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Intangible Assets, Net
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets, Net
9.
Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of the following:

  
March 31, 2017
  
December 31, 2016
 
  
Gross
Cost
  
Accumulated
Amortization
  
Net Carrying
Amount
  
Gross
Cost
  
Accumulated
Amortization
  
Net Carrying
Amount
 
Customer relationships
 
$
291
  
$
(120
)
 
$
171
  
$
291
  
$
(115
)
 
$
176
 
TiO2 technology
  
32
   
(10
)
  
22
   
32
   
(9
)
  
23
 
Internal-use software
  
45
   
(21
)
  
24
   
45
   
(21
)
  
24
 
Intangible assets, net
 
$
368
  
$
(151
)
 
$
217
  
$
368
  
$
(145
)
 
$
223
 

Amortization expense related to intangible assets during each of the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was $6 million, of which $6 million and $5 million, respectively, was recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, less than $1 million and $1 million, respectively, of amortization expense was recorded in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is $19 million for the remainder of 2017, $25 million for each of the years from 2018 through 2021and $98 million thereafter.