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Intangible Assets, net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships	$	291	$	(231)	$	60	$	291	$	(211)	$	80
TiO2 technology	93		(37)		56		93		(31)		62
Internal-use software and other	179		(45)		134		120		(45)		75
Intangible assets, net	$	563	$	(313)	$	250	$	504	$	(287)	$	217

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, internal-use software included approximately $106 million and $68 million, respectively, of capitalized software costs which are not being amortized as the software is not ready for its intended use.

The table below summarizes amortization expense related to intangible assets for the periods presented, recorded in the specific line items in our Consolidated Statements of Income:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Cost of goods sold	$	2	$	2	$	2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	29		31		31
Total	$	31	$	33	$	33

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is $28 million for 2023, $36 million for 2024, $39 million for 2025, $21 million for 2026, $19 million for 2027 and $107 million thereafter.