13% driven by a change in insurance carriers in 2023 along with the decrease in average full-time equivalent employees.
Furniture, equipment and data processing includes depreciation expense of capitalized furniture, equipment and data-related costs, and ongoing system and other data processing costs, including outsourced solutions. The increase for the year ended 2023 over 2022 was driven by the Company’s continued investments in customer-facing technology platforms, internal systems and production platforms to drive increased productivity and efficiencies, and updates to various information security and resiliency-related systems and enhancements.
Net occupancy costs include building and property costs associated with the operation of our branches, loan production offices and service centers, including, but not limited to, rent, depreciation, maintenance and related taxes, net of rental income earned from the lease of office space.
Consulting and professional fees include third party consulting services and other professional fees, such as audit and tax services, legal services, and Company and Bank director fees. The increase in fees for 2023 were driven by legal, consulting and director-related costs for the succession and transition of our President and CEO of $372,000.
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Debit card expense is the cost incurred for the generation of debit card income, including third party switch network provider fees and related data transmission costs, and plastic card costs for the generation of debit cards for checking account customers. The increase for the year ended 2023 over 2022 was driven by rising vendor costs, including fraud detection and prevention costs. Many of the costs associated with debit card expense are fixed per unit regardless of the activity that generates income, and, thus, an increase or decrease in debit card income may not necessarily directly correlate with the change in debit card expense year-over-year.
Regulatory assessments are the costs incurred and paid to various regulatory agencies, including the FDIC and OCC. Regulatory assessment fees are based on a number of factors, including but not limited to, asset growth, regulator risk assessment and positive or negative trends specific to the financial institution. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2023 over 2022 was primarily driven by the increase in FDIC assessment fees of 2 basis points for all insured banks, effective January 1, 2023.
OREO and collection costs, net include the costs associated with OREO, collection and foreclosure efforts for the Company's loans. Should asset quality metrics deteriorate in 2024, the costs associated with OREO, collection and foreclosure efforts likely would increase.
Amortization of core deposit intangible assets represents the amortization expense on core deposit intangible assets. Refer to “—Financial Condition—Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible Assets,” and Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements for further details.
Other expenses include employee-related costs, such as certain SERP and other postretirement benefits expenses; hiring, training, education, meeting and business travel costs; donations and marketing costs; postage, freight and courier costs; and other expenses.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $10.5 million and $15.6 million, respectively, which resulted in an effective income tax rate of 19.4% for 2023 and 20.3% for 2022, respectively. The Company's effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 of 19.4% was lower than our marginal tax rate of 22.8%, which includes our 21.0% federal income tax rate and a 1.8% blended state income tax rate, net of federal tax benefit. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 over 2022 was primarily due to the decrease in income before income tax expense of $23.2 million, or 30%, compared to 2022, while our non-taxable interest income from municipal bonds and certain qualifying loans, non-taxable BOLI, and tax credits received on qualifying investments mix remained comparable to 2022.
The Company's deferred tax assets were $42.2 million and $50.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in deferred tax assets during 2023 was driven by the decrease in unrealized losses on the AFS investments portfolio, including the remaining losses from the investments transferred from AFS to HTM in June 2022. While not anticipated as of December 31, 2023, should the Company realize a loss on these investments, the loss would be characterized as an ordinary loss for income tax purposes and not as a capital loss, and thus would not carry restrictions on use of any such loss. We continuously monitor and assess the need for a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets, and we determined that no valuation allowance was necessary as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
Refer to “—Financial Condition—Investments,” and Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of investments.
Refer to Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of income taxes and related deferred tax assets and liabilities.
2022 Operating Results as Compared to 2021 Operating Results
Results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 can be found in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of the Company’s 2022 annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2023.
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FINANCIAL CONDITION
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Total cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2023 were $99.8 million, compared to $75.4 million at December 31, 2022. Included within the Company’s cash and cash equivalents balances at December 31, 2023 and 2022, was cash held in escrow by the FHLBB as collateral posted by the counterparties for our derivatives in a net asset position at each reporting date totaling $15.4 million and $5.4 million, respectively. We actively, and the counterparty, manage these cash accounts daily. Refer to Notes 12 and 13 of the consolidated financial statements for additional detail on the Company’s derivatives and collateral.
Investments
The Company utilizes the investment portfolio to manage liquidity, interest rate risk, and regulatory capital, as well as to take advantage of market conditions to generate returns without undue risk. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s investment portfolio generally consisted of MBS, CMO, municipal and corporate debt securities, FHLBB and FRB common stock, and mutual funds held in a rabbi trust for purposes of Company executive and director nonqualified retirement plans. We designate our debt securities as AFS or HTM based on our intent and investment strategy and they are carried at fair value or amortized cost, respectively. Our FHLBB and FRB common stock is carried at cost, and our mutual fund investments are carried at fair value. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, total investments were 21% and 22%, respectively, of total assets.
During 2023, we sold low yielding investments, that were designated as AFS, with a total book value of $137.1 million at a pre-tax loss of $10.3 million to adjust the Company's balance sheet in response to the sharp increase in interest rates during 2022 and 2023. Total proceeds from the sale of $126.8 million were used to optimize the balance sheet, which included reinvesting a portion of the proceeds to purchase new investments at current market rates, and is expected to generate future earnings and improve profitability.
In the second quarter of 2022, we transferred securities from AFS to HTM to help manage our capital position in a rising interest rate environment. The securities were reclassified at fair value at the time of the transfer, which was a non-cash transaction. At December 31, 2023, the net unrealized losses on the transferred securities reported within AOCI were $46.9 million, net of a deferred tax asset of $12.8 million, and the weighted-average life on these securities was 8.5 years. At December 31, 2022, the net unrealized losses on the transferred securities reported within AOCI were $52.2 million, net of a deferred tax asset of $14.3 million and the weighted-average of these securities were 8.8 years.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's investments portfolio totaled $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, representing a decrease of $68.4 million, or 5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023. Given the interest rate environment, our primary strategy throughout 2023 was to redeploy normal cash flows from paydowns, calls and maturities to fund our loan growth of 2%. The primary components for the change in total investments for the year ended 2023 were:
•Paydowns, calls and maturities of $98.4 million;
•Sale of $137.1 million of AFS debt securities;
•Purchases of $126.8 million of debt securities during 2023 as described in more detail above;
•The change in the fair value of the Company's AFS debt securities of $13.6 million.
Our AFS debt securities portfolio, which comprised 53% and 55% of our investment portfolio at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was carried at fair value using level 2 valuation techniques. Refer to Notes 1 and 21 of the consolidated financial statements for further details on the Company's fair value techniques.
The AFS and HTM debt securities portfolio has limited credit risk due to its composition, which includes securities backed by the U.S. government and government-sponsored agencies, and highly rated corporate and municipal bonds by nationally recognized rating agencies. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the book value of U.S. government and government-sponsored agencies represented approximately 91% and 88%, respectively, of the AFS and HTM debt securities portfolio. The book value of corporate and municipal bonds carrying a credit rating of “AA” or higher at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 4% and 7%, respectively, of the AFS and HTM debt securities.
Our other investments on the consolidated statements of condition consist of FHLBB and FRB common stock. These investments are carried at cost. We are required to maintain a certain level of investment in FHLBB stock based on our level of FHLBB advances, and maintain a certain level of investment in FRB common stock based on the Bank's capital levels. As of
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December 31, 2023 and 2022, our investment in FHLBB stock totaled $10.0 million and $7.3 million, respectively, and our investment in FRB stock was $5.4 million at each date.
Our investments in mutual funds are designated as trading securities and carried at fair value. These investments are held within a rabbi trust and will be used for future payments associated with the Company’s Executive and Director Deferred Compensation Plan. These investments are carried at fair value using level 1 valuation techniques.
The following table sets forth the carrying value of AFS and HTM debt securities along with the percentage distribution as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  | Percent of Total Investments |  | Carrying Value |  | Percent of Total Investments
Trading Securities (carried at fair value): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds |  | $ | 4,647 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 3,990 |  |  | — | %
Total trading securities |  | 4,647 |  |  | — | % |  | 3,990 |  |  | — | %
AFS Debt Investments (carried at fair value): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 6,386 |  |  | — | % |  | 49,226 |  |  | 4 | %
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 460,091 |  |  | 39 | % |  | 514,019 |  |  | 41 | %
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 141,011 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 109,347 |  |  | 9 | %
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 18,320 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 23,283 |  |  | 2 | %
Total AFS debt investments |  | 625,808 |  |  | 53 | % |  | 695,875 |  |  | 56 | %
HTM Debt Investments (carried at amortized cost): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 7,593 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 7,457 |  |  | 1 | %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 56,262 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 55,978 |  |  | 4 | %
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 304,850 |  |  | 26 | % |  | 317,406 |  |  | 25 | %
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 157,118 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 145,069 |  |  | 12 | %
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 19,108 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 20,673 |  |  | 1 | %
Total HTM debt investments |  | 544,931 |  |  | 46 | % |  | 546,583 |  |  | 43 | %
Other Investments (carried at cost): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLBB stock |  | 10,020 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 7,339 |  |  | 1 | %
FRB stock |  | 5,374 |  |  | — | % |  | 5,374 |  |  | — | %
Total other investments |  | 15,394 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 12,713 |  |  | 1 | %
Total |  | $ | 1,190,780 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,259,161 |  |  | 100 | %

We continuously monitor and evaluate our investment securities portfolio to identify and assess risks within our portfolio, including, but not limited to, the impact of the current rate environment and the related prepayment risk, and credit ratings. The overall mix of debt securities at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 remains relatively unchanged and well positioned to provide a stable source of cash flow. The duration of our debt investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2023 was 5.7 years, compared to 5.8 years at December 31, 2022. The weighted average life of our debt securities portfolio remained consistent at 7.8 years at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The Company’s AFS debt securities that are in an unrealized loss position are assessed to determine if an allowance should be recorded or if a write-down is required in accordance with ASU 2016-13. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we did not record any allowances or write-down any of our AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position. Refer to “—Critical Accounting Policies” and Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our practices and policies, and refer to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for additional details of our assessment of the allowance for AFS investments as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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We assess our HTM debt securities each reporting period to determine if an allowance should be recorded or if a write-down is required. In the first quarter of 2023, we wrote-off a $1.8 million corporate bond issued by Signature Bank due to Signature Bank's failure through provision expense on the consolidated statements of income. This corporate bond was designated as HTM and previously carried no ACL. In January 2024, we sold the Signature Bank securities and recovered $910,000 of the book value of the security. We completed a review of our HTM investment portfolio as of December 31, 2023, and concluded that no ACL was warranted on any of the remaining bonds at this time. The fair value and book value of the Company's corporate bonds and municipal securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Book Value |  | Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Book Value |  | Net Unrealized Loss
Municipal bonds |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 63,159 |  |  | $ | 62,691 |  |  | $ | 468 |  |  | 139 |  |  | $ | 104,025 |  |  | $ | 105,656 |  |  | $ | (1,631) |
Corporate bonds |  | 20 |  |  | 37,714 |  |  | 40,790 |  |  | (3,076) |  |  | 22 |  |  | 44,012 |  |  | 46,350 |  |  | (2,338) |
Total |  | 75 |  |  | $ | 100,873 |  |  | $ | 103,481 |  |  | $ | (2,608) |  |  | 161 |  |  | $ | 148,037 |  |  | $ | 152,006 |  |  | $ | (3,969) |

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, municipal bonds were 5% and 8% of the book value of the total bond portfolio, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, all municipal bonds carried an investment-grade credit rating.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, corporate bonds were 3% and 4% of the book value of the total bond portfolio, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, corporate bonds with a book value of $31.2 million and $36.9 million, or 77% and 80% of the corporate bond portfolio, carried an investment-grade credit rating. The remaining $9.6 million and $9.4 million of book value, or 23% and 20% of the corporate bond portfolio, were non-rated corporate bonds of community banks within our markets. As of December 31, 2023, the corporate bond portfolio was made up of 18 different companies, which included 16 different banks. The banks in the portfolio range from the largest U.S. banks to community banks, with 32% of our exposure as of December 31, 2023, being to global systemically important banks, or "G-SIBs." A limited number of our rated corporate bonds have been downgraded in 2023 as a result of stress in the banking system, although all remain investment-grade as of December 31, 2023. We continue to monitor and analyze the performance of our corporate bond portfolio.
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not record any allowances or write-down any of our HTM debt securities . Refer to “—Critical Accounting Policies” and Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our practices and policies, and refer to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for additional details of our assessment of the allowance for HTM investments as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
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The following table presents the book value and fully-taxable equivalent weighted-average yields of debt investments by contractual maturity and the carrying value of other investments, for the periods indicated. Actual maturities of debt investments may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Due in 1 year or less |  | Due in 1 – 5 years |  | Due in 5 – 10 years |  | Due in over 10 years |  | Amortized Cost |  | Amortized Cost
Debt investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,593 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,593 |  |  | $ | 7,457 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 1,503 |  |  | 2,105 |  |  | 14,388 |  |  | 44,695 |  |  | 62,691 |  |  | 105,656 |
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 5,000 |  |  | 12,584 |  |  | 138,314 |  |  | 674,391 |  |  | 830,289 |  |  | 916,252 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,557 |  |  | 266,948 |  |  | 306,505 |  |  | 267,829 |
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 10,520 |  |  | 30,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,790 |  |  | 46,350 |
Total debt investments |  | $ | 6,503 |  |  | $ | 25,209 |  |  | $ | 230,122 |  |  | $ | 986,034 |  |  | $ | 1,247,868 |  |  | $ | 1,343,544 |
Weighted-average yield on debt securities(1) |  | 2.68 | % |  | 3.45 | % |  | 3.71 | % |  | 2.81 | % |  | 2.98 | % |  | 2.65 | %
Other investments(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds (fair value) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,647 |  |  | $ | 3,990 |
FHLBB stock (cost) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,020 |  |  | 7,339 |
FRB stock (cost) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,374 |  |  | 5,374 |
Total other investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,041 |  |  | $ | 16,703 |

(1) Weighted average is calculated by dividing the book value by the book value times tax yield.
(2) There is no scheduled maturity date.
Loans
The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio at the dates indicated, as well as the change during 2023:

|  | December 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
(Dollars in thousands) |  | $ |  | % of Total Loan Portfolio |  | $ |  | % of Total Loan Portfolio |  | $ |  | %
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 1,370,446 |  |  | 33 | % |  | $ | 1,292,443 |  |  | 32 | % |  | $ | 78,003 |  |  | 6 | %
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 301,860 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 332,494 |  |  | 8 | % |  | (30,634) |  |  | (9) | %
Commercial |  | 403,901 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 430,131 |  |  | 11 | % |  | (26,230) |  |  | (6) | %
Residential real estate |  | 1,763,378 |  |  | 43 | % |  | 1,700,266 |  |  | 42 | % |  | 63,112 |  |  | 4 | %
Consumer and home equity |  | 258,509 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 255,019 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 3,490 |  |  | 1 | %
Total loans |  | $ | 4,098,094 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 4,010,353 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 87,741 |  |  | 2 | %
Loan portfolio mix: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | $ | 2,076,207 |  |  | 51 | % |  | $ | 2,055,068 |  |  | 51 | % |  | $ | 21,139 |  |  | 1 | %
Retail |  | $ | 2,021,887 |  |  | 49 | % |  | $ | 1,955,285 |  |  | 49 | % |  | $ | 66,602 |  |  | 3 | %

Refer to Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements for additional details on our loan segmentation and risks as of December 31, 2023.
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At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 35% and 34% of the consumer loan portfolio was unsecured, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 53% and 47% of the home equity portfolio was secured by a junior lien position, respectively.
Portfolio Concentrations
The Company provides loans primarily to customers located within our geographic market area. Our primary markets continue to be in Maine, making up 68% and 70% of our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Massachusetts and New Hampshire are our second and third largest markets, making up 16% and 10%, respectively, of our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023, compared to 15% and 9%, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, our distribution channels include 56 branches within Maine, two locations in New Hampshire, including a branch in Portsmouth and a commercial loan production office in Manchester, a mortgage loan production office in Braintree, Massachusetts, and an online residential mortgage and small business digital loan platform.
At December 31, 2023, the non-residential building operators' industry (operators of commercial and industrial buildings, retail establishments, theaters, banks and insurance buildings) and lessors of residential buildings industry (lessors of buildings used as residences, such as single-family homes, apartments and town houses) concentrations were 33% and 28% of our total commercial real estate portfolio and 13% and 11% of total loans, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the non-residential building operators’ industry and lessors of residential building industry concentrations were 34% and 28%, respectively, of total commercial real estate portfolio and 14% and 11% of total loans. At December 31, 2023, there were no other industry concentrations within our loan portfolio that exceeded 10% of total loans.
The table below summarizes the industry concentrations of the commercial loan portfolio at the dates indicated:

|  | December 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
(Dollars in thousands) |  | $ |  | % of Commercial Loan Portfolio |  | $ |  | % of Commercial Loan Portfolio |  | $ |  | %
Real estate investment(1) |  | $ | 1,057,148 |  |  | 51 | % |  | $ | 1,015,377 |  |  | 49 | % |  | $ | 41,771 |  |  | 4 | %
Lodging |  | 229,017 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 201,387 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 27,630 |  |  | 14 | %
Retail trade |  | 116,623 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 108,883 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 7,740 |  |  | 7 | %
Health care |  | 95,801 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 106,660 |  |  | 5 | % |  | (10,859) |  |  | (10) | %
Manufacturing |  | 74,089 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 83,971 |  |  | 4 | % |  | (9,882) |  |  | (12) | %
Construction |  | 73,936 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 79,828 |  |  | 4 | % |  | (5,892) |  |  | (7) | %
Wholesale trade |  | 67,512 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 69,274 |  |  | 3 | % |  | (1,762) |  |  | (3) | %
Finance and insurance |  | 66,038 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 61,679 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 4,359 |  |  | 7 | %
Other (each < 3%) |  | 296,043 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 328,009 |  |  | 16 | % |  | (31,966) |  |  | (10) | %
Total |  | $ | 2,076,207 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,055,068 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 21,139 |  |  | 1 | %
Commercial loan portfolio mix: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 1,370,446 |  |  | 66 | % |  | $ | 1,292,443 |  |  | 63 | % |  | 78,003 |  |  | 6 | %
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 301,860 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 332,494 |  |  | 16 | % |  | (30,634) |  |  | (9) | %
Commercial |  | 403,901 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 430,131 |  |  | 21 | % |  | (26,230) |  |  | (6) | %
Total |  | $ | 2,076,207 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,055,068 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 21,139 |  |  | 1 | %

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(1) The following table summarizes the real estate investment loan portfolio, by property type as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  | Change
(Dollars in thousands) |  | $ |  | % of Real Estate Investment Portfolio |  | % of Total Loan Portfolio |  | $ |  | % of Real Estate Investment Portfolio |  | % of Total Loan Portfolio |  | $ |  | %
Multi-family (5+ units)(a) |  | $ | 274,181 |  |  | 26 | % |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 259,137 |  |  | 26 | % |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 15,044 |  |  | 6 | %
Office(b) |  | 169,904 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 183,262 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 5 | % |  | (13,358) |  |  | (7) | %
Retail |  | 167,865 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 170,708 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 4 | % |  | (2,843) |  |  | (2) | %
Industrial |  | 164,021 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 146,821 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 17,200 |  |  | 12 | %
Multi-family (1-4 units)(c) |  | 153,166 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 124,737 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 28,429 |  |  | 23 | %
Other(d) |  | 128,011 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 130,712 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 3 | % |  | (2,701) |  |  | (2) | %
Total |  | $ | 1,057,148 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 1,015,377 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 25 | % |  | $ | 41,771 |  |  | 30 | %

(a) Multi-family (5+ units) loans are primarily located in non-urban locations, including 79% in Maine, 11% in Massachusetts, and 8% in New Hampshire at December 31, 2023.
(b) Office loans are located in non-urban locations, including 52% in Maine, 26% in New Hampshire, and 22% in Massachusetts at December 31, 2023.
(c) Represents multi-family (1-4 units) that are used for commercial purposes.
(d) Other includes multiple property types that individually are less than 5% of the real estate investment portfolio and individually are 1% or less of the total loan portfolio.
Related Party Transactions
The Bank is permitted, in its normal course of business, to make loans to certain officers and directors of the Company and Bank under terms that are consistent with the Bank’s lending policies and regulatory requirements. In addition to extending loans to certain officers and directors of the Company and Bank on terms consistent with the Bank’s lending policies, federal banking regulations also require training, audit and examination of the adherence to this policy (also known as “Regulation O” requirements). Note 3 and Note 8 of the consolidated financial statements provide information on related party lending and deposit transactions, respectively. We have not entered into significant related party transactions.
Asset Quality
Asset quality is of the upmost importance to the Company, and continues to be of great focus given current market conditions. Our practice is to manage the Company's loan portfolio proactively so that we are able to effectively identify problem credits and trends early, assess and implement effective work-out strategies, and take charge-offs as promptly as practical. In addition, the Company continuously reassesses its underwriting standards in response to credit risk posed by changes in economic conditions. The Company continues to dedicate significant resources to monitor and manage credit risk throughout our loan portfolio and includes management and board-level oversight as follows:
•The Credit Risk team, Collection and Special Assets team and the Credit Risk Policy Committee, which is an internal management committee comprised of various executives and senior managers across business lines, including Accounting and Finance, Credit Underwriting, Collections and Special Assets, Risk, and Commercial and Retail Banking, oversee the Company's systems and procedures to monitor the credit quality of its loan portfolio, conduct a loan review program, and maintain the integrity of the loan rating system.
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•The adequacy of the ACL is overseen by the Management Provision Committee, which is an internal management committee comprised of various Company executives and senior managers across business lines, including Accounting and Finance, Credit Underwriting, Collections and Special Assets, Compliance, and Commercial and Retail Banking. The Management Provision Committee supports the oversight efforts of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
•The Directors' Credit Committee of the Board of Directors reviews large credit exposures, monitors external loan review reports, reviews the lending authority for individual loan officers when required, and has approval authority and responsibility for all matters regarding the loan policy and other credit-related policies, including reviewing and monitoring asset quality trends, and concentration levels.
•The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has approval authority and oversight responsibility for the ACL adequacy and methodology.
Non-Performing Assets. Non-performing assets include non-accrual loans, accruing loans 90 days or more past due, accruing TDRs prior to the Company's adoption of ASU 2022-02, and property acquired through foreclosure or repossession. The following table sets forth the composition and amount of our non-performing loans as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Non-accrual loans: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 124 |  |  | 46 |
Commercial |  | 1,725 |  |  | 715 |
Residential real estate |  | 2,539 |  |  | 1,733 |
Consumer and home equity |  | 798 |  |  | 486 |
Total non-accrual loans |  | 5,448 |  |  | 2,991 |
Accruing loans past due 90 days |  | — |  |  | — |
Accruing TDRs prior to ASU 2022-02 adoption not included above |  | 1,990 |  |  | 2,114 |
Total non-performing loans |  | 7,438 |  |  | 5,105 |
Other real estate owned |  | — |  |  | — |
Total non-performing assets |  | $ | 7,438 |  |  | $ | 5,105 |
Total loans, excluding loans held for sale |  | $ | 4,098,094 |  |  | $ | 4,010,353 |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,714,506 |  |  | $ | 5,671,850 |
ACL on loans |  | $ | 36,935 |  |  | $ | 36,922 |
ACL on loans to non-accrual loans |  | 677.96 | % |  | 1,234.44 | %
Non-accrual loans to total loans |  | 0.13 | % |  | 0.07 | %
Non-performing loans to total loans |  | 0.18 | % |  | 0.13 | %
Non-performing assets to total assets |  | 0.13 | % |  | 0.09 | %

Generally, a loan is classified as non-accrual when interest and/or principal payments are 90 days past due or when management believes collecting all principal and interest owed is in doubt. All previously accrued but unpaid interest on non-accrual loans is reversed from interest income in the current period. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans are applied as a reduction of principal. A loan remains on non-accrual status until all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, all future principal and interest payments are reasonably assured, and a consistent repayment record, generally six consecutive payments, has been demonstrated. At that time, we may reclassify the loan to performing. For loans that were previously qualified as TDRs prior to ASU 2022-02, we will classify the interest collected as interest income once the aforementioned criteria for non-accrual loans is met and demonstrated. However, loans classified as TDRs prior to ASU 2022-02 remain classified as such for the life of the loan, except in limited circumstances, when it is determined that the borrower is performing under the modified terms and (i) the loan is subsequently restructured and re-written in a new agreement at an interest rate greater than or equal to an acceptable market rate for a comparable new loan at the time of the restructuring, and (ii) there has been no principal forgiveness.
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The following table highlights the interest income that would have been recognized if loans on non-accrual status had been current in accordance with their original terms (i.e., “foregone interest income”) and the interest income recognized on non-performing loans and performing TDRs for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Foregone interest income |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 256 |
Interest income recognized on non-performing loans and performing TDRs |  | 110 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 90 |

Potential Problem Loans. Potential problem loans consist of classified accruing commercial and commercial real estate loans that were 30-89 days past due. Such loans are characterized by weaknesses in the financial condition of our borrowers or collateral deficiencies. Based on historical experience, the credit quality of some of these loans may improve due to the financial condition of the borrowers or changes in collateral values, while the credit quality of other loans may deteriorate, resulting in some amount of loss. These loans are not included in the above analysis of non-accrual loans. At December 31, 2023, potential problem loans totaled $1.2 million.
Past Due Loans. Past due loans consist of accruing loans that were 30-89 days past due. The following table presents the recorded investment of past due loans at the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Loans 30-89 days past due: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 267 |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 656 |  |  | 55 |
Commercial |  | 2,007 |  |  | 801 |
Residential real estate |  | 1,290 |  |  | 1,038 |
Consumer and home equity |  | 922 |  |  | 391 |
Total loans 30-89 days past due |  | $ | 4,959 |  |  | $ | 2,552 |
Total loans |  | $ | 4,098,094 |  |  | $ | 4,010,353 |
Loans 30-89 days past due to total loans |  | 0.12 | % |  | 0.06 | %

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ACL. The following table sets forth information concerning the components of our ACL for the periods indicated:

|  | At or For the Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
ACL on loans, beginning of period |  | $ | 36,922 |  |  | $ | 33,256 |  |  | $ | 37,865 |
Provision (credit) for loan losses |  | 1,174 |  |  | 4,430 |  |  | (3,817) |
Net charge-offs (recoveries)(1): |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | 39 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (9) |
Commercial |  | 1,089 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 579 |
Residential real estate |  | (26) |  |  | 66 |  |  | (15) |
Consumer and home equity |  | 59 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 237 |
Total net charge-offs |  | 1,161 |  |  | 764 |  |  | 792 |
ACL on loans, end of the period |  | $ | 36,935 |  |  | $ | 36,922 |  |  | $ | 33,256 |
Components of ACL: |  |  |  |  |  |
ACL on loans |  | $ | 36,935 |  |  | $ | 36,922 |  |  | $ | 33,256 |
ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures |  | 2,353 |  |  | 3,265 |  |  | 3,195 |
ACL, end of period |  | $ | 39,288 |  |  | $ | 40,187 |  |  | $ | 36,451 |
Total loans, excluding loans held for sale |  | $ | 4,098,094 |  |  | $ | 4,010,353 |  |  | $ | 3,431,474 |
Average loans |  | $ | 4,076,681 |  |  | $ | 3,710,415 |  |  | $ | 3,299,313 |
Net charge-offs to average loans |  | 0.03 | % |  | 0.02 | % |  | 0.02 | %
Provision (credit) for loan losses to average loans |  | 0.03 | % |  | 0.12 | % |  | (0.12) | %
ACL on loans to total loans |  | 0.90 | % |  | 0.92 | % |  | 0.97 | %

(1) Additional information related to (credit) provision for loan losses and net (charge-offs) recoveries is presented in the following table for the periods indicated:

|  |  |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | Total Charge-offs |  | Total Recoveries |  | Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries) |  | Average Loans |  | Ratio of Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans
2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 1,659,078 |  |  | — | %
Commercial |  |  |  | 1,560 |  |  | 471 |  |  | 1,089 |  |  | 415,650 |  |  | 0.26 | %
Residential real estate |  |  |  | 18 |  | 44 | 44 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 1,748,076 |  |  | — | %
Consumer and home equity |  |  |  | 91 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 253,877 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Total |  |  |  | $ | 1,727 |  |  | $ | 566 |  |  | $ | 1,161 |  |  | $ | 4,076,681 |  |  | 0.03 | %
2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 1,532,225 |  |  | — | %
Commercial |  |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 422,304 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Residential real estate |  |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | 1,511,985 |  |  | — | %
Consumer and home equity |  |  |  | 134 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 243,901 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Total |  |  |  | $ | 1,242 |  |  | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | 764 |  |  | $ | 3,710,415 |  |  | 0.02 | %
2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 1,412,884 |  |  | — | %
Commercial |  |  |  | 799 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 479,670 |  |  | 0.12 | %
Residential real estate |  |  |  | 92 |  |  | 107 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 1,156,698 |  |  | — | %
Consumer and home equity |  |  |  | 273 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 250,061 |  |  | 0.09 | %
Total |  |  |  | $ | 1,164 |  |  | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 792 |  |  | $ | 3,299,313 |  |  | 0.02 | %

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The following table sets forth information concerning the allocation of the ACL on loans by loan categories at the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | ACL on Loans |  | Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans |  | ACL on Loans |  | Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 16,581 |  |  | 33 | % |  | $ | 17,296 |  |  | 32 | %
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 2,290 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 2,362 |  |  | 8 | %
Commercial |  | 4,869 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 5,446 |  |  | 11 | %
Residential real estate |  | 10,254 |  |  | 43 | % |  | 9,089 |  |  | 42 | %
Consumer and home equity |  | 2,941 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 2,729 |  |  | 6 | %
Total |  | $ | 36,935 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 36,922 |  |  | 100 | %

Refer to “—Critical Accounting Policies” and Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for further details of our CECL model macroeconomic factors (i.e. loss drivers), and refer to Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements for discussion of the risk characteristics for each portfolio segment considered when evaluating the ACL, as well as factors driving the change in the ACL on loans at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022.
Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible Assets
Upon completion of an acquisition the Company will likely generate goodwill and other intangible assets. Goodwill represents the price paid in excess of the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities. Through the acquisition of other financial institutions, core deposit intangible assets are recognized at the estimated fair value of the acquired non-maturity deposit customer relationships. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment as of November 30 th annually, or more frequently as determined by management, and core deposit intangible assets are reviewed when a triggering event suggests such a review necessary.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, goodwill totaled $94.7 million. Through our annual impairment analysis performed as of November 30, 2023, we determined goodwill was not impaired. Refer to “—Critical Accounting Policies” and Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements for further details of the testing performed.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, core deposit intangible assets totaled $971,000 and $1.6 million, respectively, and related amortization was $592,000, $625,000, and $655,000 for the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no indications of potential risk of impairment of core deposit intangible assets for any of the aforementioned years.
Investment in BOLI
BOLI is presented in the consolidated statements of condition at its cash surrender value. Increases in BOLI’s cash surrender value are reported as a component of non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income.
BOLI was $101.5 million and $99.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase year-over-year reflects the increase in the cash surrender value. BOLI provides a means to mitigate increasing employee benefit costs. We expect to benefit from the BOLI contracts as a result of the tax-free growth in cash surrender value and death benefits that are expected to be generated over time. The largest risk to the BOLI program is credit risk of the insurance carriers. At December 31, 2023, we had one stable value account (that is subject to a wrapper) and that totals 10% of the BOLI portfolio, while the remaining amounts of the BOLI portfolio are in general accounts. To mitigate risk, annual financial condition reviews are completed on all carriers and we impose internal policy limits so that no one carrier exceed 10% of Tier 1 capital plus the allowable ACL (as defined for regulatory purposes). BOLI is invested in the “general account” of quality insurance companies or in separate account products, 94% of our balances are with insurance carriers that had an A.M. Best rating of “B++” or better at December 31, 2023.
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Deposits
The Company receives checking, savings and time deposits primarily from customers located within our markets. Other forms of deposits include brokered deposits and deposits with the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry System (“CDARS”). The table below details the Company’s deposits, and change between periods, as of each date indicated:

|  | December 31, |  | Change
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ |  | %
Non-interest checking |  | $ | 967,750 |  |  | 1,141,753 |  |  | $ | (174,003) |  |  | (15) | %
Interest checking |  | 1,553,787 |  |  | 1,763,850 |  |  | (210,063) |  |  | (12) | %
Savings |  | 608,319 |  |  | 753,393 |  |  | (145,074) |  |  | (19) | %
Money market(1) |  | 756,082 |  |  | 686,229 |  |  | 69,853 |  |  | 10 | %
Core deposits (non-GAAP) |  | 3,885,938 |  |  | 4,345,225 |  |  | (459,287) |  |  | (11) | %
Certificates of deposit |  | 609,503 |  |  | 300,451 |  |  | 309,052 |  |  | 103 | %
Brokered deposits(2) |  | 101,919 |  |  | 181,253 |  |  | (79,334) |  |  | (44) | %
Total deposits |  | $ | 4,597,360 |  |  | $ | 4,826,929 |  |  | $ | (229,569) |  |  | (5) | %

(1) Includes $61.5 million and $73.5 million of deposits from Camden National Wealth Management as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which represent client funds. These deposits fluctuate with changes in the portfolios of the clients of Camden National Wealth Management.
(2) At December 31, 2023 and 2022, brokered deposits consisted of $70.9 million and $82.3 million, respectively, of brokered money market balances and $31.0 million and $98.9 million, respectively, of brokered certificates of deposit (“CD”) balances.
The deposit landscape was highly competitive through 2023, and continues to be, as depositors looked to deploy excess liquidity into higher yielding, interest-bearing deposit accounts, and to ensure that their deposits are properly safeguarded in response to well-publicized failures of three larger regional banks in the first and second quarter of 2023. We continue to manage our deposits closely with a focus on maintaining and enhancing existing depositor relationships and developing new ones, while balancing the Company's overall funding cost and liquidity position.
The sharp increase in short-term interest rates in 2022 and 2023, highlighted by the upper limit of Federal Funds Target Rate increasing from 0.25% at January 1, 2022 to 4.50% at December 31, 2022, and reaching 5.50% in July 2023 and remaining at that level through December 31, 2023, has resulted in our customers, and more broadly across the banking industry, moving excess deposits from lower interest-earning accounts, including checking and savings accounts, to higher yielding accounts, including money market and CD. Throughout 2023, our CD product offering remained relatively short in term to provide the opportunity for CDs to reprice faster and manage our interest rate risk position to falling interest rates. The weighted-average life to maturity of our CD portfolio at December 31, 2023 was 6 months.
Another factor impacting deposits throughout 2023 was the decrease in average consumer deposit balances, primarily checking and savings accounts, which, in part, was due to depositors redeploying excess liquidity given the current interest rate environment as described above, but also likely reflects the shift in the overall financial position of the average consumer as average checking and savings account deposit balances from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 through mid-year 2022 steadily increased before reaching its peak. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's average checking and savings account deposit balance had decreased 10% and 17% compared to December 31, 2022, respectively.
We will supplement the Company’s funding using brokered deposits to manage overall funding costs, liquidity and our interest rate risk position. The Company’s brokered CDs of $31.0 million matured in February 2024, and we simultaneously entered into a new tranche totaling $75.0 million that are scheduled to mature in twelve months.
At December 31, 2023, the Company had no customer relationships that exceeded 10% of total deposits.
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Uninsured and Uncollateralized Deposits. Total deposits that exceeded the FDIC deposit insurance limit of $250,000 were $1.1 billion, or 23% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2023, and $1.4 billion, or 29% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2022.
Total uninsured and uncollateralized deposits that exceeded the FDIC deposit insurance limit of $250,000 and were not secured by pledged assets or any other guarantee of the Company totaled $669.5 million, or 15% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2023 and $745.9 million, or 16% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2022.
The balance of CDs that exceeded the FDIC deposit insurance limit of $250,000 was $167.2 million, or 27% of CD balances, as of December 31, 2023, and $84.5 million, or 28% of CD balances, as of December 31, 2022. The total uninsured portion of these CDs was $93.7 million, or 15% and $62.5 million or 21% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Borrowings and Advances
We utilize a variety of funding sources to manage our borrowings, including, but not limited to, FHLBB and correspondent bank overnight borrowings, FHLBB advances, customer and wholesale repurchase agreements, the Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”), and junior subordinated debentures. We proactively monitor our borrowings through Management and Board ALCO as part of prudent balance sheet, earnings, and liquidity management. As part of our liquidity management, we use internal designations of “short-term” and “long-term” borrowings, and manage our borrowings within each designation:
•Short-term borrowings include, but are not limited to, FHLBB and correspondent bank overnight borrowings, FHLBB advances with maturity within one year of origination, the BTFP, and customer repurchase agreements; and
•Long-term borrowings may include, but are not limited to, FHLBB advances with maturity greater than one year, wholesale repurchase agreements, and junior subordinated debentures.
At December 31, 2023, short-term borrowings were $485.6 million, representing an increase of $220.4 million, or 83%, since December 31, 2022. The increase in short-term borrowings reflects the need for additional funding to support asset growth of 2% and a decrease in deposits of 5% during 2023. In May 2023, we leveraged the new facility, the BTFP, that was created by the FRB that was made available to depository institutions in response to the well-publicized bank failures during the first half of 2023. We utilized the BTFP for management of our overall funding cost and interest rate risk as it provided advantageous pricing and optionality features. The BTFP was not used because of concerns with the Company’s liquidity position. At December 31, 2023, we had borrowings from the BTFP of $135.0 million at an interest rate of 4.70% that were scheduled to mature in May 2024. In January 2024, we refinanced the existing BTFP borrowing of $135.0 million and borrowed an additional $90.0 million under the program all at an interest rate of 4.76%. The continued use of this facility was done, again, for purposes of managing our overall funding cost and interest rate risk position in 2024 and not because of concerns with the Company’s liquidity position.
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Short-Term Borrowings. The following table below provides certain information on our short-term borrowings at and for the period ended:

|  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
FHLBB and correspondent bank overnight borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance outstanding at end of year |  | $ | 24,950 |  |  | $ | 18,725 |  |  | $ | — |
Average daily balance outstanding |  | 141,318 |  |  | 52,908 |  |  | 297 |
Maximum balance outstanding at any month end |  | 189,400 |  |  | 102,225 |  |  | — |
Weighted average interest rate for the year |  | 4.82 | % |  | 2.43 | % |  | 0.40 | %
Weighted average interest rate at end of year |  | 5.56 | % |  | 4.38 | % |  | — | %
FHLBB advances (less than one year): |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance outstanding at end of year |  | $ | 125,000 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Average daily balance outstanding |  | 104,740 |  |  | 27,192 |  |  | — |
Maximum balance outstanding at any month end |  | 140,000 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |
Weighted average interest rate for the year |  | 3.14 | % |  | 2.94 | % |  | — | %
Weighted average interest rate at end of year |  | 5.53 | % |  | 4.93 | % |  | — | %
BTFP: |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance outstanding at end of year |  | $ | 135,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Average daily balance outstanding |  | 89,510 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Maximum balance outstanding at any month end |  | 135,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Weighted average interest rate for the year |  | 4.70 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Weighted average interest rate at end of year |  | 4.70 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Customer repurchase agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance outstanding at end of year |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | $ | 196,451 |  |  | $ | 211,608 |
Average daily balance outstanding |  | 191,646 |  |  | 215,761 |  |  | 185,246 |
Maximum balance outstanding at any month end |  | 210,140 |  |  | 268,876 |  |  | 217,320 |
Weighted average interest rate for the year |  | 1.49 | % |  | 0.51 | % |  | 0.31 | %
Weighted average interest rate at end of year |  | 1.56 | % |  | 1.00 | % |  | 0.25 | %

Junior Subordinated Debentures. In connection with the formation of CCTA and UBCT, and the issuance and sale of trust preferred securities to the public, we received and had outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, junior subordinated debentures totaling $44.3 million.
FHLBB Collateral. FHLBB short-term and long-term borrowings are collateralized by a blanket lien on qualified collateral consisting primarily of loans with first mortgages secured by one- to four-family properties, certain commercial real estate loans, certain pledged investment securities and other qualified assets. The carrying value of residential real estate and commercial loans pledged as collateral was $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The carrying value of securities pledged as collateral at the FHLBB was $4.3 million and $22,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Shareholders’ Equity
Total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2023 was $495.1 million, which was an increase of $43.8 million, or 10%, since December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by the following: (1) an increase in AOCI of $24.4 million driven by an increase in the fair value of the Company's AFS debt securities of $13.6 million and the increase from reclassification of the recognized loss of $10.3 million on sale of investments, net of tax; and (2) an increase in retained earnings of $18.9 million driven by net income of $43.4 million, partially offset by dividends declared of $24.5 million for the year ended 2023.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company and the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements, and the Bank met the capital ratios necessary to be considered “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework. There were
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no changes to the Company’s or the Bank's capital ratios that occurred subsequent to December 31, 2023 that would change the Company or Bank's regulatory capital categorization.
In January 2024, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 750,000 shares of the Company's common stock, representing approximately 5.0% of the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of December 31, 2023. This program replaces the 2023 program and will continue until the earlier of: (1) the authorized number of shares are repurchased, (2) the Company's Board of Directors terminates the program or (3) January 4, 2025 (12 months from the announcement of the new program). Purchases under the new program may be made at the Company's discretion from time to time in the open market, through block trades or otherwise, and in privately negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements.
Refer to “—Capital Resources” and Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the Company's capital position.
The following table presents certain information regarding shareholders’ equity for the periods indicated:

|  | As of and For the Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Financial Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |
Average equity to average assets |  | 8.18 | % |  | 8.51 | % |  | 10.33 | %
Common equity ratio |  | 8.66 | % |  | 7.96 | % |  | 9.84 | %
Tangible common equity ratio (non-GAAP) |  | 7.11 | % |  | 6.37 | % |  | 8.22 | %
Dividend payout ratio |  | 56.38 | % |  | 38.76 | % |  | 32.03 | %
Per Share Data |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value per share |  | $ | 33.99 |  |  | $ | 30.98 |  |  | $ | 36.72 |
Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 27.42 |  |  | $ | 24.37 |  |  | $ | 30.15 |
Dividends declared per share |  | $ | 1.68 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | $ | 1.48 |

LIQUIDITY
Our liquidity needs require the availability of cash to meet the withdrawal demands of depositors and credit commitments to borrowers. Liquidity is defined as our ability to maintain availability of funds to meet customer needs, as well as to support our asset base. The primary objective of liquidity management is to maintain a balance between sources and uses of funds to meet our cash flow needs in the most economical and expedient manner. Due to the potential for unexpected fluctuations in both deposits and loans, active management of liquidity is necessary. We maintain various sources of funding and levels of liquid assets and monitor liquidity in accordance with internal guidelines and all applicable regulatory requirements. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's liquidity level exceeded its target. We believe that we currently have appropriate liquidity available to respond to demands. Sources of funds that we utilize consist of deposits; borrowings from the FHLBB and other sources; cash flows from loans and investments; and cash flows from operations, including other contractual obligations and commitments.
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During the first half of 2023, the banking industry experienced three high-profile bank failures, which led to an industry-wide increase in concerns related to liquidity, deposit outflows and eroding customer confidence in the banking system. Despite these developments and related recent volatility in the banking industry, our liquidity position continued to exceed our target levels and we believe we currently have appropriate liquidity available to respond to demands.
As of December 31, 2023, our primary liquidity sources available were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount
Excess cash |  | $ | 17,584 |
Unpledged investment securities |  | 441,998 |
Over collateralized securities pledging position |  | 65,877 |
FHLBB |  | 664,536 |
Fed Discount Window |  | 39,397 |
BTFP(1) |  | 25,921 |
Unsecured borrowing lines |  | 94,872 |
Total available primary liquidity |  | $ | 1,350,185 |

(1) Effective March 11, 2024, the BTFP will no longer be an available borrowing facility.
Deposits. Deposits continue to represent our primary source of funds. As of December 31, 2023, total deposits were $4.6 billion, a decrease of 5% over December 31, 2022. Total deposit contraction during 2023 was driven by the decrease in core deposits (which exclude CDs and brokered deposits) (non-GAAP) of $459.3 million, or 11%. Time deposits are generally considered to be more interest rate sensitive than other deposits and, during 2023 the Company’s CD balance increased significantly due to interest rate changes in 2023. Refer to “—Financial Condition—Deposits” for additional discussion on the Company’s deposit mix and changes in deposit balances during 2023.
The following is a summary of the scheduled maturities of CDs as of December 31, 2023:

(In thousands) |  | CDs
1 year or less |  | $ | 564,670 |
> 1 year |  | 44,833 |
Total |  | $ | 609,503 |

At December 31, 2023, the Company’s brokered deposits totaled $101.9 million and was comprised of $31.0 million of brokered CDs and $70.9 million of brokered money market accounts. The Company’s brokered CDs of $31.0 million at December 31, 2023 matured in January 2024, and we simultaneously entered into a new tranche totaling $75.0 million that are scheduled to mature in twelve months. The Company has established an internal policy limiting brokered deposit to 20% of the Bank’s assets and had approximately $1.0 billion of brokered capacity as of December 31, 2023. The brokered deposit limit falls within the Bank’s total borrowed funds limit that cannot exceed 50% of the Bank’s assets.
Borrowings. Borrowings are used to supplement deposits as a source of liquidity. Our primary sources of borrowings are with the FHLBB, federal funds and customer repurchase agreements, but may also include alternative sources such as various forms of subordinated debentures. For the year ended December 31, 2023, total borrowings increased $220.4 million, or 71%, to $529.9 million at December 31, 2023.
Our practice is to secure borrowings from the FHLBB with qualified commercial and residential real estate loans, home equity loans and certain investment securities. At December 31, 2023, our total borrowing capacity with FHLBB was $664.5 million.
In May 2023, the Company borrowed $135.0 million from the BTFP for a period of one year at a fixed rate of 4.70%. The BTFP, which is secured by the Company's investment securities at par, was scheduled to mature in May 2024. In January 2024, under the terms of the program, we exercised our prepayment option without penalty and refinanced the debt and added an additional $90.0 million. In total, the Company currently has $225.0 million of borrowings under the BTFP at a rate of 4.76% scheduled to mature in January 2025.
Customer repurchase agreements are secured by mortgage-backed securities and government-sponsored enterprises. Through the Bank, we also have available lines of credit with the FHLBB of $9.9 million, with a correspondent bank of $85.0
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million, and with the FRB Discount Window of $39.4 million as of December 31, 2023. We also believe that we have additional untapped access to the brokered deposit market and wholesale reverse repurchase transaction market. These sources are considered as liquidity alternatives in our contingent liquidity plan.
The following is a summary of the scheduled maturities of borrowings as of December 31, 2023:

(In thousands) |  | Bank Term Funding Program |  | FHLBB Advances |  | Customer Repurchase Agreements |  | Subordinated Debentures |  | Total
1 year or less |  | $ | 135,000 |  |  | $ | 149,950 |  |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 485,607 |
> 1 year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,331 |  |  | 44,331 |
Total |  | $ | 135,000 |  |  | $ | 149,950 |  |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | $ | 44,331 |  |  | $ | 529,938 |

Loans. Contractual loan repayments also affect our liquidity position. Actual speed and timing of repayment may differ materially from contract terms due to prepayments or nonpayment. The Company's residential mortgage loan portfolio is also a significant source of contingent liquidity for the Company that could be accessed in a reasonable time period through the sale of loans on the secondary market, as needed. As of December 31, 2023, qualifying loans with a book value of $1.9 billion were pledged as collateral.
The following table presents the contractual maturities of loans at the date indicated:

|  | December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Due in 1 Year or Less |  | Due after 1 Year Through 5 Years |  | Due After 5 Years Through 15 Years |  | Due in More than 15 Years |  | Total |  | Percent of Total Loans
Maturity Distribution(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed Rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate(2) |  | $ | 14,853 |  |  | $ | 231,812 |  |  | $ | 562,826 |  |  | $ | 2,801 |  |  | $ | 812,292 |  |  | 20 | %
Commercial |  | 5,952 |  |  | 97,338 |  |  | 77,010 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 180,670 |  |  | 4 | %
Residential real estate |  | 244 |  |  | 11,132 |  |  | 152,985 |  |  | 1,235,565 |  |  | 1,399,926 |  |  | 34 | %
Consumer and home equity |  | 1,974 |  |  | 11,860 |  |  | 20,005 |  |  | 168,259 |  |  | 202,098 |  |  | 5 | %
Total fixed rate |  | 23,023 |  |  | 352,142 |  |  | 812,826 |  |  | 1,406,995 |  |  | 2,594,986 |  |  | 63 | %
Variable Rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate(2) |  | 13,067 |  |  | 241,699 |  |  | 366,144 |  |  | 239,105 |  |  | 860,015 |  |  | 21 | %
Commercial |  | 48,270 |  |  | 126,895 |  |  | 38,724 |  |  | 9,342 |  |  | 223,231 |  |  | 5 | %
Residential real estate |  | 18 |  |  | 955 |  |  | 40,499 |  |  | 321,980 |  |  | 363,452 |  |  | 9 | %
Consumer and home equity |  | 51 |  |  | 2,360 |  |  | 13,231 |  |  | 40,768 |  |  | 56,410 |  |  | 1 | %
Total variable rate |  | 61,406 |  |  | 371,909 |  |  | 458,598 |  |  | 611,195 |  |  | 1,503,108 |  |  | 37 | %
Total loans |  | $ | 84,429 |  |  | $ | 724,051 |  |  | $ | 1,271,424 |  |  | $ | 2,018,190 |  |  | $ | 4,098,094 |  |  | 100 | %

(1) Scheduled repayments are reported in the maturity category in which payment is due. Demand loans, loans having no stated schedule of repayments and no stated maturity, and overdrafts are reported as due in one year or less.
(2) Commercial real estate loans includes non-owner-occupied and owner-occupied properties.
Additionally, we have active relationships with various secondary market investors that purchase residential mortgage loans we originate. In addition to managing our interest rate risk position and earnings through the sale of these loans, we also manage our liquidity position through timely sales of residential mortgage loans to the secondary market. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 49%, or $184.9 million, of our residential mortgage loan originations to the secondary market, which increased from 21%, or $152.7 million, for 2022.
Investments. We generally invest in amortizing MBS and CMO debt securities that return cash flow at an accelerated rate in comparison to other types of debt securities that are of a bullet structure. MBS and CMO debt security cash flow will vary depending on the interest rate environment because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. The rise in interest rates during 2023 and 2022 resulted in slowing cash flows. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's MBS and CMO debt securities portfolio totaled 91% and 87%, respectively, of the Company's
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investment portfolio. The investment portfolio is also a significant source of contingent liquidity for the Company that could be accessed in a reasonable time period through the sale of investments on the secondary market, if needed. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $337.6 million and $277.0 million, or 54% and 40%, respectively, were designated as AFS and not pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $200.4 million and $210.0 million, or 37% and 38%, respectively, were designated as HTM and not pledged as collateral.
The following is a summary of the scheduled cash flows from our debt securities portfolio, including investments designated as AFS and HTM, as of December 31, 2023:

(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Contractual Cash Flows(1)
1 year or less |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 106,704 |
> 1 year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,064,035 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,170,739 |

(1) Expected contractual cash flows could differ as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Other Liquidity Requirements. The Company generates cash flows from earnings through its normal course of business from earnings and, although not contractual, the Company has a history of paying a quarterly cash dividend to its shareholders and repurchasing its shares of common stock. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reported $43.4 million of net income, paid cash dividends of $24.5 million to shareholders and repurchased shares of its common stock for $2.0 million.
Also through its normal operations, the Company is party to several other contractual obligations not previously discussed, such as various lease agreements on a number of its branches. Renewal options within the various lease contracts, as applicable, were considered to determine the lease term and estimate the contractual obligation and commitment for the Company's operating and finance leases. Furthermore, certain lease contracts of the Company contain language that subject its rent payment to variability, such as those tied to an index or change in an index. As a result, the future contractual obligation and commitment may differ materially from that estimated and disclosed within the table below. At December 31, 2023, we had the following lease and other contractual obligations to make future payments under each of these contracts as follows:

|  | Total Amount Committed |  | Payments Due Per Period
(In thousands) |  |  | 1 Year or Less |  | > 1 Year
Operating leases |  | $ | 12,429 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 11,059 |
Finance leases |  | 7,610 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 7,136 |
Other contractual obligations |  | 10,401 |  |  | 10,401 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 30,440 |  |  | $ | 12,245 |  |  | $ | 18,195 |

The Company's estimated lease liability for its various operating and finance leases was reported within other liabilities on our consolidated statements of condition. Please refer to Notes 1 and 6 of the consolidated financial statements for discussion and details of our leases.
In the normal course of business, we are a party to credit related financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, which are not reflected in the consolidated statements of condition. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Many of the commitments will expire without being drawn upon, and thus, the total amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Refer to Note 11 of the consolidated financial statements for additional details.
We use derivative financial instruments for risk management purposes (primarily interest rate risk) and not for trading or speculative purposes. These contracts with our various counterparties may subject the Company to various cash flow requirements, which may include posting of cash as collateral (or other assets) for arrangements that the Company is in a liability position (i.e. “underwater”). Refer to Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our derivatives and hedge instruments.
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CAPITAL RESOURCES
As part of our goal to operate a safe, sound and profitable financial organization, we are committed to maintaining a strong capital base. Shareholders’ equity totaled $495.1 million and $451.3 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which amounted to 9% and 8% of total assets, respectively. Refer to “—Financial Condition—Shareholders' Equity” for discussion regarding changes in shareholders' equity since December 31, 2022.
Our principal cash requirement is the payment of dividends on our common stock, as and when declared by the Company's Board of Directors. We declared dividends to shareholders in the aggregate amount of $24.5 million, or $1.68 per share, $23.7 million, or $1.62 per share, and $22.1 million, or $1.48 per share, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company's Board of Directors approves cash dividends on a quarterly basis after careful analysis and consideration of various factors, including the following: (i) capital position relative to total assets, (ii) risk-based assets, (iii) total classified assets, (iv) economic conditions, (v) growth rates for total assets and total liabilities, (vi) earnings performance and projections and (vii) strategic initiatives and related capital requirements. All dividends declared and distributed by the Company will be in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and state corporate law.
We are primarily dependent upon the payment of cash dividends by the Bank, our wholly-owned subsidiary, to service our commitments. We, as the sole shareholder of the Bank, are entitled to dividends, when and as declared by the Bank's Board of Directors from legally available funds. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Bank declared dividends payable to the Company in the amount of $22.5 million, $31.7 million, and $41.7 million, respectively. Under OCC regulations, the Bank generally may not declare a dividend in excess of the Bank’s undivided profits or, absent OCC approval, if the total amount of dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year exceeds the total of the Bank's retained net income for the current year plus its retained net income for the prior two years. If we are required to use dividends from the Bank to service unforeseen commitments in the future, we may be required to reduce the dividends paid to our shareholders going forward.
Please refer to Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements for discussion and details of the Company and Bank's capital regulatory requirements. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company and Bank met all regulatory capital requirements and the Bank continues to be classified as “well capitalized” under prompt corrective action provisions.
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RISK MANAGEMENT
The Company’s Board of Directors and management have identified significant risk categories which affect the Company. The risk categories include: credit; liquidity; market; interest rate; capital; operational; technology, including cybersecurity; vendor and third party; people and compensation; compliance and legal; and strategic alignment and reputation. The Board of Directors has approved an Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) Policy that addresses each category of risk. The direct oversight and responsibility for the Company's risk management program has been delegated to the Company's Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer, who is a member of the Executive Committee and reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer.
The Company is, and may become, subject to other risks. Refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors for further description of the Company's material risks.
Credit Risk. Credit risk is the current and prospective risk to earnings or capital arising from an obligor's failure to meet the terms of any contract with the Company or otherwise to perform as agreed. It is found in all activities in which success depends on counterparty, issuer or borrower performance. It arises any time funds are extended, committed, invested or otherwise exposed through actual or implied contractual agreements, whether reflected on or off the Company's balance sheet. The Company makes various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of its loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of its borrowers and counterparties and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of loans. For further discussion regarding credit risk and the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, refer to “—Financial Condition—Asset Quality,” and Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements.
Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk is the current and prospective risk to earnings or capital arising from the Company’s inability to meet its obligations when they come due, without incurring unacceptable losses. Liquidity risk includes the inability to manage unplanned decreases or changes in funding sources. Liquidity risk also arises from the failure to recognize or address changes in market conditions that affect the ability to liquidate assets quickly and with minimal loss in value. For further discussion regarding the Company's management of liquidity risk, refer to the “—Liquidity” section.
Market Risk. Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. Our primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk. The ongoing monitoring and management of this risk is an important component of our asset and liability management process, which is governed by policies established by the Bank’s Board of Directors that are reviewed and approved annually. The Board ALCO delegates responsibility for carrying out the asset/liability management policies to Management ALCO. In this capacity, Management ALCO develops guidelines and strategies impacting our asset/liability management-related activities based upon estimated market risk sensitivity, policy limits and overall market interest rate levels and trends. Board ALCO meets on a quarterly basis to review strategies, policies, economic conditions and various activities as part of the management of these risks.
Certain of the Company's revenues are asset-based and determined as a percentage of the value of a client's assets under management. Such values are affected by changes in financial markets, such as interest rate risk, equity prices, and foreign exchange rates, and, accordingly, declines in the financial market may negatively impact its revenue. At December 31, 2023, client assets under management by Camden National Wealth Management were $1.1 billion. It is estimated that a 1% increase or decrease in client assets under management would have resulted in an annualized increase or decrease in reported 2023 income from fiduciary services of $65,000.
Interest Rate Risk. Interest rate risk represents the sensitivity of earnings to changes in market interest rates. As interest rates change, the interest income and expense streams associated with our financial instruments also change, thereby impacting net interest income, the primary component of our earnings. Board ALCO and Management ALCO utilize the results of a detailed and dynamic simulation model to quantify the estimated exposure of net interest income to sustained interest rate changes. While Board ALCO and Management ALCO routinely monitor simulated net interest income sensitivity over a rolling two-year horizon, they also utilize additional tools to monitor potential longer-term interest rate risk.
The simulation model captures the impact of changing interest rates on the interest income received and interest expense paid on all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities reflected on our consolidated statements of condition, as well as for derivative financial instruments. This sensitivity analysis is compared to internal ALCO policy limits, which specify a maximum tolerance level for net interest income exposure over a one- and two-year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth or change in composition, given a 200 basis point upward and downward shift in interest rates. Although our policy specifies a downward shift of 200 basis points, this would have resulted in negative rates as of December 31, 2021 as many deposit and funding rates were below 2.00%. In this case, a downward shift of 100 basis points was the only down scenario performed. A parallel and pro rata shift in rates over a 12-month period is assumed. Using this approach, we are able to produce simulation
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results that illustrate the effect that both a gradual change of rates and a “rate shock” have on earnings expectations. In the down 100 and 200 basis points scenarios, Federal Funds and Treasury yields are floored at 0.01% while Prime is floored at 3.00%. All other market rates are floored at the lesser of current levels or 0.25%.
As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our net interest income sensitivity analysis reflected the following changes to net interest income assuming no balance sheet growth or change in composition, and a parallel shift in interest rates. All rate changes were “ramped” over the first 12-month period and then maintained at those levels over the remainder of the ALCO simulation horizon.

|  | Estimated Changes in Net Interest Income
|  | As of December 31,
Rate Change from Year 1 – Base |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Year 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
+200 basis points |  | (0.6) | % |  | (3.9) | % |  | 0.8 | %
-100 basis points |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | (1.3) | %
-200 basis points |  | — | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | N/A
Year 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
+200 basis points |  | 11.4 | % |  | 8.8 | % |  | 5.6 | %
-100 basis points |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | (10.5) | %
-200 basis points |  | 11.5 | % |  | 11.6 | % |  | N/A

The preceding sensitivity analysis does not represent a forecast and should not be relied upon as being indicative of expected operating results. These hypothetical estimates are based upon numerous assumptions including, among others, the nature and timing of interest rate levels, yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, including loan and deposit betas, and reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows. While assumptions are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, we cannot make any assurances as to the predictive nature of these assumptions, including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.
Based upon the net interest income simulation models, in Year 1 of a rising interest rate environment the Company is slightly liability sensitive as our funding will reprice faster than assets as market rates rise over the first year and result in lower net interest income. Cash flows from investments and loans are redeployed into current market rates at higher yields than our existing portfolio, however funding cost pressures continue in the higher current rate environment and outpace asset yield expansion. In Year 2, funding cost pressures subside and asset yields continue to improve, resulting in improved net interest income compared to our Year 1 base scenario. In Year 1 of a falling interest rate environment, net interest income is expected to hold stable over the first year of the simulation as the decrease in funding costs is offset by a decrease in asset yields from accelerated loan and investment prepayments. In Year 2, the decrease in funding costs outpaces the decrease in asset yields, resulting in improved net interest income compared to our Year 1 base scenario.
Periodically, if deemed appropriate, we use interest rate swaps, floors and caps, which are common derivative financial instruments, to hedge our interest rate risk position. The Board of Directors has approved hedging policy statements governing the use of these instruments. As of December 31, 2023, we had interest rate swap agreements with a total notional of $43.0 million related to our junior subordinated debentures, $100.0 million of notional interest swap agreements on variable rate loans to mitigate exposure to falling interest rates, $50.0 million of notional interest rate swap agreements on variable rate deposits to mitigate exposure to rising rates, $125.0 million of notional interest rate swap agreements on short-term fixed-rate rolling funding to mitigate exposure to rising rates, and $375.0 million of notional interest rate swap agreements to hedge fixed-rate residential mortgages using the “portfolio layer” method, and $298.1 million of notional interest rate swap agreements related to commercial loan level derivative program with both our commercial customers and a corresponding swap dealer. The Board and Management ALCO monitor derivative activities relative to their expectations and our hedging policies. Refer to Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our derivatives instruments.
Capital Risk. Capital risk is the risk that an investor may lose all or part of the principal amount invested. The Company faces this risk as it manages its balance sheet and has investments or loans that may lose all or part of the principal amount the Company has invested, which can have an impact on shareholders' equity. The Company also faces capital risk in that the entity may lose value on components of its shareholders' equity. The regulatory environment mandates the Company and Bank maintain certain levels of capital. These capital levels can change based upon regulatory changes, which can then impact what
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the Company is able to accomplish from a strategic perspective. For further discussion regarding capital risk and management of this risk, refer to “—Capital Resources,” and Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements.
Operational Risk. Operational risk is the current and prospective risk to earnings and capital arising from fraud, error and the inability to deliver products or services, maintain a competitive position and manage information. Risk is inherent in efforts to gain strategic advantage and in the failure to keep pace with changes in the financial services marketplace. Operational risk is evident in each product and service offered by the Company and encompasses product development and delivery, transaction processing, systems development, change management, complexity of products and services, human resource elements and the internal control environment. The risk that transactions may not be processed on time or correctly can have significant impact on the Bank’s reputation, which can result in compliance violations and fines, and/or other financial risks.
The Company manages operational risk through a series of internal programs, as well as through the assistance of third parties. These programs include various internal and external audit programs, internal committees to oversee compliance with programs and remedial actions, if necessary, and various documented policies, procedures and framework for addressing such risks.
Technology Risk, including Cybersecurity. Technology Risk is the risk of financial loss, disruption or damage to the reputation of an organization resulting from the failure of its information technology systems, weak computing infrastructure, or a breach of information technology systems. Technology and cybersecurity risk could materialize in a variety of ways, such as unpatched or vulnerable computing systems, deliberate and unauthorized breaches of security to gain access to information systems, unintentional or accidental breaches of security, operational information technology risks due to factors such as poor system integrity, weak computing infrastructure and/or a weak Cybersecurity protection program.
Poorly managed technology and cybersecurity risk can leave an institution exposed to a variety of cyber crimes, with consequences ranging from data disruption to economic destitution. Reputation risk due to a technology and/or cybersecurity event can be significant to overcome depending on the severity of the event.
The Company manages technology and cybersecurity risks through its internal programs, as well as through the assistance of third parties. Refer to Item 1C. Cybersecurity for further information.
Vendor and Third Party Risk. Vendor and third party risk represents the risk related to outsourced activities and in certain situations includes reliance on vendors to deliver services on our behalf. The Company has many service partners and an increasing reliance on outsourced services, which places greater risk on the Company through these many partners. These relationships are controlled by contracts and service level agreements, but represent increasing risk to the Company.
The Company manages vendor and third party risk through its vendor management program, which includes robust due diligence and risk assessment prior to engaging a new vendor, annual review of certain vendors depending on the services provided by the vendor, and an evaluation of the risk the vendor may present to the Company through our reliance on its services.
People and Compensation Risk. People and compensation risk includes: (1) the risk of employee dishonesty, incompetence or error; (2) the risk of not having individuals with adequate training and experience to properly discharge their responsibilities; (3) the risk of not having sufficient depth of personnel to provide back up for critical functions; (4) the risk of lawsuit by employees alleging improper actions by or on behalf of the Company; (5) succession planning; and (6) compensation risk, which includes having compensation plans that effectively allow the Company to hire and keep the right talent, and properly designed compensation and incentive programs to promote ethical behavior and assure that excessive risk is not encouraged.
The Company manages people and compensation risk through annual risk assessments of various compensation and incentive plans, oversight by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, the use of third party compensation consultants, and various insurance programs.
Compliance and Legal Risk. Compliance and legal risk is the current and prospective risk to earnings or capital arising from violations of, or nonconformance with, laws, rules, regulations, prescribed practices, internal policies and procedures, or ethical standards. This risk exposes the Company to fines, civil money penalties, payment of damages, and the voiding of contracts. Compliance risk can lead to diminished reputation, reduced franchise value, limited business opportunities, reduced expansion potential, and an inability to enforce contracts. Legal risk exists in generally all activity of the Company where there is any possibility that the Company will become subject to liability for improper actions.
75

The Company manages compliance and legal risk through various internal and external audit programs, use of third parties for consulting and legal support, ongoing compliance risk assessments, the ERM Committee and various insurance programs.
Strategic Alignment Risk. Strategic alignment risk is the current and prospective impact on earnings or capital arising from adverse business decisions, improper implementation of decisions, or lack of responsiveness to industry changes. This risk is a function of the compatibility of the Company's strategic goals, the business strategies developed to achieve those goals, the resources deployed against these goals, and the quality of implementation.
Reputation Risk. Reputation risk is the current and prospective impact on earnings and capital arising from negative public opinion. The reputation of financial services companies can be based on brand and trust, and the loss of brand or trust can negatively impact the Company's operations and financial results. Reputation risk exposure is present throughout the organization and our interactions with our various stakeholders, including, but not limited to, our customers, communities and investors.
The Company manages its strategic alignment and reputation risk through various internal policies and programs, including, but not limited to, the Company's core values, code of ethics policy, financial code of ethics policy, Audit Committee complaint policy, employee handbook, and other policies and programs, as well as through strategic planning and oversight by the Board of Directors.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
See Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on the consolidated financial statements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Information required by this Item 7A is included in Item 7. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management” and is incorporated into this Item 7A by reference.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION

|  | December 31,
(In thousands, except number of shares) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 77,649 |  |  | $ | 50,566 |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks (including restricted cash) |  | 22,155 |  |  | 24,861 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 99,804 |  |  | 75,427 |
Investments: |  |  |  |
Trading securities |  | 4,647 |  |  | 3,990 |
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (amortized cost of $702,937 and $796,960, respectively) |  | 625,808 |  |  | 695,875 |
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost (fair value of $510,595 and $506,193, respectively) |  | 544,931 |  |  | 546,583 |
Other investments |  | 15,394 |  |  | 12,713 |
Total investments |  | 1,190,780 |  |  | 1,259,161 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value (book value of $10,152 and $5,259, respectively) |  | 10,320 |  |  | 5,197 |
Loans |  | 4,098,094 |  |  | 4,010,353 |
Less: allowance for credit losses on loans |  | (36,935) |  |  | (36,922) |
Net loans |  | 4,061,159 |  |  | 3,973,431 |
Goodwill |  | 94,697 |  |  | 94,697 |
Core deposit intangible assets |  | 971 |  |  | 1,563 |
Bank-owned life insurance |  | 101,501 |  |  | 99,142 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 35,049 |  |  | 36,022 |
Deferred tax assets |  | 42,226 |  |  | 50,217 |
Other assets |  | 77,999 |  |  | 76,993 |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,714,506 |  |  | $ | 5,671,850 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |
Non-interest checking |  | $ | 967,750 |  |  | $ | 1,141,753 |
Interest checking |  | 1,553,787 |  |  | 1,763,850 |
Savings and money market |  | 1,364,401 |  |  | 1,439,622 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 609,503 |  |  | 300,451 |
Brokered deposits |  | 101,919 |  |  | 181,253 |
Total deposits |  | 4,597,360 |  |  | 4,826,929 |
Short-term borrowings |  | 485,607 |  |  | 265,176 |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 44,331 |  |  | 44,331 |
Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | 92,144 |  |  | 84,136 |
Total liabilities |  | 5,219,442 |  |  | 5,220,572 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11) |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Common stock, no par value: authorized 40,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 14,565,952 and 14,567,325 on December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively |  | 115,602 |  |  | 115,069 |
Retained earnings |  | 481,014 |  |  | 462,164 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (101,552) |  |  | (125,955) |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 495,064 |  |  | 451,278 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 5,714,506 |  |  | $ | 5,671,850 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
77

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except number of shares and per share data) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 195,379 |  |  | $ | 144,709 |  |  | $ | 125,437 |
Taxable interest on investments |  | 24,267 |  |  | 23,339 |  |  | 18,869 |
Nontaxable interest on investments |  | 2,927 |  |  | 3,096 |  |  | 3,001 |
Dividend income |  | 1,061 |  |  | 531 |  |  | 412 |
Other interest income |  | 2,612 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 765 |
Total interest income |  | 226,246 |  |  | 172,788 |  |  | 148,484 |
Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  | 78,884 |  |  | 20,305 |  |  | 7,920 |
Interest on borrowings |  | 12,949 |  |  | 2,649 |  |  | 605 |
Interest on subordinated debentures |  | 2,150 |  |  | 2,140 |  |  | 2,523 |
Total interest expense |  | 93,983 |  |  | 25,094 |  |  | 11,048 |
Net interest income |  | 132,263 |  |  | 147,694 |  |  | 137,436 |
Provision (credit) for credit losses |  | 2,100 |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | (3,190) |
Net interest income after provision (credit) for credit losses |  | 130,163 |  |  | 143,194 |  |  | 140,626 |
Non-Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Debit card income |  | 12,613 |  |  | 13,340 |  |  | 13,105 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | 7,839 |  |  | 7,587 |  |  | 6,626 |
Income from fiduciary services |  | 6,669 |  |  | 6,407 |  |  | 6,516 |
Brokerage and insurance commissions |  | 4,650 |  |  | 4,147 |  |  | 3,913 |
Mortgage banking income, net |  | 2,921 |  |  | 4,221 |  |  | 13,704 |
Bank-owned life insurance |  | 2,349 |  |  | 1,901 |  |  | 2,364 |
Net loss on sale of securities |  | (10,310) |  |  | (912) |  |  | — |
Other income |  | 4,303 |  |  | 4,011 |  |  | 3,507 |
Total non-interest income |  | 31,034 |  |  | 40,702 |  |  | 49,735 |
Non-Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | 60,009 |  |  | 62,019 |  |  | 61,007 |
Furniture, equipment and data processing |  | 13,377 |  |  | 13,043 |  |  | 12,247 |
Net occupancy costs |  | 7,674 |  |  | 7,578 |  |  | 7,532 |
Debit card expense |  | 5,126 |  |  | 4,602 |  |  | 4,313 |
Consulting and professional fees |  | 4,520 |  |  | 4,073 |  |  | 3,691 |
Regulatory assessments |  | 3,413 |  |  | 2,338 |  |  | 2,074 |
Amortization of core deposit intangible assets |  | 592 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 655 |
Other real estate owned and collection costs (recoveries), net |  | 42 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (101) |
Other expenses |  | 12,608 |  |  | 12,542 |  |  | 12,302 |
Total non-interest expense |  | 107,361 |  |  | 106,849 |  |  | 103,720 |
Income before income tax expense |  | 53,836 |  |  | 77,047 |  |  | 86,641 |
Income Tax Expense |  | 10,453 |  |  | 15,608 |  |  | 17,627 |
Net Income |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |
Per Share Data |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 2.98 |  |  | $ | 4.18 |  |  | $ | 4.62 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 4.17 |  |  | $ | 4.60 |
Cash dividends declared per share |  | $ | 1.68 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | $ | 1.48 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding |  | 14,563,380 |  |  | 14,644,170 |  |  | 14,903,855 |
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding |  | 14,609,345 |  |  | 14,701,010 |  |  | 14,971,578 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
78

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net Income |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value on debt securities, net of tax |  | 24,130 |  |  | (130,366) |  |  | (30,483) |
Net change in fair value on cash flow hedging derivatives, net of tax |  | 205 |  |  | 7,670 |  |  | 2,847 |
Net change in other comprehensive income for supplemental executive retirement plan and other postretirement benefit plan, net of tax |  | 68 |  |  | 2,970 |  |  | 667 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 24,403 |  |  | (119,726) |  |  | (26,969) |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | $ | 67,786 |  |  | $ | (58,287) |  |  | $ | 42,045 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
79

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

|  | Common Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive(Loss) Income |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
(In thousands, except number of shares and per share data) |  | Shares Outstanding |  | Amount |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | 14,909,097 |  |  | $ | 131,072 |  |  | $ | 377,502 |  |  | $ | 20,740 |  |  | $ | 529,314 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69,014 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,014 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,969) |  |  | (26,969) |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 2,381 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,381 |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of vested share awards, net of repurchase for tax withholdings and tax benefit |  | 48,790 |  |  | (263) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (263) |
Common stock repurchased |  | (217,931) |  |  | (10,079) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,079) |
Cash dividends declared ($1.48 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,104) |  |  | — |  |  | (22,104) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 14,739,956 |  |  | 123,111 |  |  | 424,412 |  |  | (6,229) |  |  | 541,294 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,439 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,439 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (119,726) |  |  | (119,726) |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 2,553 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,553 |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of vested share awards, net of repurchase for tax withholdings and tax benefit |  | 52,614 |  |  | (355) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (355) |
Common stock repurchased |  | (225,245) |  |  | (10,240) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,240) |
Cash dividends declared ($1.62 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,687) |  |  | — |  |  | (23,687) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 14,567,325 |  |  | 115,069 |  |  | 462,164 |  |  | (125,955) |  |  | 451,278 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,383 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,383 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,403 |  |  | 24,403 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 2,793 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,793 |
Issuance of vested share awards, net of repurchase for tax withholdings and tax benefit |  | 64,319 |  |  | (260) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (260) |
Common stock repurchased |  | (65,692) |  |  | (2,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,000) |
Cash dividends declared ($1.68 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,533) |  |  | — |  |  | (24,533) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 14,565,952 |  |  | $ | 115,602 |  |  | $ | 481,014 |  |  | $ | (101,552) |  |  | $ | 495,064 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
80

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale |  | (189,701) |  |  | (152,170) |  |  | (436,740) |
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans |  | 186,457 |  |  | 156,100 |  |  | 484,718 |
Gain on sale of mortgage loans, net of origination costs |  | (1,649) |  |  | (3,403) |  |  | (13,265) |
Provision (credit) for credit losses |  | 2,100 |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | (3,190) |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | 3,371 |  |  | 3,490 |  |  | 3,708 |
Investment securities amortization and accretion, net |  | 2,312 |  |  | 3,831 |  |  | 6,722 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 2,793 |  |  | 2,553 |  |  | 2,381 |
Amortization of core deposit intangible assets |  | 592 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 655 |
Purchase accounting accretion, net |  | (145) |  |  | (280) |  |  | (699) |
Net decrease in derivative collateral posted to counterparties |  | — |  |  | 30,690 |  |  | 26,760 |
Net increase (decrease) in derivative collateral received from counterparties |  | 10,040 |  |  | 1,140 |  |  | (60) |
Net gain on sale of premises and equipment |  | — |  |  | (204) |  |  | — |
Net loss on sale of investment securities |  | 10,310 |  |  | 912 |  |  | — |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) |  | 1,307 |  |  | 1,785 |  |  | (637) |
(Increase) decrease in other assets |  | (9,193) |  |  | (4,063) |  |  | 3,306 |
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities |  | 5,531 |  |  | (1,762) |  |  | 43 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 67,508 |  |  | 105,183 |  |  | 142,716 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale debt securities |  | 126,766 |  |  | 36,280 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from maturities of securities available-for-sale |  | 73,296 |  |  | 174,497 |  |  | 321,625 |
Purchase of available-for-sale debt securities |  | (116,147) |  |  | (95,421) |  |  | (758,847) |
Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity securities |  | 25,065 |  |  | 22,896 |  |  | — |
Purchase of held-to-maturity securities |  | (20,981) |  |  | (42,748) |  |  | — |
Net increase in loans |  | (89,726) |  |  | (579,363) |  |  | (211,745) |
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | (31,211) |  |  | (43,928) |  |  | (68) |
Proceeds from sale of Federal Home Loan Bank |  | 28,531 |  |  | 41,495 |  |  | 1,329 |
Purchase of premises and equipment |  | (2,622) |  |  | (2,183) |  |  | (1,852) |
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment |  | — |  |  | 466 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned |  | — |  |  | 287 |  |  | 465 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (7,029) |  |  | (487,722) |  |  | (649,093) |
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in deposits |  | (229,569) |  |  | 218,040 |  |  | 603,645 |
Net proceeds from borrowings less than 90 days |  | 85,431 |  |  | 53,568 |  |  | 49,169 |
Proceeds from Bank Term Funding Program |  | 135,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayments of Federal Home Loan Bank long-term advances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25,000) |
Repayment of subordinated debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,000) |
Common stock repurchases |  | (2,000) |  |  | (10,240) |  |  | (10,090) |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted stock, net of repurchase for tax withholdings |  | (260) |  |  | (355) |  |  | (263) |
Cash dividends paid on common stock |  | (24,536) |  |  | (23,512) |  |  | (21,081) |
Finance lease payments |  | (168) |  |  | (160) |  |  | (152) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (36,102) |  |  | 237,341 |  |  | 581,228 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 24,377 |  |  | (145,198) |  |  | 74,851 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year |  | 75,427 |  |  | 220,625 |  |  | 145,774 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year |  | $ | 99,804 |  |  | $ | 75,427 |  |  | $ | 220,625 |
Supplemental information |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 92,353 |  |  | $ | 24,547 |  |  | $ | 11,192 |
Income taxes paid |  | 11,147 |  |  | 13,237 |  |  | 18,502 |
Transfer from available-for-sale securities to held-to-maturity securities (Note 2) |  | — |  |  | 520,335 |  |  | — |
Cash dividends declared, not paid |  | 6,131 |  |  | 6,134 |  |  | 5,959 |
Change in fair value hedges presented within residential real estate loans and other assets |  | 968 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfer from premises to other real estate owned |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 204 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
81

CAMDEN NATIONAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 – BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Acronyms and Abbreviations. The acronyms and abbreviations identified below are used in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. The following is provided to aid the reader and provide a reference page when reviewing the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Acronym |  | Description |  | Acronym |  | Description
AFS: |  | Available-for-sale |  | GAAP: |  | Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States
ALCO: |  | Asset/Liability Committee |  | GDP: |  | Gross domestic product
ACL: |  | Allowance for credit losses |  | HTM: |  | Held-to-maturity
AOCI: |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | LGD: |  | Loss given default
ASC: |  | Accounting Standards Codification |  | LIBOR: |  | London Interbank Offered Rate
ASU: |  | Accounting Standards Update |  | LTIP: |  | Long-Term Performance Share Plan
Bank: |  | Camden National Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Camden National Corporation |  | Management ALCO: |  | Management Asset/Liability Committee
BOLI: |  | Bank-owned life insurance |  | MBS: |  | Mortgage-backed security
Board ALCO: |  | Board of Directors' Asset/Liability Committee |  | MSPP: |  | Management Stock Purchase Plan
BTFP: |  | Bank Term Funding Program, introduced by the Federal Reserve Bank in March 2023 |  | N/A: |  | Not applicable
CCTA: |  | Camden Capital Trust A, an unconsolidated entity formed by Camden National Corporation |  | N.M.: |  | Not meaningful
CD: |  | Certificate of deposits |  | OCC: |  | Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
CECL: |  | Current Expected Credit Losses |  | OCI: |  | Other comprehensive income (loss)
Company: |  | Camden National Corporation |  | OREO: |  | Other real estate owned
CMO: |  | Collateralized mortgage obligation |  | PD: |  | Probability of default
CUSIP: |  | Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures |  | ROU: |  | Right-of-use
DCRP: |  | Defined Contribution Retirement Plan |  | SBA: |  | U.S. Small Business Administration
EPS: |  | Earnings per share |  | SBA PPP: |  | U.S. Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program
FASB: |  | Financial Accounting Standards Board |  | SERP: |  | Supplemental executive retirement plans
FDIC: |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |  | SOFR: |  | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
FHLBB: |  | Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston |  | TDR: |  | Troubled-debt restructured loan
FHLMC: |  | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  | UBCT: |  | Union Bankshares Capital Trust I, an unconsolidated entity formed by Union Bankshares Company that was subsequently acquired by Camden National Corporation
FRB: |  | Federal Reserve System Board of Governors |  | U.S.: |  | United States of America
FRBB: |  | Federal Reserve Bank of Boston |  |  |  |

82

General Business. Camden National Corporation, a Maine corporation (the “Company”), is the bank holding company for Camden National Bank (the “Bank”) and is headquartered in Camden, Maine. The primary business of the Company is to attract deposits from and to extend loans to consumer, institutional, municipal, non-profit and commercial customers. The Company, through the Bank, offers commercial and consumer banking products and services, and through Camden Financial Consultants, a division of the Bank, and Camden National Wealth Management, a department of the Bank, offers brokerage and insurance services as well as investment management and fiduciary services. The Bank's deposits are insured by the FDIC, subject to regulatory limits.
Principles of Consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank (which includes the consolidated accounts of Healthcare Professional Funding Corporation (“HPFC”) and Property A, Inc.). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Assets held by the Bank in a fiduciary capacity, through Camden National Wealth Management, are not assets of the Company and, therefore, are not included in the consolidated statements of condition. The Company also owns 100% of the common stock of CCTA and UBCT. These entities are unconsolidated subsidiaries of the Company.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could vary from these estimates as a result of changing conditions and future events. Several estimates are particularly critical and are susceptible to significant near-term change, such as the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), including the allowance for loan losses, off-balance sheet credit exposures, and AFS and HTM debt securities; the accounting for business combinations including subsequent impairment analyses for goodwill and other intangible assets; accounting for income taxes; and postretirement benefits.
Subsequent Events. The Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to December 31, 2023 for potential recognition or disclosure and has disclosed such events and transactions in Note 2, Note 9 and Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements.
Significant Concentration of Credit Risk. The Company makes loans primarily to customers in Maine, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Although it has a diversified loan portfolio, a large portion of the Company's loans are secured by commercial or residential real estate and are subject to real estate market volatility within these states. Furthermore, the debtors' ability to honor their contracts is highly dependent upon other economic factors throughout Maine, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The Company does not generally engage in non-recourse lending and typically will require the principals of any commercial borrower to obligate themselves personally on the loan. Refer to Note 3 for further discussion of credit concentrations.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash. For the purpose of reporting, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and amounts due from banks. In March 2020, the FRB reduced its reserve requirement ratios to 0%, effectively eliminating cash reserve requirements for all depository institutions.
Certain cash balances will be designated as restricted as required by certain contracts with unrelated third parties.
Investments. Debt investments for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as HTM and recorded at amortized cost on the consolidated statements of condition.
Debt investments that are not classified as HTM or trading are classified as AFS and are carried at fair value on the Company's consolidated statements of condition with subsequent changes to fair value recorded within AOCI, net of tax.
Trading securities and equity investments with a readily determinable fair value are carried at fair value on the Company's consolidated statements of condition, with the change in fair value recognized between periods recognized within net income on the consolidated statements of income.
Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income on the consolidated statements of income using the interest method over the period to maturity or issuer call option date, if earlier, and are recorded on the trade date.
Upon sale of an investment security, the realized gain or loss on the sale is recognized within non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income. The cost basis of our investments sold is determined using the specific identification method.
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ACL on (or Write-off of) AFS Debt Securities. Management assesses its AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for the following: (i) whether it intends to sell the security, or (ii) it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet either of the two criteria, management evaluates whether the decline in fair value resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the following: (i) the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, (ii) credit rating of the security, (iii) macroeconomic trends of the industry specific to the security, and (iv) any other adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance on AFS debt securities is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. When assessing an AFS debt security for credit loss, securities with identical CUSIPs are pooled together to assess for impairment using the average cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance is recognized in AOCI.
A change in the ACL on AFS debt securities or write-off of an AFS debt security, which may be in full or a portion thereof, is recorded as expense (credit) within provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no allowance carried on the Company's AFS debt securities nor were there any permanent write-offs for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021. Refer to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
ACL on (or Write-off of) HTM Debt Securities. The Company estimates expected credit losses on its HTM debt securities and carry an allowance for such. Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security types that share similar risk characteristics, which may include, but is not limited to, credit ratings, financial asset type, collateral type, size, effective interest rate, term, geographical location, industry, and vintage.
The estimate of expected credit losses on the HTM portfolio is based on the expected cash flows of each individual CUSIP over its contractual life and considers historical credit loss information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Under ASU 2016-13 the Company has the ability to exclude certain securities when the historical credit loss information, adjusted for current conditions and forecasts, resulting in zero risk of nonpayment of the amortized cost basis of the security. The Company has evaluated and determined zero risk of nonpayment on all securities guaranteed by the U.S government agencies. Given the rarity of municipal and corporate bond defaults and losses, the Company will utilize external third party loss forecast models as the sole source of municipal and corporate bond default and loss rates. As with the loan portfolio, cash flows are modeled over a reasonable and supportable forecast period and then revert to the long-term average economic conditions on a straight line basis. Management may exercise discretion to make adjustments based on various qualitative factors.
An HTM debt security is written-off in the period in which a determination is made that all or a portion of the financial asset is uncollectible. Any previously recorded allowance, if any, is reversed and then the amortized cost basis is written-down to the amount deemed to be collectible, if any.
A change in the ACL on HTM debt securities or write-off of an HTM debt security, which may be in full or a portion thereof, is recorded as expense (credit) within provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income.
FHLBB and FRBB Stock. The Company, through the Bank, is a member of the FHLBB and FRBB, and, as a member, is required to hold a certain amount of FHLBB and FRB common stock. These equity stocks are non-marketable and are reported at cost within other investments on the consolidated statements of condition. The Company evaluates its FHLBB and FRB common stock for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value.
Loans Held for Sale. The Company has elected the fair value option for loans classified as held for sale on the consolidated statements of condition. Designation of loans as held for sale is determined based on intent and is generally completed as the loans are underwritten. The fair value for loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices. Management consistently evaluates the Company's loan portfolio in conjunction with asset/liability management practices, and will opt to sell certain residential mortgage loans to manage the Company's interest rate exposure and for other business purposes, including generating fee income through mortgage sale gains and managing its liquidity position.
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Loans Held for Investment and Acquired Loans. Loans held for investment are reported at amortized cost, adjusted for any partial charge-offs and net of any deferred loan fees or costs. Interest income is accrued based upon the daily principal amount outstanding, except for loans on non-accrual status. Loan fees and certain direct origination costs are deferred and amortized into interest income over the contractual term of the loan using the level-yield method. When a loan is paid off, the unamortized portion is recognized in interest income.
Loans acquired through a business or asset purchase are reported at fair value, as of acquisition date. Interest income is accrued based upon the daily principal amount outstanding and is then further adjusted by the accretion of any discount or amortization of any premium associated with the loan that was recognized based on the acquisition date fair value using the level-yield method. When a loan is paid off, the unamortized portion is recognized in interest income.
A loan is classified as non-accrual generally when it becomes 90 days past due as to interest or principal payments, or sooner if management considers such action to be prudent. All previously accrued but unpaid interest on non-accrual loans is reversed from interest income in the period in which the loan is considered delinquent and the amortization of any unamortized net deferred origination loan fees/costs stops. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans are applied as a reduction of principal. A loan remains on non-accrual status until all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Should a loan transition from non-accrual to accrual, the unrecognized interest earned during the period the loan was on non-accrual and unamortized deferred origination fees and costs are recognized over the remaining contractual life of the loan using the level-yield method.
ACL on Loans. The ACL on loans is established based upon the Company's current estimate of expected lifetime credit losses on loans measured at amortized cost, which is comprised of the unpaid principal balance of the loan, net deferred loan fees (costs), acquired premium (discount), and any write-downs previously taken on the loan.
The ACL on loans is increased by charges to provision for credit losses and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the ACL on loans quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The ACL on loans is presented on the consolidated statements of condition.
Loans past due 30 days or more are considered delinquent. In general, secured loans that are delinquent for 90 consecutive days are placed on non-accrual status and may be subject to individual loss assessment in accordance with established internal policy. In general, unsecured loans that are delinquent for 90 consecutive days are charged-off.
Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted prospectively ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"). ASU 2022-02 provided guidance that eliminated the recognition and measurement of TDRs. Following the adoption of this guidance, the Company evaluates all loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty according to the accounting guidance for loan refinancing and restructuring to determine whether such loan modification should be accounted for as a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. All loans previously recognized as a TDR will continue to be classified as such until the loan is paid off. Refer to Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
The ACL on loans reduces the loan portfolio to the net amount expected to be collected, and represents the expected losses over the life of all loans at the reporting date. The allowance incorporates forward-looking information and applies a reversion methodology beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast.
The ACL on loans represents the Company's estimated risk of loss within its loan portfolio as of the reporting date. To appropriately measure expected credit losses, management disaggregates the loan portfolio into pools of similar risk characteristics (i.e. “segments”). The Company utilizes a discounted cash flow approach to calculate the expected loss for each segment. Within the discounted cash flow model, a PD and LGD assumption is applied to calculate the expected loss for each segment. PD is the probability the asset will default within a given timeframe and LGD is the percentage of assets not expected to be collected due to default. The Company's PD and LGD assumptions may be derived from internal historical default and loss experience or from external data where there are not statistically meaningful loss events for a loan segment or it does not have default and loss data that covers a full economic cycle. In 2023 the Company made a policy election to apply a 100% PD for any loan that meets it’s definition of default, which is defined as loans in non-accrual, loans partially charge-off or loans past due for more than 90 days. The impact to the ACL at December 31, 2023 was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the primary macroeconomic drivers used within the discounted cash flow model included forecasts of Maine Unemployment, changes in Maine and National GDP, and changes in the Maine Housing Price Index. Management monitors and assesses its macroeconomic drivers at least annually (generally in the fourth quarter) to determine if or that they continue to be the most predictive indicator of losses within the Company’s loan portfolio, and these macroeconomic drivers may change from time to time.
To determine its reasonable and supportable forecast, management may leverage macroeconomic forecasts obtained from various reputable sources, which may include, but is not limited to, the Federal Open Market Committee forecast and other publicly available forecasts from well recognized, leading economists or firms. The Company’s reasonable and supportable forecast period generally ranges from one to three years, depending on the facts and circumstances of the current state of the economy, portfolio segment and management’s judgement of what can be reasonably supported. The model reversion period generally ranges from one to six years, and it also depends on the current state of the economy and management’s judgments of such. Management monitors and assesses the forecast and reversion period at least annually.
The ACL on loans is calculated over a loan’s contractual life. For term loans, the contractual life is calculated based on the maturity date. For commercial revolving loans with no stated maturity date, the contractual life is calculated based on the internal review date. For all other revolving loans, the contractual life is based on either the estimated maturity date or a default date. The contractual term does not include expected extension, renewals or modifications.
For purposes of determining the ACL on loans, the Company disaggregates its loans into portfolio segments. Each portfolio segment possesses unique risk characteristics that are considered when determining the appropriate level of allowance.
In calculating the ACL on loans, the contractual life of a loan must be adjusted for prepayments to arrive at expected cash flows. The Company models term loans using an annualized prepayment. When the Company has a specific expectation of differing payment behavior for a given loan, the loan may be evaluated individually. For revolving loans that do not have a principal payment schedule, a curtailment rate is factored into the cash flow.
The ACL on loans evaluation may also consider various qualitative factors, such as: (i) actual or expected changes in economic trends and conditions, (ii) changes in the value of underlying collateral for loans, (iii) changes to lending policies, underwriting standards and/or management personnel performing such functions, (iv) delinquency and other credit quality trends, (v) credit risk concentrations, if any, (vi) changes to the nature of the Company's business impacting the loan portfolio, (vii) and other external factors, that may include, but are not limited to, results of internal loan reviews, examinations by bank regulatory agencies, or other such events such as a natural disaster.
Certain loans greater than $500,000 are individually evaluated for estimated credit losses, including those (i) are on non-accrual, (ii) a modified loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty to be disclosed under ASU 2022-02, or (iii) that have other unique characteristics differing from the segment. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any.
Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between expected and actual losses from period-to-period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the ACL on loans materially and impact future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced.
Accrued Interest. Accrued interest receivable balances are presented within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition, and excluded from the measurement of the ACL, including investments and loans. Accrued interest receivable is written-off by reversing previously recognized interest income. The Company has a robust policy in place to write-off accrued interest when a loan is placed on non-accrual. For loans, write-off typically occurs when a loan has been in default for 90 days or more.
Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible Assets. Goodwill represents the price paid in an acquisition that is in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but rather is evaluated at least annually for impairment, or as events and circumstances dictate, at the reporting unit level, and for which the Company has determined it has a single reporting unit. Any impairment is charged to non-interest expense on the consolidated statements of income.
The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually as of November 30 th, or more frequently as warranted by external and/or internal factors. The Company may utilize a qualitative analysis and/or a quantitative analysis to evaluate goodwill for impairment. The Company has the option to by-pass the qualitative analysis for any given year and perform the quantitative analysis.
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Using a qualitative analysis to assess goodwill for impairment, the Company will consider various factors to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that its carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value. These factors include, but are not limited to, the overall macro-economic environment; industry economic and regulatory environment; and company specific factors, including, but not limited to, performance, Company common stock share price, competition and/or significant changes in senior management. Should the Company determine it is more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then it would then perform the next step of the goodwill impairment test, which is a quantitative analysis. If the Company were to determine it is not more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company would have completed its goodwill impairment evaluation and concluded goodwill was not impaired.
After performing the qualitative analysis and determining it is more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value or if the Company by-passed the qualitative analysis, it would perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Alternatively, the Company may bypass the qualitative analysis and use a quantitative analysis. In completing the quantitative analysis, the Company may use various valuation techniques such as a discounted cash flow model, a comparative market transaction multiple approach and/or other valuation methods to determine the reporting unit's fair value. Goodwill impairment is recognized the extent the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value.
The Company completed its testing for impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and concluded goodwill was not impaired. Refer to Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements for further details.
Core deposit intangible assets represents the estimated value of acquired customer relationships and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of those relationships. Core deposit intangibles are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If necessary, management will test the core deposit intangibles for impairment by comparing their carrying value to the expected undiscounted cash flows of the assets. If the undiscounted cash flows of the intangible assets exceed their carrying value then the intangible assets are deemed to be fully recoverable and not impaired. However, if the undiscounted cash flows of the intangible assets are less than their carrying value then management must compare the fair value of the intangible assets to its carrying value. If the fair value of the intangible assets exceeds their carrying value then the intangible assets are not impaired. If the fair value of the intangible assets is less than its carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded to mark the carrying value of the intangible assets to fair value. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no events or changes in circumstances that indicated the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
BOLI. BOLI represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on the lives of certain active and retired employees where the Company is the beneficiary and is recorded as an asset on the consolidated statements of condition. Increases in the cash surrender values of the policies, as well as death benefits received, net of any cash surrender value, are recorded in non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income, and are not subject to income taxes. The Company reviews the financial strength of the insurance carriers prior to the purchase of life insurance policies and no less than annually thereafter. A life insurance policy with any individual carrier is limited to 10% of Tier 1 capital plus the allowable ACL (as defined for regulatory purposes) and the total cash surrender value of life insurance policies is limited to 25% of Tier 1 capital plus the allowable ACL.
Premises and Equipment. Premises and equipment purchased in normal course are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, while premises and equipment obtained through the acquisition of a company or branch acquisition are stated at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date less accumulated depreciation that occurred subsequent to the acquisition date.
Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the term of the respective lease or the estimated life of the improvement. Land is carried at cost.
Repairs and maintenance costs that are not an improvement or do not extend the estimated useful life of the asset are expensed as incurred.
Software costs, including cloud-based software licenses that qualify as internal-use software, are stated at cost less accumulated amortization within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition. Amortization expense is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Cloud-based software costs that do not qualify as internal-use software are capitalized as service contracts within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition and expensed ratably over the term of the contract period.
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Long-lived assets, including premises and equipment and certain identifiable intangibles, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The amount of the impairment loss, if any, is based on the asset’s fair value. No impairment losses were recognized in 2023, 2022, or 2021.
Leases. The Company leases office space, space for ATM locations and certain branch locations under noncancellable operating leases, several of which have renewal options to extend lease terms. Upon commencement of a new lease, the Company will recognize a ROU asset and corresponding lease liability. The Company makes the decision on whether to renew an option to extend a lease by considering various factors. The Company will recognize an adjustment to ROU asset and lease liability when lease agreements are amended and executed. The discount rate used in determining the present value of lease payments is based on the lessor’s implicit rate in the lease if known or on the Company's incremental borrowing rate for borrowing terms similar to each lease at commencement date. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For real estate leases, non-lease components and other non-components, such as common area maintenance charges, real estate taxes and insurance, are not included in the measurement of the lease liability since they are generally able to be segregated. The Company has elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify.
OREO. OREO properties acquired through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure are recorded initially at estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Any write-down of the recorded investment in the related loan is charged to the ACL on loans upon transfer to OREO. Upon acquisition of a property, a current appraisal is used or an internal valuation is prepared to substantiate fair value of the property. Any subsequent declines in the fair value of a property are recorded as a valuation allowance on the asset. Any subsequent increases in the fair value of a property are recorded as reductions of the valuation allowance, but not below zero. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any OREO properties carried on its consolidated statements of condition.
Upon a sale of an OREO property, any excess of the carrying value over the sale proceeds is recognized as a loss on sale. Any excess of sale proceeds over the carrying value of the OREO property is first applied as a recovery to the valuation allowance, if any, with the remainder being recognized as a gain on sale. The recognized gain or loss upon sale of OREO property is recognized within other real estate owned and collection costs, net on the consolidated statements of income.
Operating expenses, including legal and other direct expenses, and changes in the valuation allowance relating to foreclosed assets are included in other real estate owned and collection costs, net on the consolidated statements of income.
Mortgage Banking. Residential real estate mortgage loans are originated for purposes of being (i) held for investment and (ii) held for sale into the secondary market. The transfer of these financial assets is accounted for as a sale when control over the asset has been surrendered. Control is deemed to be surrendered when (i) the asset has been isolated from the Company, (ii) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred asset, and (iii) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred asset through an agreement to repurchase it before its maturity. The Company records the gain on sale of the financial asset within mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income, net of direct and indirect costs incurred to originate the loan.
Servicing assets are recognized as separate assets when servicing rights are acquired through the sale of residential mortgage loans with servicing rights retained. Capitalized servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value and reported within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition and recognized as income within mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income. Servicing rights are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future servicing of the underlying mortgages (typically, the contractual life of the mortgage). The amortization of mortgage servicing rights is recorded as a reduction of income within non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income.
Servicing assets are evaluated for impairment quarterly based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to amortized cost. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights by predominant characteristics, such as interest rates and terms. Fair value is determined using prices for similar assets with similar characteristics, when available, or based upon discounted cash flows using market-based assumptions. Impairment of the servicing assets is recognized through a valuation allowance to the extent that fair value is less than the capitalized amount. If it is later determined that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded increasing income, but not below zero.
Servicing fee income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans for investors. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income within non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income when earned.
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Short-Term and Long-Term Borrowings. Short-term borrowings are those that upon origination are scheduled to mature in one year or less. The Company's short-term borrowings may include, but are not limited to, FHLBB overnight and FHLBB advances, customer repurchase agreements, federal funds purchased, and line of credit advances.
Long-term borrowings are those that upon origination are scheduled to mature over a period greater than one year. The Company's long-term borrowings may include, but are not limited to, FHLBB advances, subordinated debentures, and wholesale repurchase agreements.
Short-term and long-term borrowings on the consolidated statements of income are presented net of unamortized issuance costs, if any, and amortized over the life of the borrowing.
The Company is required to post collateral for certain borrowings, for which it generally posts loans and/or investment securities as collateral.
Income Taxes. Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax implications attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. If current information suggests that it is not more-likely than-not that the Company will not be able to realize the deferred tax assets, a valuation allowance is established. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
The Company assesses quarterly whether or not a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets is necessary. If it is more- likely-than-not that the Company will not be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets, then a valuation allowance is established on the deferred tax asset not expected to be realized. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not carry a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets.
The Company accounts for its windfall tax benefits and shortfalls within income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income as a discrete period item in the period generated.
Renewable Energy Tax Credits. The Company adopted ASU 2023-02 during the year ended December 31, 2023 and has elected to account for its qualified investments in tax credit generating solar tax projects using the proportional amortization method. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received, and recognizes the net investment benefit as a component of income tax expense. For the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company did not recognize any income tax credits or income tax benefits in its consolidated financial statements.
EPS. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if certain securities or other contracts to issue common stock (such as stock options) were exercised or converted into additional common shares that would then share in the earnings of the Company. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, plus an incremental number of common-equivalent shares computed using the treasury stock method.
Unvested share-based payment awards which include the right to receive non-forfeitable dividends are considered to participate with common stock in undistributed earnings for purposes of computing EPS. Restricted share grants and management stock purchase grants awarded under the 2012 and 2022 Equity and Incentive Plans, are considered participating securities for this purpose. Accordingly, the Company is required to calculate basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method. The calculation of EPS using the two-class method (i) excludes any dividends paid or owed on participating securities and any undistributed earnings considered to be attributable to participating securities from the numerator and (ii) excludes the dilutive impact of the participating securities from the denominator.
Postretirement Plans. The Company sponsors various retirement plans for current and former employees, including a SERP for certain retired officers of the Company and a postretirement health care and life insurance plan to certain eligible retired employees. The SERP and postretirement benefit plans are unfunded and have no plan assets, and the Company has recorded a liability on the consolidated statements of condition.
For the SERP, benefit obligations are estimated using the projected unit credit method. Under this method, each participant's benefits are attributed to years of service, taking into consideration future salary increases and the SERP's benefit
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allocation formula. Thus, the estimated total pension to which each participant is entitled to at retirement is broken down into units, each associated with a year of past credited service. For the SERP, an individual's estimated attributed benefit for valuation purposes related to a particular separation date is the benefit described under the SERP based on credited service as of the measurement date, but determined using the projected salary that would be used in the calculation estimate of the benefit on the expected separation date.
The Company has obligations with various retired employees related to certain postretirement benefits. The obligations are based on the employee's date of hire and years of service through retirement, with the associated cost recognized over the requisite service period. Under the plan, the postretirement benefit amount the Company will pay for any given year for an individual is capped. The accrual methodology results in an accrued amount at the full eligibility date equal to the then present value of all of the future benefits expected to be paid.
Net periodic benefits cost (credit) includes service costs and interest costs based on the assumed discount rate, amortization of prior service costs due to plan amendments and/or amortization of actuarial gains or losses. As prior service costs and actuarial gains or losses are amortized, they are reclassified from AOCI on the consolidated statements of condition into other expenses on the consolidated statements of income. The amortization of actuarial gains and losses is determined using the 10% corridor minimum amortization approach and is taken over the average remaining future working lifetime of the plan participants.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company receives a portion of its non-interest income from contracts with customers, which is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue recognized depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company considers the terms of the contract and all relevant facts and circumstances in recording revenues from contracts with customers in accordance with ASC 606.
Stock-Based Compensation. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation for restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock options based on the grant-date fair value of the award, with no adjustment for estimated forfeitures, as forfeitures are recognized when they occur. For restricted stock awards and units, compensation is recognized ratably over the requisite service period equal to the fair value of the award. For stock option awards, the fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Compensation expense for stock option awards is recognized ratably over the requisite service period equal to the fair value of the award. For performance-based share awards, the Company estimates the degree to which performance conditions will be met to determine the number of shares that will vest and the related compensation expense. Compensation expense is adjusted in the period such estimates change.
Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into commitments to extend credit, including commercial letters of credit and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded as loans when they are funded.
ACL on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures, excluding those that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company, estimates the expected losses on the unfunded commitments and standby letters of credit at each reporting date. To appropriately measure expected credit losses, management disaggregates the loan portfolio into similar risk characteristics, identical to those determined for the loan portfolio. An estimated funding rate is then applied to the qualifying unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit using the Company’s own historical experience to estimate the expected funded for each loan segment as of the reporting date. Once the expected funded amount for each loan segment is determined, the loss rate, which is the calculated expected loan loss as a percent of the amortized cost basis for each loan segment, is applied to calculate the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures as of the reporting date.
The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is presented within accrued interest and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition. A charge (credit) to provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income is made to account for the change in the ACL on off-balance sheet exposures between reporting periods.
Derivative Financial Instruments Designated as Hedges. The Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. The Company formally documents relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. The Company also assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in cash flows or fair values of hedged items.
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Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Changes in fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a fair value hedge and the change in fair value of the hedged item are both recorded in earnings and offset each other when the transaction is effective.
Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Changes in fair value of a derivative that is effective and that qualifies as a cash flow hedge are recorded in OCI and are reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction or related cash flows affect earnings. The Company will also enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value for the derivatives not designated are recognized directly in earnings.
Segment Reporting. Operating segments are the components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker in order to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's chief operating decision-maker assesses consolidated financial results to make operating and strategic decisions, assess performance, and allocate resources. Therefore, the Company has determined that its business is conducted in one reportable segment and represents the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
The following provides a brief description of recent accounting pronouncements that were adopted by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023:
ASU No. 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. The FASB issued ASU 2023-02 to allow entities to be able to consistently account for equity investments that are made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other income tax benefits. The Company early adopted ASU 2023-02, effective January 1, 2023, on a modified retrospective basis, to account for an initial investment in a tax credit generating renewable energy project. The adoption did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.
ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"). The FASB issued ASU 2022-02 to provide new guidance on TDRs and write-offs for entities that have adopted ASU 2016-13. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 effective January 1, 2023, on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.
ASU No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method ("ASU 2022-01"). The FASB issued ASU 2022-01 to amend ASU 2017-12, which was adopted by the Company in 2018. This amendment renames the "last-of-layer" method to the "portfolio layer" method, permits non-repayable financial assets to be included in a closed portfolio hedged using the portfolio layer method, and provides additional guidance for entities that apply the portfolio layer method of hedge accounting in accordance with Topic 815. The Company elected to adopt ASU 2022-01, as amended, effective January 1, 2023, on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The following provides a brief description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that have not yet been adopted by the Company:
ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). The FASB issued ASU 2023-09 to address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is to be applied on a prospective basis and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. ASU 2023-09 will impact income tax disclosures, and the Company does not expect a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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NOTE 2 – INVESTMENTS
Trading Securities
Trading securities are reported on the Company's consolidated statements of condition at fair value. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the Company's trading securities were $4.6 million and $4.0 million, respectively. These securities are held in a rabbi trust account and invested in mutual funds. The trading securities will be used for future payments associated with the Company’s deferred compensation plan for eligible employees and directors.
AFS Debt Securities
AFS debt securities are reported on the Company's consolidated statements of condition at fair value. The following table summarizes the amortized cost, estimated fair value and unrealized gains (losses) of AFS debt securities as of the dates indicated:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 6,429 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (44) |  |  | $ | 6,386 |
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 525,439 |  |  | 630 |  |  | (65,978) |  |  | 460,091 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 149,387 |  |  | 1,161 |  |  | (9,537) |  |  | 141,011 |
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 21,682 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (3,363) |  |  | 18,320 |
Total AFS debt securities |  | $ | 702,937 |  |  | $ | 1,793 |  |  | $ | (78,922) |  |  | $ | 625,808 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 49,678 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (463) |  |  | $ | 49,226 |
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 598,845 |  |  | 131 |  |  | (84,957) |  |  | 514,019 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 122,760 |  |  | — |  |  | (13,413) |  |  | 109,347 |
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 25,677 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (2,397) |  |  | 23,283 |
Total AFS debt securities |  | $ | 796,960 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | (101,230) |  |  | $ | 695,875 |

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no allowance carried on AFS debt securities.
In June of 2022, the Company transferred securities with a fair value of $520.3 million from AFS to HTM. The unrealized losses on the AFS debt securities at the time of the transfer were $72.1 million, pre-tax, and were reported within AOCI. These unrealized losses are being amortized over the remaining life of the securities from AOCI into the HTM securities on the consolidated statements of income. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net unrealized losses on the transferred securities reported within AOCI were $46.9 million and $52.2 million, respectively, net of a deferred tax asset of $12.8 million and $14.3 million, respectively.
The net unrealized losses on AFS debt securities reported within AOCI (excluding the aforementioned securities transferred from AFS to HTM) at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $60.5 million and $79.4 million, respectively, and were net of a deferred tax asset of $16.6 million and $21.7 million, respectively.
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The following table details the Company’s sales of AFS debt securities for the periods indicated below:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Proceeds from sales |  | $ | 126,766 |  |  | $ | 36,280 |  |  | $ | — |
Gross realized gains |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |
Gross realized losses |  | (10,310) |  |  | (925) |  |  | — |

The following table presents AFS debt securities with gross unrealized losses, for which an ACL has not been recorded, segregated by the length of time the securities have been in a continuous loss position as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
(In thousands, except number of holdings) |  | Number of Holdings |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 2,345 |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | 1,437 |  |  | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 3,782 |  |  | $ | (44) |
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 145 |  |  | 13,474 |  |  | (23) |  |  | 407,200 |  |  | (65,955) |  |  | 420,674 |  |  | (65,978) |
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 43 |  |  | 19,620 |  |  | (45) |  |  | 62,869 |  |  | (9,492) |  |  | 82,489 |  |  | (9,537) |
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,319 |  |  | (3,363) |  |  | 17,319 |  |  | (3,363) |
Total AFS debt securities |  | 205 |  |  | $ | 35,439 |  |  | $ | (74) |  |  | $ | 488,825 |  |  | $ | (78,848) |  |  | $ | 524,264 |  |  | $ | (78,922) |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 83 |  |  | $ | 42,276 |  |  | $ | (463) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,276 |  |  | $ | (463) |
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 175 |  |  | 118,290 |  |  | (11,521) |  |  | 381,355 |  |  | (73,436) |  |  | 499,645 |  |  | (84,957) |
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 64 |  |  | 47,340 |  |  | (4,589) |  |  | 62,007 |  |  | (8,824) |  |  | 109,347 |  |  | (13,413) |
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 13 |  |  | 7,687 |  |  | (384) |  |  | 14,593 |  |  | (2,013) |  |  | 22,280 |  |  | (2,397) |
Total AFS debt securities |  | 335 |  |  | $ | 215,593 |  |  | $ | (16,957) |  |  | $ | 457,955 |  |  | $ | (84,273) |  |  | $ | 673,548 |  |  | $ | (101,230) |

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the unrealized losses on AFS debt securities have not been recognized into income because management does not intend to sell and it is not more-likely-than-not it will be required to sell any of the AFS debt securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis. Furthermore, the unrealized losses were due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions and were not reflective of credit events. Agency-backed and government-sponsored enterprise securities have a long history with no credit losses, including during times of severe stress. The principal and interest payments on agency-guaranteed debt is backed by the U.S. government. Government-sponsored enterprises similarly guarantee principal and interest payments and carry an implicit guarantee from the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Additionally, government-sponsored enterprise securities are exceptionally liquid, readily marketable, and provide a substantial amount of price transparency and price parity, indicating a perception of zero credit losses. Obligations of states and political subdivision are comprised solely of high credit quality (rated A- of higher) state and municipal obligations. High credit quality state and municipal obligations have a history of zero to near-zero credit loss. Subordinated corporate bonds are primarily comprised of investment grade senior notes and senior subordinated notes of other financial institutions.
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At December 31, 2023 and 2022, total accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities, which has been excluded from reported amortized cost basis on AFS debt securities, was $1.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, and was reported within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition. An allowance was not carried on the accrued interest receivable at either date.
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company’s AFS debt securities by contractual maturity are shown in the table below as of December 31, 2023. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Mortgage-related securities are shown in total, as their maturities are highly variable.

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 10,835 |  |  | 9,997 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 16,276 |  |  | 13,709 |
Due after ten years |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | 28,111 |  |  | 24,706 |
Mortgage-related securities |  | 674,826 |  |  | 601,102 |
Total |  | $ | 702,937 |  |  | $ | 625,808 |

HTM Debt Securities
HTM debt securities are reported on the Company's consolidated statements of condition at amortized cost. The following table summarizes the amortized cost, estimated fair value and unrealized gains (losses) of HTM debt securities as of the dates indicated:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost(1) |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 7,593 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (528) |  |  | $ | 7,065 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 56,262 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | (731) |  |  | 56,773 |
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 304,850 |  |  | — |  |  | (21,623) |  |  | 283,227 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 157,118 |  |  | 515 |  |  | (13,497) |  |  | 144,136 |
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 19,108 |  |  | 1,377 |  |  | (1,091) |  |  | 19,394 |
Total HTM debt securities |  | $ | 544,931 |  |  | $ | 3,134 |  |  | $ | (37,470) |  |  | $ | 510,595 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 7,457 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (777) |  |  | $ | 6,680 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 55,978 |  |  | 431 |  |  | (1,610) |  |  | 54,799 |
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 317,406 |  |  | — |  |  | (24,766) |  |  | 292,640 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 145,069 |  |  | — |  |  | (13,724) |  |  | 131,345 |
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 20,673 |  |  | 332 |  |  | (276) |  |  | 20,729 |
Total HTM debt securities |  | $ | 546,583 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | (41,153) |  |  | $ | 506,193 |

(1) Amortized cost presented above includes unamortized unrealized losses from the aforementioned transfer from AFS to HTM securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows: (1) $992,000 and $1.1 million, respectively, in obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises; (2) $5.6 million and $6.1 million, respectively, in obligations of state and political subdivisions; (3) $34.6 million and $38.4 million, respectively, in mortgage-backed securities; (4) $18.4 million and $20.7 million, respectively, in collateralized mortgage obligations; and (5) $85,000 and $117,000, respectively in subordinated corporate bonds.
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For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses on its HTM debt securities portfolio of $1.8 million for the full write-off of a Signature Bank corporate bond due to Signature Bank’s failure in March 2023. The Company did not previously carry any ACL on the bond. In addition to the write-off of the Signature Bank corporate bond, the Company wrote-off accrued interest totaling $8,000 associated with the Signature Bank corporate bond and recorded a reversal of interest income on the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company did not record any provisions for credit losses on its HTM debt securities nor write-off any accrued interest for the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.
The HTM debt securities portfolio is comprised of the same types of securities as the AFS debt securities portfolio. Refer to the discussion above for considerations of credit risk.
The Company evaluated its HTM debt securities with an amortized cost as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and determined that the expected credit loss on its HTM portfolio was immaterial, and therefore it did not carry an ACL on the HTM portfolio at either date.
The following table presents the activity in the ACL on HTM debt securities, as reported under CECL, for the periods indicated:

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Beginning balance |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
HTM debt securities charged-off |  | (1,838) |  |  | — |
Provision for HTM debt securities |  | 1,838 |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company sold the HTM debt security that was previously charged off in 2023 and received proceeds of $910,000 that will be recorded as a recovery and a credit to the provision for HTM debt securities in the first quarter of 2024.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, none of the Company's HTM debt securities were past due or on non-accrual status. The Company did not recognize any interest income on non-accrual HTM debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, total accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities was $1.7 million and no allowance was provided for. Accrued interest on HTM debt securities is reported within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition and excluded from reported amortized cost.
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of HTM debt securities by contractual maturity are shown in the table below as of December 31, 2023. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Mortgage-related securities are shown in total, as their
maturities are highly variable.

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 498 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 1,790 |  |  | 1,818 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 35,975 |  |  | 35,840 |
Due after ten years |  | 44,696 |  |  | 45,076 |
Subtotal |  | 82,963 |  |  | 83,232 |
Mortgage-related securities |  | 461,968 |  |  | 427,363 |
Total |  | $ | 544,931 |  |  | $ | 510,595 |

AFS and HTM Debt Securities Pledged
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, AFS and HTM debt securities with an amortized cost of $675.5 million and $821.9 million, respectively, and estimated fair values of $607.9 million and $726.5 million, respectively, were pledged to secure FHLBB advances, public deposits, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and for other purposes required or permitted by law.
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Other Investments
The Company's FHLBB and FRB common stock are reported at cost within other investments on the consolidated statements of condition. The Company evaluates these investments for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. The Company did not record any impairment on its FHLBB and FRB stock for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
The following table summarizes the Company's investment in FHLBB stock and FRB stock as presented within other investments on the consolidated statements of condition, as of the dates indicated:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
FHLBB |  | $ | 10,020 |  |  | $ | 7,339 |
FRB |  | 5,374 |  |  | 5,374 |
Total |  | $ | 15,394 |  |  | $ | 12,713 |

NOTE 3 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS
The composition of the Company’s loan portfolio, excluding residential loans held for sale, was as follows for the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 1,370,446 |  |  | $ | 1,292,443 |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 301,860 |  |  | 332,494 |
Commercial |  | 403,901 |  |  | 430,131 |
Total commercial loans |  | 2,076,207 |  |  | 2,055,068 |
Retail Loans: |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  | 1,763,378 |  |  | 1,700,266 |
Home equity |  | 240,341 |  |  | 234,428 |
Consumer |  | 18,168 |  |  | 20,591 |
Total retail loans |  | 2,021,887 |  |  | 1,955,285 |
Total loans |  | $ | 4,098,094 |  |  | $ | 4,010,353 |

The loan balances for each portfolio segment presented above are net of their respective net unamortized fair value mark discount on acquired loans and net unamortized loan origination costs for the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net unamortized fair value mark discount on acquired loans |  | $ | (168) |  |  | $ | (313) |
Net unamortized loan origination costs |  | 7,113 |  |  | 6,890 |
Total |  | $ | 6,945 |  |  | $ | 6,577 |

The Company's lending activities are primarily conducted in Maine, but also include loan production offices in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The Company originates single- and multi-family residential loans, commercial real estate loans, business loans, municipal loans and a variety of consumer loans. In addition, the Company makes loans for the construction of residential homes, multi-family properties and commercial real estate properties. The ability and willingness of borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the level of overall economic activity within the geographic area and the general economy.
Related Party Loans. In the normal course of business, the Company makes loans to certain officers, directors and their associated companies, under terms that are consistent with the Company’s lending policies and regulatory requirements and do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features. At December 31, 2023 and 2022,
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outstanding loans to certain officers, directors and their associated companies were less than 5% of the Company's shareholders' equity.
ACL on Loans
The Company manages its loan portfolio proactively to effectively identify problem credits and assess trends early, implement effective work-out strategies, and take charge-offs as promptly as practical. In addition, the Company continuously reassesses its underwriting standards in response to credit risk posed by changes in economic conditions. The Company monitors and manages credit risk through the following governance structure:
•The Credit Risk team, Collection and Special Assets team and the Credit Risk Policy Committee, which is an internal management committee comprised of various executives and senior managers across business lines, including Accounting and Finance, Credit Underwriting, Collections and Special Assets, Risk, and Commercial and Retail Banking, oversee the Company's systems and procedures to monitor the credit quality of its loan portfolio, conduct a loan review program, and maintain the integrity of the loan rating system.
•The adequacy of the ACL is overseen by the Management Provision Committee, which is an internal management committee comprised of various Company executives and senior managers across business lines, including Accounting and Finance, Credit Underwriting, Collections and Special Assets, Compliance, and Commercial and Retail Banking. The Management Provision Committee supports the oversight efforts of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
•The Directors' Credit Committee of the Board of Directors reviews large credit exposures, monitors external loan review reports, reviews the lending authority for individual loan officers when required, and has approval authority and responsibility for all matters regarding the loan policy and other credit-related policies, including reviewing and monitoring asset quality trends, and concentration levels.
•The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has approval authority and oversight responsibility for the ACL adequacy and methodology.
Segmentation. For purposes of determining the ACL on loans, the Company disaggregates its loans into portfolio segments. Each portfolio segment possesses unique risk characteristics that are considered when determining the appropriate level of allowance. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's loan portfolio segments, as determined based on the unique risk characteristics of each, included the following:
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner-Occupied. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans are, in substance, all commercial real estate loans that are not categorized by the Company as owner-occupied commercial real estate loans. Non owner-occupied commercial estate loans are investment properties in which the primary source for repayment of the loan by the borrower is derived from rental income associated with the property or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing, or permanent refinancing of the property. Non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans consist of mortgage loans to finance investments in real property that may include, but are not limited to, multi-family residential, commercial/retail office space, industrial/warehouse space, hotels, assisted living facilities and other specific use properties. Also included within the non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loan segment are construction projects until they are completed. Commercial real estate loans are typically written with amortizing payment structures. Collateral values are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines. Maximum loan-to-value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines.
Commercial Real Estate - Owner-Occupied. Generally, owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are properties that are owned and operated by the borrower, and the primary source for repayment is the cash flow from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the borrower's business. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans consist of mortgage loans to finance investments in real property that may include, but are not limited to, commercial/retail office space, restaurants, educational and medical practice facilities and other specific use properties. Commercial real estate loans are typically written with amortizing payment structures. Collateral values are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines. Maximum loan-to-value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines.
Commercial. Commercial loans consist of revolving and term loan obligations extended to business and corporate enterprises for the purpose of financing working capital and/or capital investment. Collateral generally consists of pledges of business assets including, but not limited to, accounts receivable, inventory, plant and equipment, and/or real estate, if applicable. Commercial loans are primarily paid by the operating cash flow of the borrower. Commercial loans may be secured or unsecured.
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Residential Real Estate. Residential real estate loans held in the Company's loan portfolio are made to borrowers who demonstrate the ability to make scheduled payments with full consideration to underwriting factors. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income requirements and combined loan-to-value ratios within established policy guidelines. Collateral consists of mortgage liens on one- to four-family residences, including for investment purposes.
Home Equity. Home equity loans and lines of credit are made to qualified individuals and are secured by senior or junior mortgage liens on owner-occupied one- to four-family homes, condominiums, or vacation homes. The home equity loan has a fixed rate and is billed as equal payments comprised of principal and interest. The home equity line of credit has a variable rate and is billed as interest-only payments during the draw period. At the end of the draw period, the home equity line of credit is billed as a percentage of the principal balance plus all accrued interest. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income requirements and combined loan-to-value ratios within established policy guidelines.
Consumer. Consumer loan products including personal lines of credit and amortizing loans made to qualified individuals for various purposes such as education, auto loans, debt consolidation, personal expenses or overdraft protection. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income and collateral requirements within established policy guidelines, as applicable. Consumer loans may be secured or unsecured.
ACL on Loans. The following table presents the activity in the ACL on loans, as reported under CECL, for the periods indicated:

|  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Non-Owner-Occupied |  | Owner- Occupied |  | Commercial |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Home Equity |  | Consumer |  | Total
At or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 17,296 |  |  | $ | 2,362 |  |  | $ | 5,446 |  |  |  | $ | 9,089 |  |  | $ | 2,225 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 36,922 |
Loans charged-off |  | — |  |  | (58) |  |  | (1,560) |  |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | (91) |  |  | (1,727) |
Recoveries |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 566 |
(Credit) provision for loan losses |  | (734) |  |  | (14) |  |  | 512 |  |  |  | 1,139 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 280 |  |  | 1,174 |
Ending balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 16,581 |  |  | $ | 2,290 |  |  | $ | 4,869 |  |  |  | $ | 10,254 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 36,935 |
At or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 18,834 |  |  | $ | 2,539 |  |  | $ | 4,202 |  |  |  | $ | 6,133 |  |  | $ | 1,469 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 33,256 |
Loans charged-off |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,042) |  |  |  | (66) |  |  | — |  |  | (134) |  |  | (1,242) |
Recoveries |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 87 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 478 |
(Credit) provision for loan losses |  | (1,541) |  |  | (179) |  |  | 1,907 |  |  |  | 3,022 |  |  | 669 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 4,430 |
Ending balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 17,296 |  |  | $ | 2,362 |  |  | $ | 5,446 |  |  |  | $ | 9,089 |  |  | $ | 2,225 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 36,922 |

The ACL on loans at December 31, 2023 and 2022, was $36.9 million at each date. In the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2022, the Company completed its annual assessment of significant model inputs and assumptions within its discounted cash flow analysis used for estimating its ACL on loans as of December 31, 2023, and determined there were no material changes to the methodology.
The significant model inputs and assumptions used within the discounted cash flow model for purposes of estimating the ACL on loans were:
•Macroeconomic (loss) drivers: As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the following loss drivers for each loan segment were used to calculate the expected PD over the forecast and reversion period: (i) commercial real estate – non-owner-occupied used Maine Unemployment and change in Maine GDP; (ii) commercial real estate – owner-occupied used Maine Unemployment and change in Maine GDP, (iii) commercial used Maine Unemployment and change in National GDP; (iv) residential real estate used Maine Unemployment and change in Maine House Price Index, (v) home equity used Maine Unemployment and change in Maine House Price Index and (vi) consumer used Maine Unemployment and change in National GDP.
•Reasonable and Supportable Forecast Period: As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the ACL on loans estimate used a reasonable and supportable forecast period of two years and one year, respectively.
98

•Reversion Period: As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the ACL on loans estimate used a reversion period of two years and one year, respectively.
•Prepayment Speeds: As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the estimated prepayment speed for each loan segment continued to be derived used internally-sourced prepayment data. In 2023, the Company decreased the prepayment speeds for the residential and commercial real estate non-owner-occupied and owner-occupied segments to align with current market conditions.
•Qualitative Factors: As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the ACL on loans estimate incorporated various qualitative factors into the calculation.
Credit Concentrations. The Company focuses on maintaining a well-balanced and diversified loan portfolio. Despite such efforts, it is recognized that credit concentrations may occasionally emerge as a result of economic conditions, changes in local demand, natural loan growth and runoff. To identify credit concentrations effectively, all commercial and commercial real estate loans are assigned Standard Industrial Classification codes, North American Industry Classification System codes, and state and county codes. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's total exposure to the lessors of nonresidential buildings' industry and lessors of residential buildings’ industry were 13% and 11% of total loans, respectively, and 33% and 28% of total commercial real estate loans, respectively. There were no other industry concentrations exceeding 10% of the Company's total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023.
Credit Quality Indicators. To further identify loans with similar risk profiles, the Company categorizes each portfolio segment into classes by credit risk characteristic and applies a credit quality indicator to each portfolio segment. The indicators for commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied and owner-occupied, commercial and residential real estate portfolio segments are represented by Grades 1 through 10 as outlined below. In general, risk ratings are adjusted periodically throughout the year as updated analysis and review warrants. This process may include, but is not limited to, annual credit and loan reviews, periodic reviews of loan performance metrics, such as delinquency rates, and quarterly reviews of adversely risk rated loans. The Company uses the following definitions when assessing grades for the purpose of evaluating the risk and adequacy of the ACL on loans:
•Grade 1 through 6 — Grades 1 through 6 represent groups of loans that are not subject to adverse criticism as defined in regulatory guidance. Loans in these groups exhibit characteristics that represent low to moderate risks, which is measured using a variety of credit risk criteria, such as cash flow coverage, debt service coverage, balance sheet leverage, liquidity, management experience, industry position, prevailing economic conditions, support from secondary sources of repayment and other credit factors that may be relevant to a specific loan. In general, these loans are supported by properly margined collateral and guarantees of principal parties.
•Grade 7 — Loans with potential weakness (Special Mention). Loans in this category are currently protected based on collateral and repayment capacity and do not constitute undesirable credit risk, but have potential weakness that may result in deterioration of the repayment process at some future date. This classification is used if a negative trend is evident in the obligor’s financial situation. Special mention loans do not sufficiently expose the Company to warrant adverse classification.
•Grade 8 — Loans with definite weakness (Substandard). Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by collateral pledged. Borrowers experience difficulty in meeting debt repayment requirements. Deterioration is sufficient to cause the Company to look to the sale of collateral.
•Grade 9 — Loans with potential loss (Doubtful). Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in the substandard grade with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation of the loan in full highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of some loss is extremely high, but because of specific pending factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the asset, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined.
•Grade 10 — Loans with definite loss (Loss). Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible. The loss classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off the asset because recovery and collection time may be protracted.
The Company periodically reassesses asset quality indicators to reflect appropriately the risk composition of the Company’s loan portfolio. Home equity and consumer loans are not individually risk rated, but rather analyzed as groups taking into account delinquency rates and other economic conditions which may affect the ability of borrowers to meet debt service requirements, including interest rates and energy costs. Performing loans include loans that are current and loans that are past due less than 90 days. Loans that are past due over 90 days and non-accrual loans, are considered non-performing.
99

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by portfolio segment by vintage, reported under the CECL methodology, was as follows as of the periods indicated:
100

(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (Grades 1-6) |  | $ | 103,012 |  |  | $ | 364,777 |  |  | $ | 296,152 |  |  | $ | 146,707 |  |  | $ | 116,777 |  |  | $ | 320,101 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,347,526 |
Special mention (Grade 7) |  | 7,997 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 3,597 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,977 |
Substandard (Grade 8) |  | 747 |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,287 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 7,345 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,943 |
Doubtful (Grade 9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 111,756 |  |  | $ | 365,227 |  |  | $ | 296,152 |  |  | $ | 149,344 |  |  | $ | 116,924 |  |  | $ | 331,043 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,370,446 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (Grades 1-6) |  | $ | 26,902 |  |  | $ | 53,550 |  |  | $ | 76,575 |  |  | $ | 24,608 |  |  | $ | 18,728 |  |  | $ | 89,133 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 289,496 |
Special mention (Grade 7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,355 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,496 |
Substandard (Grade 8) |  | — |  |  | 402 |  |  | 320 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,146 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,868 |
Doubtful (Grade 9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | $ | 26,902 |  |  | $ | 53,952 |  |  | $ | 79,250 |  |  | $ | 24,608 |  |  | $ | 18,728 |  |  | $ | 98,420 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 301,860 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (Grades 1-6) |  | $ | 41,871 |  |  | $ | 54,323 |  |  | $ | 56,102 |  |  | $ | 24,338 |  |  | $ | 25,620 |  |  | $ | 35,442 |  |  | $ | 119,119 |  |  | $ | 36,895 |  |  | $ | 393,710 |
Special mention (Grade 7) |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | 152 |  |  | 195 |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | 660 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,158 |
Substandard (Grade 8) |  | 248 |  |  | 588 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 769 |  |  | 955 |  |  | 1,354 |  |  | 2,415 |  |  | 2,408 |  |  | 9,033 |
Doubtful (Grade 9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial |  | $ | 42,164 |  |  | $ | 54,911 |  |  | $ | 56,550 |  |  | $ | 25,302 |  |  | $ | 26,575 |  |  | $ | 36,897 |  |  | $ | 122,194 |  |  | $ | 39,308 |  |  | $ | 403,901 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 1,560 |
Residential Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (Grades 1-6) |  | $ | 160,315 |  |  | $ | 539,835 |  |  | $ | 540,980 |  |  | $ | 220,943 |  |  | $ | 70,917 |  |  | $ | 226,126 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | 1,759,872 |
Special mention (Grade 7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Substandard (Grade 8) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 963 |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | 2,454 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,506 |
Doubtful (Grade 9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total residential real estate |  | $ | 160,315 |  |  | $ | 539,835 |  |  | $ | 541,943 |  |  | $ | 220,943 |  |  | $ | 71,006 |  |  | $ | 228,580 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | 1,763,378 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 15,976 |  |  | $ | 23,104 |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 4,124 |  |  | $ | 12,686 |  |  | $ | 169,416 |  |  | $ | 13,405 |  |  | $ | 239,582 |
Non-performing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 759 |
Total home equity |  | $ | 15,976 |  |  | $ | 23,104 |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 4,124 |  |  | $ | 12,697 |  |  | $ | 169,943 |  |  | $ | 13,626 |  |  | $ | 240,341 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 5,525 |  |  | $ | 4,908 |  |  | $ | 2,068 |  |  | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 2,279 |  |  | $ | 2,191 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,131 |
Non-performing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Total consumer |  | $ | 5,525 |  |  | $ | 4,908 |  |  | $ | 2,073 |  |  | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 2,311 |  |  | $ | 2,191 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,168 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91 |

101

(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total
As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (Grades 1-6) |  | $ | 339,171 |  |  | $ | 287,749 |  |  | $ | 160,621 |  |  | $ | 125,029 |  |  | $ | 108,823 |  |  | $ | 242,024 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,263,417 |
Special mention (Grade 7) |  | — |  |  | 167 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 321 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,186 |
Substandard (Grade 8) |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 1,306 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 7,798 |  |  | 18,406 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,840 |
Doubtful (Grade 9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 339,171 |  |  | $ | 288,043 |  |  | $ | 162,291 |  |  | $ | 125,491 |  |  | $ | 116,696 |  |  | $ | 260,751 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,292,443 |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (Grades 1-6) |  | $ | 60,127 |  |  | $ | 80,781 |  |  | $ | 28,378 |  |  | $ | 23,381 |  |  | $ | 39,554 |  |  | $ | 70,568 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 302,789 |
Special mention (Grade 7) |  | — |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,992 |  |  | — |  |  | 411 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,456 |
Substandard (Grade 8) |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,266 |  |  | 3,966 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,249 |
Doubtful (Grade 9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | $ | 60,144 |  |  | $ | 82,834 |  |  | $ | 28,378 |  |  | $ | 43,373 |  |  | $ | 42,820 |  |  | $ | 74,945 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 332,494 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (Grades 1-6) |  | $ | 73,537 |  |  | $ | 70,110 |  |  | $ | 32,272 |  |  | $ | 33,491 |  |  | $ | 22,271 |  |  | $ | 26,245 |  |  | $ | 135,157 |  |  | $ | 30,191 |  |  | $ | 423,274 |
Special mention (Grade 7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 1,196 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1,701 |
Substandard (Grade 8) |  | 149 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 216 |  |  | 846 |  |  | 1,524 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 2,186 |  |  | 5,156 |
Doubtful (Grade 9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial |  | $ | 73,686 |  |  | $ | 70,162 |  |  | $ | 32,498 |  |  | $ | 33,848 |  |  | $ | 23,187 |  |  | $ | 27,958 |  |  | $ | 136,403 |  |  | $ | 32,389 |  |  | $ | 430,131 |
Residential Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (Grades 1-6) |  | $ | 533,035 |  |  | $ | 579,216 |  |  | $ | 244,691 |  |  | $ | 79,492 |  |  | $ | 50,214 |  |  | $ | 210,262 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,697,250 |
Special mention (Grade 7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Substandard (Grade 8) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 163 |  |  | 2,830 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,993 |
Doubtful (Grade 9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total residential real estate |  | $ | 533,035 |  |  | $ | 579,216 |  |  | $ | 244,691 |  |  | $ | 79,492 |  |  | $ | 50,377 |  |  | $ | 213,115 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,700,266 |
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 26,712 |  |  | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | 4,842 |  |  | $ | 7,730 |  |  | $ | 8,551 |  |  | $ | 173,338 |  |  | $ | 11,735 |  |  | $ | 233,942 |
Non-performing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 377 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 486 |
Total home equity |  | $ | 26,712 |  |  | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | 4,842 |  |  | $ | 7,730 |  |  | $ | 8,578 |  |  | $ | 173,715 |  |  | $ | 11,817 |  |  | $ | 234,428 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 8,009 |  |  | $ | 3,816 |  |  | $ | 1,702 |  |  | $ | 1,188 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 2,462 |  |  | $ | 3,069 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,591 |
Non-performing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  | $ | 8,009 |  |  | $ | 3,816 |  |  | $ | 1,702 |  |  | $ | 1,188 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 2,462 |  |  | $ | 3,069 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,591 |

Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans. The Company closely monitors the performance of its loan portfolio. A loan is placed on non-accrual when the financial condition of the borrower is deteriorating, payment in full of both principal and interest is not expected as scheduled or principal or interest has been in default for 90 days or more. Exceptions may be made if the asset is secured by collateral sufficient to satisfy both the principal and accrued interest in full and collection is reasonably assured. When one loan to a borrower is placed on non-accrual, all other loans to the borrower are re-evaluated to determine if they should also be placed on non-accrual. All previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed at this time. A loan will return to accrual when collection of principal and interest is assured and the borrower has demonstrated timely payments of principal and interest for a reasonable period, generally at least six months. Unsecured loans, however, are not normally placed on non-accrual because they are charged-off once their collectability is in doubt.
102

The following is a loan aging analysis by portfolio segment (including loans past due over 90 days and non-accrual loans) and loans past due over 90 days and accruing as of the following dates:

(In thousands) |  | 30 – 59 Days Past Due |  | 60 – 89 Days Past Due |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans Outstanding |  | Loans > 90 Days Past Due and Accruing |  |
December 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 1,370,177 |  |  | $ | 1,370,446 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 655 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 655 |  |  | 301,205 |  |  | 301,860 |  |  | — |  |  |
Commercial |  | 1,153 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 3,507 |  |  | 400,394 |  |  | 403,901 |  |  | — |  |  |
Residential real estate |  | 1,317 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 1,094 |  |  | 2,733 |  |  | 1,760,645 |  |  | 1,763,378 |  |  | — |  |  |
Home equity |  | 521 |  |  | 451 |  |  | 301 |  |  | 1,273 |  |  | 239,068 |  |  | 240,341 |  |  | — |  |  |
Consumer |  | 85 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 18,070 |  |  | 18,168 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 3,775 |  |  | $ | 2,021 |  |  | $ | 2,739 |  |  | $ | 8,535 |  |  | $ | 4,089,559 |  |  | $ | 4,098,094 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 1,292,165 |  |  | $ | 1,292,443 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 332,392 |  |  | 332,494 |  |  | — |  |  |
Commercial |  | 667 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 640 |  |  | 1,441 |  |  | 428,690 |  |  | 430,131 |  |  | — |  |  |
Residential real estate |  | 852 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 524 |  |  | 1,562 |  |  | 1,698,704 |  |  | 1,700,266 |  |  | — |  |  |
Home equity |  | 357 |  |  | — |  |  | 171 |  |  | 528 |  |  | 233,900 |  |  | 234,428 |  |  | — |  |  |
Consumer |  | 23 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 20,557 |  |  | 20,591 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 2,221 |  |  | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 3,945 |  |  | $ | 4,006,408 |  |  | $ | 4,010,353 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status (including non-accruing TDRs) by portfolio segment as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
(In thousands) |  | Non-Accrual Loans With an Allowance |  | Non-Accrual Loans Without an Allowance |  | Total Non-Accrual Loans |  | Non-Accrual Loans With an Allowance |  | Non-Accrual Loans Without an Allowance |  | Total Non-Accrual Loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 125 |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |  |  | 46 |
Commercial |  | 1,725 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,725 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 715 |
Residential real estate |  | 2,541 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,541 |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 1,733 |
Home equity |  | 759 |  |  | — |  |  | 759 |  |  | 421 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 486 |
Consumer |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 5,448 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,448 |  |  | $ | 2,150 |  |  | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 2,991 |

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by portfolio segment and collateral type, as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Collateral Type |  | Total Collateral -Dependent Non-Accrual Loans |  | Collateral Type |  | Total Collateral -Dependent Non-Accrual Loans
(In thousands) |  | Real Estate |  |  | Real Estate |
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | 4,494 |  |  | $ | 4,494 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial |  | 671 |  |  | 671 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 387 |  |  | 387 |
Total |  | $ | 5,165 |  |  | $ | 5,165 |  |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | 387 |

Collateral-dependent loans are loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially by the underlying collateral and there are no other available and reliable sources of repayment.
Interest income that would have been recognized if loans on non-accrual status had been current in accordance with their original terms for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is estimated to have been $131,000, $145,000, and $256,000, respectively.
The Company's policy is to reverse previously recorded interest income when a loan is placed on non-accrual, as such, the Company did not record any interest income on its non-accrual for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, total accrued interest receivable on loans, which has been excluded from reported amortized cost basis on loans, was $12.7 million and $10.3 million, respectively, and reported within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition. An allowance was not carried on the accrued interest receivable at either date.
Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Effective January 1, 2023, the Company prospectively evaluates all loan modifications in accordance with ASU 2022-02 and no longer evaluates loan modifications for consideration of TDR accounting. Under ASU 2022-02, a loan previously assessed under the TDR criteria is now evaluated to consider whether the loan represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Refer to Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the Company's accounting recently adopted policy for the TDRs
The Company offers several types of loans and receivables modification programs to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, primarily interest rate reductions and term extensions. In such instances, the Company may modify loans and receivables with the intention to minimize future losses and improve collectability, while providing customers with temporary or permanent financial relief. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company modified one loan that qualified as a modified loan under ASU 2022-02.
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans, by class and by type of modification, that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended December 31, 2023. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable as of December 31, 2023, is also presented below:

(In thousands) |  | Principal Forgiveness |  | Payment Delay |  | Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness |  | Combination Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction |  | Total % of Portfolio
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,494 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.3 | %
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,494 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.1 | %

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The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the year ended December 31, 2023:

(In thousands) |  | Principal Forgiveness |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction |  | Weighted Average Term Extension (Years)
Commercial real estate - non-owner-occupied |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1.3

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts and relevant factors are considered while assessing the adequacy of the ACL. As of December 31, 2023, there were no modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were past due or for which the borrower subsequently defaulted.
In-Process Foreclosure Proceedings
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $1.1 million and $481,000, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which foreclosure proceedings were in process.
NOTE 4 – GOODWILL AND CORE DEPOSIT INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying value of goodwill was $94.7 million. There were no changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.
The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment assessment as of November 30 th, and at interim periods if indicators of potential impairment exist.
The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment test as of November 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and determined goodwill was not impaired.
Core Deposit Intangible Assets
The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of core deposit intangible assets were as follows at the periods indicated:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
(In thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Core deposit intangible assets |  | $ | 6,451 |  |  | $ | (5,480) |  |  | $ | 971 |  |  | $ | 6,451 |  |  | $ | (4,888) |  |  | $ | 1,563 |

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded amortization expense of $592,000, $625,000 and $655,000, respectively.
The following table reflects the amortization expense for core deposit intangible assets over the period of economic benefit, which is estimated to be fully realized by December 31, 2025:

(In thousands) |  | Core Deposit Intangible Assets
2024 |  | 556 |
2025 |  | 415 |
Total |  | $ | 971 |

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NOTE 5 – PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
Details of premises and equipment, at cost, for the periods indicated, were as follows:

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  | $ | 47,566 |  |  | $ | 46,670 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment |  | 19,120 |  |  | 20,036 |
Land and land improvements |  | 9,320 |  |  | 9,275 |
Total cost |  | 76,006 |  |  | 75,981 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (40,957) |  |  | (39,959) |
Premises and equipment, net |  | $ | 35,049 |  |  | $ | 36,022 |

Depreciation and amortization expense for the periods indicated were as follows:

(In thousands) |  |  |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
Fixed Asset Type |  | Income Statement Line Item |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Furniture and equipment |  | Furniture, equipment and data processing |  | $ | 1,514 |  |  | $ | 1,796 |  |  | $ | 1,994 |
Premises |  | Net occupancy costs |  | 1,618 |  |  | 1,560 |  |  | 1,623 |
Software |  | Furniture, equipment and data processing |  | 239 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 91 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 3,371 |  |  | $ | 3,490 |  |  | $ | 3,708 |

There were no gains or losses from the sale of premises and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2021. During 2022, the Company sold one building and recognized a gain of $204,000.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had capitalized cloud computing software costs of $2.8 million and $2.5 million, respectively, and related accumulated depreciation expense of $2.2 million for both years, and was presented within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition, refer to Note 1 for further information.
NOTE 6 – LEASES
The Company enters into noncancellable lease arrangements primarily for office space, space for ATM locations and some of its branches. Certain lease arrangements contain clauses requiring increasing rental payments over the lease term, which may be linked to an index (commonly the Consumer Price Index) or contractually stipulated.
The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
The Company entered into a lease arrangement with two of its employees as landlords. The lease was renewed for a period of five years, expiring in 2024, at which time a five-year extension period is available at the option of the Company. The lease arrangement contains certain termination clauses whereby the Company has the right to terminate the lease arrangement, as well as a right to terminate the lease after two years with the required notice without penalty.
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The Company entered into a lease agreement in 2019 to rent office space as a sub-tenant from another company in which a director of the Company serves as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the other company. The term of the lease is through 2027.
The following ROU assets and lease liabilities have been reported within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  | December 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
(In thousands) |  | Consolidated Statements of Condition Line Item |  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases |  | Total |  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases |  | Total
ROU assets |  | Other Assets |  | $ | 11,497 |  |  | $ | 4,252 |  |  | $ | 15,749 |  |  | $ | 12,324 |  |  | $ | 4,485 |  |  | $ | 16,809 |
Lease liabilities |  | Other Liabilities |  | 9,978 |  |  | 4,449 |  |  | 14,427 |  |  | 10,718 |  |  | 4,616 |  |  | 15,334 |

In accordance with ASC 842, the components of lease expense for the periods indicated were as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating lease cost(1) |  | $ | 1,531 |  |  | $ | 1,488 |  |  | $ | 1,474 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of ROU assets |  | 233 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 233 |
Interest on lease liabilities(2) |  | 147 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 154 |
Total finance lease cost |  | 380 |  |  | 383 |  |  | 387 |
Total lease cost(3) |  | $ | 1,911 |  |  | $ | 1,871 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |

(1) Includes immaterial short-term and variable lease costs, but excludes common area maintenance costs.
(2) Includes immaterial variable lease costs.
(3) Reported within net occupancy costs on the consolidated statements of income.
Supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activity related to leases was as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 1,387 |  |  | $ | 1,391 |  |  | $ | 1,355 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  | 144 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 154 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  | 168 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 152 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 764 |  |  | $ | 106 |
Finance leases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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Supplemental information related to leases was as follows as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term: |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 13.2 years |  | 13.9 years
Finance leases |  | 25.3 years |  | 25.8 years
Weighted average discount rate: |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 3.41 | % |  | 3.44 | %
Finance leases |  | 3.45 | % |  | 3.44 | %

The following summarizes the remaining scheduled future minimum lease payments for operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2023:

(In thousands) |  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
2024 |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 314 |
2025 |  | 1,180 |  |  | 317 |
2026 |  | 1,104 |  |  | 236 |
2027 |  | 1,020 |  |  | 211 |
2028 |  | 771 |  |  | 214 |
Thereafter |  | 6,984 |  |  | 5,518 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | 12,429 |  |  | 6,810 |
Less: amount representing interest(1) |  | 2,451 |  |  | 2,361 |
Present value of net minimum lease payments(2) |  | $ | 9,978 |  |  | $ | 4,449 |

(1) Amount necessary to reduce net minimum lease payments to present value calculated at the Company's incremental borrowing rate.
(2) Reflects the liability reported within other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition.
NOTE 7 – MORTGAGE BANKING
Loans Sold
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company sold $184.8 million, $152.7 million and $471.5 million, respectively, of residential mortgage loans on the secondary market, which resulted in a net gain on sale of loans (net of costs, including direct and indirect origination costs) of $1.6 million, $3.4 million, and $13.3 million, respectively.
Loans Held for Sale
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had identified and designated loans with an unpaid principal balance of $10.2 million and $5.3 million, respectively, as held for sale. The Company has elected the fair value option of accounting for its loans designated as held for sale, and, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the unrealized gain (loss) recorded was $168,000 and ($62,000), respectively. The unrealized gain or loss on its loans held for sale portfolio was driven by changes in market interest rates and not due to deteriorated credit quality as this risk is mitigated by the short duration between the time of loan closing and transfer of the financial assets to the secondary market investor. Included within the Company's mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was the change in unrealized gains (losses) on loans held for sale of $231,000, ($91,000) and ($1.0) million, respectively.
The Company mitigates its interest rate exposure on its loans designated as held for sale through forward delivery commitments with certain approved secondary market investors at the onset of the mortgage origination process, typically on a “best-efforts” basis. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, net unrealized (losses) gains from the change in fair value on its forward delivery commitments were ($195,000), $140,000, and ($35,000), respectively. Refer to Note 12 for further discussion of the Company's forward delivery commitments.
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Servicing Assets
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's unpaid principal balances on its servicing assets were $365.9 million and $389.4 million, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded servicing fee income for its servicing assets of $1.2 million, $1.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively, which was presented in mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income.
The Company's servicing assets, net of a valuation allowance, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $2.3 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Servicing assets, net of a valuation allowance, are presented in other assets on the consolidated statements of condition.
The Company obtains third party valuations of its servicing assets portfolio quarterly. The servicing assets valuation is based on loan level data stratified by note rate of the underlying loans to determine its amortization and fair value. A discounted cash flow model is used to value each servicing asset strata and it incorporates current market assumption commonly used by buyers of these types of mortgage production in U.S. servicing markets. The calculated valuation using the discounted cash flow method is then compared to recent servicing trades on portfolios with similar characteristics in the U.S. The valuation model utilizes a variety of assumptions, the most significant of which are loan prepayment assumptions and the discount rate used to discount future cash flows. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the prepayment assumption used within the valuation model was 7.5% for both years, and the discount rate was 10.2% and 9.6%, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the estimated effect of a 10% and 20% increase to the prepayment assumption was a decrease of $118,000 and $229,000, respectively, to the valuation of the servicing assets. At December 31, 2023, the estimated effect of a 100 and 200 basis point increase to the discount rate assumption was a decrease of $163,000 and $314,000, respectively, to the valuation of the servicing assets. Other assumptions include, but are not limited to, delinquency rates, foreclosure rates, and loan servicing cost.
The following summarizes servicing assets capitalized and amortized, along with the activity in the related valuation allowance as of and for the periods indicated:

|  | As of and For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Servicing Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 2,458 |  |  | $ | 2,470 |  |  | $ | 2,196 |
Capitalized servicing right fees upon sale(1) |  | 202 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 790 |
Amortization charged against mortgage servicing fee income(2) |  | (386) |  |  | (382) |  |  | (515) |
Valuation adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 2,274 |  |  | $ | 2,458 |  |  | $ | 2,470 |
Valuation Allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (27) |
Decrease in impairment reserve |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 26 |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |
Fair value, beginning of year |  | $ | 4,412 |  |  | $ | 3,310 |  |  | $ | 2,447 |
Fair value, end of year |  | $ | 4,124 |  |  | $ | 4,412 |  |  | $ | 3,310 |

(1) Associated income was reported within mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income.
(2) Associated amortization expense was reported within mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income.
Servicer Net Worth and Liquidity Requirements. The Bank, as a servicer of loans, must maintain certain net worth and liquidity requirements for certain agencies and certain secondary market investors.
As a lender and servicer of Federal Housing Authority (“FHA”) loans, the Bank is required to maintain a minimum net worth of $1.0 million plus 1.0% of total FHA loans exceeding $25.0 million (“minimum net worth required”) and maintain liquid assets equal to at least 20.0% of its minimum net worth required.
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The Bank is required to maintain a minimum net worth of $2.5 million plus 25 basis points of the unpaid principal balance of serviced loans and must meet the minimum regulatory capital requirement to be classified as “well capitalized” by both the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and FHLMC.
Should the Bank fail to maintain the net worth and liquidity requirements above, the secondary market investor may take remedial action and the Company may lose the right to service the loans, which may result in an impairment of its servicing assets and/or loss of revenue.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank met all of the aforementioned minimum net worth, regulatory capital, and liquidity requirements. Refer to Note 14 for further details of the Company and Bank's regulatory capital requirements at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
NOTE 8 – DEPOSITS
The following is a summary of the scheduled maturities of time deposits (i.e. CDs) as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
1 year or less |  | $ | 564,670 |  |  | $ | 206,621 |
Over 1 year to 2 years |  | 24,970 |  |  | 59,571 |
Over 2 years to 3 years |  | 10,382 |  |  | 18,047 |
Over 3 years to 4 years |  | 4,565 |  |  | 9,066 |
Over 4 years to 5 years |  | 3,144 |  |  | 5,211 |
Over 5 years |  | 1,772 |  |  | 1,935 |
Total |  | $ | 609,503 |  |  | $ | 300,451 |

CDs issued in amounts that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 totaled $170.2 million and $84.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company has pledged assets as collateral covering certain deposits in the amount of $166.0 million and $378.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The amount of overdraft deposits that were reclassified as loans at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $938,000 and $723,000, respectively.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company, in the normal course of business, had deposits from certain officers, directors and their associated companies totaling $60.4 million and $62.7 million, respectively.
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NOTE 9 – BORROWINGS
The following table summarizes the Company's short-term borrowings and junior subordinated debentures as presented on the consolidated statements of condition for the dates indicated. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any long-term borrowings.

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | Contractual Maturity |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Outstanding Balance |  | Weighted Average Contractual Rate |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | Thereafter |  | Outstanding Balance |  | Weighted Average Contractual Rate
Short-Term Borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer repurchase agreements(1) |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | 1.56 | % |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 196,451 |  |  | 1.00 | %
FHLBB and correspondent bank overnight borrowings(2) |  | 149,950 |  |  | 5.53 | % |  | 149,950 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,725 |  |  | 4.78 | %
Bank term funding program |  | 135,000 |  |  | 4.70 | % |  | 135,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total short-term borrowings |  | $ | 485,607 |  |  | 3.66 | % |  | $ | 485,607 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 265,176 |  |  | 1.98 | %
Junior Subordinated Debentures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CCTA(2) |  | 36,083 |  |  | 4.82 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,083 |  |  | 36,083 |  |  | 4.62 | %
UBCT(2) |  | 8,248 |  |  | 4.65 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,248 |  |  | 8,248 |  |  | 5.39 | %
Total junior subordinated debentures |  | $ | 44,331 |  |  | 4.79 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,331 |  |  | $ | 44,331 |  |  | 4.76 | %

(1) Refer to Note 10 for further discussion of customer repurchase agreements.
(2) The Company has interest rate swap contracts on certain borrowings. Refer to Note 12 for further discussion of derivative instruments.
FHLBB Borrowings
The terms of the Company's outstanding FHLBB borrowings, including overnight funding, were as follows for the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Stated Maturity |  | Outstanding Balance |  | Weighted Average Contractual Rate |  | Outstanding Balance |  | Weighted Average Contractual Rate |
January 2024 |  | $ | 99,950 |  |  | 5.54 | % |  | $ | 18,725 |  |  | 4.38 | % |
March 2024 |  | 50,000 |  |  | 5.51 | % |  | 50,000 |  |  | 4.93 | % |
Total |  | $ | 149,950 |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,725 |  |  |  |

FHLBB borrowings, if any, are collateralized by a blanket lien on qualified collateral consisting primarily of loans with first mortgages secured by one-to-four family properties, certain commercial real estate loans, certain pledged investment securities and other qualified assets. The carrying value of residential real estate and commercial loans pledged as collateral was $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The carrying value of investment securities pledged as collateral at the FHLBB was $4.3 million and $22,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, the Company had a notional amount of $125.0 million in interest rate swap agreements on its FHLBB borrowings, including a $50.0 million forward-starting interest rate swap agreement beginning January 17, 2024. Further discussion on the terms and accounting for the interest rate swap agreements is included within Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.
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Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”)
In March 2023, the FRB created the BTFP in response to several well-publicized bank failures to make additional funding available to depository institutions to help assure banks have the ability to meet the needs of all their depositors. The BTFP offers loans of up to one year in length to depository institutions pledging any collateral eligible for purchase by the FRB in open market operations, such as U.S. Treasuries, U.S. agency securities, and U.S. agency MBS, with the assets being valued at par. The interest rate for term advances under the BTFP is the one-year overnight index swap rate plus ten basis points. The interest rated is fixed for a period of one year, without penalty for prepayment, including refinancing under the BTFP. Advances may be made under the BTFP for a period of one-year until March 11, 2024.
In May 2023, the Company executed a $135.0 million advance under the BTFP for a period of one year at a fixed rate of 4.70%. The Company leveraged the BTFP as it provided lower-cost alternative funding and improved the Company’s liquidity position, while simultaneously improving its interest rate risk position given the fixed rate feature and the ability to repay the borrowing without penalty. At December 31, 2023, the Company maintained the advance of $135.0 million under the BTFP.
At December 31, 2023, the Company had pledged as collateral under the BTFP investment securities with a carrying value of $160.9 million.
In January 2024, the Company prepaid its existing $135.0 million advance under the BTFP and added three new tranches under the BTFP totaling $225.0 million at a fixed interest rate of 4.76%. The Company refinanced its existing advance under the BTFP and added additional advances to leverage the terms of the program and provide lower-cost alternative funding that is beneficial for the Company’s liquidity position and interest rate risk position.
Junior Subordinated Debentures
In April 2006, the Company formed CCTA, which issued and sold trust preferred securities to the public. The Company received $36.1 million from the issuance of the trust preferred securities in return for junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company to CCTA. The Company owns all of the $1.1 million of outstanding common securities of CCTA and was presented within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition. The contract interest rate of the trust preferred securities was three-month LIBOR plus 140 basis points, and in accordance with the LIBOR Act effective June 30, 2023, the index transitioned to three month CME term SOFR plus the spread adjustment of 26.161 basis points. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the interest rate on these trust preferred securities was 6.99% and 5.07%, respectively. The proceeds from the offering were used to repurchase Company common stock under the tender offer completed in May 2006. The trust preferred securities, which pay interest quarterly at the same rate as the junior subordinated debentures held by CCTA, are mandatorily redeemable on June 30, 2036, or may be redeemed by CCTA at par at any time.
In connection with an acquisition in 2008, the Company assumed $8.0 million of trust preferred securities, held through a Delaware trust affiliate, UBCT. In 2006, an aggregate principal amount of $8.2 million of 30-year junior subordinated debt securities were issued to UBCT. The Company owns all of the $248,000 of outstanding common securities of UBCT, and was presented within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition. The Company is obligated to pay interest on their principal sum quarterly. The contract interest rate of the trust preferred securities was three-month LIBOR plus 1.42%, and in accordance with the LIBOR Act effective June 30, 2023 the index transitioned to three month CME term SOFR plus the spread adjustment of 26.161 basis points. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the interest rate on these trust preferred securities was 7.08% and 5.50%, respectively. The debt securities mature on April 7, 2036, but may be redeemed by the Company at par, in whole or in part, on any interest payment date. The debt securities may also be redeemed by the Company in whole or in part, within 90 days of the occurrence of certain special redemption events.
CCTA and UBCT are Delaware statutory trusts created for the sole purpose of issuing trust preferred securities and investing the proceeds in junior subordinated debentures of the Company. The junior subordinated debentures are the sole assets of the trusts. The Company is the owner of all of the common securities of CCTA and UBCT and fully and unconditionally guarantees each trust’s securities obligations. In accordance with GAAP, CCTA and UBCT are treated as unconsolidated subsidiaries. The common stock investment in the statutory trusts is included in other assets on the consolidated statements of condition. At December 31, 2023, $43.0 million of the trust preferred securities were included in the Company’s total Tier 1 capital and amounted to 8.0% of Tier 1 capital of the Company, or 107 basis points of the Tier 1 capital ratio.
At December 31, 2023, the Company had a notional amount of $43.0 million in interest rate swap agreements on its junior subordinated debentures. Further discussion on the terms and accounting for the interest rate swap agreements is included within Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.
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Interest expense on the subordinated debentures, including the effective portion of the associated interest rate swaps on these debt instruments reclassified from OCI into earnings, totaled $2.2 million, $2.1 million, and $2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Refer to Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements for information pertaining to the reclassification of OCI into earnings on the interest rate swaps.
Credit Lines
At December 31, 2023, the Company has the following lines of credit available to it, for which it had no outstanding balances:
•The Bank had an available line of credit with the FHLBB of $9.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. This line of credit serves as overdraft protection should the Company overdraw its account with the FHLBB. The interest rate for this line of credit is set daily by the FHLBB. The line is secured by pledged loan collateral.
•The Company, through the Bank, has an unsecured $50.0 million line of credit with US Bank for which the interest rate is set daily by US Bank.
•The Company, through the Bank, has an unsecured $35.0 million line of credit with PNC Bank for which the interest rate is set daily by PNC Bank.
•The Company, through the Bank, has a secured line of credit of $39.4 million through the FRB's Discount Window for which the interest rate is set by the FRB daily. At December 31, 2023, the Bank pledged investment securities of $47.5 million.
NOTE 10 – REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS
The Company can raise additional liquidity by entering into repurchase agreements at its discretion. In a security repurchase agreement transaction, the Company will generally sell a security, agreeing to repurchase either the same or substantially identical security on a specified later date, at a greater price than the original sales price. The difference between the sale price and purchase price is the cost of the proceeds, which is recorded as interest expense on the consolidated statements of income. The securities underlying the agreements are delivered to counterparties as security for the repurchase obligations. Because the securities are treated as collateral and the agreement does not qualify for a full transfer of effective control, the transactions do not meet the criteria to be classified as sales, and are therefore considered secured borrowing transactions for accounting purposes. Payments on such borrowings are interest only until the scheduled repurchase date. In a repurchase agreement the Company is subject to the risk that the purchaser may default at maturity and not return the securities underlying the agreements. In order to minimize this potential risk, the Company either deals with established firms when entering into these transactions or with customers whose agreements stipulate that the securities underlying the agreement are not delivered to the customer and instead are held in segregated safekeeping accounts by the Company's safekeeping agents.
The table below sets forth information regarding the Company’s repurchase agreements accounted for as secured borrowings, allocated by source of collateral, as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Customer Repurchase Agreements(1)(2): |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 179,809 |  |  | $ | 99,105 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 20,848 |  |  | 94,328 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | — |  |  | 3,018 |
Total |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | $ | 196,451 |

(1) Presented within short-term borrowings on the consolidated statements of condition.
(2) All customer repurchase agreements mature continuously or overnight for the dates indicated.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, certain customers held CDs totaling $396,000 and $616,000, respectively, that were collateralized by CMO and MBS securities that were overnight repurchase agreements.
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NOTE 11 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to both on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments involving, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in addition to the amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of condition.
The following is a summary of the Company's contractual off-balance sheet commitments as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 706,719 |  |  | $ | 817,772 |
Standby letters of credit |  | 5,998 |  |  | 6,801 |
Total |  | $ | 712,717 |  |  | $ | 824,573 |

The Company’s commitments to extend credit from its lending activities do not necessarily represent future cash requirements since certain of these instruments may expire without being funded and others may not be fully drawn upon. These commitments are subject to the Company’s credit approval process, including an evaluation of the customer’s creditworthiness and related collateral requirements. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses.
Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a borrower to a third party. In the event of nonperformance by the borrower, the Company would be required to fund the commitment and would be entitled to the underlying collateral, if applicable, which generally consists of pledges of business assets including, but not limited to, accounts receivable, inventory, plant and equipment, and/or real estate. The maximum potential future payments are limited to the contractual amount of the commitment.
The Company establishes an ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures for its contractual off-balance sheet commitments, except those that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $2.4 million and $3.3 million, respectively. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures was presented within accrued interest and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the (credit) provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures was ($912,000), $70,000 and $627,000, respectively.
Refer to Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the Company's accounting policy for the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures.
Legal Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to pending and threatened litigation, claims investigations and legal and administrative cases and proceedings. Although the Company is not able to predict the outcome of such actions, after reviewing pending and threatened actions with counsel, management believes that, based on the information currently available, the outcome of such actions, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Reserves are established for legal claims only when losses associated with the claims are judged to be probable, and the loss can be reasonably estimated. Assessments of litigation exposure are difficult because they involve inherently unpredictable factors including, but not limited to: whether the proceeding is in the early stages; whether damages are unspecified, unsupported, or uncertain; whether there is a potential for punitive or other pecuniary damages; whether the matter involves legal uncertainties, including novel issues of law; whether the matter involves multiple parties and/or jurisdictions; whether discovery has begun or is not complete; whether meaningful settlement discussions have commenced; and whether the lawsuit involves class allegations. In many lawsuits and arbitrations, it is not possible to determine whether a liability has been incurred or to estimate the ultimate or minimum amount of that liability until the case is close to resolution, in which case a reserve will not be recognized until that time. Assessments of class action litigation, which is generally more complex than other types of litigation, are particularly difficult, especially in the early stages of the proceeding when it is not known whether
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a class will be certified or how a potential class, if certified, will be defined. As a result, the Company may be unable to estimate reasonably possible losses with respect to every litigation matter it faces.
The Company did not have any material loss contingencies that were provided for and/or that are required to be disclosed as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
NOTE 12 – DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING
The Company is exposed to certain risk arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s credit derivatives result from loan participation arrangements, and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities.
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
Interest Rate Contracts - Cash Flow Hedges. The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed rate payments or the receipt of fixed rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate assets or liabilities or forecasted issuances of debt.
For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into interest expense or interest income in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense or interest income as interest payments are made or received on the Company’s variable-rate liabilities or assets. The Company estimates that an additional $2.5 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense and an additional $1.6 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest income over the next 12 months.
Interest Rate Contracts - Fair Value Hedges. Derivatives designated as fair value hedges are utilized to mitigate the risk of changes in the fair values of recognized assets and liabilities. The Company uses interest rate contracts in this manner to manage its exposure to changes in the fair value of hedged items caused by changes in interest rates.
Changes in the fair value of the derivatives and changes in the fair value of the hedged item due to changes in the hedged risk are recognized in earnings in the same line item. If a hedge is terminated, but the hedged item was not derecognized, all remaining adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged item are amortized over a period that is consistent with the amortization of other discounts or premiums associated with the hedged item.
Derivatives not Designated as Hedges
Customer Loan Swaps. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain customers. The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting derivatives that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.
Fixed Rate Mortgage Interest Rate Lock Commitments. As part of the origination process of a residential loan, the Company may enter into rate lock agreements with its borrower, which is considered an interest rate lock commitment. If the Company intends to sell the loan upon origination, it will account for the interest rate lock commitment as a derivative.
Forward Delivery Commitments. The Company typically enters into a forward delivery commitment with a secondary market investor, which has been approved by the Company within its normal governance process, at the onset of the loan
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origination process. The Company may enter into these arrangements with the secondary market investors on a “best effort“ or “mandatory delivery” basis. The Company's normal practice is typically to enter into these arrangements on a "best effort” basis. The Company enters into these arrangements with the secondary market investors to manage its interest rate exposure. The Company accounts for the forward delivery commitment as a derivative upon origination of a loan identified as held for sale.
Risk Participation Agreements. The Company’s existing credit derivatives result from participations in or out of interest rate swaps provided by or to external lenders as part of loan participation arrangements, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain lenders which participate in loans.
The following table presents the fair value of the Company's derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the consolidated statements of condition as of the dates indicated:

|  | Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities
(In thousands) |  | Notional Amount |  | Location |  | Fair Value |  | Notional Amount |  | Location |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts(1) |  | $ | 435,000 |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 12,206 |  |  | $ | 258,000 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | $ | 3,387 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,206 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,387 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer loan swaps(1) |  | $ | 298,143 |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 10,699 |  |  | $ | 298,143 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | $ | 10,748 |
Risk participation agreements |  | 28,077 |  |  | Other assets |  | — |  |  | 52,193 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | — |
Fixed Rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments |  | 10,924 |  |  | Other assets |  | 215 |  |  | 2,092 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | 11 |
Forward delivery commitments |  | 3,445 |  |  | Other assets |  | 51 |  |  | 6,706 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | 132 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,965 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,891 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts(1) |  | $ | 110,000 |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 13,051 |  |  | $ | 133,000 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | $ | 5,515 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 13,051 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,515 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer loan swaps(1) |  | $ | 260,130 |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 14,802 |  |  | $ | 260,130 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | $ | 14,850 |
Risk participation agreements |  | 21,818 |  |  | Other assets |  | — |  |  | 44,438 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | — |
Fixed Rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments |  | 4,493 |  |  | Other assets |  | 31 |  |  | 9,597 |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | 87 |
Forward delivery commitments |  | 5,259 |  |  | Other assets |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | Accrued interest and other liabilities |  | — |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,947 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,937 |

(1) Reported fair values include accrued interest receivable and payable.
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The following table shows the carrying amount and associated cumulative basis adjustments related to the application of hedge accounting that is included in the carrying amount of hedged assets and liabilities in fair value hedging relationships:

Location in Consolidated Statements of Condition |  | Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) |  | Cumulative Fair Value Hedging Adjustment in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Loans(1) |  | $ | 374,032 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (968) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 374,032 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (968) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

(1) These amounts include the amortized cost basis of residential real estate loans that were used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the stated amount of assets in the closed portfolio anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedged period. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amortized cost basis of the residential real estate loans used in these hedging relationships was $806.5 million and $0, respectively, and the amount of the designated hedged residential loans was $375.0 million and $0, respectively.
The table below presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting, before tax, on AOCI for the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI Included Component |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI Excluded Component |  | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized from AOCI into Income |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income Included Component |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income Excluded Component
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | (795) |  |  | $ | (795) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | (3,446) |  |  | $ | (3,446) |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | Interest on deposits |  | 306 |  |  | 306 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 455 |  |  | 455 |  |  | — |  |  | Interest on borrowings |  | 2,351 |  |  | 2,351 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 520 |  |  | 520 |  |  | — |  |  | Interest on junior subordinated debentures |  | 707 |  |  | 707 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (82) |  |  | $ | (82) |  |  | $ | — |
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | (6,147) |  |  | $ | (6,147) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 5,892 |  |  | 5,892 |  |  | — |  |  | Interest on deposits |  | 441 |  |  | 441 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 2,455 |  |  | 2,455 |  |  | — |  |  | Interest on borrowings |  | 551 |  |  | 551 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 7,838 |  |  | 7,838 |  |  | — |  |  | Interest on junior subordinated debentures |  | (729) |  |  | (729) |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 10,038 |  |  | $ | 10,038 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | — |
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | (1,697) |  |  | $ | (1,697) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 1,614 |  |  | $ | 1,614 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 2,447 |  |  | 2,447 |  |  | — |  |  | Interest on deposits |  | (661) |  |  | (661) |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 2,237 |  |  | 2,237 |  |  | — |  |  | Interest on junior subordinated debentures |  | (1,593) |  |  | (1,593) |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 2,987 |  |  | $ | 2,987 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (640) |  |  | $ | (640) |  |  | $ | — |

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The table below presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on the consolidated statements of income for the periods indicated:

|  | Location and Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Interest and Fees on Loans |  | Interest on Deposits |  | Interest on borrowings |  | Interest on Subordinated Debentures |  | Interest and Fees on Loans |  | Interest on Deposits |  | Interest on borrowings |  | Interest on Subordinated Debentures |  | Interest and Fees on Loans |  | Interest on Deposits |  |  |  | Interest on Subordinated Debentures
Total presented on the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded |  | $ | 195,379 |  |  | $ | 78,884 |  |  | $ | 12,949 |  |  | $ | 2,150 |  |  | $ | 144,709 |  |  | $ | 20,305 |  |  | $ | 2,649 |  |  | $ | 2,140 |  |  | $ | 125,437 |  |  | $ | 7,920 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,523 |
Gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationships
Interest rate contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged items |  | $ | (15,613) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 20,317 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income |  | $ | (3,446) |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 2,351 |  |  | $ | 707 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | (729) |  |  | $ | 1,614 |  |  | $ | (661) |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,593) |
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income - included component |  | $ | (3,446) |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 2,351 |  |  | $ | 707 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | (729) |  |  | $ | 1,614 |  |  | $ | (661) |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,593) |
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income - excluded component |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |

The table below presents the effect of the Company's derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of income for the periods indicated:

|  |  |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
|  | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Customer loan swaps |  | Other expense |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (336) |  |  | $ | (189) |
Fixed rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments |  | Mortgage banking income, net |  | 109 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (80) |
Forward delivery commitments |  | Mortgage banking income, net |  | (195) |  |  | 140 |  |  | (35) |
Total |  |  |  | $ | (87) |  |  | $ | (162) |  |  | $ | (304) |

Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features
By using derivatives, the Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent that counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as required. Should a counterparty fail to perform under the terms of a derivative contract, the Company’s credit exposure on interest rate swaps is limited to the net positive fair value and accrued interest of all swaps with each counterparty. The Company seeks to minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. As such, management believes the risk of incurring credit losses on derivative contracts with institutional counterparties is remote.
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The Company has agreements with its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations. In addition, the Company also has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if the Company fails to maintain its status as a well- capitalized institution, then the counterparty could terminate the derivative position(s) and the Company could be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for non-performance risk, related to these agreements was $10.8 million and $14.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and has posted cash collateral of $0 and $0, respectively. If the Company had breached any of these provisions at December 31, 2023 or 2022, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their termination value of $10.8 million and $14.8 million, respectively.
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NOTE 13 – BALANCE SHEET OFFSETTING
The Company does not offset the carrying value for derivative instruments or repurchase agreements on the consolidated statements of condition. The Company does net the amount recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral against the obligation to return cash collateral arising from instruments executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement. Collateral legally required to be pledged or received is monitored and adjusted as necessary. Refer to Note 10 for further discussion of repurchase agreements and Note 12 for further discussion of derivative instruments.
The following table presents the Company's derivative positions and repurchase agreements, and the potential effect of netting arrangements on its consolidated statements of condition, as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amount Not Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Condition |  |
(In thousands) |  | Gross Amount Recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Condition |  | Gross Amount Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Condition |  | Net Amount Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Condition |  | Financial Instruments Pledged (Received)(1) |  | Cash Collateral Pledged (Received)(1) |  | Net Amount
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer loan swaps - dealer bank(2) |  | $ | 9,168 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,168 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,800) |  |  | $ | 368 |
Customer loan swaps - commercial customer(3) |  | 1,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,531 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,531 |
Interest rate contracts(2) |  | 12,206 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,206 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,071) |  |  | 2,135 |
Total |  | $ | 22,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18,871) |  |  | $ | 4,034 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer loan swaps - commercial customer(3) |  | $ | 10,748 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 10,748 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,748 |
Interest rate contracts(2) |  | 3,387 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,387 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,387 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 14,135 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,135 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,387 |  |  | $ | 10,748 |
Customer repurchase agreements |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | $ | 200,657 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer loan swaps - dealer bank(2) |  | $ | 14,802 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,802 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,802 |
Interest rate contracts(2) |  | 13,051 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,051 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,915) |  |  | 2,136 |
Total |  | $ | 27,853 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,853 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10,915) |  |  | $ | 16,938 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer loan swaps - commercial customer(3) |  | $ | 14,850 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 14,850 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,850 |
Interest rate contracts(2) |  | 5,515 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,515 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,515 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 20,365 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,365 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,515 |  |  | $ | 14,850 |
Customer repurchase agreements |  | $ | 196,451 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 196,451 |  |  | $ | 196,451 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1) The amount presented was the lesser of the amount pledged (received) or the net amount presented in the consolidated statements of condition.
(2) The Company maintains master netting arrangements with each counterparty and settles collateral on a net basis for all contracts.
(3) The Company manages its net exposure with its commercial customer loan swaps by obtaining collateral as part of the normal loan policy and underwriting practices. The Company does not post collateral to its commercial customers as part of its contract.
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NOTE 14 – SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Regulatory Capital Requirements
The Company and Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FRB and the OCC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Company and Bank are required to maintain certain levels of capital based on risk-adjusted assets. These capital requirements represent quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company and Bank's capital classification is also subject to qualitative judgments by our regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. The quantitative measures established to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of total capital, Tier 1 capital, and common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to average assets, or the leverage ratio. These requirements apply to the Company on a consolidated basis.
Under the current capital requirements, banking organizations must have a minimum total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0%, a minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0%, a minimum common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5%, and a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0% in order to be “adequately capitalized.” In addition to these requirements, banking organizations must maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of common Tier 1 equity in an amount above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for “adequately capitalized” institutions equal to 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets, resulting in a requirement for the Company and the Bank effectively to maintain common equity Tier 1, Tier 1 and total capital ratios of 7.0%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively. The Company and the Bank must maintain the capital conservation buffer to avoid restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, pay discretionary bonuses, and to engage in share repurchases based on the amount of the shortfall and the institution’s “eligible retained income” (that is, the greater of (i) net income for the preceding four
quarters, net of distributions and associated tax effects not reflected in net income and (ii) average net income over the
preceding four quarters).
The Company and Bank's risk-based capital ratios exceeded regulatory requirements, including the capital conservation buffer, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the Bank's capital ratios met the requirements for the Bank to be considered “well capitalized” under prompt corrective action provisions for each period. There were no changes to the Company or Bank's capital ratios that occurred subsequent to December 31, 2023 that would change the Company or Bank's regulatory capital categorization. The following table presents the Company and Bank's regulatory capital ratios at the periods indicated:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | Minimum Regulatory Capital Required for Capital Adequacy Plus Capital Conservation Buffer |  | Minimum Regulatory Provision to Be “Well Capitalized” |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Minimum Regulatory Capital Required for Capital Adequacy Plus Capital Conservation Buffer |  | Minimum Regulatory Provision to Be “Well Capitalized”
|  | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  |
Camden National Corporation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital ratio |  | $ | 577,440 |  |  | 14.36 | % |  | 10.50 | % |  | 10.00 | % |  | $ | 557,571 |  |  | 13.80 | % |  | 10.50 | % |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio |  | 538,153 |  |  | 13.38 | % |  | 8.50 | % |  | 6.00 | % |  | 517,385 |  |  | 12.81 | % |  | 8.50 | % |  | 6.00 | %
Common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio(1) |  | 495,153 |  |  | 12.31 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  | N/A |  | 474,385 |  |  | 11.74 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  | N/A
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio(1) |  | 538,153 |  |  | 9.40 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | 517,385 |  |  | 9.22 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A
Camden National Bank: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital ratio |  | $ | 549,221 |  |  | 13.70 | % |  | 10.50 | % |  | 10.00 | % |  | $ | 525,346 |  |  | 13.03 | % |  | 10.50 | % |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio |  | 509,934 |  |  | 12.72 | % |  | 8.50 | % |  | 8.00 | % |  | 485,160 |  |  | 12.03 | % |  | 8.50 | % |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio |  | 509,934 |  |  | 12.72 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 485,160 |  |  | 12.03 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio |  | 509,934 |  |  | 8.91 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 5.00 | % |  | 485,160 |  |  | 8.65 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %

(1) “Minimum Regulatory Provisions to Be ‘Well Capitalized’” are not formally defined under applicable banking regulations for bank holding companies.
In 2006 and 2008, the Company issued $43.0 million of junior subordinated debentures in connection with the issuance of trust preferred securities. Although the junior subordinated debentures are recorded as liabilities on the Company's consolidated statements of condition, the Company is permitted, in accordance with applicable regulation, to include the debentures within
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its calculation of risk-based capital, subject to certain limits. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, $43.0 million of the junior subordinated debentures were included in Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital for the Company.
The Company and Bank's regulatory capital and risk-weighted assets fluctuate due to normal business, including profits and losses generated by the Company and Bank as well as changes to their asset mix. Of particular significance are changes within the Company and Bank's loan portfolio mix due to the differences in regulatory risk-weighting between retail and commercial loans. Furthermore, the Company and Bank's regulatory capital and risk-weighted assets are subject to change due to changes in GAAP and regulatory capital standards. The Company and Bank proactively monitor their regulatory capital and risk-weighted assets, and the impact of changes to their asset mix, as well as the impact of proposed and pending changes as a result of any new and/or amended GAAP standards and regulatory changes.
Dividends
The primary source of funds available to the Company for the payment of dividends to its shareholders is dividends paid to the Company by its wholly-owned subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank is subject to certain requirements imposed by federal banking laws and regulations. These requirements, among other things, establish minimum levels of capital and restrict the amount of dividends that a bank subsidiary may distribute. Under OCC regulations, the Bank generally may not declare a dividend in excess of the Bank's undivided profits or, absent OCC approval, if the total amount of dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year exceeds the total of the Bank's net income for the current year plus its retained net income for the prior two years.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Bank declared dividends for payment to the Company in the amount of $22.5 million, $31.7 million, and $41.7 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company declared $24.5 million, $23.7 million and $22.1 million, respectively, in dividends payable to its shareholders.
Common Stock Repurchase
In February 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 750,000 shares of the Company's common stock, representing approximately 5.0% of the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company purchased 217,931 shares of its common stock at a weighted-average price of $46.25. This program terminated on January 3, 2022.
In January 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 750,000 shares of the Company's common stock, representing approximately 5.0% of the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company purchased 225,245 shares of its common stock at a weighted-average price of $45.46. This program terminated on January 3, 2023.
In January 2023, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 750,000 shares of the Company's common stock, representing approximately 5.0% of the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased 65,692 shares of its common stock at a weighted-average price of $30.44. This program terminated on January 3, 2024.
In January 2024, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 750,000 shares of the Company's common stock, representing approximately 5.0% of the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of December 31, 2023. This program replaces the 2023 program and will continue until the earlier of: (1) the authorized number of shares are repurchased, (2) the Company's Board of Directors terminates the program or (3) January 4, 2025, twelve months from the announcement of the new program.
.
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NOTE 15 – OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The following tables present a reconciliation of the changes in the components of other comprehensive income and loss for the periods indicated, including the amount of tax (expense) benefit allocated to each component:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(In thousands) |  | Pre-Tax Amount |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  | After-Tax Amount |  | Pre-Tax Amount |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  | After-Tax Amount |  | Pre-Tax Amount |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  | After-Tax Amount
Debt Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value |  | $ | 13,646 |  |  | $ | (2,932) |  |  | $ | 10,714 |  |  | $ | (172,699) |  |  | $ | 37,131 |  |  | $ | (135,568) |  |  | $ | (38,832) |  |  | $ | 8,349 |  |  | $ | (30,483) |
Less: reclassification adjustment for amortization of securities transferred from AFS to HTM |  | (6,781) |  |  | 1,458 |  |  | (5,323) |  |  | (5,715) |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | (4,486) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: reclassification adjustment for net realized losses(1) |  | (10,310) |  |  | 2,217 |  |  | (8,093) |  |  | (912) |  |  | 196 |  |  | (716) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net change in fair value |  | 30,737 |  |  | (6,607) |  |  | 24,130 |  |  | (166,072) |  |  | 35,706 |  |  | (130,366) |  |  | (38,832) |  |  | 8,349 |  |  | (30,483) |
Cash Flow Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value |  | 179 |  |  | (38) |  |  | 141 |  |  | 10,038 |  |  | (2,158) |  |  | 7,880 |  |  | 2,987 |  |  | (642) |  |  | 2,345 |
Less: reclassified AOCI gain (loss) into interest expense(2) |  | 3,364 |  |  | (723) |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | 263 |  |  | (57) |  |  | 206 |  |  | (2,254) |  |  | 485 |  |  | (1,769) |
Less: reclassified AOCI gain into interest income(3) |  | (3,446) |  |  | 741 |  |  | (2,705) |  |  | 5 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1,614 |  |  | (347) |  |  | 1,267 |
Net change in fair value |  | 261 |  |  | (56) |  |  | 205 |  |  | 9,770 |  |  | (2,100) |  |  | 7,670 |  |  | 3,627 |  |  | (780) |  |  | 2,847 |
Postretirement Plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gain (loss) |  | 114 |  |  | (25) |  |  | 89 |  |  | 2,859 |  |  | (614) |  |  | 2,245 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (16) |
Less: Amortization of net actuarial loss(4) |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (947) |  |  | 203 |  |  | (744) |  |  | (894) |  |  | 192 |  |  | (702) |
Less: Amortization of net prior service credits(4) |  | 24 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 19 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 19 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 19 |
Net gain (loss) on postretirement plans |  | 87 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 68 |  |  | 3,782 |  |  | (812) |  |  | 2,970 |  |  | 850 |  |  | (183) |  |  | 667 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | 31,085 |  |  | $ | (6,682) |  |  | $ | 24,403 |  |  | $ | (152,520) |  |  | $ | 32,794 |  |  | $ | (119,726) |  |  | $ | (34,355) |  |  | $ | 7,386 |  |  | $ | (26,969) |

(1) Reclassified into net loss on sale of securities in the consolidated statements of income. Refer to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further details.
(2) Reclassified into interest on deposits, borrowings and/or junior subordinated debentures on the consolidated statements of income. Refer to Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements for further details.
(3) Reclassified into interest and fees on loans on the consolidated statements of income. Refer to Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements for further details.
(4) Reclassified into other expenses on the consolidated statements of income. Refer to Note 18 of the consolidated financial statements for further details.
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The following table presents the changes in each component of AOCI for the periods indicated:

(In thousands) |  | Net Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Debt Securities(1) |  | Net Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Cash Flow Hedges(1) |  | Defined Benefit Postretirement Plans(1) |  | AOCI(1)
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 29,310 |  |  | $ | (4,626) |  |  | $ | (3,944) |  |  | $ | 20,740 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (30,483) |  |  | 2,345 |  |  | — |  |  | (28,138) |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | — |  |  | (502) |  |  | (667) |  |  | (1,169) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (30,483) |  |  | 2,847 |  |  | 667 |  |  | (26,969) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | (1,173) |  |  | (1,779) |  |  | (3,277) |  |  | (6,229) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (126,596) |  |  | 7,880 |  |  | — |  |  | (118,716) |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | 3,770 |  |  | 210 |  |  | (2,970) |  |  | 1,010 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (130,366) |  |  | 7,670 |  |  | 2,970 |  |  | (119,726) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | (131,539) |  |  | 5,891 |  |  | (307) |  |  | (125,955) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  | 21,363 |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,504 |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | (2,767) |  |  | (64) |  |  | (68) |  |  | (2,899) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | 24,130 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 24,403 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (107,409) |  |  | $ | 6,096 |  |  | $ | (239) |  |  | $ | (101,552) |

(1) All amounts are net of tax.
NOTE 16 – REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
The Company has disaggregated its revenue from contracts with customers into categories based on the nature of the revenue. The categorization of revenues from contracts with customer within the scope of ASC 606 closely aligns with the presentation revenue categories presented within non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income. The following table presents the revenue streams with the scope of ASC 606 for the periods indicated:

|  |  |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | Location on Consolidated Statements of Income |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Debit card interchange income |  | Debit card income |  | $ | 12,613 |  |  | $ | 13,340 |  |  | $ | 13,105 |
Services charges on deposit accounts |  | Service charges on deposit accounts |  | 7,839 |  |  | 7,587 |  |  | 6,626 |
Fiduciary services income |  | Income from fiduciary services |  | 6,669 |  |  | 6,407 |  |  | 6,516 |
Investment program income |  | Brokerage and insurance commissions |  | 4,650 |  |  | 4,147 |  |  | 3,913 |
Other non-interest income |  | Other income |  | 1,796 |  |  | 1,793 |  |  | 1,794 |
Total non-interest income within the scope of ASC 606 |  | 33,567 |  |  | 33,274 |  |  | 31,954 |
Total non-interest income not in scope of ASC 606(1) |  | (2,533) |  |  | 7,428 |  |  | 17,781 |
Total non-interest income |  | $ | 31,034 |  |  | $ | 40,702 |  |  | $ | 49,735 |

(1) Includes pre-tax losses on the sale of investment securities of $10.3 million, $912,000 and $0, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
In each of the revenue streams identified above, there were no significant judgments made in determining or allocating the transaction price, as the consideration and services are generally explicitly identified in the associated contracts. Additional information related to each revenue stream is discussed below.
Debit Card Interchange Income. The Company has separate contracts with intermediaries and earns interchange revenue and incurs related expenses on debit card transactions of its deposit customers. Income earned and expenses incurred by the Company are dependent on its depositors' debit card usage, including depositor spend, transaction type and merchant. The rates earned are determined by the intermediaries. The Company determined that although the contract for which revenues are directly earned is with the intermediary rather than the depositor, that an underlying contract with each depositor is required for
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the generation of debit card interchange income and it is the depositors' debit card usage that drives the revenues earned and related expenses incurred. The contract with the depositor is day-to-day and can be closed by the customer or the Company at any time. As such, the Company recognizes revenue at the time of the transaction as the performance obligation has been met.
The Company's debit card interchange revenue and related expenses are presented on a gross basis as it has control of the specified service prior to transfer to the depositor through the extension of credit.
The Company pays to certain depositors cash rewards for debit card usage to promote usage and increase interchange revenue. Because the consideration paid to depositors is not for any separate or distinct service, these costs are accounted for as a reduction of debit card interchange income. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, cash rewards totaled $507,000, $525,000 and $477,000, respectively.
Service charges on deposit accounts. Deposit-related fees, include, but are not limited to, overdraft income, service charge income, and other fees generated by the depositor relationship with the Company. For each depositor relationship, an agreement and related disclosures outline the terms of the contract between the depositor and the Bank, including the assessment of fees and fee structure for its various products. The contract is day-to-day and can be closed by the customer or the Company at any time. As such, the Company recognizes revenue at the time of the transaction as the performance obligation has been met.
Fiduciary services income. The Company, through its wealth management and trust services department, doing business as Camden National Wealth Management, earns fees for its investment management and related services for its clients. Fees earned for its services are largely dependent on assets under management as of the last day of the month and do not contain performance clauses. Should the applicable services contract be terminated by either party, fees for services are earned up to the effective date of contract termination. As such, fiduciary services income is earned and recognized daily.
Investment program income. Under an investment program offered by the Company, doing business as Camden Financial Consultants (“Program”), its clients are provided access to brokerage, advisory and insurance products offered through an unaffiliated third party. Certain Company employees are registered securities representatives and/or registered investment advisor representatives of the third party, operating in such capacity under Camden Financial Consultants to provide clients with brokerage, investment advisory and insurance related services. The Company receives a portion of the commissions and fees received by the unaffiliated third party brokerage firm from the sale of investment products and investment advisory services, in accordance with the terms of the contract between the two parties.
The revenues earned by the Company are net of administrative expenses and the portion retained by the unaffiliated third party brokerage firm. The Company does not have control of the specified services provided to its clients by the unaffiliated third party brokerage firm under the Program. Revenues earned from Program-related services are presented on the consolidated statements of income on a net basis.
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NOTE 17 – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
On April 26, 2022, the shareholders of the Company approved the Camden National Corporation 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (“2022 Plan”), which replaced the Company’s 2012 Equity and Incentive Plan (“2012 Plan”). The total number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2022 Plan is 500,000, plus shares that are subject to awards granted under the 2012 Plan that cease to be subject to such awards by forfeiture or otherwise after the effective date of the 2022 Plan. Awards are authorized to be granted in the form of dividend equivalent rights, stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance-based awards and other stock-based or cash-based awards, and the exercise price will not be less than 100% of the fair market value on the date of grant of a share of stock. No stock option granted will be exercisable more than ten years after the date the stock option was granted.
On May 1, 2012, the shareholders of the Company approved the 2012 Plan, the maximum number of shares of stock reserved and available for issuance under the 2012 Plan was 1.2 million shares. Awards were authorized to be granted in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, unrestricted stock, performance shares and dividend equivalent rights, or any combination of the preceding, and the exercise price will not be less than 100% of the fair market value on the date of grant in the case of incentive stock options, or 85% of the fair market value on the date of grant in the case of non-qualified stock options. No stock option was exercisable more than ten years after the date the stock option was granted. The exercise price of all options granted equaled the market price of the Company's stock on the date of grant, except for certain non-qualified stock options that were issued in conjunction with an acquisition. The 2012 Plan was replaced by the 2022 Plan effective April 26, 2022, and no further awards will be granted under the 2012 Plan. Awards outstanding as of the effective date, remain outstanding in accordance with their original terms as granted under the 2012 Plan.
The amount of cash used to settle stock-based compensation transactions for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $545,000, $688,000 and $629,000, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock units vest over the requisite service period, which is typically two, three or five years. Restricted stock units issued do not participate in dividends and recipients are not entitled to vote these restricted units until shares of the Company’s stock are delivered in respect of the restricted stock units after vesting.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company issued restricted stock units with a grant-date fair value of $1.6 million, $1.3 million and $994,000, respectively, to certain employees. The grant-date fair value is calculated utilizing the Company's closing market share price as of the date the awards are granted.
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Restricted stock unit expense is recognized within salaries and employee benefits on the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The expense and the related income tax benefit recognized in connection with the restricted stock units was as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expense |  | $ | 962 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 610 |
Income tax benefit |  | 207 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 131 |
Fair value of grants vested |  | 803 |  |  | 622 |  |  | 506 |

Restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data) |  | Number of Units |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Unit |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  | Unrecognized Compensation
Nonvested at January 1, 2023 |  | 57,822 |  |  | $ | 44.88 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 44,730 |  |  | 36.21 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | (19,032) |  |  | 42.17 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (8,789) |  |  | 43.19 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2023 |  | 74,731 |  |  | $ | 40.58 |  |  | 2.75 |  | $ | 2,812 |  |  | $ | 2,261 |

Restricted Stock Awards
Restricted stock awards vest pro-rata over the requisite service period, which is typically three years, or earlier if a recipient retires and has met all retirement or disability eligibility requirements of the award. Awards issued to Company directors are not subject to any service requirements and vest immediately. Recipients of restricted stock awards are entitled to vote these restricted shares during the vesting period. For restricted stock awards issued under the 2022 Plan, cash dividends are retained by the Company during the vesting period and paid out upon vesting of the shares. If the restricted stock award is forfeited, any accrued dividends revert back to the Company. Accrued dividends on restricted stock awards are reported within accrued interest and other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and totaled $27,000 and $8,000, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For restricted stock awards issued under the 2012 Plan, cash dividends are paid out immediately during the vesting period and are not subject to forfeiture.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company issued restricted stock awards with a grant-date fair value of $1.5 million, $1.2 million and $924,000, respectively, to certain directors and employees. The grant-date fair value is calculated utilizing the Company's closing market share price as of the date the awards are granted.
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The expense for restricted stock awards issued to employees of the Company is recognized within salaries and employee benefits on the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The expense for awards issued to directors of the Company (which are not subject to service requirements and vest immediately) is recognized within consulting and professional fees on the consolidated statements of income. The expense and the related income tax benefit recognized in connection with the restricted stock awards was as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expense |  | $ | 1,225 |  |  | $ | 1,053 |  |  | $ | 895 |
Income tax benefit |  | 263 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 192 |
Fair value of grants vested |  | 1,187 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | 901 |

Restricted stock award activity, which includes awards issued to directors of the Company, for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  | Unrecognized Compensation
Nonvested at January 1, 2023 |  | 20,536 |  |  | $ | 44.53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 44,451 |  |  | 32.80 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | (33,763) |  |  | 35.16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (2,690) |  |  | 40.19 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2023 |  | 28,534 |  |  | $ | 37.76 |  |  | 1.9 |  | $ | 1,074 |  |  | $ | 672 |

Management Stock Purchase Program (“MSPP”)
The Company offers the MSPP to provide an opportunity for certain employees to receive restricted shares of the Company’s common stock in lieu of a portion of their annual incentive bonus. Restricted shares issued under the MSPP are granted at a discount to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and they cliff vest two years after the grant date, or earlier if a recipient meets the disability eligibility requirement of the plan. Should an employee forfeit his or her non-vested MSPP awards, the Company will return the lesser of the price paid by the employee on the date of grant, or the fair value of the non-vested awards as of the date forfeited. Recipients of restricted stock issued under the MSPP are entitled to vote these restricted shares during the vesting period. For restricted stock awards issued under the MSPP of the 2022 Plan, cash dividends are retained by the Company during the vesting period and paid out upon vesting of the shares. If the restricted stock award is forfeited, any accrued dividends revert back to the Company. Accrued dividends on MSPP awards are reported within accrued interest and other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and totaled $9,000 and $0, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For restricted stock awards issued under the MSPP of the 2012 Plan, cash dividends are paid out immediately during the vesting period and are not subject to forfeiture.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company issued MSPP awards with a grant-date fair value of $79,000, $113,000 and $157,000, respectively, to certain employees.
The expense for restricted stock awards under the MSPP is recognized within salaries and employee benefits on the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The expense and the related income tax benefit recognized in connection with the MSPP awards was as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expense |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 104 |
Income tax benefit |  | 20 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 22 |
Fair value of grants vested |  | 129 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 70 |

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MSPP award activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  | Unrecognized Compensation
Nonvested at January 1, 2023 |  | 17,184 |  |  | $ | 14.12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 8,037 |  |  | 9.84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | (7,886) |  |  | 16.34 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (761) |  |  | 11.63 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2023 |  | 16,574 |  |  | $ | 11.10 |  |  | 0.6 |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 51 |

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company received cash from the issuance of restricted shares under the MSPP of $219,000, $342,000 and $324,000, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, cash received from current participating employees totaled $558,000 and $633,000, respectively, and was presented within accrued interest and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition.
LTIP
The LTIP is intended to attract and retain executives who will contribute to the Company’s future success. The long-term performance period is a period of three consecutive years beginning on January 1 of the first year and ending on December 31 of the third year. Awards granted are 50% weighted on the attainment of certain performance targets approved by the Board of Directors and 50% weighted on meeting the requisite service period. The performance-based share units granted will vest only if the performance targets are achieved, and the amount received by the LTIP participants may vary from 0% - 200% of target, depending on the level at which performance targets are met. Failure to achieve the specific performance measures will result in all or a portion of the performance-based share units being forfeited. The service-based awards are restricted stock awards and generally vest annually pro-rata over a three year period. The associated service-based awards are disclosed within the aforementioned “Restricted Stock Awards” section of this note.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company issued performance-based share unit awards with a grant-date fair value of $1.6 million, $1.1 million and $753,000, respectively. The grant-date fair value is calculated utilizing the Company's closing market share price as of the date the awards are granted.
The expense for the performance-based share units is recognized within salaries and employee benefits on the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The expense and the related tax benefit for the LTIP's performance-based share units was as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expense |  | $ | 332 |  |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 637 |
Related income tax benefit |  | 71 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 137 |
Fair value of grants vested |  | 594 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 435 |

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LTIP performance-based share unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  | Unrecognized Compensation
Nonvested at January 1, 2023 |  | 61,186 |  |  | $ | 41.65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted(1) |  | 46,372 |  |  | 34.00 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | (17,283) |  |  | 34.39 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited(2) |  | (17,193) |  |  | 36.96 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2023 |  | 73,082 |  |  | $ | 39.92 |  |  | 1.6 |  | $ | 2,917 |  |  | $ | 458 |

(1) Number of shares granted assumes payout at 200% of target.
(2) Forfeited shares consists of 11,895 shares forfeited due to payout at less than 200% of target.
Defined Contribution Retirement Plan (“DCRP”)
The DCRP is an unfunded deferred compensation plan for the benefit of certain Company executives. Annually, participants receive a credit to an account administered by the Company, of 10% of each participant’s eligible earnings and cash bonus for the prior performance period. Annual credits to a participant’s account will be denominated in deferred stock unit awards (the right to receive a share of common stock of the Company upon the satisfaction of certain restrictions) based on the fair market value of a share of the common stock of the Company on the date of grant. For all active participants, vesting occurs ratably from the date of participation until the participant reaches the age of 65, at which time the participant is 100% vested. In 2018, the DCRP was amended to provide the ability to tailor vesting terms for new participants.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company issued DCRP awards with a grant-date fair value of $288,000, $267,000 and $247,000, respectively. The grant-date fair value is calculated utilizing the Company's closing market share price as of the date the awards are granted.
The expense for the DCRP is recognized within salaries and employee benefits on the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Compensation expense and the related tax benefit recognized in connection with the DCRP was as follows for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expense |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 135 |
Related income tax benefit |  | 40 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 29 |
Fair value of grants vested |  | 171 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 118 |

DCRP award activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands, except per award data) |  | Number of Deferred Stock Awards |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Award |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  | Unrecognized Compensation
Nonvested at January 1, 2023 |  | 8,382 |  |  | $ | 44.85 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 7,958 |  |  | 36.21 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | (4,430) |  |  | 38.62 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (750) |  |  | 36.21 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2023 |  | 11,160 |  |  | $ | 41.74 |  |  | 13.7 |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 405 |

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NOTE 18 – EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
401(k) and Profit Sharing Plan
The Company has a 401(k) plan and the majority of its employees participate in it. Employees may contribute pre-tax contributions to the 401(k) plan up to the maximum amount allowed by federal tax laws. The Company makes matching contributions of up to 4% of an employee’s eligible compensation. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, expenses under the 401(k) plan matching contributions totaled $1.7 million, $1.6 million, and $1.5 million, respectively. For years prior to 2022, the Company, at its discretion, made profit sharing contributions to employees' 401(k) accounts in addition to its regular 401(k) plan matching contribution. For the year ended December 31, 2021, these additional profit sharing contributions totaled 3% of employee eligible compensation, and expenses were $1.3 million.
Supplemental Executive Retirement Program (“SERP”) and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan
The Company sponsors unfunded, non-qualified SERPs for certain officers. These agreements were designed to make up the shortfall (when compared to a non-highly compensated employee) in replacing income at retirement due to Internal Revenue Service (“ IRS”) compensation and benefit limits under the 401(k) plan and Social Security. The SERP provides for a minimum 15-year guaranteed benefit for all vested participants. There are no new entrants to the Company’s SERP. As of December 31, 2023, there were no active participants in the SERP.
The Company also provides medical and life insurance to certain eligible retired employees under the other postretirement benefit plan. This postretirement plan is a benefit only to certain qualifying participants. There are no new entrants to the Company's medical and health postretirement benefit plan.
The following table summarizes changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets for each postretirement benefit plan as of the dates indicated:

|  | SERP |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | December 31, |  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Benefit obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year |  | $ | 15,042 |  |  | $ | 16,610 |  |  | $ | 3,261 |  |  | $ | 4,167 |
Service cost |  | 281 |  |  | 534 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 21 |
Interest cost |  | 756 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 111 |
Actuarial (gain) loss |  | (65) |  |  | (1,996) |  |  | (48) |  |  | (863) |
Benefits paid |  | (526) |  |  | (566) |  |  | (171) |  |  | (175) |
End of year |  | 15,488 |  |  | 15,042 |  |  | 3,215 |  |  | 3,261 |
Fair value of plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Employer contributions |  | 526 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 175 |
Benefits paid |  | (526) |  |  | (566) |  |  | (171) |  |  | (175) |
End of year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unfunded status at end of year(1) |  | $ | 15,488 |  |  | $ | 15,042 |  |  | $ | 3,215 |  |  | $ | 3,261 |
Amounts recognized in AOCI, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | (57) |  |  | $ | (76) |
Prior service credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (65) |  |  | (29) |
Total |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | (122) |  |  | $ | (105) |

(1) Presented within other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition.
The accumulated benefit obligation for the SERP at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $15.5 million and $15.0 million, respectively.
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For the year ending December 31, 2024, the estimated actuarial loss on the SERP that will be amortized from AOCI into net periodic benefit cost is $0. All prior service costs have been fully amortized.
For the year ending December 31, 2024, the estimated actuarial gain and prior service credit on other postretirement benefits that will be amortized from AOCI into net periodic benefit cost is $4,000 and $24,000, respectively.
The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in OCI, before taxes, were as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | SERP |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net periodic benefit cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost(1) |  | $ | 281 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 26 |
Interest cost(2) |  | 756 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 389 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 103 |
Recognized net actuarial loss (gain)(2) |  | — |  |  | 859 |  |  | 778 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 88 |  |  | 116 |
Amortization of prior service credit(2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | (24) |  |  | (24) |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | 1,037 |  |  | 1,853 |  |  | 1,671 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 221 |
Changes in funded status recognized in OCI, before taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (gain) loss arising during period |  | (65) |  |  | (1,996) |  |  | 222 |  |  | (49) |  |  | (863) |  |  | (202) |
Reclassifications to net periodic benefit cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net unrecognized actuarial (loss) gain |  | — |  |  | (859) |  |  | (778) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (88) |  |  | (116) |
Amortization of prior service credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |
Total recognized in OCI, before taxes |  | (65) |  |  | (2,855) |  |  | (556) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (927) |  |  | (294) |
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and OCI, before taxes |  | $ | 972 |  |  | $ | (1,002) |  |  | $ | 1,115 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | (731) |  |  | $ | (73) |

(1) Presented in salaries and employee benefits on the consolidated statements of income.
(2) Presented in other expenses on the consolidated statements of income.
The following assumptions were used in determining benefit obligations and net period benefit costs. As of December 31, 2023, the SERP no longer has active participants and rate of compensation increases assumptions are no longer used.

| SERP |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted-average assumptions as of end of year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate for benefit obligation | 4.9 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 2.8 | %
Discount rate for net periodic benefit cost | 5.1 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 2.4 | %
Rate of compensation increase for benefit obligation(1) | N/A |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Rate of compensation increase for net periodic benefit cost(1) | N/A |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Health care cost trend rate assumed for future years | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 4.5% - 7.5% |  | 4.5% - 7.5% |  | 4.5% - 6.5%

(1) As of December 31, 2023, there were no active participants in the SERP.
A 1.0% increase or decrease in the assumed health care cost trend rate would not materially increase or decrease the Company's accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and the related service and interest cost as of December 31, 2023.
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For the year ending December 31, 2023, the expected contribution for the SERP is $1.3 million and for the other postretirement benefits plan is $286,000. The expected benefit payments for the next ten years are presented in the following table:

(In thousands) |  | SERP |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
2024 |  | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | 286 |
2025 |  | 1,201 |  |  | 276 |
2026 |  | 1,201 |  |  | 260 |
2027 |  | 1,177 |  |  | 238 |
2028 |  | 1,194 |  |  | 246 |
Next 5 years |  | 5,749 |  |  | 1,096 |

NOTE 19 – INCOME TAXES
The current and deferred components of income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income were as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 7,990 |  |  | $ | 12,334 |  |  | $ | 16,555 |
State |  | 1,156 |  |  | 1,489 |  |  | 1,709 |
Total |  | 9,146 |  |  | 13,823 |  |  | 18,264 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | 1,277 |  |  | 1,743 |  |  | (622) |
State |  | 30 |  |  | 42 |  |  | (15) |
Total |  | 1,307 |  |  | 1,785 |  |  | (637) |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 10,453 |  |  | $ | 15,608 |  |  | $ | 17,627 |

The income tax expense differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21.0% as a result of the following:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Computed tax expense |  | $ | 11,306 |  |  | $ | 16,180 |  |  | $ | 18,195 |
Increase (reduction) in income taxes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |
State taxes, net of federal benefit |  | 937 |  |  | 1,209 |  |  | 1,338 |
Low income housing credits |  | (831) |  |  | (846) |  |  | (591) |
Tax exempt income |  | (647) |  |  | (732) |  |  | (782) |
Income from life insurance |  | (493) |  |  | (399) |  |  | (496) |
Share-based awards |  | 69 |  |  | (100) |  |  | (103) |
Other |  | 112 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 66 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 10,453 |  |  | $ | 15,608 |  |  | $ | 17,627 |
Income before income tax expense |  | $ | 53,836 |  |  | $ | 77,047 |  |  | $ | 86,641 |
Effective tax rate |  | 19.4 | % |  | 20.3 | % |  | 20.3 | %

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Temporary differences between the financial statements carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities gave rise to the following deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the dates indicated:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
(In thousands) |  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability
Net unrealized losses on AFS debt securities |  | $ | 29,418 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,027 |  |  | $ | — |
Allowance for credit losses |  | 8,447 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,640 |  |  | — |
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforward |  | 7,084 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,913 |  |  | — |
Pension and other benefits |  | 4,656 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,536 |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation and benefits |  | 1,033 |  |  | — |  |  | 892 |  |  | — |
Deferred loan origination fees |  | — |  |  | (3,235) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,253) |
Depreciation |  | — |  |  | (2,359) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,536) |
Net unrealized (gains) losses on derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | (1,670) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,613) |
Other |  | — |  |  | (1,148) |  |  | — |  |  | (389) |
Gross deferred tax assets (liabilities) |  | $ | 50,638 |  |  | $ | (8,412) |  |  | $ | 58,008 |  |  | $ | (7,791) |
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Net deferred tax assets |  |  |  | $ | 42,226 |  |  |  |  | $ | 50,217 |

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $32.8 million and $36.7 million, respectively, in unused federal net operating losses that were acquired in 2015. Due to Internal Revenue Code Section 382(g) limitations, the Company's use of the federal net operating losses acquired is limited to $3.9 million annually, which was determined using the applicable federal rate and the fair value of consideration paid for the acquisition at the acquisition date. The acquired federal net operating losses will expire between 2030 and 2034. The Company expects that it will be able to fully utilize the acquired allowable federal net operating losses prior to expiration, as the Company has a history of generating taxable income well in excess of the limitation.
The Company continuously monitors and assesses the need for a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets and, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 determined that no valuation allowance was necessary.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company's federal and state income tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were open to audit by federal and state authorities.
`
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NOTE 20 – EPS
The following is an analysis of basic and diluted EPS, reflecting the application of the two-class method, as described below:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except number of shares and per share data) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities(1) |  | (53) |  |  | (162) |  |  | (190) |
Net income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 43,330 |  |  | $ | 61,277 |  |  | $ | 68,824 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding for basic EPS |  | 14,563,380 |  |  | 14,644,170 |  |  | 14,903,855 |
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards(2) |  | 45,965 |  |  | 56,840 |  |  | 67,723 |
Weighted-average common and potential common shares for diluted EPS |  | 14,609,345 |  |  | 14,701,010 |  |  | 14,971,578 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic EPS |  | $ | 2.98 |  |  | $ | 4.18 |  |  | $ | 4.62 |
Diluted EPS |  | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 4.17 |  |  | $ | 4.60 |
Awards excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS(3): |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance-based share units |  | 3,075 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted shares |  | 9,049 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1) Represents dividends paid and undistributed earnings allocated to non-vested stock-based awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends.
(2) Represents the assumed dilutive effect of restricted shares, restricted share units and contingently issuable performance-based share units utilizing the treasury stock method.
(3) Represents stock-based awards not included in the computation of potential common shares for purposes of calculating diluted EPS as the exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the Company's common stock, and, therefore, are considered anti-dilutive.
Non-vested stock-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends are participating securities and are included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Certain of the Company’s non-vested stock-based awards qualify as participating securities.
Net income is allocated between the common stock and participating securities pursuant to the two-class method. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, excluding participating non-vested stock-based awards. Diluted EPS is computed in a similar manner, except that the denominator includes the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potentially dilutive common shares were issued using the treasury stock method.
NOTE 21 – FAIR VALUE
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined using quoted market prices. However, in many instances, quoted market prices are not available. In such instances, fair values are determined using various valuation techniques. Various assumptions and observable inputs must be relied upon in applying these techniques. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs.
GAAP permits an entity to choose to measure eligible financial instruments and other items at fair value. The Company has elected the fair value option for its loans held for sale. Electing the fair value option for loans held for sale enables the Company’s financial position to more clearly align with the economic value of the actively traded asset.
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The fair value hierarchy for valuation of an asset or liability is as follows:
•Level 1: Valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
•Level 2: Valuation is determined from quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, from quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or by model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable in the market.
•Level 3: Valuation is derived from model-based and other techniques in which at least one significant input is unobservable and which may be based on the Company’s own estimates about the assumptions that market participants would use to value the asset or liability.
In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon model-based techniques incorporating various assumptions including, but not limited to, interest rates, prepayment speeds and credit losses. Assets and liabilities valued using model-based techniques are classified as either Level 2 or Level 3, depending on the lowest level classification of an input that is considered significant to the overall valuation. A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.
Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Trading Securities and Deferred Compensation. The fair value of trading securities and deferred compensation is reported using market quoted prices and has been classified as Level 1 as such securities and underlying securities are actively traded and no valuation adjustments have been applied.
Debt Securities. The fair value of investments in debt securities is reported utilizing prices provided by an independent pricing service based on recent trading activity and other observable information including, but not limited to, dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, market interest rate curves, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond’s terms and conditions. The fair value of debt securities is classified as Level 2.
Loans Held For Sale. The fair value of loans held for sale is determined on an individual loan basis using quoted secondary market prices and is classified as Level 2.
Derivatives. The fair value of interest rate swaps is determined using inputs that are observable in the market place obtained from third parties including yield curves, publicly available volatilities, and floating indexes and, accordingly, are classified as Level 2 inputs. The credit value adjustments associated with derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the credit valuation adjustment on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and was not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives, and, thus, the Company's interest rate swaps were classified as Level 2.
The fair value of the Company's fixed rate interest rate lock commitments are determined using secondary market pricing for loans with similar structures, including term, rate and borrower credit quality, adjusted for the Company's pull-through rate estimate (i.e. estimate of loans within its pipeline that will ultimately complete the origination process and be funded). The Company has classified its fixed rate interest rate lock commitments as Level 2 as the quoted secondary market prices are the more significant input, and although the Company's internal pull-through rate estimate is a Level 3 estimate, it is less significant to the ultimate valuation.
The fair value of the Company's forward delivery commitments are determined using secondary market pricing for loans with similar structures, including term, rate and borrower credit quality, and the locked and agreed to price with the secondary market investor. The Company has classified its fixed-rate interest rate lock commitments as Level 2.
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The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value for the dates indicated:

(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Readily Available Market Prices (Level 1) |  | Observable Market Data (Level 2) |  | Company Determined Fair Value (Level 3)
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading securities |  | $ | 4,647 |  |  | $ | 4,647 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
AFS debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 6,386 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,386 |  |  | — |
MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 460,091 |  |  | — |  |  | 460,091 |  |  | — |
CMO issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 141,011 |  |  | — |  |  | 141,011 |  |  | — |
Subordinated corporate bonds |  | 18,320 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,320 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  | 10,320 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,320 |  |  | — |
Customer loan swaps |  | 10,699 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,699 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 12,206 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,206 |  |  | — |
Fixed rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments |  | 215 |  |  | — |  |  | 215 |  |  | — |
Forward delivery commitments |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation |  | $ | 4,647 |  |  | $ | 4,647 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Customer loan swaps |  | 10,748 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,748 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 3,387 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,387 |  |  | — |
Fixed rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |
Forward delivery commitments |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading securities |  | $ | 3,990 |  |  | $ | 3,990 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
AFS debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 49,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,226 |  |  | — |
MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 514,019 |  |  | — |  |  | 514,019 |  |  | — |
CMO issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 109,347 |  |  | — |  |  | 109,347 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds |  | 23,283 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,283 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  | 5,197 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,197 |  |  | — |
Customer loan swaps |  | 14,802 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,802 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 13,051 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,051 |  |  | — |
Fixed rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |
Forward delivery commitments |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation |  | $ | 3,990 |  |  | $ | 3,990 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Customer loan swaps |  | 14,850 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,850 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 5,515 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,515 |  |  | — |
Fixed rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments |  | 87 |  |  | — |  |  | 87 |  |  | — |

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The Company did not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022. The Company’s policy for determining transfers between levels occurs at the end of the reporting period when circumstances in the underlying valuation criteria change and result in transfer between levels.
Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP, which may consist of collateral-dependent loans and servicing assets. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market value that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period.
Collateral-Dependent Loans. Expected credit losses on individually assessed loans deemed to be collateral dependent are valued based upon the lower of amortized cost or fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. Management estimates the fair values of these assets using Level 2 inputs, such as the fair value of collateral based on independent third-party market approach appraisals for collateral-dependent loans, and Level 3 inputs where circumstances warrant an adjustment to the appraised value based on the age of the appraisal and/or comparable sales, condition of the collateral, and market conditions.
Servicing Assets. The Company accounts for mortgage servicing assets at cost, subject to impairment testing. When the carrying value of a tranche exceeds fair value, a valuation allowance is established to reduce the carrying cost to fair value. Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net servicing income. The Company obtains a third-party valuation based upon loan level data including note rate, type and term of the underlying loans. The model utilizes two significant unobservable inputs, namely loan prepayment assumptions and the discount rate used, to calculate the fair value of each tranche, and as such, the Company has determined servicing assets are Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The table below highlights financial assets measured and reported at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the dates indicated:

(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Readily Available Market Prices (Level 1) |  | Observable Market Data (Level 2) |  | Company Determined Fair Value (Level 3)
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral-dependent loans |  | $ | 4,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,768 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral-dependent loans |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 69 |

The following table presents the valuation methodology and unobservable inputs for Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Methodology |  | Unobservable input |  | Discount
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral-dependent loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specifically reserved |  | $ | 4,768 |  |  | Market approach appraisal of collateral |  | Estimated selling costs |  | 7%
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral-dependent loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specifically reserved |  | $ | 69 |  |  | Market approach appraisal of collateral |  | Estimated selling costs |  | 18%

Non-Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Non-financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis may consist of OREO, goodwill and core deposit intangible assets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any material non-financial instruments measured and reported at fair value.
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OREO. OREO properties acquired through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure are recorded at net realizable value, which is the fair value of the real estate, less estimated costs to sell. Any write-down of the recorded investment in the related loan is charged to the ACL upon transfer to OREO. Upon acquisition of a property, a current appraisal is used or an internal valuation is prepared to substantiate fair value of the property. After foreclosure, management periodically, but at least annually, obtains updated valuations of the OREO properties and, if additional impairments are deemed necessary, the subsequent write-downs for declines in value are recorded through a valuation allowance and a provision for credit losses charged to other non-interest expense within the consolidated statements of income. As management considers appropriate, adjustments are made to the appraisal obtained for the OREO property to account for recent sales activity of comparable properties, changes in the condition of the property, and changes in market conditions. These adjustments are not observable in an active market and are classified as Level 3. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any
OREO properties.
Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The fair value of goodwill is estimated by utilizing several standard valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analyses, bank merger multiples, and/or an estimation of the impact of business conditions and investor activities on the long-term value of the goodwill. Should an impairment occur, the associated goodwill is written-down to fair value and the impairment charge is recorded within non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of income. The Company conducts an annual impairment test of goodwill in the fourth quarter each year, or more frequently as necessary. Through its assessments, management concluded goodwill was not impaired for the years ended December 31, 2023 or, 2022.
Core Deposit Intangible Assets. Core deposit intangible assets represent the estimated value of acquired customer relationships and are amortized over the estimated life of those relationships. Core deposit intangibles are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. There were no indications or triggering events for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022, that indicated the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
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The estimated fair values and related carrying amounts for assets and liabilities for which fair value is only disclosed are shown below as of the dates indicated:

(In thousands) |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Readily Available Market Prices (Level 1) |  | Observable Market Prices (Level 2) |  | Company Determined Market Prices (Level 3)
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HTM debt securities |  | $ | 544,931 |  |  | $ | 510,595 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 510,595 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate loans(1)(2) |  | 1,653,435 |  |  | 1,540,327 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,540,327 |
Commercial loans(2) |  | 399,032 |  |  | 385,585 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 385,585 |
Residential real estate loans(2) |  | 1,753,124 |  |  | 1,488,248 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,488,248 |
Home equity loans(2) |  | 238,124 |  |  | 233,025 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 233,025 |
Consumer loans(2) |  | 17,444 |  |  | 15,279 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,279 |
Servicing assets |  | 2,274 |  |  | 4,124 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,124 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits |  | $ | 640,539 |  |  | $ | 634,856 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 634,856 |  |  | $ | — |
Short-term borrowings |  | 485,607 |  |  | 484,849 |  |  | — |  |  | 484,849 |  |  | — |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 44,331 |  |  | 31,918 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,918 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HTM debt securities |  | $ | 546,583 |  |  | $ | 506,193 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 506,193 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate loans(1)(2) |  | 1,605,279 |  |  | 1,550,379 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,550,379 |
Commercial loans(2) |  | 424,685 |  |  | 414,353 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 414,353 |
Residential real estate loans(2) |  | 1,691,177 |  |  | 1,494,707 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,494,707 |
Home equity loans(2) |  | 232,203 |  |  | 237,967 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 237,967 |
Consumer loans(2) |  | 20,087 |  |  | 17,853 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,853 |
Servicing assets |  | 2,458 |  |  | 4,412 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,412 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits |  | $ | 399,376 |  |  | $ | 390,463 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 390,463 |  |  | $ | — |
Short-term borrowings |  | 265,176 |  |  | 264,779 |  |  | — |  |  | 264,779 |  |  | — |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 44,331 |  |  | 31,032 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,032 |  |  | — |

(1) Commercial real estate loans includes non-owner-occupied and owner-occupied properties.
(2) The presented carrying amount is net of the allocated ACL on loans.
Excluded from the summary were financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, as previously described.
The Company considers its financial instruments' current use to be the highest and best use of the instruments.
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NOTE 22 – PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Following are the condensed statements of condition, income and cash flows for the Company's parent company:
STATEMENTS OF CONDITION

|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 35,219 |  |  | $ | 40,076 |
Investment in subsidiary |  | 508,674 |  |  | 460,753 |
Receivable from subsidiary |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Other assets |  | 14,142 |  |  | 9,410 |
Total assets |  | $ | 558,035 |  |  | $ | 510,286 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | $ | 44,331 |  |  | $ | 44,331 |
Due to subsidiary |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Other liabilities |  | 18,640 |  |  | 14,660 |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 495,064 |  |  | 451,279 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 558,035 |  |  | $ | 510,286 |

STATEMENTS OF INCOME

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend income from subsidiary |  | $ | 22,500 |  |  | $ | 31,700 |  |  | $ | 41,700 |
Other income |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | 7 |
Total operating income |  | 22,500 |  |  | 31,719 |  |  | 41,707 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on borrowings |  | 2,150 |  |  | 2,140 |  |  | 2,524 |
Fees to Bank |  | 180 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 160 |
Other operating expenses |  | 915 |  |  | 794 |  |  | 628 |
Total operating expenses |  | 3,245 |  |  | 3,114 |  |  | 3,312 |
Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries and income taxes |  | 19,255 |  |  | 28,605 |  |  | 38,395 |
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries |  | 23,389 |  |  | 32,129 |  |  | 29,869 |
Income before income taxes |  | 42,644 |  |  | 60,734 |  |  | 68,264 |
Income tax benefit |  | 739 |  |  | 705 |  |  | 750 |
Net Income |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |

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STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 43,383 |  |  | $ | 61,439 |  |  | $ | 69,014 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries |  | (23,389) |  |  | (32,129) |  |  | (29,869) |
(Increase) decrease in other assets |  | (4,884) |  |  | 9,219 |  |  | 4,244 |
Increase (decrease) in due to subsidiaries |  | 31 |  |  | (187) |  |  | 202 |
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities |  | 4,005 |  |  | (1,051) |  |  | (558) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 19,146 |  |  | 37,291 |  |  | 43,033 |
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock |  | 2,533 |  |  | 2,198 |  |  | 2,118 |
Common stock repurchases |  | (2,000) |  |  | (10,240) |  |  | (10,090) |
Repayment of subordinated debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,000) |
Cash dividends paid on common stock |  | (24,536) |  |  | (23,512) |  |  | (21,081) |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (24,003) |  |  | (31,554) |  |  | (44,053) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (4,857) |  |  | 5,737 |  |  | (1,020) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year |  | 40,076 |  |  | 34,339 |  |  | 35,359 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year |  | $ | 35,219 |  |  | $ | 40,076 |  |  | $ | 34,339 |

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Camden National Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of condition of Camden National Corporation and its subsidiary (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated March 8, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
The Company's allowance for credit losses (ACL) on loans balance was $36.9 million at December 31, 2023. As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the financial statements, the ACL on loans reduces the loan portfolio to the net amount expected to be collected and represents the expected losses over the life of all loans at the reporting date. Management disaggregates the loan portfolio into pools of similar risk characteristics and utilizes a discounted cash flow (DCF) approach to calculate the expected loss for each segment. The DCF method incorporates forward-looking information and applies a reversion methodology beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast. Loss drivers are used to calculate the expected probability of default over the forecast and reversion periods. The ACL on loans also considers qualitative factors based on management’s judgement.
We identified the determination of the forecasted economic scenarios and qualitative factors as a critical audit matter because auditing management’s underlying assumptions required a high degree of complexity and auditor judgment in the evaluation of the Company's methodology and assumptions and involves a high degree of estimation uncertainty.
Our audit procedures related to this critical audit matter included the following, among others:
•We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to the allowance for credit losses on loans and tested such controls for design and operating effectiveness, including those over approval of key data inputs including forecasted economic scenarios, loss drivers and qualitative factors (such as economic and business conditions) including validation of underlying data.
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•We tested the completeness and accuracy of data used by management in determining inputs to the forecasted economic scenarios and qualitative factors by agreeing those inputs to internal or external information sources.
•We tested management's forecasts of future economic loss drivers which include Maine unemployment, change in national gross domestic product (GDP) growth, change in Maine GDP growth and change in Maine Housing Price Index, by comparing these forecasts to external and internal information sources.
•We evaluated management's judgments and assumptions used in the development of the qualitative factors, including magnitude and directional consistency, and the reliability of the underlying data on which these factors are based by comparing information to source documents and external information sources.
•We evaluated management's judgments and assumptions used in the development of the qualitative factors, including magnitude and directional consistency, and the relevance of the underlying data on which these factors are based upon.
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.
/s/ RSM US LLP
Des Moines, Iowa
March 8, 2024
144

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Camden National Corporation
Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Camden National Corporation and its subsidiary's (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of condition of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and our report dated March 8, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ RSM US LLP
Des Moines, Iowa
March 8, 2024
145

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Company’s management conducted an evaluation with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer & Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, regarding the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the last fiscal year. In designing and evaluating the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, the Company and its management recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only a reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating and implementing possible controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer & Principal Financial and Accounting Officer concluded that they believe the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. We intend to continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and we may from time to time make changes to the disclosure controls and procedures to enhance their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT
ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The Management of the Company is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements and other financial information contained in this Form 10-K. Management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for identifying the framework used to evaluate its effectiveness. Management has designed processes, internal controls and a business culture that foster financial integrity and accurate reporting. The Company’s comprehensive system of internal control over financial reporting was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements of the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The Company’s accounting policies and internal control over financial reporting, established and maintained by management, is under the general oversight of the Company’s Board of Directors, including the Board of Directors’ Audit Committee.
Management has made a comprehensive review, evaluation, and assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The standard measures adopted by management in making its evaluation are the measures in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based upon its review and evaluation, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective and that there were no material weaknesses. However, Management recognizes a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, has inherent limitations and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met and may not prevent or detect all error and fraud. Therefore, even a system determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
RSM US LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, which has audited and reported on the consolidated financial statements contained in this Form 10-K, has issued its written attestation report on management’s assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting which precedes this report.
146

Item 9B. Other Information
None.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
None.
147

PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Certain information about our executive officers required by Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K as of December 31, 2023 was included within Item 1. Business — Information about our Executive Officers. All other information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the material responsive to such item in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 21, 2024.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the material responsive to such item in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 21, 2024.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans are as follows:

| Number of Securities to Be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (a) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (b) |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance (Excluding Securities in Column (a)) (c)(1)
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 337,882 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 337,882 |

(1) Represents the 500,000 shares available under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan less awards granted plus shares added back that cease to be subject to awards due to forfeiture, expiration, termination, lapse, cash settlement or otherwise.
Refer to Note 1 and Note 17 of the consolidated financial statements for further information related to the Company’s equity compensation plans.
Additional information required by this Item 12 can be found in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 21, 2024 under the heading “Common Stock Beneficially Owned by an Entity with 5% or More of Common Stock and Owned by Directors and Executive Officers.” That information is incorporated into this report by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the material responsive to such item in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 21, 2024.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the material responsive to such item in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 21, 2024.
148

PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) 1. Index to Financial Statements:
The consolidated financial statements of the Company and report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm incorporated herein are included in Item 8 of this Report, as follows:

| Page
Consolidated Statements of Condition | 77
Consolidated Statements of Income | 78
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 79
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 80
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 81
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 82
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 49) | 143

2. Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or are not required under the instructions contained in Regulation S-X or because the information required to be set forth therein are included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits:

Exhibit No. |  | Definition
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of March 29, 2015 by and among Camden National Corporation, Atlantic Acquisitions, LLC, and SBM Financial, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 30, 2015).
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Camden National Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 25, 2023).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Camden National Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 25, 2023).
4.1 |  | Description of Camden National Corporation's Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act.
10.1+ |  | Camden National Corporation 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on April 28, 2022).
10.2+ |  | Camden National Corporation Second Amended and Restated Long-Term Performance Share Program, effective as of April 26, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed with the Commission on April 28, 2022).
10.3+ |  | Camden National Corporation Second Amended and Restated Management Stock Purchase Program, effective as of April 26, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 5, 2022).
10.4+ |  | Camden National Corporation Third Amended and Restated Defined Contribution Retirement Program, effective as of April 26, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 9, 2023).
10.5+ |  | Camden National Corporation Amended and Restated Independent Directors' Equity Compensation Program, effective as of April 26, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 5, 2022).
10.6+ |  | Form of Non-Executive Restricted Stock Award Agreement Under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 5, 2022).

149

Exhibit No. |  | Definition
10.7+ |  | Form of Executive Restricted Stock Award Agreement Under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 5, 2022).
10.8+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement Under the Second Amended and Restated Management Stock Purchase Program (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 5, 2022).
10.9+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Company Employees Under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan with grant dates in 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 5, 2022).
10.10+ |  | Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement Under the Second Amended and Restated Long-Term Performance Share Program (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 5, 2022).
10.11+ |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement Under the Camden National Corporation 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 5, 2022).
10.12+ |  | Form of Confidentiality, Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement by and between Camden National Corporation and certain executives (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015).
10.13+ |  | Supplemental Executive Retirement Program (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 4, 2008).
10.14+ |  | Union Trust Company’s Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 12, 2008).
10.15+ |  | Camden National Corporation Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 11, 2022).
10.16+ |  | Camden National Corporation Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 11, 2022).
10.17+ |  | Camden National Corporation Executive Annual Incentive Program (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on March 15, 2021).
10.18+ |  | Form of Change in Control Agreement for chief executive officer and other executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 in the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015).
10.19+ |  | Camden National Corporation 2020-2022 Amended and Restated Long-Term Performance Share Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 4, 2020).
10.20+ |  | Camden National Corporation Third Amended and Restated Management Stock Purchase Program, effective as of February 28, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company's Form 10-K filed with the commission on March 10, 2023).
10.21+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement Under the Third Amended and Restated Management Stock Purchase Program (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the commission on March 10, 2023).
10.22+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Company Employees Under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan, effective as of February 28, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the commission on March 10, 2023)..
10.23+ |  | Camden National Corporation Third Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Program, effective as of March 31, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 9, 2023).
10.24+ |  | Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement Under the Camden National Corporation Third Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Program. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 9, 2023).
10.25+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement Under the Camden National Corporation 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 9, 2023).

150

Exhibit No. |  | Definition
10.26+ |  | Transition Employment and Retention Agreement between Gregory A. Dufour, Camden National Corporation and Camden National Bank dated August 16, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 7, 2023).
10.27+ |  | Letter Agreement between Simon Griffiths, Camden National Bank and Camden National Corporation, dated August 14, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 7, 2023).
10.28+* |  | Letter Agreement between Timothy P. Nightingale, Camden National Bank and C amden National Corporation, dated December 12, 2023
21.1* |  | Subsidiaries of the Company.
23.1* |  | Consent of RSM US LLP.
31.1* |  | Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1** |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2** |  | Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97* |  | Camden National Corporation Incentive-Based Compensation Recovery Policy dated December 1, 2023.
101* |  | iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 formatted in iXBRL: (i) the Consolidated Statements of Condition, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) related notes to these financial statements.
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* | Filed herewith
** | Furnished herewith
+ | Management contract or a compensatory plan or arrangement.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
151

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirement of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: March 8, 2024 |  | CAMDEN NATIONAL CORPORATION
|  | /s/ Simon R. Griffiths
|  | Simon R. Griffiths President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name |  | Position |  | Date
/s/ Simon R. Griffiths |  | President, Director and Chief Executive Officer |  | March 8, 2024
Simon R. Griffiths |  |  |  |
/s/ Michael R. Archer |  | Chief Financial Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer |  | March 8, 2024
Michael R. Archer |  |  |  |
/s/ Lawrence J. Sterrs |  | Chair and Director |  | March 8, 2024
Lawrence J. Sterrs |  |  |  |
/s/ Craig N. Denekas |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
Craig N. Denekas |  |  |  |
/s/ David C. Flanagan |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
David C. Flanagan |  |  |  |
/s/ Rebecca K. Hatfield |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
Rebecca K. Hatfield |  |  |  |
/s/ S. Catherine Longley |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
S. Catherine Longley |  |  |  |
/s/ Marie J. McCarthy |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
Marie J. McCarthy |  |  |  |
/s/ Robert D. Merrill |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
Robert D. Merrill |  |  |  |
/s/ James H. Page |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
James H. Page |  |  |  |
/s/ Robin A. Sawyer |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
Robin A. Sawyer |  |  |  |
/s/ Carl J. Soderberg |  | Director |  | March 8, 2024
Carl J. Soderberg |  |  |  |

152