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Pension and Other Postretirement Healthcare Benefits (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Schedule of Multiemployer Plans The following table outlines the details of our participation in the CDC Plan for the year ended December 31, 2022. The CDC disclosures provided herein are based on the fund’s 2021 annual report, which is the most recently available public information. Based on the total plan assets and accumulated benefit obligation information in the plan’s annual report, the zone status was green as of December 31, 2021. A green zone status indicates that the plan was at least 80 percent funded. The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates whether a financial improvement plan (FIP) or a rehabilitation plan (RP) is either pending or has been implemented. As of December 31, 2022, we are not aware of any financial improvement or rehabilitation plan being implemented or pending. The last column lists the expiration date of the collective-bargaining agreement to which the plan is subject.
Pension Protection Act
Zone Status
Tronox Contributions
Pension
Fund
EIN/Pension
Plan
Number
20222021
FIP/RP
Pending/
Implemented
20222021
Surcharge
Imposed
Expiration
date of
Collective-
Bargaining
Agreement
PGBNAN/AGreenNo$5 $5 No12/31/2024
Benefit Obligations and Plan Assets Associated With Benefit Plans Benefit Obligations and Funded Status — The following provides a reconciliation of beginning and ending benefit obligations, beginning and ending plan assets, funded status, and balance sheet classification of our U.S. and international pension plans and other post-retirement benefit plans ("OPEB") as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The benefit obligations and plan assets associated with our principal benefit plans are measured on December 31.
PensionsOther Post Retirement Benefit Plans
December 31December 31
2022202120222021
USInternational USInternationalUSInternationalUSInternational
Change in benefit obligations:
Benefit obligation, beginning of year$369 $234 $399 $252 $2 $16 $2 $23 
Service cost— 4 — 4 — 1 — 1 
Interest cost10 4 10 4 — 2 — 2 
Net actuarial (gains) losses(77)(61)(10)(10)(1)(1)— (3)
Curtailments— — — — — — — — 
Settlements (81)— — — — — — — 
Plan amendments(1)
— — — — — — — (4)
Foreign currency rate changes— (17)— (2)— — — (2)
Benefits paid(22)(10)(30)(14)— (1)— (1)
Benefit obligation, end of year (2)
199 154 369 234 1 17 2 16 
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year337 183 344 195 — — — — 
Actual return on plan assets(63)(53)23 (3)— — — — 
Employer contributions— 4 — 6 — 1 — 1 
Benefits paid(22)(10)(30)(14)— (1)— (1)
Foreign currency rate changes— (18)— (1)— — — — 
Settlements(72)— — — — — — — 
Fair value of plan assets, end of year180 106 337 183 — — — — 
Net underfunded status of plans$(19)$(48)$(32)$(51)$(1)$(17)$(2)$(16)
Classification of amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Other long-term assets$— $10 $— $20 $— $— $— $— 
Accrued liabilities— (6)— (4)— — (1)— 
Pension and postretirement healthcare benefits(19)(52)(32)(67)(1)(17)(1)(16)
Total liabilities(19)(58)(32)(71)(1)(17)(2)(16)
Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss55 4 81 10 — 2 — 3 
Total$36 $(44)$49 $(41)$(1)$(15)$(2)$(13)
________________
(1)     Relates to a plan amendment entered into during 2021 related to the Brazil Medical Plan.
(2)     Since the benefits under the U.S Qualified Plan and the U.K. DB Scheme are frozen, the projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation are the same.
Schedule of Accumulated and Projected Benefit Obligations The following table provides information for pension plans where the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of the plan assets:
Pensions
2022
US International
Projected benefit obligation (PBO)$199 $58 
Accumulated benefit obligation (ABO)$199 $39 
Fair value of plan assets$180 $— 
Expected Benefit Payments
Expected Benefit Payments — The following table shows the expected cash benefit payments for the next five years and in the aggregate for the years 2028 through 2032:
202320242025202620272028-2032
Pensions - US$25 $21 $19 $19 $18 $80 
Pensions - International$12 $10 $10 $10 $10 $49 
Other Post Retirement Benefit Plans - US $— $— $— $— $— $1 
Other Post Retirement Benefit Plans - International$— $— $1 $1 $1 $7 
Components of Net Periodic Cost Associated with the U.S. Defined Benefit Plans and The foreign Defined Plan The table below presents the components of net periodic cost associated with the U.S. and foreign plans recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income for 2022, 2021, and 2020:
PensionsOther Postretirement Benefit Plans
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202220212020202220212020
Net periodic cost:
Service cost$5 $4 $5 $— $1 $— 
Interest cost(1)
14 14 17 2 2 1 
Expected return on plan assets(1)
(24)(26)(22)— — — 
Net amortization of actuarial loss(1)
4 5 4 — 1 — 
Settlement losses (gains)(1)
20 — — — — — 
Curtailment (gains)(1)
— — (2)— — — 
Total net periodic cost
$19 $(3)$2 $2 $4 $1 
________________
(1)    Recorded in Other (expense) income, net in the Consolidated Statement of Income.
Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Determine Net Periodic Cost and Benefit Obligations
The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine net periodic cost:
Pension
202220212020
USInternationalUSInternationalUSInternational
Discount rate2.97 %1.91 %2.60 %1.47 %3.39 %1.98 %
Expected return on plan assets6.80 %2.50 %6.70 %2.50 %6.03 %2.50 %
OPEB
202220212020
USInternationalUSInternationalUSInternational
Discount rate2.83 %10.29 %2.59 %10.19 %3.36 %8.72 %
Expected return on plan assetsN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A

The following weighted average assumptions were used in estimating the actuarial present value of benefit obligations:
Pensions
202220212020
USInternationalUSInternationalUSInternational
Discount rate5.70 %4.70 %2.97 %1.87 %2.60 %1.45 %
Rate of compensation increase N/A4.72 %N/A4.68 %3.00 %4.65 %
OPEB
202220212020
USInternationalUSInternationalUSInternational
Discount rate5.62 %11.10 %2.83 %10.33 %2.59 %9.51 %
Rate of compensation increaseN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Asset Categories and Associated Asset Allocations for the Company's Funded Retirement Plans Tronox's U.S. and international pension plans’ weighted-average asset allocations at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the target asset allocation ranges, by major asset category, are as follows:
December 31,
20222021
USInternationalUSInternational
ActualTargetActualTargetActualTargetActualTarget
Equity securities49 %46 %— %— %49 %49 %— %— %
Debt securities46 46 37 37 46 48 43 43 
Real estate1 — — — 1 — — — 
Other4 8 63 63 4 3 57 57 
Total100 %100 %100 %100 %100 %100 %100 %100 %
Fair values of pension investments
The fair values of pension investments as of December 31, 2022 are summarized below:
Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2022 Using:
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Total
Asset category:
Equities securities:
Global equity securities $53 (1)$— $— $53 
Global commingled equity funds35 (2)— — 35 
Debt securities:
US government bonds 48 (3)— — 48 
Foreign government bonds 19 (3)— — 19 
US corporate bonds— 34 (4)— 34 
Foreign corporate bonds — 22 (4)— 22 
Real Estate:
Property/ real estate fund — 1 (5)— 1 
Other:
Insurance contracts — — 63 (7)63 
Cash & cash equivalents11 (6)— — 11 
Total at fair value$166 $57 $63 $286 
________________
(1)For global equity securities, this category is comprised of shares of common stock in both U.S. and international companies from a diverse set of industries and size. Common stock is valuated at the closing market price reported on a U.S. or international exchange where the security is actively traded. Equity securities are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
(2)Global commingled equity funds are comprised of managed funds that invest in common stock of both U.S. and international companies shares from a diverse set of industries and size. Common stock are valued at the closing market price reported on a U.S. or international exchange where the security is actively traded. These funds are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
(3)For US and foreign government bonds, this category includes U.S. treasuries, U.S. federal agency obligations and international government debt. The fair value of these investments are based on observable quoted prices on active exchanges, which are level 1 inputs.
(4)For US corporate bonds and foreign corporate bonds, this category is comprised of corporate bonds of U.S. and foreign companies from a diverse set of industries and size. The fair values for the U.S. and foreign corporate bonds are determined using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets and observable data or broker or dealer quotations. The fair values for these investments are classified as level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
(5)For property / real estate funds, this category includes real estate properties, partnership equities and investments in operating companies. The fair value of the assets is determined using discounted cash flows by estimating an income stream for the property plus a reversion into a present value at a risk adjusted rate. Yield rates and growth assumptions utilized are derived from market transactions as well as other financial and industry data. The fair value of these investments are classified as level 2 in the valuation hierarchy.
(6)Cash and cash equivalents include cash and short-interest bearing investments with maturities of three months or less. Investments are valued at cost plus accrued interest. Cash and cash equivalents are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
(7)For insurance contracts, the fair value is estimated as the cost of purchasing equivalent annuities on terms consistent with those currently available in the market. The contracts are with highly rated insurance companies and are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The following table summarizes changes in fair value of the pension plan assets classified as level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Insurance Contracts
Balance, December 31, 2021$98 
Actual return on plan assets(20)
Purchases, sales, settlements(5)
Transfers in/out of Level 3 — 
Foreign currency translation(10)
Balance, December 31, 2022$63 

The fair values of pension investments as of December 31, 2021 are summarized below:
Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2021, Using:
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Total
Asset category:
Equities securities:
Global equity securities$93 
(1)
$— $— $93 
Global commingled equity funds73 
(2)
— — 73 
Debt securities:
US government bonds81 
(3)
— — 81 
Foreign government bonds39 
(3)
— — 39 
US corporate bonds— 73 (4)— 73 
Foreign corporate bonds— 42 (4)— 42 
Real Estate:
Property/ real estate fund— 1 (5)— 1 
Other:
Insurance contracts— — 98 (7)98 
Cash & cash equivalents19 (6)— — 19 
Total at fair value$305 $116 $98 $519 
________________
(1)For global equity securities, this category is comprised of shares of common stock in both U.S. and international companies from a diverse set of industries and size. Common stock is valuated at the closing market price reported on a U.S. or international exchange where the security is actively traded. Equity securities are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
(2)Global commingled equity funds are comprised of managed funds that invest in common stock of both U.S. and international companies shares from a diverse set of industries and size. Common stock are valued at the closing market price reported on a U.S. or international exchange where the security is actively traded. These funds are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
(3)For US and foreign government bonds, this category includes U.S. treasuries, U.S. federal agency obligations and international government debt. The fair value of these investments are based on observable quoted prices on active exchanges, which are level 1 inputs.
(4)For US corporate bonds and foreign corporate bonds, this category is comprised of corporate bonds of U.S. and foreign companies from a diverse set of industries and size. The fair values for the U.S. and foreign corporate bonds are determined using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets and observable data or broker or dealer quotations. The fair values for these investments are classified as level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
(5)For property / real estate funds, this category includes real estate properties, partnership equities and investments in operating companies. The fair value of the assets is determined using discounted cash flows by estimating an income stream for the property plus a reversion into a present value at a risk adjusted
rate. Yield rates and growth assumptions utilized are derived from market transactions as well as other financial and industry data. The fair value of these investments are classified as level 2 in the valuation hierarchy.
(6)Cash and cash equivalents include cash and short-interest bearing investments with maturities of three months or less. Investments are valued at cost plus accrued interest. Cash and cash equivalents are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
(7)For insurance contracts, the fair value is estimated as the cost of purchasing equivalent annuities on terms consistent with those currently available in the market. The contracts are with highly rated insurance companies and are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The following table summarizes changes in fair value of the pension plan assets classified as level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2021:
Insurance Contracts
Balance, December 31, 2020$111 
Actual return on plan assets(6)
Purchases, sales, settlements(6)
Transfers in/out of Level 3— 
Foreign currency translation(1)
Balance, December 31, 2021$98