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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation MSC Income’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The Fund is an investment company following accounting and reporting guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 946, Financial Services—Investment Companies (“ASC 946”). For each of the periods presented herein, MSC Income’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MSIF and its consolidated subsidiaries. MSC Income’s results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and financial position as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are presented on a consolidated basis. The effects of all intercompany transactions between MSIF and its consolidated subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of MSC Income are presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP for interim financial information and pursuant to the requirements for reporting on Form 10-Q and Articles 6, 10 and 12 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain disclosures accompanying annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are omitted. The unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024. In the opinion of management, the unaudited consolidated financial results included herein contain all adjustments, consisting solely of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for the fair presentation of financial statements for the interim periods included herein. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results to be expected for the full year. Financial statements prepared on a U.S. GAAP basis require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and disclosures reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Such estimates and assumptions could change in the future as more information becomes known, which could impact the amounts reported and disclosed herein.
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation Under ASC 946, MSC Income is precluded from consolidating other entities in which MSC Income has equity investments, including those in which it has a controlling interest, unless the other entity is another investment company. An exception to this general principle in ASC 946 occurs if MSC Income holds a controlling interest in an operating company that provides all or substantially all of its services directly to MSC Income. Accordingly, as noted above, MSC Income’s consolidated financial statements include the financial position and operating results for the Taxable Subsidiaries and the Structured Subsidiaries. MSC Income has determined that none of its portfolio investments qualify for this exception. Therefore, MSC Income’s Investment Portfolio is carried on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value, as discussed further in Note B.1. — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Valuation of the Investment Portfolio, with any adjustments to fair value recognized as “Net Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)” until the investment is realized, usually upon exit, resulting in any gain or loss being recognized as a “Net Realized Gain (Loss),” in both cases on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Portfolio Investment Classification and Valuation of the Investment Portfolio | Portfolio Investment Classification MSC Income classifies its Investment Portfolio in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act. Under the 1940 Act, (a) “Control” investments are defined as investments in which MSC Income owns more than 25% of the voting securities or has rights to maintain greater than 50% of the board representation, (b) “Affiliate” investments are defined as investments in which MSC Income owns between 5% and 25% (inclusive) of the voting securities and does not have rights to maintain greater than 50% of the board representation and (c) “Non-Control/Non-Affiliate” investments are defined as investments that are neither Control investments nor Affiliate investments. For purposes of determining the classification of its Investment Portfolio, MSC Income has excluded consideration of any voting securities or board appointment rights held by Main Street or any other advisory client of the Adviser. Valuation of the Investment Portfolio MSC Income accounts for its Investment Portfolio at fair value. As a result, MSC Income follows the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. ASC 820 requires MSC Income to assume that the portfolio investment is to be sold in the principal market to independent market participants, which may be a hypothetical market. Market participants are defined as buyers and sellers in the principal market that are independent, knowledgeable and willing and able to transact. MSC Income’s portfolio strategy calls for it to invest primarily in debt securities issued by Private Loan companies. MSC Income also maintains its LMM investment portfolio and its portfolio strategy calls for it to invest in future follow-on investments in illiquid debt and equity securities issued by its existing LMM portfolio companies, as or if such opportunities exist. Effective on the date of the MSC Income Listing, the Fund has changed its investment strategy with respect to new platform investments to be solely focused on the Private Loan investment strategy. As a result, the size of the LMM investment portfolio is expected to decrease over time as existing LMM investments are repaid or sold in the ordinary course of business. MSC Income also maintains a legacy portfolio of investments in Middle Market companies and a limited portfolio of Other Portfolio investments which are also expected to decrease over time as MSC Income is generally no longer making new Middle Market investments or Other Portfolio investments. MSC Income’s portfolio investments may be subject to restrictions on resale. Private Loan investments may include investments which have no established market or have established markets that are not active, while LMM investments and Other Portfolio investments generally have no established trading market. Middle Market portfolio investments generally have established markets that are not active. MSC Income determines in good faith the fair value of its Investment Portfolio pursuant to a valuation policy in accordance with ASC 820, with such valuation process approved by its Board of Directors and in accordance with the 1940 Act. MSC Income’s valuation policies and processes are intended to provide a consistent basis for determining the fair value of MSC Income’s Investment Portfolio. For Private Loan and Middle Market portfolio investments in debt securities for which it has determined that third-party quotes or other independent pricing are not available or appropriate, MSC Income generally estimates the fair value based on the assumptions that it believes hypothetical market participants would use to value the investment in a current hypothetical sale using the yield-to-maturity model (“Yield-to-Maturity”) valuation method. For LMM portfolio investments, MSC Income generally reviews external events, including private mergers, sales and acquisitions involving comparable companies, and includes these events in the valuation process by using an enterprise value waterfall methodology (“Waterfall”) for its LMM equity investments and an income approach using a Yield-to-Maturity valuation method for its LMM debt investments. For Middle Market portfolio investments in debt securities for which it has determined that third-party quotes or other independent prices are available, MSC Income primarily uses quoted prices in the valuation process. MSC Income determines the appropriateness of the use of third-party broker quotes, if any, in determining fair value based on its understanding of the level of actual transactions used by the broker to develop the quote and whether the quote was an indicative price or binding offer, the depth and consistency of broker quotes and the correlation of changes in broker quotes with underlying performance of the portfolio company and other market indices. For its Other Portfolio equity investments, MSC Income generally calculates the fair value of the investment primarily based on the NAV of the investment fund and adjusts the fair value for other factors deemed relevant that would affect the fair value of the investment. All of the valuation approaches for MSC Income’s portfolio investments estimate the value of the investment as if MSC Income were to sell, or exit, the investment as of the measurement date. These valuation approaches consider the value associated with MSC Income’s ability to control the capital structure of the portfolio company, as well as the timing of a potential exit. For valuation purposes, “control” portfolio investments are composed of debt and equity securities in companies for which MSC Income has a controlling interest in the equity ownership of the portfolio company or the ability to nominate a majority of the portfolio company’s board of directors. For valuation purposes, “non-control” portfolio investments are generally composed of debt and equity securities in companies for which MSC Income does not have a controlling interest in the equity ownership of the portfolio company or the ability to nominate a majority of the portfolio company’s board of directors. Under the Waterfall valuation method, MSC Income estimates the enterprise value of a portfolio company using a combination of market and income approaches or other appropriate valuation methods, such as considering recent transactions in the equity securities of the portfolio company or third-party valuations of the portfolio company, and then performs a Waterfall calculation by allocating the enterprise value over the portfolio company’s securities in order of their preference relative to one another. The enterprise value is the fair value at which an enterprise could be sold in a transaction between two willing parties, other than through a forced or liquidation sale. Typically, privately held companies are bought and sold based on multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), cash flows, net income, revenues, or in limited cases, book value. There is no single methodology for estimating enterprise value. For any one portfolio company, enterprise value is generally described as a range of values from which a single estimate of enterprise value is derived. In estimating the enterprise value of a portfolio company, MSC Income analyzes various factors including the portfolio company’s historical and projected financial results. Due to Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) deadlines for MSC Income’s quarterly and annual financial reporting, the operating results of a portfolio company used in the current period valuation are generally the results from the period ended three months prior to such valuation date and may include unaudited, projected, budgeted or pro forma financial information and may require adjustments for non-recurring items or to normalize the operating results that may require significant judgment in determining. In addition, projecting future financial results requires significant judgment regarding future growth assumptions. In evaluating the operating results, MSC Income also analyzes the impact of exposure to litigation, loss of customers or other contingencies. After determining the appropriate enterprise value, MSC Income allocates the enterprise value to investments in order of the legal priority of the various components of the portfolio company’s capital structure. In applying the Waterfall valuation method, MSC Income assumes the loans are paid-off at the principal amount in a change in control transaction and are not assumed by the buyer, which MSC Income believes is consistent with its past transaction history and standard industry practices. Under the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method, MSC Income also uses the income approach to determine the fair value of debt securities based on projections of the discounted future free cash flows that the debt security will likely generate, including analyzing the discounted cash flows of interest and principal amounts for the debt security, as set forth in the associated loan agreements, as well as the financial position and credit risk of the portfolio company. MSC Income’s estimate of the expected repayment date of its debt securities is generally the maturity date of the instrument, as MSC Income generally intends to hold its loans and debt securities to maturity. The Yield-to-Maturity analysis also considers changes in leverage levels, credit quality, portfolio company performance, changes in market-based interest rates and other factors. MSC Income will generally use the value determined by the Yield-to-Maturity analysis as the fair value for that security; however, because of MSC Income’s general intent to hold its loans to maturity, the fair value will not exceed the principal amount of the debt security valued using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method. A change in the assumptions that MSC Income uses to estimate the fair value of its debt securities using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method could have a material impact on the determination of fair value. If there is deterioration in credit quality or if a debt security is in workout status, MSC Income may consider other factors in determining the fair value of the debt security, including the value attributable to the debt security from the enterprise value of the portfolio company or the proceeds that would most likely be received in a liquidation analysis. Under the NAV valuation method, for an investment in an investment fund that does not have a readily determinable fair value, MSC Income measures the fair value of the investment predominately based on the NAV of the investment fund as of the measurement date and adjusts the investment’s fair value for factors known to MSC Income that would affect that fund’s NAV, including, but not limited to, fair values for individual investments held by the fund if MSC Income holds the same investment or for a publicly traded investment. In addition, in determining the fair value of the investment, MSC Income considers whether adjustments to the NAV are necessary in certain circumstances, based on the analysis of any restrictions on redemption of MSC Income’s investment as of the measurement date, recent actual sales or redemptions of interests in the investment fund, and expected future cash flows available to equity holders, including the rate of return on those cash flows compared to an implied market return on equity required by market participants, or other uncertainties surrounding MSC Income’s ability to realize the full NAV of its interests in the investment fund. Pursuant to its internal valuation process and the requirements under the 1940 Act, MSC Income performs valuation procedures on each of its portfolio investments quarterly. In addition to its internal valuation process, in arriving at estimates of fair value for its investments in its Private Loan portfolio companies, MSC Income, among other things, consults with a nationally recognized independent financial advisory services firm (the “Financial Advisory Firm”). The Financial Advisory Firm analyzes and provides observations, recommendations and an assurance certification regarding MSC Income’s determinations of the fair value of its Private Loan portfolio company investments. The Financial Advisory Firm is generally consulted relative to MSC Income’s investments in each Private Loan portfolio company at least once every calendar year, and for MSC Income’s investments in new Private Loan portfolio companies, at least once in the twelve-month period subsequent to the initial investment. In certain instances, MSC Income may determine that it is not cost-effective, and as a result is not in its stockholders’ best interest, to consult with the Financial Advisory Firm on its investments in one or more Private Loan portfolio companies. Such instances include, but are not limited to, situations where the fair value of MSC Income’s investment in a Private Loan portfolio company is determined to be insignificant relative to the total Investment Portfolio. MSC Income consulted with and received an assurance certification from the Financial Advisory Firm in arriving at its determination of fair value for its investments in a total of 14 and 17 Private Loan portfolio companies during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing 22% and 24% of the total Private Loan portfolio at fair value as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. A total of 61 Private Loan portfolio companies were reviewed and certified by the Financial Advisory Firm during the trailing twelve months ended September 30, 2025, representing 90% of the total Private Loan portfolio at fair value as of September 30, 2025. Excluding its investments in Private Loan portfolio companies that, as of September 30, 2025, had not been in the Investment Portfolio for at least twelve months subsequent to the initial investment, 96% of the Private Loan portfolio at fair value was reviewed and certified by the Financial Advisory Firm during the trailing twelve months ended September 30, 2025. For valuation purposes, all of MSC Income’s Private Loan portfolio investments are non-control investments. For Private Loan portfolio investments for which it has determined that third-party quotes or other independent pricing are not available or appropriate, MSC Income generally estimates the fair value based on the assumptions that it believes hypothetical market participants would use to value such Private Loan debt investments in a current hypothetical sale using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method and such Private Loan equity investments in a current hypothetical sale using the Waterfall valuation method. In addition to its internal valuation process, in arriving at estimates of fair value for its investments in its LMM portfolio companies, MSC Income, among other things, consults with the Financial Advisory Firm. The Financial Advisory Firm analyzes and provides observations, recommendations and an assurance certification regarding MSC Income’s determinations of the fair value of its LMM portfolio company investments. The Financial Advisory Firm is generally consulted relative to MSC Income’s investments in each LMM portfolio company at least once every calendar year, and for MSC Income’s investments in new LMM portfolio companies, at least once in the twelve-month period subsequent to the initial investment. In certain instances, MSC Income may determine that it is not cost-effective, and as a result is not in its stockholders’ best interest, to consult with the Financial Advisory Firm on its investments in one or more LMM portfolio companies. Such instances include, but are not limited to, situations where the fair value of MSC Income’s investment in a LMM portfolio company is determined to be insignificant relative to the total Investment Portfolio. MSC Income consulted with and received an assurance certification from the Financial Advisory Firm in arriving at its determination of fair value for its investments in a total of 12 LMM portfolio companies during each of the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, representing 24% and 22% of the total LMM portfolio at fair value as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. A total of 50 LMM portfolio companies were reviewed and certified by the Financial Advisory Firm during the trailing twelve months ended September 30, 2025, representing 99% of the total LMM portfolio at fair value as of September 30, 2025. Excluding its investments in LMM portfolio companies that, as of September 30, 2025, had not been in the Investment Portfolio for at least twelve months subsequent to the initial investment or whose primary purpose is to own real estate for which a third-party appraisal is obtained on at least an annual basis, 99% of the LMM portfolio at fair value was reviewed and certified by the Financial Advisory Firm during the trailing twelve months ended September 30, 2025. For valuation purposes, all of MSC Income’s Middle Market portfolio investments are non-control investments. To the extent sufficient observable inputs are available to determine fair value, MSC Income uses observable inputs to determine the fair value of these investments through obtaining third-party quotes or other independent pricing. For Middle Market portfolio investments for which it has determined that third-party quotes or other independent pricing are not available or appropriate, MSC Income generally estimates the fair value based on the assumptions that it believes hypothetical market participants would use to value such Middle Market debt investments in a current hypothetical sale using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method and such Middle Market equity investments in a current hypothetical sale using the Waterfall valuation method. MSC Income generally consults on a limited basis with the Financial Advisory Firm in connection with determining the fair value of its Middle Market portfolio investments due to the nature of these investments. The vast majority (89% and 93% as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) of the Middle Market portfolio investments (i) are valued using third-party quotes or other independent pricing services or (ii) MSC Income has consulted with and received an assurance certification from the Financial Advisory Firm within the last twelve months. For valuation purposes, all of MSC Income’s Other Portfolio investments are non-control investments. MSC Income’s Other Portfolio investments comprised 1.3% and 2.0% of MSC Income’s Investment Portfolio at fair value as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Similar to the LMM investment portfolio, market quotations for Other Portfolio equity investments are generally not readily available. For its Other Portfolio equity investments, MSC Income generally determines the fair value of these investments using the NAV valuation method. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the valuation process, MSC Income’s determination of fair value for its Investment Portfolio may differ materially from the values that would have been determined had a ready market for the securities existed. In addition, changes in the market environment, portfolio company performance and other events that may occur over the lives of the investments may cause the gains or losses ultimately realized on these investments to be materially different than the valuations currently assigned. MSC Income determines the fair value of each individual investment and records changes in fair value as unrealized appreciation or depreciation. MSC Income uses an internally developed portfolio investment rating system in connection with its investment oversight, portfolio management and analysis and investment valuation procedures for its Private Loan, LMM and Middle Market portfolio companies. This system takes into account both quantitative and qualitative factors of each Private Loan, LMM and Middle Market portfolio company. Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act permits a BDC’s board of directors to designate its executive officers or investment adviser as a valuation designee to determine the fair value for its investment portfolio, subject to the active oversight of the board. MSC Income’s Board of Directors has approved policies and procedures pursuant to Rule 2a-5 (the “Valuation Procedures”) and has designated the Adviser, led by a group of Main Street’s and the Adviser’s executive officers, to serve as the Board of Directors’ valuation designee. MSC Income believes its Investment Portfolio as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 approximates fair value as of those dates based on the markets in which it operates and other conditions in existence on those reporting dates.
Revisions to the Presentation of Previously Issued Financial Statements | Revisions to the Presentation of Previously Issued Financial StatementsAs of June 30, 2025, MSC Income changed its tax presentation on the Consolidated Statement of Operations to voluntarily correct an immaterial error in order to comply with the applicable presentation requirements in 210.6-07 of Regulation S-X. Net investment income now includes excise tax expense and net investment income related federal and state income and other tax expenses. These revisions had no impact on net increase in net assets resulting from operations or net increase in net assets resulting from operations per share. All prior period net investment income and net investment income per share amounts presented in these consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto have been retrospectively adjusted to conform to the current presentation.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different conditions or assumptions. Additionally, as explained in Note B.1. — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Valuation of the Investment Portfolio, the consolidated financial statements include investments in the Investment Portfolio whose values have been estimated by MSC Income pursuant to valuation policies and procedures approved and overseen by MSC Income’s Board of Directors, in the absence of readily ascertainable market values. Because of the inherent uncertainty of the Investment Portfolio valuations, those estimated values may differ materially from the values that would have been determined had a ready market for the securities existed. Macroeconomic factors, including pandemics, risk of recession, inflation, supply chain constraints or disruptions, geopolitical disruptions, uncertainty with respect to the imposition of tariffs on and trade disputes with certain countries and changing market index interest rates, and the related effect on the U.S. and global economies, have impacted, and may continue to impact, the businesses and operating results of certain of MSC Income’s portfolio companies. As a result of these and other current effects of macroeconomic factors, as well as the uncertainty regarding the extent and duration of their impact, the valuation of MSC Income’s Investment Portfolio has and may continue to experience increased volatility.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Fund had $12.3 million and $14.4 million, respectively, of cash equivalents invested in AAA-rated money market funds pending investment in the Fund’s primary investment strategies. These highly liquid investments are included in the Consolidated Schedule of Investments. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, cash balances totaling $4.8 million and $13.5 million, respectively, exceeded Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance protection levels, subjecting the Fund to risk related to the uninsured balance.
Interest | Interest, Dividend and Fee Income MSC Income records interest and dividend income on the accrual basis to the extent amounts are expected to be collected. Dividend income is recorded when dividends are declared by the portfolio company or at such other time that an obligation exists for the portfolio company to make a distribution. MSC Income evaluates accrued interest and dividend income periodically for collectability. When a loan or debt security becomes 90 days or more past due, and if MSC Income otherwise does not expect the debtor to be able to service its debt obligation, MSC Income will generally place the loan or debt security on non-accrual status and cease recognizing interest income on that loan or debt security until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and intent to pay contractual amounts due. If a loan or debt security’s status significantly improves regarding the debtor’s ability to service the debt obligation, or if a loan or debt security is sold or written off, MSC Income removes it from non-accrual status.
Dividend | MSC Income holds certain debt and preferred equity instruments in its Investment Portfolio that contain PIK interest and cumulative dividend provisions. The PIK interest, computed at the contractual rate specified in each debt agreement, is periodically added to the principal balance of the debt and is recorded as interest income. Thus, the actual collection of this interest may be deferred until the time of debt principal repayment. Cumulative dividends are recorded as dividend income, and any dividends in arrears are added to the balance of the preferred equity investment. The actual collection of these dividends in arrears may be deferred until such time as the preferred equity is redeemed or sold. To maintain RIC tax treatment (as discussed in Note B.8. — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Income Taxes below), these non-cash sources of income may need to be paid out to stockholders in the form of distributions, even though MSC Income may not have collected the PIK interest and cumulative dividends in cash. MSC Income stops accruing PIK interest and cumulative dividends and writes off any accrued and uncollected interest and dividends in arrears when it determines that such PIK interest and dividends in arrears are no longer collectible.
Fee Income | MSC Income may periodically provide services, including structuring and advisory services, to its portfolio companies or other third parties. For services that are separately identifiable and evidence exists to substantiate fair value, fee income is recognized as earned, which is generally when the investment or other applicable transaction closes. Fees received in connection with debt financing transactions for services that do not meet these criteria are treated as debt origination fees and are generally deferred and accreted into income over the life of the financing.
Deferred Financing Costs | Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs include commitment fees and other direct costs incurred in connection with arranging MSC Income’s borrowings. Deferred financing costs incurred in connection with MSC Income’s Credit Facilities (as defined in Note D — Debt) are capitalized as an asset. Deferred financing costs incurred in connection with the Series A Notes (as defined in Note D — Debt) are reflected as a direct deduction from the principal amount outstanding.
Equity Offering Costs | Equity Offering Costs The Fund’s offering costs are charged against the proceeds from equity offerings when the proceeds are received.
Unearned Income—Debt Origination Fees and Original Issue Discount and Discounts / Premiums to Par Value | Unearned Income — Debt Origination Fees and Original Issue Discount and Discounts / Premiums to Par Value MSC Income capitalizes debt origination fees received in connection with financings and reflects such fees as unearned income netted against the applicable debt investments. The unearned income from the fees is accreted into income over the life of the financing. In connection with its portfolio debt investments, MSC Income sometimes receives nominal cost warrants or warrants with an exercise price below the fair value of the underlying equity (together, “nominal cost equity”) that are valued as part of the negotiation process with the particular portfolio company. When MSC Income receives nominal cost equity, it allocates its cost basis in its investment between its debt security and its nominal cost equity at the time of origination based on amounts negotiated with the particular portfolio company. The allocated amounts are based upon the fair value of the nominal cost equity, which is then used to determine the allocation of cost to the debt security. Any discount recorded on a debt investment resulting from this allocation is reflected as unearned income, which is netted against the applicable debt investment, and accreted into interest income over the life of the debt investment. The actual collection of this interest is deferred until the time of debt principal repayment. MSC Income may also purchase debt securities at a discount or at a premium to the par value of the debt security. In the case of a purchase at a discount, MSC Income records the investment at the par value of the debt security net of the discount, and the discount is accreted into interest income over the life of the debt investment. In the case of a purchase at a premium, MSC Income records the investment at the par value of the debt security plus the premium, and the premium is amortized as a reduction to interest income over the life of the debt investment. To maintain RIC tax treatment (as discussed in Note B.8. — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Income Taxes below), these non-cash sources of income may need to be paid out to stockholders in the form of distributions, even though MSC Income may not have collected the interest income. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, 2.4% and 3.0%, respectively, of MSC Income’s total investment income was attributable to interest income from the accretion of discounts associated with debt investments, net of any premium amortization. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, 2.4% and 2.8%, respectively, of MSC Income’s total investment income was attributable to interest income from the accretion of discounts associated with debt investments, net of any premium amortization.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes MSIF has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a RIC. MSIF’s taxable income includes the taxable income generated by MSIF and certain of its subsidiaries, including the Structured Subsidiaries, which are treated as disregarded entities for tax purposes. As a RIC, MSIF generally will not pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any net ordinary taxable income or capital gains that MSIF distributes to its stockholders. MSIF must generally distribute at least 90% of its “investment company taxable income” (which is generally its net ordinary taxable income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses) and 90% of its tax-exempt income to maintain its RIC status (pass-through tax treatment for amounts distributed). As part of maintaining RIC status, undistributed taxable income (subject to a 4% non-deductible U.S. federal excise tax) pertaining to a given fiscal year may be distributed up to twelve months subsequent to the end of that fiscal year, provided such dividends are declared on or prior to the later of (i) the filing of the U.S. federal income tax return for the applicable fiscal year or (ii) the fifteenth day of the ninth month following the close of the year in which such taxable income was generated. The Taxable Subsidiaries primarily hold certain equity investments for MSC Income. The Taxable Subsidiaries permit MSC Income to hold equity investments in portfolio companies which are “pass-through” entities for tax purposes and to continue to comply with the “source-of-income” requirements contained in the RIC tax provisions of the Code. The Taxable Subsidiaries are consolidated with MSC Income for U.S. GAAP financial reporting purposes, and the portfolio investments held by the Taxable Subsidiaries are included in MSC Income’s consolidated financial statements as portfolio investments and recorded at fair value. The Taxable Subsidiaries are not consolidated with MSIF for income tax purposes and may generate income tax expense, or benefit, and tax assets and liabilities, as a result of their ownership of certain portfolio investments. The taxable income, or loss, of the Taxable Subsidiaries may differ from their book income, or loss, due to temporary book and tax timing differences and permanent differences. The Taxable Subsidiaries are each taxed at corporate income tax rates based on their taxable income. The income tax expense, or benefit, if any, and the related tax assets and liabilities, of the Taxable Subsidiaries are reflected in MSC Income’s consolidated financial statements. The Taxable Subsidiaries use the liability method in accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, using statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided, if necessary, against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. MSC Income’s net assets as included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets include an adjustment to classification as a result of permanent book-to-tax differences, which include differences in the book and tax treatment of income and expenses. Taxable income generally differs from net income for financial reporting purposes due to temporary and permanent differences in the recognition of income and expenses. Taxable income generally excludes net unrealized appreciation or depreciation, as investment gains or losses are not included in taxable income until they are realized.
Net Realized Gains or Losses and Net Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation | Net Realized Gains or Losses and Net Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation Realized gains or losses are measured by the difference between the net proceeds from the sale or redemption of an investment or a financial instrument and the cost basis of the investment or financial instrument, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized, and includes investments written-off during the period net of recoveries and realized gains or losses from in-kind redemptions. Net unrealized appreciation or depreciation reflects the net change in the fair value of the Investment Portfolio and financial instruments and the reclassification of any prior period unrealized appreciation or depreciation on exited investments and financial instruments to realized gains or losses.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value estimates are made at discrete points in time based on relevant information. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. MSC Income believes that the carrying amounts of its financial instruments, consisting of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, payables and other liabilities approximate the fair values of such items due to the short-term nature of these instruments. MSC Income’s debt instruments, including all revolving and term debt, are accounted for on a historical cost basis as applicable under U.S. GAAP. As also required under U.S. GAAP, MSC Income discloses the estimated fair value of its debt obligations in Note D — Debt. To estimate the fair value of MSC Income’s Series A Notes as disclosed in Note D — Debt, MSC Income uses the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method based on projections of the discounted future free cash flows that the debt security will likely generate, including both the discounted cash flows of the associated interest and principal amounts for the debt security. The inputs used to value MSC Income’s debt instruments for purposes of the fair value estimate disclosures in Note D — Debt are considered to be Level 2 according to the ASC 820 fair value hierarchy.
Earnings Per Share | Earnings Per Share Basic and diluted per share calculations, including net increase in net assets resulting from operations per share and net investment income per share, are computed utilizing the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period.
Segments | Segments MSC Income operates as a single segment with a principal investment objective to maximize total return primarily by generating current income from debt investments and, to a lesser extent, by generating current income and capital appreciation from equity and equity-related investments. The Adviser’s Investment Committee and the Fund’s Chief Executive Officer collectively perform the function that allocates resources and assesses performance, and thus together, serve as the Fund’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”). Among other metrics, the CODM uses net investment income as a primary U.S. GAAP profit or loss metric used in making operating decisions, which can be found on the Consolidated Statement of Operations along with significant expenses. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as total assets.
Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards | Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update require more disaggregated information on income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The Fund has determined that ASU 2023-09 will not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that are adopted by the Fund as of the specified effective date. The Fund believes that the impact of recently issued standards and any that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
Fair Value Hierarchy | ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value, and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. MSC Income accounts for its investments at fair value. Fair Value Hierarchy In accordance with ASC 820, MSC Income has categorized its investments based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical investments (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). Investments recorded on MSC Income’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows: Level 1 — Investments whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in an active market that MSC Income has the ability to access (examples include investments in active exchange-traded equity securities and investments in most U.S. government and agency securities). Level 2 — Investments whose values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the investment. Level 2 inputs include the following: •Quoted prices for similar assets in active markets (for example, investments in restricted stock); •Quoted prices for identical or similar assets in non-active markets (for example, investments in thinly traded public companies); •Pricing models whose inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the investment (for example, market interest rate indices); and •Pricing models whose inputs are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data through correlation or other means for substantially the full term of the investment. Level 3 — Investments whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement (for example, investments in illiquid securities issued by privately held companies). These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the investment. As required by ASC 820, when the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. For example, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3). Therefore, unrealized appreciation and depreciation related to such investments categorized within the Level 3 tables below may include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable inputs (Level 3). As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all of MSC Income’s Private Loan portfolio investments consisted of illiquid securities issued by privately held companies. The fair value determination for these investments consisted of a combination of observable inputs in non-active markets for which sufficient observable inputs were not available to determine the fair value of these investments and unobservable inputs. As a result, all of MSC Income’s Private Loan portfolio investments were categorized as Level 3 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all of MSC Income’s LMM portfolio investments consisted of illiquid securities issued by privately held companies and the fair value determination for these investments primarily consisted of unobservable inputs. As a result, all of MSC Income’s LMM portfolio investments were categorized as Level 3 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, MSC Income’s Middle Market portfolio investments consisted primarily of investments in secured and unsecured debt investments and independently rated debt investments. The fair value determination for these investments consisted of a combination of observable inputs in non-active markets for which sufficient observable inputs were not available to determine the fair value of these investments and unobservable inputs. As a result, all of MSC Income’s Middle Market portfolio investments were categorized as Level 3 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all of MSC Income’s Other Portfolio investments consisted of illiquid securities issued by privately held entities and the fair value determination for these investments primarily consisted of unobservable inputs. As a result, all of MSC Income’s Other Portfolio investments were categorized as Level 3 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all money market funds included in cash and cash equivalents were valued using Level 1 inputs. The fair value determination of each portfolio investment categorized as Level 3 required one or more of the following unobservable inputs: •Financial information obtained from each portfolio company, including unaudited statements of operations and balance sheets for the most recent period available as compared to budgeted information; •Current and projected financial condition of the portfolio company; •Current and projected ability of the portfolio company to service its debt obligations; •Type and amount of collateral, if any, underlying the investment; •Current financial ratios (e.g., fixed charge coverage ratio, interest coverage ratio and net debt/EBITDA ratio) applicable to the investment; •Current liquidity of the investment and related financial ratios (e.g., current ratio and quick ratio); •Pending debt or capital restructuring of the portfolio company; •Projected operating results of the portfolio company; •Current information regarding any offers to purchase the investment; •Current ability of the portfolio company to raise any additional financing as needed; •Changes in the economic environment which may have a material impact on the operating results of the portfolio company; •Internal occurrences that may have an impact (both positive and negative) on the operating performance of the portfolio company; •Qualitative assessment of key management; •Contractual rights, obligations or restrictions associated with the investment; and •Other factors deemed relevant.

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