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Note 1 - Organization and Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Notes to Financial Statements |
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements Disclosure and Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | NOTE 1: ORGANIZATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Organization: CEVA, Inc. (“CEVA” or the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on November 22, 1999. The Company was formed through the combination of Parthus Technologies plc (“Parthus”) and the digital signal processor (DSP) cores licensing business and operations of DSP Group, Inc. in November 2002. The Company had no business or operations prior to the combination. CEVA licenses a family of wireless connectivity and smart sensing technologies and is a provider of chip design services. The Company’s offerings include Digital Signal Processors, AI processors, short and long range connectivity solutions, 5G wireless platforms and complementary software for sensor fusion, image enhancement, computer vision, voice input and artificial intelligence, all of which are key enabling technologies for a smarter, more connected world. These technologies are offered in combination with non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) services from CEVA’s Intrinsix Corp. (“Intrinsix”) business, helping customers address their most complex and time-critical integrated circuit design projects. CEVA’s DSP-based solutions address the technology requirements of: 5G baseband processing for mobile, broadband, cellular IoT and Radio Access Network (RAN); computer vision for any camera, 4D and LIDAR-enabled device; audio/voice/sound; and ultra-low-power always-on/sensing applications for wearables, hearables and multiple IoT markets. For motion sensors and sensor fusion, CEVA’s Hillcrest Labs sensor processing technologies provide a broad range of software and inertial measurement unit (“IMU”) solutions for markets including hearables, wearables, AR/VR, PC, robotics, remote controls and IoT. For wireless IoT, the Rivierawaves platforms for Bluetooth (low energy and dual mode), Wi-Fi 4/5/6/6E (802.11n/ac/ax), Ultra-wideband (UWB) are the most broadly licensed connectivity platforms in the industry. CEVA’s Intrinsix business also expands its market reach to the aerospace and defense markets and allows it to offer co-creation solutions that combine CEVA’s standardized, off-the-shelf IP together with Intrinsix’s non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) design capabilities and IP in RF, mixed-signal, security, high complexity digital design, chiplets and more. CEVA’s technologies are licensed to leading semiconductor and original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) companies. These companies design, manufacture, market and sell application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”) and application-specific standard products (“ASSPs”) based on CEVA’s technology to mobile, consumer, automotive, robotics, industrial, aerospace & defense and IoT companies for incorporation into a wide variety of end products. Acquisitions: On May 31, 2021, (the “closing date”), the Company acquired 100% of the equity shares of Intrinsix, a leading chip design specialist. The Company acquired Intrinsix pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, made and entered into on May 9, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among the Company, Northstar Merger Sub, Inc., Intrinsix and Shareholder Representative Services LLC, for $33,096 in cash (“the Merger Consideration”), with $26,704 paid at closing, $4,260 delivered to escrow to satisfy indemnification claims, if any, and $2,605 payable to certain Intrinsix executives held back as described below (the “Holdback Merger Consideration”), and after giving effect to post-closing adjustments resulting in a $473 repayment to the Company during the third quarter of 2021. As part of the Merger Agreement, the Company entered into agreements with the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Technology Officer of Intrinsix pursuant to which the Holdback Merger Consideration, representing 25% of the Merger Consideration payable to each of them in respect of their equity in Intrinsix, is being held back and, subject to their respective continued employment with the Company, released to them over a period of twenty-four (24) months after closing of the acquisition. In addition, the Company incurred acquisition-related costs in an amount of $970, which were included in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021. The acquisition has been accounted in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 805, “Business Combinations.” Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price is allocated to the net tangible and intangible assets of Intrinsix acquired in the acquisition, based on their fair values on the closing date. The results of operations of the combined business, including the acquired business, have been included in the consolidated financial statements as of the closing date. The primary rationale for this acquisition was (1) extending the Company’s market reach into the sustainable and sizeable aerospace and defense space, (2) increasing the Company’s content in customers’ designs and accordingly increasing the license and royalty revenue opportunity by offering turnkey IP platforms that can combine the Company’s off-the-shelf connectivity and smart sensing IP with Intrinsix’s NRE design capabilities and IP in RF, mixed-signal, security, high complexity digital design, chiplets and more, and (3) expanding the Company’s IP portfolio with secure processor IP for IoT devices and Heterogeneous SoC interface IP for the growing adoption of chiplets, which offer a faster and less expensive alternative to the high R&D costs and complexities associated with monolithic IC developments. A significant portion of the acquisition price was recorded as goodwill due to the synergies with Intrinsix. The purchase price allocation for the acquisition has been determined as follows:
Assets |  |  |  |
Net assets (including cash in the amount of $600) |  | $ | 872 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 7,572 |
Goodwill |  |  | 23,707 |
Total assets |  | $ | 32,151 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | 1,660 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 1,660 |
Total |  | $ | 30,491 |
The fair value and weighted average estimated useful life of the acquired intangible assets are as follows:
Identifiable Intangible Assets |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Weighted-Average Estimated Useful Life in Years |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 3,604 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
Customer backlog |  |  | 421 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Technologies |  |  | 3,329 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
Patents |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
Total identifiable intangible assets |  | $ | 7,572 |  |  |  |  |
The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents combined results of operations for the periods presented, as if the Company had completed the acquisition on January 1, 2020. The unaudited pro forma financial information has been calculated after adjusting the Company’s results and those of Intrinsix, including: (i) Holdback Merger Consideration costs; (ii) amortization expense from acquired intangible assets; and (iii) interest income and unrealized gains on equity securities included in the statement of income of Intrinsix, which were specifically excluded from the acquisition of Intrinsix, and the respective income tax effects of such adjustments. The unaudited pro forma financial information presented below is not necessarily indicative of consolidated results of operations of the combined business had the acquisition occurred at the beginning of the respective fiscal years, nor is it necessarily indicative of future results of operations of the combined company.
|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |
Pro forma total revenues |  | $ | 122,048 |  |  | $ | 131,397 |
Pro forma net loss |  |  | (3,837 | ) |  |  | (1,707 | )
The intangible assets are amortized based on the pattern upon which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are to be utilized. Basis of presentation: The consolidated financial statements have been prepared according to U.S Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements: In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2021-08), which clarifies that an acquirer of a business should recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU No. 2021-08 is effective for fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods therein for public business entities, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2022. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Use of estimates: The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. The Company’s management believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions used are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) pandemic has created, and may continue to create significant uncertainty in macroeconomic conditions, and the extent of its impact on the Company’s operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak and the impact on the Company’s customers and its sales cycles. Further, other global events such as the Russian military action against Ukraine could have an impact on the Company’s business. The Company has considered the impact of COVID-19 and other global events on its estimates and assumptions and determined that there were no material adverse impacts on the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. As events continue to evolve and additional information becomes available, the Company’s estimates and assumptions may change materially in future periods. Financial statements in U.S. dollars: A majority of the revenues of the Company and its subsidiaries is generated in U.S. dollars (“dollars”). In addition, a portion of the Company and its subsidiaries’ costs are incurred in dollars. The Company’s management has determined that the dollar is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the Company and its subsidiaries principally operate. Thus, the functional and reporting currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the dollar. Accordingly, monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the dollar are remeasured into dollars in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 830, “Foreign Currency Matters.” All transaction gains and losses from remeasurement of monetary balance sheet items are reflected in the consolidated statements of income (loss) as financial income or expenses, as appropriate, which is included in “financial income, net.” The foreign exchange losses arose principally on the EURO and the NIS monetary balance sheet items as a result of the currency fluctuations of the EURO and the NIS against the dollar. Principles of consolidation: The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and all of its subsidiaries. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated on consolidation. Cash equivalents: Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less from the date acquired. Short-term bank deposits: Short-term bank deposits are deposits with maturities of more than three months but less than one year from the balance sheet date. The deposits are presented at their cost, including accrued interest. The deposits bear interest annually at an average rate of 2.53%, 1.12% and 1.54% during 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Marketable securities: Marketable securities consist mainly of corporate bonds. The Company determines the appropriate classification of marketable securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. In accordance with FASB ASC No. 320 “Investments- Debt Securities,” the Company classifies marketable securities as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are stated at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of stockholders’ equity, net of taxes. Realized gains and losses on sales of marketable securities, as determined on a specific identification basis, are included in financial income, net. The amortized cost of marketable securities is adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount to maturity, both of which, together with interest, are included in financial income, net. The Company has classified all marketable securities as short-term, even though the stated maturity date may be one year or more beyond the current balance sheet date, because it is probable that the Company will sell these securities prior to maturity to meet liquidity needs or as part of risk versus reward objectives. The Company determines realized gains or losses on sale of marketable securities on a specific identification method and records such gains or losses as financial income, net. Available-for-sale debt securities with an amortized cost basis in excess of estimated fair value are assessed to determine what amount of that difference, if any, is caused by expected credit losses. Expected credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in financial income, net, on the Company’s consolidated statements of income (loss), and any remaining unrealized losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity. The amount of credit losses recorded for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 was immaterial. Long-term bank deposits: Long-term bank deposits are deposits with maturities of more than one year as of the balance sheet date. The deposits presented at their cost, including accrued interest. The deposits bear interest annually at an average rate of 1.32%, 1.15% and 3.80% during 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Trade receivables and allowances: Trade receivables are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. The Company makes estimates of expected credit losses for the allowance for doubtful accounts and allowance for unbilled receivables based upon its assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the trade receivable balances, credit quality of its customers, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from customers. The estimated credit loss allowance is recorded as general and administrative expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of income (loss). Property and equipment, net: Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, at the following annual rates:
|  | % |
Computers, software and equipment |  | 10 | - | 33 |
Office furniture and equipment |  | 7 | - | 33 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 10 | - | 20 |
| (the shorter of the expected lease term or useful economic life)
The Company’s long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with FASB ASC No. 360-10-35, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,” whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the carrying amount of an asset to be held and used is measured by a comparison of its carrying amount to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by such asset (asset group). If such asset (asset group) is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of such asset exceeds its fair value. In determining the fair value of long-lived assets for purposes of measuring impairment, the Company's assumptions include those that market participants would consider in valuations of similar assets. No impairment was recorded in 2020, 2021 and 2022. Leases: The Company adopted Topic 842, which requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for leases classified as operating leases. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company’s assessment is based on: (1) whether the contract includes an identified asset, (2) whether the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout the period of use, and (3) whether the Company has the right to direct how and for what purpose the identified asset is used throughout the period of use. Leases are classified as either finance leases or operating leases. A lease is classified as a finance lease if any one of the following criteria are met: the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset, the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset, or the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of lease term. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any one of these criteria. Since all of the Company’s lease contracts do not meet any of the criteria above, the Company concluded that all of its lease contracts should be classified as operation leases. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized on the commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. For this purpose, the Company considers only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of commencement. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available on the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The ROU asset also includes any lease payments made prior to commencement and is recorded net of any lease incentives received. All ROU assets are reviewed for impairment. In 2022, the Company abandoned one of its offices, and as a result $439 was written off. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. The Company elected to not recognize a lease liability and a ROU asset for lease with a term of twelve months or less. Goodwill: Goodwill is carried at cost and is not amortized but rather is tested for impairment at least annually or between annual tests in certain circumstances. The Company conducts its annual test of impairment for goodwill on October 1st of each year. The Company operates in one operating segment and this segment comprises only one reporting unit. ASC 350 allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment does not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, no further impairment testing is required. If the Company elects not to use this option, or if the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then the Company prepares a quantitative analysis to determine whether the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment of goodwill for the amount of this excess, in accordance with the guidance in FASB Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, no impairment of goodwill has been recorded. Intangible assets, net: Acquired intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The Company amortizes intangible assets with finite lives over periods ranging from half a year to seven and a half years, using the straight line method, unless another method is more appropriate. The Company’s long-lived assets and intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment in accordance with FASB ASC No. 360-10-35, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,” whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the carrying amount of an asset to be held and used is measured by a comparison of its carrying amount to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by such asset (asset group). If such asset (asset group) is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of such asset exceeds its fair value. In determining the fair value of long-lived assets for purposes of measuring impairment, the Company's assumptions include those that market participants would consider in valuations of similar assets. The Company did not record any impairments during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021. In 2022, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $3,556 in operating expenses with respect to Immervision technology acquired in August 2019, as the Company decided to cease the development of this product line. In 2022, the Company also recorded in cost of revenues an impairment charge of prepaid expenses as follows: (1) an impairment charge of $479 relating to an agreement to acquire certain NB-IoT technologies, and (2) an impairment charge of $1,479 relating to an agreement to purchase certain assets and services from Immervision. Investments in marketable equity securities: The Company holds an equity interest in Cipia Vision Ltd (CPIA.TA) ("Cipia"). For the year ended December 31, 2020, Cipia was a privately held company and the Company's investment in Cipia did not have a readily determinable fair value. As such, for the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company has elected to account for its investment in Cipia using the measurement alternative pursuant to ASC 321 Investments — Equity Securities. In November 2021, Cipia completed its IPO on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange, and as a result, the Company's investment in Cipia was no longer eligible for the measurement alternative. As such, following Cipia's IPO, the Company measured its Cipia investment at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in remeasurement of marketable equity securities. As of December 31, 2022, the investment fair value amounted to $408. The Company recorded a gain of $1,983 and a loss of $2,511 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively from the remeasurement of the investment. Revenue recognition: The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates revenue. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:
| ● | identification of the contract with a customer;
| ● | identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
| ● | determination of the transaction price;
| ● | allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
| ● | recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, as detailed below, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. The Company generates its revenues from (1) licensing intellectual properties, which in certain circumstances are modified for customer-specific requirements, (2) royalty revenues, and (3) other revenues, which include revenues from NRE services, support, training and sale of development systems and chips, which are included in licensing and related revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss). The Company accounts for its IP license revenues and related services, which provide the Company's customers with rights to use the Company's IP, in accordance with ASC 606. A license may be perpetual or time limited in its application. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company will recognize revenue from IP license at the time of delivery when the customer accepts control of the IP, as the IP is functional without professional services, updates and technical support. The Company has concluded that its IP license is distinct as the customer can benefit from the license on its own. Most of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately, if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. Standalone selling prices of IP license are typically estimated using the residual approach. Standalone selling prices of services are typically estimated based on observable transactions when these services are sold on a standalone basis. Revenues from contracts that involve significant customization of the Company’s IP to customer-specific specifications are considered as one performance obligation satisfied over-time. The Company’s performance obligation does not create an asset with alternative use, and the Company has an enforceable right to payment. The Company recognizes revenue on such contracts using cost based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on a ratio between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs for the contract. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made during the period in which such losses are first determined, in the amount of the estimated loss on the entire contract. Revenues that are derived from the sale of a licensee’s products that incorporate the Company’s IP are classified as royalty revenues. Royalty revenues are recognized during the quarter in which the sale of the product incorporating the Company’s IP occurs. Royalties are calculated either as a percentage of the revenues received by the Company’s licensees on sales of products incorporating the Company’s IP or on a per unit basis, as specified in the agreements with the licensees. For a majority of the Company’s royalty revenues, the Company receives the actual sales data from its customers after the quarter ends and accounts for it as unbilled receivables. When the Company does not receive actual sales data from the customer prior to the finalization of its financial statements, royalty revenues are recognized based on the Company’s estimation of the customer’s sales during the quarter. Contracts with customers generally contain an agreement to provide for training and post contract support, which consists of telephone or e-mail support, correction of errors (bug fixing) and unspecified updates and upgrades. Fees for post contract support, which takes place after delivery to the customer, are specified in the contract and are generally mandatory for the first year. After the mandatory period, the customer may extend the support agreement on similar terms on an annual basis. The Company considers the post contract support performance obligation as a distinct performance obligation that is satisfied over time, and as such, it recognizes revenue for post contract support on a straight-line basis over the period for which technical support is contractually agreed to be provided to the licensee, typically twelve months. Revenues that are derived from NRE chip design services are performance obligations that are recognized over time as the services are rendered. For time-and-materials contracts, the performance obligation is satisfied, and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. Generally, contracts call for billings on a time-and-materials basis; however, in instances when a fixed-fee contract is signed, revenue is recognized over time, based on an input method of labor costs expended, relative to total expected labor costs to complete the contract. Revenues from the sale of development systems and chips are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customers. When contracts involve a significant financing component, the Company adjusts the promised amount of consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments agreed to by the parties to the contract (either explicitly or implicitly) provide the customer with a significant benefit of financing, unless the financing period is under one year and only after the products or services were provided, which is a practical expediency permitted under ASC 606. Deferred revenues, which represent a contract liability, include unearned amounts received under license and NRE agreements, unearned technical support and amounts paid by customers not yet recognized as revenues. The Company capitalizes sales commission as costs of obtaining a contract when they are incremental and, if they are expected to be recovered, amortized in a manner consistent with the pattern of transfer of the good or service to which the asset relates. If the expected amortization period is one year or less, the commission fee is expensed when incurred. Cost of revenue: Cost of revenue includes the costs of products, services and royalty expense payments to the Israeli Innovation Authority of the Ministry of Economy and Industry in Israel (the “IIA“) (refer to Note 16 for further details). Cost of product revenue includes materials, subcontractors, amortization of acquired assets and the portion of development costs associated with product development arrangements. Cost of service revenue includes salary and related costs for personnel engaged in services, training and customer support, and travel, office expenses and other support costs. Income taxes: The Company recognizes income taxes under the liability method. It recognizes deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the expected future consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. These differences are measured using the enacted statutory tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income for the years in which differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred income taxes is recognized in the statements of income (loss) during the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets to the net amount that the Company believes is more likely than not to be realized. The Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740. ASC 740-10 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, on an evaluation of the technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% (cumulative probability) likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits under taxes on income. Research and development: Research and development costs are charged to the consolidated statements of income (loss) as incurred. Government grants and tax credits: Government grants received by the Company relating to categories of operating expenditures are credited to the consolidated statements of income (loss) during the period in which the expenditure to which they relate is charged. Royalty and non-royalty-bearing grants from the IIA for funding certain approved research and development projects are recognized at the time when the Company is entitled to such grants, on the basis of the related costs incurred, and included as a deduction from research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of income (loss). The Company recorded grants in the amounts of $2,844, $3,595 and $4,850 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The Company’s Israeli subsidiary is obligated to pay royalties amounting to 3%-3.5% of the sales of certain products the development of which received grants from the IIA in previous years. The obligation to pay these royalties is contingent on actual sales of the products. Grants received from the IIA may become repayable if certain criteria under the grants are not met. The French Research Tax Credit, Crédit d’Impôt Recherche (“CIR”), is a French tax incentive to stimulate research and development (“R&D”) which is relevant for the Company's French subsidiaries (RivieraWaves SAS and CEVA France). Generally, the CIR offsets the income tax to be paid and the remaining portion (if any) can be refunded. The CIR is calculated based on the claimed volume of eligible R&D expenditures by the Company. As a result, the CIR is presented as a deduction from “research and development expenses” in the consolidated statements of income (loss). During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Company recorded CIR benefits in the amount of $3,287, $2,299 and $2,152, respectively. The research & development (R&D) tax credit in the UK is designed to encourage innovation and increase spending on R&D activities for companies operating in the UK. This is relevant to the Company’s subsidiary R&D centers in the UK. Generally, the UK R&D tax credit offsets the income tax to be paid and the remaining portion (if any) will be refunded. The R&D tax credit is calculated based on the claimed volume of eligible R&D expenditures by the Company. As a result, the R&D tax credit is presented as a deduction from “research and development expenses” in the consolidated statements of income (loss). During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Company recorded R&D tax credit benefits in the amount of $198, $248 and $164, respectively. Employee benefit plan: Certain of the Company’s employees are eligible to participate in a defined contribution pension plan (the “Plan”). Participants in the Plan may elect to defer a portion of their pre-tax earnings into the Plan, which is run by an independent party. The Company makes pension contributions at rates varying up to 10% of the participant’s pensionable salary. Contributions to the Plan are recorded as an expense in the consolidated statements of income (loss). The Company’s U.S. operations maintain a retirement plan (the “U.S. Plan”) that qualifies as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Participants in the U.S. Plan may elect to defer a portion of their pre-tax earnings, up to the Internal Revenue Service annual contribution limit. The Company matches 50% of each participant’s contributions up to a maximum of 6% of the participant’s base pay. Each participant may contribute up to 15% of base remuneration. Contributions to the U.S. Plan are recorded during the year contributed as an expense in the consolidated statements of income (loss). Total contributions for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 were $1,232, $1,155 and $1,034, respectively. Accrued severance pay: Effective July 1, 2021, the Israeli subsidiary’s agreements with employees hired prior to August 1, 2016, are under Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, 1963. Up to July 1, 2021, the liability of CEVA’s Israeli subsidiary for severance pay for employees hired prior to August 1, 2016, was calculated pursuant to Israeli severance pay law based on the most recent salary of each employee multiplied by the number of years of employment for these employee as of June 30, 2021. The Israeli subsidiary’s liability for the period until June 30, 2021, is fully provided for by monthly deposits with severance pay funds, insurance policies and an accrual. The deposited funds include profits and losses accumulated up to June 30, 2021. The deposited funds may be withdrawn only upon the fulfillment of the obligation pursuant to Israeli severance pay law or labor agreements. The value of these policies is recorded as an asset on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Effective August 1, 2016, the Israeli subsidiary’s agreements with new employees in Israel are under Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, 1963, and effective July 1, 2021, also with employees hired prior to August 1, 2016. The Israeli subsidiary’s contributions for severance pay have extinguished its severance obligation. Upon contribution of the full amount based on the employee’s monthly salary for each year of service, no additional obligation exists regarding the matter of severance pay, and no additional payments is made by the Israeli subsidiary to the employee. Furthermore, the related obligation and amounts deposited on behalf of the employee for such obligation are not stated on the balance sheet, as the Israeli subsidiary is legally released from any obligation to employees once the required deposit amounts have been paid. Severance pay expenses, net of related income, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, were $1,983, $1,943 and $2,706, respectively. Equity-based compensation: The Company accounts for equity-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC No. 718, “Stock Compensation” which requires the recognition of compensation expenses based on estimated fair values for all equity-based awards made to employees and non-employee directors. Equity-based compensation primarily includes restricted stock units (“RSUs”), as well as options, stock appreciation right (“SAR”), performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) and employee stock purchase plan awards. The Company use the straight-line recognition method for awards subject to graded vesting based only on a service condition and the accelerated method for awards that are subject to performance or market conditions. The fair value of each RSU and PSU (excluding PSUs based on market condition awards) is the market value as determined by the closing price of the common stock on the day of grant. The Company estimates the fair value of PSU based on market condition awards on the date of grant using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. The fair value for rights to purchase shares of common stock under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan was estimated on the date of grant using the following assumptions:
|  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0% |  |  |  | 0% |  |  |  | 0% |
Expected volatility |  | 32% | - | 60% |  | 39% | - | 60% |  | 38% | - | 50%
Risk-free interest rate |  | 0.1% | - | 1.9% |  | 0.1% | - | 1.7% |  | 0. 5% | - | 3.0%
Expected forfeiture |  |  | 0% |  |  |  | 0% |  |  |  | 0% |
Contractual term of up to |  | 24 months |  | 24 months |  | 24 months
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Company recognized equity-based compensation expense related to stock options, SARs, RSUs, PSUs and employee stock purchase plan as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 818 |  |  | $ | 1,461 |
Research and development, net |  |  | 6,874 |  |  |  | 7,287 |  |  |  | 8,540 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 2,038 |  |  |  | 1,626 |  |  |  | 1,550 |
General and administrative |  |  | 4,085 |  |  |  | 3,324 |  |  |  | 2,954 |
Total equity-based compensation expense |  | $ | 13,636 |  |  | $ | 13,055 |  |  | $ | 14,505 |
As of December 31, 2022, there was $22,376 of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, PSUs and employee stock purchase plan. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years. As of December 31, 2022, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options and SARs. Fair value of financial instruments: The carrying amount of cash, cash equivalents, short term bank deposits, trade receivables, other accounts receivable, trade payables and other accounts payable approximates fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Marketable securities, marketable equity securities and derivative instruments are carried at fair value. See Note 5 for more information. Comprehensive income (loss): The Company accounts for comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with FASB ASC No. 220, “Comprehensive Income.” This statement establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income (loss) and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. Comprehensive income (loss) generally represents all changes in stockholders’ equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, stockholders. The Company’s items of other comprehensive income (loss) relate to unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on hedging derivative instruments and marketable securities. Concentration of credit risk: Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, bank deposits, marketable securities, foreign exchange contracts and trade receivables. The Company invests its surplus cash in cash deposits and marketable securities in financial institutions and has established guidelines relating to diversification and maturities to maintain safety and liquidity of the investments. The majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are invested in high grade certificates of deposits with major U.S., European and Israeli banks. Generally, cash and cash equivalents and bank deposits may be redeemed on demand and therefore minimal credit risk exists with respect to them. Nonetheless, deposits with these banks exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits or similar limits in foreign jurisdictions, to the extent such deposits are even insured in such foreign jurisdictions. Generally, these cash equivalents may be redeemed upon demand and, therefore management believes that it bears a lower risk. The short-term and long-term bank deposits are held in financial institutions which management believes are institutions with high credit standing, and accordingly, minimal credit risk from geographic or credit concentration. Furthermore, the Company holds an investment portfolio consisting principally of corporate bonds. The Company has the ability to hold such investments until recovery of temporary declines in market value or maturity. However, the Company can provide no assurance that it will recover declines in the market value of its investments. The Company is exposed primarily to fluctuations in the level of U.S. interest rates. To the extent that interest rates rise, fixed interest investments may be adversely impacted, whereas a decline in interest rates may decrease the anticipated interest income for variable rate investments. The Company is exposed to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. The Company typically does not attempt to reduce or eliminate its market exposures on its investment securities because the majority of its investments are short-term. The Company’s trade receivables are geographically diverse, mainly in the Asia Pacific, and also in the United States and Europe. Concentration of credit risk with respect to trade receivables is limited by credit limits, ongoing credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and to date has not experienced any material losses. The Company makes estimates of expected credit losses for based upon its assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the trade receivable balances, credit quality of its customers, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from customers.
|  | Balance at beginning of period |  |  | Additions |  |  | Deduction |  |  | Balance at end of period |
Year ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 313 |
Year ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | (164 | ) |  | $ | 288 |
Year ended December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 327 |  |  | $ | 1,443 |  |  | $ | (1,470 | ) |  | $ | 300 |
The Company has no off-balance-sheet concentration of credit risk. Derivative and hedging activities: The Company follows the requirements of FASB ASC No. 815,” Derivatives and Hedging” which requires companies to recognize all of their derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in the statement of financial position at fair value. The accounting for changes in fair value (i.e., gains or losses) of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging transaction and further, on the type of hedging transaction. For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, a company must designate the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. Due to the Company’s global operations, it is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations in the normal course of its business. The Company’s treasury policy allows it to offset the risks associated with the effects of certain foreign currency exposures through the purchase of foreign exchange forward or option contracts (“Hedging Contracts”). The policy, however, prohibits the Company from speculating on such Hedging Contracts for profit. To protect against the increase in value of forecasted foreign currency cash flow resulting from salaries paid in currencies other than the U.S. dollar during the year, the Company instituted a foreign currency cash flow hedging program. The Company hedges portions of the anticipated payroll of its non-U.S. employees denominated in the currencies other than the U.S. dollar for a period of one to twelve months with Hedging Contracts. Accordingly, when the dollar strengthens against the foreign currencies, the decline in present value of future foreign currency expenses is offset by losses in the fair value of the Hedging Contracts. Conversely, when the dollar weakens, the increase in the present value of future foreign currency expenses is offset by gains in the fair value of the Hedging Contracts. These Hedging Contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge (i.e., hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk), the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. As of December 31, 2021, and 2022, the notional principal amount of the Hedging Contracts to sell U.S. dollars held by the Company was $4,500 and $12,200, respectively. Advertising expenses: Advertising expenses are charged to consolidated statements of income (loss) as incurred. Advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 were $559, $623 and $746, respectively. Treasury stock: The Company repurchases its common stock from time to time pursuant to a board-authorized share repurchase program through open market purchases and repurchase plans. The repurchases of common stock are accounted for as treasury stock, and result in a reduction of stockholders’ equity. When treasury shares are reissued, the Company accounts for the reissuance in accordance with FASB ASC No. 505-30, “Treasury Stock” and charges the excess of the repurchase cost over issuance price using the weighted average method to retained earnings. The purchase cost is calculated based on the specific identified method. In the case where the repurchase cost over issuance price using the weighted average method is lower than the issuance price, the Company credits the difference to additional paid-in capital. Net income (loss) per share of common stock: Basic net income (loss) per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each year. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each year, plus dilutive potential shares of common stock considered outstanding during the year, in accordance with FASB ASC No. 260, “Earnings Per Share.”
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (2,379 | ) |  | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | (23,183 | )
Denominator (in thousands): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted-average common stock outstanding |  |  | 22,107 |  |  |  | 22,819 |  |  |  | 23,172 |
Effect of stock-based awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | 432 |  |  |  | — |
Diluted weighted-average common stock outstanding |  |  | 22,107 |  |  |  | 23,251 |  |  |  | 23,172 |
Basic net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | (1.00 | )
Diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | (1.00 | )
The total number of shares related to outstanding equity-based awards excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share, since their effect was anti-dilutive, was 1,132,017 for the years ended December 31, 2020. The weighted-average number of shares related to outstanding equity-based awards excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share, since their effect was anti-dilutive, were 65,073 shares for the year ended December 31, 2021. The total number of shares related to outstanding equity-based awards excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share, since their effect was anti-dilutive, was 985,277 for the years ended December 31, 2022. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncement, Not Yet Adopted by the Company: In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, which clarifies the guidance when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security and introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to result in a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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