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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Our operations are conducted through various subsidiaries in a number of countries throughout the world. We have provided for income taxes based upon the tax laws and rates in the countries in which operations are conducted and income is earned.
Income before income taxes is comprised of the following:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
Income tax provision$(6)$(7)
Income before income taxes$32 $47 
Effective tax rate19 %15 %
Tronox Holdings plc, a U.K. public limited company is the publicly-traded parent company for the business group, and the statutory tax rate in the U.K. at both March 31, 2021 and 2020 was 19%. The effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are influenced by a variety of factors, primarily income and losses in jurisdictions with full valuation allowances, disallowable expenditures, restructuring impacts, prior year accruals, and our jurisdictional mix of income at tax rates different than the U.K. statutory rate.
At each reporting date, we perform an analysis to determine the likelihood of realizing our deferred tax assets and whether a valuation allowance is required or sufficient evidence exists to support the reversal of all or a portion of a valuation allowance. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income (including the reversals of deferred tax liabilities) during the periods in which those deferred tax assets will become deductible. Our analysis takes into consideration all available positive and negative evidence, including prior operating results, the nature and reason for any losses, our forecast of future taxable income, utilization of tax planning strategies, and the dates on which any deferred tax assets are expected to expire. These assumptions and estimates require a significant amount of judgment and are made based on current and projected circumstances and conditions.
We continue to maintain full valuation allowances related to the total net deferred tax assets in Australia, Saudi Arabia, and United Kingdom, as we cannot objectively assert that these deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. It is reasonably possible that a portion of these valuation allowances could be reversed within the next year due to increased profitability levels. Until these valuation allowances are eliminated, future provisions for income taxes for these jurisdictions will include no tax benefits with respect to losses incurred and tax expense only to the extent of current tax payments. Additionally, we have valuation allowances against specific tax assets in the Netherlands, South Africa, and the United States.
We currently have no uncertain tax positions recorded; however, we continue to evaluate the companies acquired in the Cristal Transaction, and it is reasonably possible that this could change in the next 12 months.
The Company was advised that the tax authority in the United Kingdom has commenced a tax audit for certain fiscal periods prior to the closing of the Cristal Transaction. The ultimate outcome of such an audit is not presently known. Cristal is obligated to indemnify us for pre-closing tax liabilities on any assessment associated with this audit.
We believe that we have made adequate provision for income taxes that may be payable with respect to years open for examination; however, the ultimate outcome is not presently known and, accordingly, adjustments to our provisions may be necessary and/or reclassifications of noncurrent tax liabilities to current may occur in the future.