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Taxation | 6 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2025 | Dec. 31, 2024
Taxation [Abstract] |  |
TAXATION | 12. TAXATION Cayman Islands The Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to income or capital gains taxes. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholdings tax in the Cayman Islands. British Virgin Islands The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in the British Virgin Islands are not subject to taxation in the British Virgin Islands. United Arab Emirates The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in United Arab Emirates (the “UAE”) are currently not subject to taxation in United Arab Emirates, as companies operating in the designated free zones of the UAE and not conducting business activities in the UAE mainland are exempt from corporate taxes or customs duty. Hong Kong The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subjected to Hong Kong profits tax. With effect from April 1, 2018, a two-tiered profits tax rate regime applies. The profits tax rate for the first Hong Kong dollars (“HKD”) 2 million of corporate profits is 8.25%, while the standard profits tax rate of 16.5% remains for profits exceeding HKD 2 million. If no election has been made, the whole of the taxpaying entity’s assessable profits will be chargeable to standard profits tax rate. Because the preferential tax treatment is not elected by the Group, the subsidiaries registered in Hong Kong are subject to income tax at a rate of 16.5%. Mainland China Generally, the Company’s WFOE and subsidiaries, which are considered PRC resident enterprises under PRC tax law, are subject to enterprise income tax on their worldwide taxable income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards at a rate of 25%. United States The Company’s subsidiary, which incorporated in United States in 2022, is subject to statutory U.S. Federal corporate income tax at a rate of 21% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company does not believe it is more likely than not that the losses are realizable. There is no related tax provision other than state minimum taxes. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Group recognized nil income tax benefit. The following table sets forth reconciliation between the statutory income tax rate and the effective tax rates:
|  | For the six months ended June 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
Statutory income tax rate in PRC |  | 25.0 | % |  | 25.0 | %
Tax effect of non-deductible items |  | (0.6 | )% |  | — |
Tax effect of undeclared expenses |  | — |  |  | (4.1 | )%
Tax effect of fair value changes |  | 2.5 | % |  | — |
Tax effect of income tax rate differences in jurisdictions other than the PRC |  | (49.1 | )% |  | (2.3 | )%
Tax effect of net operating loss not applicable to carryforwards |  | (24.1 | )% |  | 4.2 | %
Change in valuation allowance |  | 46.3 | % |  | (22.8 | )%
Effective tax rate |  | — |  |  | — |
The Group does not file combined or consolidated tax returns, therefore, losses from individual subsidiaries of the Group may not be used to offset other subsidiaries’ earnings within the Group. Valuation allowance is considered on each individual subsidiary basis. Full valuation allowance of US$89.3 million and US$90.0 million had been provided as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 respectively in respect of all deferred tax assets as it is considered more likely than not that the relevant deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future. | 20. TAXATION Cayman Islands The Company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to income or capital gains taxes. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholdings tax in the Cayman Islands. British Virgin Islands The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in the BVI are not subject to taxation in the British Virgin Islands. United Arab Emirates Our subsidiaries incorporated in United Arab Emirates are currently not subject to taxation in United Arab Emirates, as companies operating in the designated free zones of the UAE and not conducting business activities in the UAE mainland are exempt from corporate taxes or customs duty. Hong Kong The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subjected to Hong Kong profits tax. With effect from April 1, 2018, a two-tiered profits tax rate regime applies. The profits tax rate for the first HKD 2 million of corporate profits is 8.25%, while the standard profits tax rate of 16.5% remains for profits exceeding HKD 2 million. If no election has been made, the whole of the taxpaying entity’s assessable profits will be chargeable to standard profits tax rate. Because the preferential tax treatment is not elected by the Group, the subsidiaries registered in Hong Kong are subject to income tax at a rate of 16.5%. Mainland China Generally, the Group’s WFOE and subsidiaries, which are considered PRC resident enterprises under PRC tax law, are subject to enterprise income tax on their worldwide taxable income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards at a rate of 25%. United States The company’s subsidiary, which incorporated in USA in 2022, is subject to statutory U.S. Federal corporate income tax at a rate of 21% for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. U.S. does not believe it is more likely than not that the losses are realizable. There is no related tax provision other than state minimum taxes. The following table sets forth current and deferred portion of income tax expense of the Group:
|  | For the years ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current income tax expense |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Deferred income tax expense |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total income tax expense |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Loss before provision for income tax were attributable to the following geographic locations:
|  | For the years ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Mainland China |  | $ | 38,651 |  | $ | 84,911 |  | $ | 20,545
Dubai |  |  | 33,370 |  |  | 77,134 |  |  | 18,222
United States |  |  | 100,705 |  |  | 104,650 |  |  | 9,476
Total loss before income tax expenses |  | $ | 172,726 |  | $ | 266,695 |  | $ | 48,243
The following table sets forth reconciliation between the statutory income tax rate and the effective tax rates:
|  | For the years ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Statutory income tax rate in PRC |  | 25.0 | % |  | 25.0 | % |  | 25.0 | %
Tax effect of non-deductible items |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | )% |  | (0.7 | )%
Tax effect of undeclared expenses(i) |  | (5.2 | )% |  | (2.9 | )% |  | (4.7 | )%
Tax effect of impairment loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.5 | )%
Tax effect of fair value changes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | )%
Tax effect of share-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.7 | )%
Tax effect of income tax rate differences in jurisdictions other than the PRC |  | (2.7 | )% |  | (4.4 | )% |  | (6.1 | )%
Tax effect of net operating loss not applicable to carryforwards |  | 7.5 | % |  | (6.1 | )% |  | (5.8 | )%
Change in valuation allowance |  | (24.6 | )% |  | (11.5 | )% |  | (4.4 | )%
Effective tax rate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
(i) The undeclared expenses mainly represent accrued financial expenses associated with PIPE escrow accounts. These are related expenses for which the Group will not include in the tax return, thereby giving rise to a permanent difference. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the significant components of the deferred tax assets were summarized below:
|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carried forward |  | $ | 36,748 |  |  | $ | 21,283 |
State net operating loss carried forwards for US entity |  |  | 586 |  |  |  | 638 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 468 |  |  |  | 268 |
Allowance for expected credit loss |  |  | 37,649 |  |  |  | 21,352 |
Impairment on investments |  |  | 3,980 |  |  |  | — |
Inventory write-down |  |  | 4,249 |  |  |  | 4,027 |
Lawsuit provision |  |  | 5,509 |  |  |  | — |
Property and equipment |  |  | 788 |  |  |  | 795 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 89,977 |  |  |  | 48,363 |
Less: valuation allowance |  |  | (89,977 | ) |  |  | (48,363 | )
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Rollforward of valuation allowance |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 48,363 |  |  | 18,556 |
Allowance made during the year |  |  | 42,532 |  |  | 30,319 |
Effect of exchange rate differences |  |  | (918 | ) |  | (512 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 89,977 |  |  | 48,363 |
As of December 31, 2024, the Group had net operating loss from US entity of US$8.9 million that will be carried forward indefinitely and state net operating loss from US entity of US$3.1 million recognized in 2022 and US$5.9 million recognized in 2023 that will expire beginning in year 2042 and 2043, if unused, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the net operating loss carry forward from Mainland China will expire, if unused, as follows:
|  | Net operating loss carry forward due by schedule
|  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | Total
Net operating loss carry forward |  | 2,249 |  | 2,544 |  | 26,708 |  | 34,369 |  | 73,612 |  | 139,482
The Group does not file combined or consolidated tax returns, therefore, losses from individual subsidiaries of the Group may not be used to offset other subsidiaries’ earnings within the Group. Valuation allowance is considered on each individual subsidiary basis. Valuation allowance of US$90.0 million, US$48.4 million and US$18.6 million had been provided as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively in respect of all deferred tax assets as it is considered more likely than not that the relevant deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future.

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