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Intangible Assets, Net

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of the following:


	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships	$	291	$	(255)	$	36	$	291	$	(250)	$	41
TiO2 technology	93		(45)		48		93		(44)		49
Internal-use software and other	208		(49)		159		201		(48)		153
Intangible assets, net	$	592	$	(349)	$	243	$	585	$	(342)	$	243

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, internal-use software included approximately $131 million and $125 million, respectively, of capitalized software costs which are not being amortized as the software is not ready for its intended use.

The table below summarizes amortization expense related to intangible assets for the periods presented, recorded in the specific line items in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cost of goods sold	$	1	$	1
Selling, general and administrative expenses	7		7
Total	$	8	$	8

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is $24 million for the remainder of 2024, $35 million for 2025, $21 million for 2026, $24 million for 2027, $23 million for 2028 and $116 million thereafter.