10-Q 1 nymt-09302017x10q.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to ____________
Commission file number 001-32216
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Maryland | 47-0934168
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

275 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
(Address of Principal Executive Office) (Zip Code)
(212) 792-0107
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer ☒ | Accelerated Filer ☐ | Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ | Smaller Reporting Company ☐ | Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on November 7, 2017 was 111,854,023.

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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
FORM 10-Q

PART I. Financial Information |
| Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2016 | 3
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 | 4
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 | 5
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 | 6
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 | 7
| Unaudited Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
| Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 63
| Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 96
| Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 101
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
| Item 1A. Risk Factors | 101
| Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 101
| Item 6. Exhibits | 102
SIGNATURES | 105

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except share data)

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Investment securities, available for sale, at fair value (including $46,623 and $43,897 held in securitization trusts as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and pledged securities of $493,632 and $690,592, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively) | $ | 674,161 |  |  | $ | 818,976 |
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, net | 79,875 |  |  | 95,144 |
Residential mortgage loans, at fair value | 69,512 |  |  | 17,769 |
Distressed residential mortgage loans, net (including $133,972 and $195,347 held in securitization trusts as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively) | 369,651 |  |  | 503,094 |
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value | 8,399,334 |  |  | 6,939,844 |
Derivative assets | 182,115 |  |  | 150,296 |
Receivable for securities sold | 1,261 |  |  | — |
Cash and cash equivalents | 101,904 |  |  | 83,554 |
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 51,268 |  |  | 79,259 |
Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments | 122,578 |  |  | 100,150 |
Real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities | 64,097 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 25,222 |  |  | 25,222 |
Receivables and other assets | 123,944 |  |  | 138,323 |
Total Assets (1) | $ | 10,264,922 |  |  | $ | 8,951,631 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Financing arrangements, portfolio investments | $ | 608,304 |  |  | $ | 773,142 |
Financing arrangements, residential mortgage loans | 160,562 |  |  | 192,419 |
Residential collateralized debt obligations | 76,867 |  |  | 91,663 |
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations, at fair value | 7,990,619 |  |  | 6,624,896 |
Securitized debt | 98,371 |  |  | 158,867 |
Mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities | 57,342 |  |  | 1,588 |
Derivative liabilities | 467 |  |  | 498 |
Payable for securities purchased | 181,718 |  |  | 148,015 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 71,394 |  |  | 64,381 |
Subordinated debentures | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |
Convertible notes | 128,273 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities (1) | 9,418,917 |  |  | 8,100,469 |
Commitments and Contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 7.75% Series B cumulative redeemable, $25 liquidation preference per share, 6,000,000 shares authorized, 3,000,000 shares issued and outstanding | 72,397 |  |  | 72,397 |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 7.875% Series C cumulative redeemable, $25 liquidation preference per share, 4,140,000 shares authorized, 3,600,000 shares issued and outstanding | 86,862 |  |  | 86,862 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, 111,854,023 and 111,474,521 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, and December 31, 2016, respectively | 1,119 |  |  | 1,115 |
Additional paid-in capital | 750,438 |  |  | 748,599 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 9,203 |  |  | 1,639 |
Accumulated deficit | (77,966 | ) |  | (62,537 | )
Company's stockholders' equity | 842,053 |  |  | 848,075 |
Non-controlling interest in consolidated variable interest entities | 3,952 |  |  | 3,087 |
Total equity | 846,005 |  |  | 851,162 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | $ | 10,264,922 |  |  | $ | 8,951,631 |

(1) | Our condensed consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities ("VIEs") as the Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, assets of consolidated VIEs totaled $8,799,352 and $7,330,872, respectively, and the liabilities of consolidated VIEs totaled $8,255,541 and $6,902,536, respectively. See Note 10 for further discussion.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities and other | $ | 9,716 |  |  | $ | 8,587 |  |  | $ | 29,716 |  |  | $ | 25,612 |
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts | 76,186 |  |  | 62,126 |  |  | 213,242 |  |  | 187,427 |
Residential mortgage loans | 1,556 |  |  | 947 |  |  | 4,163 |  |  | 2,705 |
Distressed residential mortgage loans | 3,924 |  |  | 7,865 |  |  | 16,627 |  |  | 25,173 |
Total interest income | 91,382 |  |  | 79,525 |  |  | 263,748 |  |  | 240,917 |
INTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities and other | 5,759 |  |  | 4,598 |  |  | 17,132 |  |  | 12,409 |
Convertible notes | 2,630 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,220 |  |  | — |
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations | 67,030 |  |  | 55,359 |  |  | 187,835 |  |  | 167,783 |
Residential collateralized debt obligations | 403 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 978 |  |  | 937 |
Securitized debt | 1,651 |  |  | 3,209 |  |  | 5,937 |  |  | 8,436 |
Subordinated debentures | 589 |  |  | 519 |  |  | 1,699 |  |  | 1,528 |
Total interest expense | 78,062 |  |  | 64,007 |  |  | 220,801 |  |  | 191,093 |
NET INTEREST INCOME | 13,320 |  |  | 15,518 |  |  | 42,947 |  |  | 49,824 |
OTHER INCOME (LOSS): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recovery of (provision for) loan losses | 563 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 452 |  |  | 661 |
Realized gain on investment securities and related hedges, net | 4,059 |  |  | 2,306 |  |  | 3,951 |  |  | 5,333 |
Realized gain on distressed residential mortgage loans at carrying value, net | 6,689 |  |  | 6,416 |  |  | 21,024 |  |  | 11,990 |
Net gain on residential mortgage loans at fair value | 717 |  |  | — |  |  | 717 |  |  | — |
Unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities and related hedges, net | 1,192 |  |  | 1,563 |  |  | 1,687 |  |  | (1,594 | )
Unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, net | 2,353 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 5,184 |  |  | 2,340 |
Income from operating real estate and real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities | 2,429 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,746 |  |  | — |
Other income | 6,916 |  |  | 5,635 |  |  | 12,037 |  |  | 16,833 |
Total other income | 24,918 |  |  | 16,632 |  |  | 49,798 |  |  | 35,563 |
Base management and incentive fees | 1,386 |  |  | 1,453 |  |  | 4,355 |  |  | 7,958 |
Expenses related to distressed residential mortgage loans | 2,225 |  |  | 2,398 |  |  | 6,682 |  |  | 8,332 |
Expenses related to operating real estate and real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities | 3,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,558 |  |  | — |
Other general and administrative expenses | 4,242 |  |  | 4,854 |  |  | 14,196 |  |  | 11,711 |
Total general, administrative and operating expenses | 10,996 |  |  | 8,705 |  |  | 32,791 |  |  | 28,001 |
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 27,242 |  |  | 23,445 |  |  | 59,954 |  |  | 57,386 |
Income tax expense | 507 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 2,187 |  |  | 2,720 |
NET INCOME | 26,735 |  |  | 23,282 |  |  | 57,767 |  |  | 54,666 |
Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest in consolidated variable interest entities | 1,110 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 3,597 |  |  | (12 | )
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY | 27,845 |  |  | 23,268 |  |  | 61,364 |  |  | 54,654 |
Preferred stock dividends | (3,225 | ) |  | (3,225 | ) |  | (9,675 | ) |  | (9,675 | )
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | 24,620 |  |  | $ | 20,043 |  |  | $ | 51,689 |  |  | $ | 44,979 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic | 111,886 |  |  | 109,569 |  |  | 111,824 |  |  | 109,487 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted | 131,580 |  |  | 109,569 |  |  | 129,931 |  |  | 109,487 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | 24,620 |  |  | $ | 20,043 |  |  | $ | 51,689 |  |  | $ | 44,979 |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in fair value of available for sale securities | 4,560 |  |  | 1,469 |  |  | 11,946 |  |  | 13,045 |
Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in net income | (3,538 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,298 | ) |  | — |
(Decrease) increase in in fair value of derivative instruments utilized for cash flow hedges | (176 | ) |  | 521 |  |  | (84 | ) |  | (607 | )
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | 846 |  |  | 1,990 |  |  | 7,564 |  |  | 12,438 |
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | 25,466 |  |  | $ | 22,033 |  |  | $ | 59,253 |  |  | $ | 57,417 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Preferred Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Total Company Stockholders' Equity |  | Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2016 | $ | 1,115 |  |  | $ | 159,259 |  |  | $ | 748,599 |  |  | $ | (62,537 | ) |  | $ | 1,639 |  |  | $ | 848,075 |  |  | $ | 3,087 |  |  | $ | 851,162 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,364 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,364 |  |  | (3,597 | ) |  | 57,767 |
Common Stock issuance, net | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,839 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,843 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,843 |
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67,118 | ) |  | — |  |  | (67,118 | ) |  | — |  |  | (67,118 | )
Dividends declared on preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,675 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,675 | ) |  |  |  | (9,675 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,298 | ) |  | (4,298 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,298 | )
Increase in fair value on available for sale securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,946 |  |  | 11,946 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,946 |
Decrease in fair value of derivative instruments utilized for cash flow hedges | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (84 | ) |  | (84 | ) |  | — |  |  | (84 | )
Increase in non-controlling interest related to initial consolidation of variable interest entities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,462 |  |  | 4,462 |
Balance, September 30, 2017 | $ | 1,119 |  |  | $ | 159,259 |  |  | $ | 750,438 |  |  | $ | (77,966 | ) |  | $ | 9,203 |  |  | $ | 842,053 |  |  | $ | 3,952 |  |  | $ | 846,005 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 57,767 |  |  | $ | 54,666 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Net amortization | 2,248 |  |  | 5,713 |
Realized gain on investment securities and related hedges, net | (3,951 | ) |  | (5,333 | )
Net gain on distressed residential mortgage and residential mortgage loans | (21,741 | ) |  | (11,990 | )
Unrealized (gain) loss on investment securities and related hedges, net | (1,687 | ) |  | 1,594 |
Gain on remeasurement of existing membership interest in businesses acquired | — |  |  | (5,052 | )
Gain on bargain purchase on businesses acquired | — |  |  | (65 | )
Unrealized gain on loans and debt held in multi-family securitization trusts | (5,184 | ) |  | (2,340 | )
Net decrease in loans held for sale | 24 |  |  | 432 |
Recovery of loan losses | (452 | ) |  | (661 | )
Income from unconsolidated entity, mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments | (21,507 | ) |  | (16,934 | )
Distributions of income from unconsolidated entity, mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments | 17,348 |  |  | 12,085 |
Amortization of stock based compensation, net | 1,268 |  |  | 514 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Receivables and other assets | (7,823 | ) |  | 8,288 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 9,875 |  |  | 3,687 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 26,185 |  |  | 44,604 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash and restricted cash acquired | — |  |  | (28,447 | )
Cash received from initial consolidation of variable interest entities | 112 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sales of investment securities | 100,937 |  |  | 198,280 |
Purchases of investment securities | (129,923 | ) |  | (339,650 | )
Redemption of FHLBI stock | — |  |  | 5,423 |
Purchases of other assets | (23 | ) |  | (85 | )
Capital expenditures on operating real estate and real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities | (191 | ) |  | — |
Funding of mezzanine loans, equity and preferred equity investments | (45,101 | ) |  | (40,860 | )
Principal repayments received on mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments | 18,947 |  |  | 464 |
Return of capital from unconsolidated entity investments | 23,395 |  |  | 6,002 |
Net proceeds on other derivative instruments settled during the period | 3,950 |  |  | 8,155 |
Principal repayments received on residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts | 14,190 |  |  | 19,607 |
Principal repayments and proceeds from sales and refinancing of distressed residential mortgage loans | 179,108 |  |  | 100,217 |
Principal repayments received on multi-family loans held in securitization trusts | 104,962 |  |  | 91,914 |
Principal paydowns on investment securities - available for sale | 170,133 |  |  | 84,592 |
Proceeds from sale of real estate owned | 5,656 |  |  | 1,525 |
Purchases of residential mortgage loans and distressed residential mortgage loans | (81,472 | ) |  | (52,130 | )
Purchases of investments held in multi-family securitization trusts | (65,453 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided by investing activities | 299,227 |  |  | 55,007 |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |
(Payments made on) net proceeds from financing arrangements, including FHLBI advances and payments | (197,590 | ) |  | 64,185 |
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes, net | 126,995 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of securitized debt | — |  |  | 167,724 |
Common stock issuance, net | 574 |  |  | 385 |
Dividends paid on common stock | (71,501 | ) |  | (78,811 | )
Dividends paid on preferred stock | (9,675 | ) |  | (9,675 | )
Payments made on mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities | (266 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities | 4,425 |  |  | — |
Payments made on residential collateralized debt obligations | (14,856 | ) |  | (20,736 | )
Payments made on multi-family collateralized debt obligations | (104,958 | ) |  | (91,901 | )
Payments made on securitized debt | (62,098 | ) |  | (53,354 | )
Redemption of preferred debt | — |  |  | (16,255 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (328,950 | ) |  | (38,438 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

Net (Decrease) Increase in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | (3,538 | ) |  | 61,173 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash - Beginning of Period | 139,530 |  |  | 82,742 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash - End of Period | $ | 135,992 |  |  | $ | 143,915 |
Supplemental Disclosure: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 245,891 |  |  | $ | 226,555 |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 2,153 |  |  | $ | 2,172 |
Non-Cash Investment Activities: |  |  |
Sales of investment securities not yet settled | $ | 1,261 |  |  | $ | — |
Purchase of investment securities not yet settled | $ | 181,718 |  |  | $ | 290,833 |
Consolidation of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts | $ | 1,537,526 |  |  | $ | — |
Consolidation of multi-family collateralized debt obligations | $ | 1,472,073 |  |  | $ | — |
Transfer from residential loans to real estate owned | $ | 6,221 |  |  | $ | 5,844 |
Non-Cash Financing Activities: |  |  |
Dividends declared on common stock to be paid in subsequent period | $ | 22,371 |  |  | $ | 26,296 |
Dividends declared on preferred stock to be paid in subsequent period | $ | 3,225 |  |  | $ | 3,225 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(unaudited)

1. | Organization

New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries ("NYMT," "we," "our," or the “Company"), is a real estate investment trust, or REIT, in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing mortgage-related and residential housing-related assets and financial assets. Our objective is to deliver stable distributions to our stockholders over diverse economic conditions through a combination of income generated by net interest margin and net realized capital gains from our diversified investment portfolio. Our portfolio includes residential mortgage loans, including loans sourced from distressed markets and second mortgage loans, multi-family CMBS, preferred equity and joint venture equity investments in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, equity and debt securities issued by entities that invest in residential and commercial real estate, non-Agency RMBS, Agency RMBS consisting of fixed-rate, adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS and Agency IOs consisting of interest only and inverse interest-only RMBS that represent the right to the interest component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans and certain other investments in mortgage-related and residential housing-related assets and financial assets.
The Company conducts its business through the parent company, New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., and several subsidiaries, including special purpose subsidiaries established for residential loan, distressed residential loan and CMBS securitization purposes, taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs") and qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs"). The Company consolidates all of its subsidiaries under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
The Company is organized and conducts its operations to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As such, the Company will generally not be subject to federal income tax on that portion of its income that is distributed to stockholders if it distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders by the due date of its federal income tax return and complies with various other requirements.
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2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Definitions – The following defines certain of the commonly used terms in these financial statements:
“RMBS” refers to residential adjustable-rate, hybrid adjustable-rate, fixed-rate, interest only and inverse interest only and principal only mortgage-backed securities;
“Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS representing interests in or obligations backed by pools of mortgage loans issued or guaranteed by a federally chartered corporation (“GSE”), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), or an agency of the U.S. government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”);
“Non-Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS backed by prime jumbo mortgage loans and re-performing and non-performing mortgage loans;
“IOs” refers collectively to interest only and inverse interest only mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the interest component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
“POs” refers to mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the principal component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
“Agency IOs” refers to an IO that represents the right to the interest component of the cash flows from a pool of residential mortgage loans issued or guaranteed by a GSE or an agency of the U.S. government;
“ARMs” refers to adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans;
“Prime ARM loans” and “residential securitized loans” each refer to prime credit quality residential ARM loans held in securitization trusts formed in 2005;
“Agency ARMs” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS;
"Agency fixed-rate RMBS" refers to Agency RMBS comprised of fixed-rate RMBS;
“CMBS” refers to commercial mortgage-backed securities comprised of commercial mortgage pass-through securities, as well as IO or PO securities that represent the right to a specific component of the cash flow from a pool of commercial mortgage loans;
“Multi-family CMBS” refers to CMBS backed by commercial mortgage loans on multi-family properties;
“CDOs” refers to collateralized debt obligations; and
“CLO” refers to collateralized loan obligations.
Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 has been derived from audited financial statements. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2017, the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 are unaudited. In our opinion, all adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows have been made. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted in accordance with Article 10 of Regulation S-X and the instructions to Form 10-Q. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management has made significant estimates in several areas, including valuation of its CMBS investments, multi-family loans held in securitization trusts and multi-family CDOs, as well as, income recognition on distressed residential mortgage loans purchased at a discount. Although the Company’s estimates contemplate current conditions and how it expects them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be different than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially impact the Company’s results of operations and its financial condition.
Reclassifications – Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified in the condensed consolidated financial statements to conform to current period presentation.
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Principles of Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities – The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of all its subsidiaries which are majority-owned, controlled by the Company or a variable interest entity ("VIE") where the Company is the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The Company consolidates a VIE when it is the primary beneficiary of such VIE, herein referred to as a "Consolidated VIE". As primary beneficiary, the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.
Business Combinations – The Company evaluates each purchase transaction to determine whether the acquired assets meet the definition of a business. The Company accounts for business combinations by applying the acquisition method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). Transaction costs related to acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests, if any, in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests, if any, in an acquired entity, net of fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity, is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and liabilities.
Contingent consideration is classified as a liability or equity, as applicable. Contingent consideration in connection with the acquisition of a business is measured at fair value on acquisition date, and unless classified as equity, is remeasured at fair value each reporting period thereafter until the consideration is settled, with changes in fair value included in net income.
Net cash paid to acquire a business is classified as investing activities on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
On May 16, 2016, the Company acquired the outstanding membership interests in RiverBanc LLC ("RiverBanc"), RB Multifamily Investors LLC ("RBMI"), and RB Development Holding Company, LLC ("RBDHC") that were not previously owned by the Company through the consummation of separate membership interest purchase agreements, thereby increasing the Company's ownership of each of these entities to 100% (see Note 23). These transactions were accounted for by applying the acquisition method for business combinations under ASC 805.
On March 31, 2017, the Company determined that it became the primary beneficiary of 200 RHC Hoover, LLC ("Riverchase Landing") and The Clusters, LLC ("The Clusters"), two variable interest entities that each own a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company holds preferred equity investments. Accordingly, on this date, the Company consolidated both Riverchase Landing and The Clusters into its condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810"). These transactions were accounted for by applying the acquisition method for business combinations under ASC 805 (see Note 10).
Investment Securities Available for Sale – The Company's investment securities, where the fair value option has not been elected and which are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in Other Comprehensive Income (“OCI”), include Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS. The Company has elected the fair value option for its Agency IOs, U.S. Treasury securities, and certain Agency ARMs and Agency fixed-rate RMBS within the Agency IO portfolio, which measures unrealized gains and losses through earnings in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value option was elected for these investment securities to better match the accounting for these investment securities with the related derivative instruments within the Agency IO portfolio, which are not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes.
The Company generally intends to hold its investment securities until maturity; however, from time to time, it may sell any of its securities as part of the overall management of its business. As a result, our investment securities are classified as available for sale securities. Realized gains and losses recorded on the sale of investment securities available for sale are based on the specific identification method and included in realized gain (loss) on investment securities and related hedges in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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Interest income on our investment securities available for sale is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance and their contractual terms. Purchase premiums or discounts on investment securities are amortized or accreted to interest income over the estimated life of the investment securities using the effective yield method. Adjustments to amortization are made for actual prepayment activity.
Interest income on certain of our credit sensitive securities, such as our CMBS that were purchased at a discount to par value, is recognized based on the security’s effective interest rate. The effective interest rate on these securities is based on management’s estimate of the projected cash flows from each security, which are estimated based on assumptions related to fluctuations in interest rates, prepayment speeds and the timing and amount of credit losses. On at least a quarterly basis, management reviews and, if appropriate, adjusts its cash flow projections based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and its judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. Changes in cash flows from those originally projected, or from those estimated at the last evaluation, may result in a prospective change in the yield/interest income recognized on these securities.
A portion of the purchase discount on the Company’s first loss tranche PO multi-family CMBS is designated as non-accretable purchase discount or credit reserve, which partially mitigates the Company’s risk of loss on the mortgages collateralizing such multi-family CMBS, and is not expected to be accreted into interest income. The amount designated as a credit reserve may be adjusted over time, based on the actual performance of the security, its underlying collateral, actual and projected cash flow from such collateral, economic conditions and other factors. If the performance of a security with a credit reserve is more favorable than forecasted, a portion of the amount designated as credit reserve may be accreted into interest income over time. Conversely, if the performance of a security with a credit reserve is less favorable than forecasted, the amount designated as credit reserve may be increased, or impairment charges and writedowns of such securities to a new cost basis could be required.
The Company accounts for debt securities that are of high credit quality (generally those rated AA or better by a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization, or NRSRO) at date of acquisition in accordance with ASC 320-10, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities ("ASC 320-10"). The Company accounts for debt securities that are not of high credit quality (i.e., those whose risk of loss is less than remote) or securities that can be contractually prepaid such that we would not recover our initial investment at the date of acquisition in accordance with ASC 325-40, Investments - Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets ("ASC 325-40"). The Company considers credit ratings, the underlying credit risk and other market factors in determining whether the debt securities are of high credit quality; however, securities rated lower than AA or an equivalent rating are not considered of high credit quality and are accounted for in accordance with ASC 325-40. If ratings are inconsistent among NRSROs, the Company uses the lower rating in determining whether the securities are of high credit quality.
The Company assesses its impaired securities on at least a quarterly basis and designates such impairments as either “temporary” or “other-than-temporary” by applying the guidance prescribed in ASC 320-10. When the fair value of an investment security is less than its amortized cost as of the reporting balance sheet date, the security is considered impaired. If the Company intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the impaired security before its anticipated recovery, then it must recognize an other-than-temporary impairment through earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost and its fair value as of the balance sheet date. If the Company does not expect to sell an other-than-temporarily impaired security, only the portion of the other-than-temporary impairment related to credit losses is recognized through earnings with the remainder recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Impairments recognized through other comprehensive income (loss) do not impact earnings. Following the recognition of an other-than-temporary impairment through earnings, a new cost basis is established for the security, which may not be adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value through earnings. However, other-than-temporary impairments recognized through earnings may be accreted back to the amortized cost basis of the security on a prospective basis through interest income. The determination as to whether an other-than-temporary impairment exists and, if so, the amount considered other-than-temporarily impaired is subjective, as such determinations are based on both factual and subjective information available at the time of assessment as well the Company’s estimates of the future performance and cash flow projections. As a result, the timing and amount of other-than-temporary impairments constitute material estimates that are susceptible to significant change.
In determining the other-than temporary impairment related to credit losses for securities that are not of high credit quality, the Company compares the present value of the remaining cash flows expected to be collected at the prior reporting date or purchase date, whichever is most recent, against the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected at the current financial reporting date. The Company considers information available about the past and expected future performance of underlying mortgage loans, including timing of expected future cash flows, prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities and delinquency rates.
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Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are comprised of certain ARM loans transferred to Consolidated VIEs that have been securitized into sequentially rated classes of beneficial interests. The Company accounted for these securitization trusts as financings which are consolidated into the Company’s financial statements. Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are carried at their unpaid principal balances, net of unamortized premium or discount, unamortized loan origination costs and allowance for loan losses. Interest income is accrued and recognized as revenue when earned according to the terms of the mortgage loans and when, in the opinion of management, it is collectible. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the interest is not collectible in the normal course of business, but in all cases when payment becomes greater than 90 days delinquent. Loans return to accrual status when principal and interest become current and are anticipated to be fully collectible.
We establish an allowance for loan losses based on management's judgment and estimate of credit losses inherent in our portfolio of residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts. Estimation involves the consideration of various credit-related factors, including but not limited to, macro-economic conditions, current housing market conditions, loan-to-value ratios, delinquency status, historical credit loss severity rates, purchased mortgage insurance, the borrower's current economic condition and other factors deemed to warrant consideration. Additionally, we look at the balance of any delinquent loan and compare that to the current value of the collateralizing property. We utilize various home valuation methodologies including appraisals, broker pricing opinions, internet-based property data services to review comparable properties in the same area or consult with a broker in the property's area.
Residential Mortgage Loans, at fair value – Certain of the Company’s acquired residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans and second lien mortgages, are presented at fair value on its condensed consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election made at the time of acquisition pursuant to ASC 825. Changes in fair value are recorded in current period earnings in net gain on residential mortgage loans at fair value in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Premiums and discounts associated with the purchase of residential mortgage loans, at fair value are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the related loan using the effective interest method. Any premium amortization or discount accretion is reflected as a component of interest income, residential mortgage loans in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Acquired Distressed Residential Mortgage Loans – Distressed residential mortgage loans are comprised of pools of fixed and adjustable rate residential mortgage loans acquired by the Company at a discount, with evidence of credit deterioration since their origination and where it is possible that the Company will not collect all contractually required principal payments. Distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are distressed residential mortgage loans transferred to Consolidated VIEs that have been securitized into beneficial interests. The Company accounted for these securitization trusts as financings which are consolidated into the Company’s financial statements.
Acquired distressed residential mortgage loans that have evidence of deteriorated credit quality at acquisition are accounted for under ASC 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality ("ASC 310-30"). Management evaluates whether there is evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the acquisition date using indicators such as past due or modified status, risk ratings, recent borrower credit scores and recent loan-to-value percentages. Acquired distressed residential mortgage loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, with no allowance for loan losses. Under ASC 310-30, the acquired loans may be accounted for individually or aggregated and accounted for as a pool of loans if the loans being aggregated have common risk characteristics. A pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an expectation of aggregate cash flows. Once a pool is assembled, it is treated as if it was one loan for purposes of applying the accounting guidance.
Under ASC 310-30, the excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying amount of the loans, referred to as the “accretable yield,” is accreted into interest income over the life of the loans in each pool or individually using a level yield methodology. Accordingly, our acquired distressed residential mortgage loans accounted for under ASC 310-30 are not subject to classification as nonaccrual classification in the same manner as our residential mortgage loans that were not distressed when acquired by us. Rather, interest income on acquired distressed residential mortgage loans relates to the accretable yield recognized at the pool level or on an individual loan basis, and not to contractual interest payments received at the loan level. The difference between contractually required principal and interest payments and the cash flows expected to be collected, referred to as the “nonaccretable difference,” includes estimates of both the impact of prepayments and expected credit losses over the life of the individual loan, or the pool (for loans grouped into a pool).
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Management monitors actual cash collections against its expectations, and revised cash flow estimates are prepared as necessary. A decrease in expected cash flows in subsequent periods may indicate that the loan pool or individual loan, as applicable, is impaired, thus requiring the establishment of an allowance for loan losses by a charge to the provision for loan losses. An increase in expected cash flows in subsequent periods initially reduces any previously established allowance for loan losses by the increase in the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, and results in a recalculation of the amount of accretable yield for the loan pool. The adjustment of accretable yield due to an increase in expected cash flows is accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate. The additional cash flows expected to be collected are reclassified from the nonaccretable difference to the accretable yield, and the amount of periodic accretion is adjusted accordingly over the remaining life of the loans in the pool or individual loan, as applicable. The impacts of (i) prepayments, (ii) changes in variable interest rates, and (iii) any other changes in the timing of expected cash flows are recognized prospectively as adjustments to interest income.
A distressed residential mortgage loan disposal, which may include a loan sale, receipt of payment in full from the borrower or foreclosure, results in removal of the loan from the loan pool at its allocated carrying amount. In the event of a sale of the loan and receipt of payment (in full or partial) from the borrower, a gain or loss on sale is recognized and reported based on the difference between the sales proceeds or payment from the borrower and the allocated carrying amount of the acquired distressed residential mortgage loan. In the case of a foreclosure, an individual loan is removed from the pool and a loss on sale is recognized if the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. A gain is not recognized if the fair value of collateral less costs to sell exceeds the carrying value.
The Company uses the specific allocation method for the removal of loans as the estimated cash flows and related carrying amount for each individual loan are known. In these cases, the remaining accretable yield is unaffected and any material change in remaining effective yield caused by the removal of the loan from the pool is addressed by the re-assessment of the estimate of cash flows for the pool prospectively.
Acquired distressed residential mortgage loans subject to modification are not removed from the pool even if those loans would otherwise be considered troubled debt restructurings because the pool, and not the individual loan, represents the unit of account.
For individual loans not accounted for in pools that are sold or satisfied by payment in full, a gain or loss on sale is recognized and reported based on the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the acquired distressed residential mortgage loan. In the case of a foreclosure, a loss is recognized if the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. A gain is not recognized if the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell exceeds the carrying value.
Multi-Family Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts are comprised of multi-family mortgage loans held in Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitizations (the “Consolidated K-Series”). Based on a number of factors, we determined that we were the primary beneficiary of each VIE within the Consolidated K-Series, met the criteria for consolidation and, accordingly, have consolidated these Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitizations, including their assets, liabilities, income and expenses in our condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company has elected the fair value option on each of the assets and liabilities held within the Consolidated K-Series, which requires that changes in valuations be reflected in the Company's accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations. The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-13 Measuring the Financial Assets and the Financial Liabilities of a Consolidated Collateralized Financing Entity, effective January 1, 2016. As a result, the Company measures both the financial assets and financial liabilities of a qualifying collateralized financing entity ("CFE") using the fair value of either the CFE’s financial assets or financial liabilities, whichever is more observable. As the Company’s securitization trusts are considered qualifying CFEs, the Company determines the fair value of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts based on the fair value of its multi-family collateralized debt obligations and its retained interests from these securitizations (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable.
Interest income is accrued and recognized as revenue when earned according to the terms of the multi-family loans and when, in the opinion of management, it is collectible. The accrual of interest on multi-family loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the interest is not collectible in the normal course of business, but in all cases when payment becomes greater than 90 days delinquent. The multi-family loans return to accrual status when principal and interest become current and are anticipated to be fully collectible.
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Mezzanine Loan and Preferred Equity Investments – The Company invests in mezzanine loans and preferred equity of entities that have significant real estate assets. The mezzanine loan is secured by a pledge of the borrower’s equity ownership in the property. Unlike a mortgage, this loan does not represent a lien on the property. Therefore, it is always junior and subordinate to any first-lien as well as second liens, if applicable, on the property. These loans are senior to any preferred equity or common equity interests.
A preferred equity investment is an equity investment in the entity that owns the underlying property. Preferred equity is not secured by the underlying property, but holders have priority relative to common equity holders on cash flow distributions and proceeds from capital events. In addition, preferred equity holders may be able to enhance their position and protect their equity position with covenants that limit the entity’s activities and grant the holder the exclusive right to control the property after an event of default.
Mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments, where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to mezzanine loans, are accounted for as loans and are stated at unpaid principal balance, adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or expenses, net of valuation allowances. The Company has evaluated its mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments for accounting treatment as loans versus equity investment utilizing the guidance provided by the ADC Arrangements Subsection of ASC 310, Receivables.
For mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments where the characteristics, facts and circumstances indicate that loan accounting treatment is appropriate, the Company accretes or amortizes any discounts or premiums and deferred fees and expenses over the life of the related asset utilizing the effective interest method or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
Management evaluates the collectibility of both interest and principal of each of these loans, if circumstances warrant, to determine whether they are impaired. A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the existing contractual terms. When a loan is impaired, the amount of the loss accrual is calculated by comparing the carrying amount of the investment to the estimated fair value of the loan or, as a practical expedient, to the value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Interest income is accrued and recognized as revenue when earned according to the terms of the loans and when, in the opinion of management, it is collectible. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the interest is not collectible in the normal course of business, but in all cases when payment becomes greater than 90 days delinquent. Loans return to accrual status when principal and interest become current and are anticipated to be fully collectible.
Mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to an equity investment are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. See “Investment in Unconsolidated Entities.”
Mortgage Loans Held for Investment – Mortgage loans held for investment are stated at unpaid principal balance, adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or expenses, net of valuation allowances, and are included in receivables and other assets. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on the loan’s contractual interest rate. Amortization of premiums and discounts is recorded using the effective yield method. Interest income, amortization of premiums and discounts and prepayment fees are reported in interest income. A loan is considered to be impaired when it is probable that based upon current information and events, the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due under the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Based on the facts and circumstances of the individual loans being impaired, loan specific valuation allowances are established for the excess carrying value of the loan over either: (i) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, (ii) the estimated fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral if the loan is in the process of foreclosure or otherwise collateral dependent, or (iii) the loan’s observable market price.
Investment in Unconsolidated Entities – Non-controlling, unconsolidated ownership interests in an entity may be accounted for using the equity method or the cost method. In circumstances where the Company has a non-controlling interest but either owns a significant interest or is able to exert influence over the affairs of the enterprise, the Company utilizes the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the initial investment is increased each period for additional capital contributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s earnings or preferred return and decreased for cash distributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s losses. Management periodically reviews its investments for impairment based on projected cash flows from the entity over the holding period. When any impairment is identified, the investments are written down to recoverable amounts.
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The Company may elect the fair value option for an investment in an unconsolidated entity that is accounted for using the equity method. The Company elected the fair value option for certain investments in unconsolidated entities that own interests (directly or indirectly) in commercial and residential real estate assets because the Company determined that such presentation represents the underlying economics of the respective investment. The Company records the change in fair value of its investment in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations (s ee Note 8).
Operating Real Estate Held in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities, Net – The Company records its initial investments in income-producing real estate at fair value at the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 805. The purchase price of acquired properties is apportioned to the tangible and identified intangible assets and liabilities acquired at their respective estimated fair values. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes a number of sources, including independent appraisals that may be obtained in connection with the acquisition or financing of the respective real estate, its own analysis of recently-acquired and existing comparable properties, property financial results, and other market data. The Company also considers information obtained about the real estate as a result of its due diligence, including marketing and leasing activities, in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired. The Company considers the value of acquired in-place leases and utilizes an amortization period that is the average remaining term of the acquired leases. The Company has reclassified its operating real estate held in consolidated variable interest entities to real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities as of September 30, 2017.
Depreciation of Real Estate – The Company depreciates on a straight-line basis the building component of its real estate over a 30-year estimated useful life, building and improvements over a 10-year to 30-year estimated useful life, and furniture, fixtures and equipment over a 5-year estimated useful life, all of which are judgmental determinations. Betterments and certain costs directly related to the improvement of real estate are capitalized. Expenditures for ordinary maintenance and repairs are expensed to operations as incurred.
Real Estate Held for Sale in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities - The Company classifies its long-lived assets as held for sale in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. When real estate assets are identified as held for sale, the Company discontinues depreciating (amortizing) the assets and estimates the fair value, net of selling costs, of such assets. Real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities is recorded at the lower of the net carrying amount of the assets or the estimated net fair value. If the estimated net fair value of the real estate held for sale is less than the net carrying amount of the assets, an impairment charge is recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations with an allocation to non-controlling interests in the respective VIEs, if any.
The Company assesses the net fair value of real estate held for sale each reporting period the assets remain classified as held for sale. Subsequent changes, if any, in the net fair value of the real estate assets held for sale that require an adjustment to the carrying amount are recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations with an allocation to non-controlling interests in the respective VIEs, if any, unless the adjustment causes the carrying amount of the assets to exceed the net carrying amount upon initial classification as held for sale.
If circumstances arise that the Company previously considered unlikely and, as a result, the Company decides not to sell real estate assets previously classified as held for sale, the real estate assets are reclassified to another real estate classification. Real estate assets that are reclassified are measured at the lower of (a) their carrying amount before they were classified as held for sale, adjusted for any depreciation (amortization) expense that would have been recognized had the assets remained in their previous classification, or (b) their fair value at the date of the subsequent decision not to sell.
Real Estate - Under Development – The Company's expenditures which directly relate to the acquisition, development, construction and improvement of properties are capitalized, at cost. During the development period, which culminates once a property is substantially complete and ready for intended use, operating and carrying costs such as interest expense, real estate taxes, insurance and other direct costs are capitalized. Advertising and general administrative costs that do not relate to the development of a property are expensed as incurred. Real estate under development as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 of $21.9 million and $17.5 million, respectively, is included in receivables and other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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Real Estate - Impairment – The Company periodically evaluates its long-lived assets for indicators of impairment. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on factors such as operational performance, market conditions and legal and environmental concerns, as well as the Company's ability to hold and its intent with regard to each asset. Future events could occur which would cause the Company to conclude that impairment indicators exist and an impairment is warranted. If impairment indicators exist for long-lived assets to be held and used, and the expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, then the Company will record an impairment loss for the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying amount. If the asset is to be disposed of, then an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value of the asset, net of selling costs, and its carrying amount.
Cash and Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks and overnight deposits. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in highly rated financial institutions, and at times these balances exceed insurable amounts.
Goodwill – Goodwill represents the excess of the fair value of consideration transferred in a business combination over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests, if any, in an acquired entity, net of fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity. Goodwill is not amortized but tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. Goodwill of $25.2 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 relates to the Company's multi-family investment reporting unit.
Goodwill is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if the Company believes indicators of impairment exist, by initially performing a qualitative screen and, if necessary, then comparing fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value (in an amount not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit) is recognized. The Company evaluated goodwill as of October 1, 2016 and no impairment was indicated.
Intangible Assets – Intangible assets consisting of acquired trade name, acquired technology, employment/non-compete agreements, and acquired in-place leases with useful lives ranging from 6 months to 10 years are included in receivables and other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The useful lives of intangible assets are evaluated on an annual basis to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining useful life. See "Operating Real Estate Held in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities, Net" for further discussion of acquired in-place lease intangible assets.
Receivables and Other Assets – Receivables and other assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 include restricted cash held by third parties of $34.1 million and $56.0 million, respectively. Included in restricted cash is $8.9 million and $35.6 million held in our Agency IO portfolio to be used for trading purposes and $7.9 million and $6.1 million held by counterparties as collateral for hedging instruments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Interest receivable on multi-family loans held in securitization trusts is also included in the amounts of $28.1 million and $24.1 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
Financing Arrangements, Portfolio Investments – The Company finances the majority of its investment securities available for sale using repurchase agreements. Under a repurchase agreement, an asset is sold to a counterparty to be repurchased at a future date at a predetermined price, which represents the original sales price plus interest. The Company accounts for these repurchase agreements as financings and are carried at their contractual amounts, as specified in the respective agreements. Borrowings under repurchase agreements generally bear interest rates of a specified margin over one-month LIBOR.
Financing Arrangements, Residential Mortgage Loans – The Company finances a portion of its residential mortgage loans, including its distressed residential mortgage loans, through a repurchase agreement expiring within 12 to 15 months. The borrowing under the repurchase agreement bears an interest rate of a specified margin over one-month LIBOR. The repurchase agreement is treated as a collateralized financing transaction and is carried at the contractual amounts, as specified in the respective agreement. Costs related to the establishment of the repurchase agreement which include underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees are reflected as deferred charges. Such costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $0.4 million as of September 30, 2017 and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2016. These deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
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Residential Collateralized Debt Obligations (“Residential CDOs”) – We use Residential CDOs to permanently finance our residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts. For financial reporting purposes, the ARM loans held as collateral are recorded as assets of the Company and the Residential CDOs are recorded as the Company’s debt. The Company completed four securitizations in 2005 and 2006. The first three were accounted for as a permanent financing while the fourth was accounted for as a sale and accordingly, is not included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.
Multi-Family Collateralized Debt Obligations (“Multi-Family CDOs”) – We consolidated the Consolidated K-Series including their debt, referred to as Multi-Family CDOs, in our condensed consolidated financial statements. The Multi-Family CDOs permanently finance the multi-family mortgage loans held in the Consolidated K-Series securitizations. For financial reporting purposes, the loans held as collateral are recorded as assets of the Company and the Multi-Family CDOs are recorded as the Company’s debt. We refer to both the Residential CDOs and Multi-Family CDOs as CDOs in this report.
Securitized Debt – Securitized Debt represents third-party liabilities of Consolidated VIEs and excludes liabilities of the VIEs acquired by the Company that are eliminated on consolidation. The Company has entered into several financing transactions that resulted in the Company consolidating as VIEs the special purpose entities (the “SPEs”) that were created to facilitate the transactions and to which underlying assets in connection with the financing were transferred. The Company engaged in these transactions primarily to obtain permanent or longer term financing on a portion of its multi-family CMBS and acquired distressed residential mortgage loans.
Costs related to issuance of securitized debt which include underwriting, rating agency, legal, accounting and other fees are reflected as deferred charges. Such costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $0.8 million and $1.4 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. These deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
Convertible Notes – On January 23, 2017, the Company issued Convertible Notes to finance the acquisition of targeted assets and for general working capital purposes. The Company evaluated the conversion features of the Convertible Notes for embedded derivatives in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815") and determined that the conversion features should not be bifurcated from the notes.
The Convertible Notes were issued at a 4% discount. Costs related to issuance of the Convertible Notes which include underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees are reflected as deferred charges. The discount and deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method. The discount and deferred issuance costs, net of amortization, are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company's accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $9.7 million as of September 30, 2017.
Derivative Financial Instruments – In accordance with ASC 815, the Company records derivative financial instruments on its consolidated balance sheet as assets or liabilities at fair value. Changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative instruments and whether they qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
In connection with our investment in Agency IOs, the Company uses several types of derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps, futures, put and call options on futures and TBAs to hedge the interest rate risk, as well as spread risk associated with these investments. The Company also purchases, or sells short, To-Be-Announced securities (“TBAs”) through its Agency IO portfolio. TBAs are forward-settling purchases and sales of Agency RMBS where the underlying pools of mortgage loans are “To-Be-Announced.” Pursuant to these TBA transactions, we agree to purchase or sell, for future settlement, Agency RMBS with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of underlying collateral, but the particular Agency RMBS to be delivered is not identified until shortly before the TBA settlement date. For TBA contracts that we have entered into, we have not asserted that physical settlement is probable, therefore we have not designated these forward commitments as hedging instruments. The use of TBAs, futures, options on futures and interest rate swaps in our Agency IO portfolio hedge the overall risk profile of investment securities in the portfolio. The derivative instruments in our Agency IO portfolio are not designated as hedging instruments, therefore realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with these derivative instruments are recognized through earnings and reported as part of the other income (loss) category in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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The Company also uses interest rate swaps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with borrowings made under our financing arrangements and Residential CDOs. We typically pay a fixed rate and receive a floating rate based on one-month LIBOR, on the notional amount of the interest rate swaps. The floating rate we receive under our swap agreements has the effect of offsetting the repricing characteristics and cash flows of our financing arrangements. These interest rate swaps qualify as a cash flow hedge, where the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of OCI and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The remaining gain or loss on the derivative instruments in excess of the cumulative change in the present value of future cash flows of the hedged item, if any, is recognized in current earnings during the period of change.
Termination of Hedging Relationships – The Company employs risk management monitoring procedures to ensure that the designated hedging relationships are demonstrating, and are expected to continue to demonstrate, a high level of effectiveness. Hedge accounting is discontinued on a prospective basis if it is determined that the hedging relationship is no longer highly effective or expected to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair value of the hedged item.
Additionally, the Company may elect to un-designate a hedge relationship during an interim period and re-designate upon the rebalancing of a hedge profile and the corresponding hedge relationship. When hedge accounting is discontinued, the Company continues to carry the derivative instruments at fair value with changes recorded in current earnings.
Manager Compensation – We are a party to separate investment management agreements with Headlands Asset Management LLC (“Headlands”) and The Midway Group, LP (“Midway”), with Headlands providing investment management services with respect to our investments in certain distressed residential mortgage loans and Midway providing investment management services with respect to our investments in Agency IOs. These investment management agreements provide for the payment to our investment managers of a management fee, incentive fee and reimbursement of certain operating expenses, which are accrued and expensed during the period for which they are earned or incurred.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) – The Company’s comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to the Company's common stockholders includes net income, the change in net unrealized gains/(losses) on its available for sale securities and its derivative hedging instruments, currently comprised of interest rate swaps, (to the extent that such changes are not recorded in earnings), adjusted by realized net gains/(losses) reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for available for sale securities, reduced by dividends declared on the Company’s preferred stock and increased for net loss attributable to non-controlling interest.
Employee Benefits Plans – The Company sponsors a defined contribution plan (the “Plan”) for all eligible domestic employees. The Plan qualifies as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”). The Company made no contributions to the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The Company made $0.1 million in contributions to the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
Stock Based Compensation – The Company has awarded restricted stock to eligible employees and officers as part of their compensation. Compensation expense for equity based awards and stock issued for services are recognized over the vesting period of such awards and services based upon the fair value of the award at the grant date.
In May 2015, the Company granted certain Performance Share Awards (“PSAs”) which cliff vest after a three-year period, subject to the achievement of certain performance criteria based on a formula tied to the Company’s achievement of three-year total stockholder return (“TSR”) and the Company’s TSR relative to the TSR of certain peer companies. The feature in this award constitutes a “market condition” which impacts the amount of compensation expense recognized for these awards. The grant date fair values of PSAs were determined through Monte-Carlo simulation analysis.
Income Taxes – The Company operates in such a manner so as to qualify as a REIT under the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code. Requirements for qualification as a REIT include various restrictions on ownership of the Company’s stock, requirements concerning distribution of taxable income and certain restrictions on the nature of assets and sources of income. A REIT must distribute at least 90% of its taxable income to its stockholders, of which 85% plus any undistributed amounts from the prior year must be distributed within the taxable year in order to avoid the imposition of an excise tax. Distribution of the remaining balance may extend until timely filing of the Company’s tax return in the subsequent taxable year. Qualifying distributions of taxable income are deductible by a REIT in computing taxable income.
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Certain activities of the Company are conducted through TRSs and therefore are subject to federal and various state and local income taxes. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
ASC 740, Income Taxes ("ASC 740"), provides guidance for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented, and disclosed in the financial statements. ASC 740 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. In situations involving uncertain tax positions related to income tax matters, we do not recognize benefits unless it is more likely than not that they will be sustained. ASC 740 was applied to all open taxable years as of the effective date. Management’s determinations regarding ASC 740 may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, an ongoing analysis of tax laws, regulations and interpretations thereof. The Company will recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense.
Earnings Per Share – Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income attributable to the Company's common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the Company.
Segment Reporting – ASC 280, Segment Reporting, is the authoritative guidance for the way public entities report information about operating segments in their annual financial statements. We are a REIT focused on the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related and residential housing-related assets and financial assets, and currently operate in only one reportable segment.
Summary of Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Revenue Recognition (Topic 606)
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). This guidance creates a new, principle-based revenue recognition framework that will affect nearly every revenue-generating entity. ASU 2014-09 also creates a new topic in the Codification, Topic 606 (“ASC 606”). In addition to superseding and replacing nearly all existing GAAP revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance, ASC 606 does the following: (1) establishes a new control-based revenue recognition model; (2) changes the basis for deciding when revenue is recognized over time or at a point in time; (3) provides new and more detailed guidance on specific aspects of revenue recognition; and (4) expands and improves disclosures about revenue. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14 that defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods therein. Early application is permitted for public business entities only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period.
ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers with exceptions for financial instruments and other contractual rights or obligations that are within the scope of other ASC Topics. Exclusions from the scope of ASC 606 include investment securities available for sale (subject to ASC 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities or ASC 325, Investments - Other); residential mortgage loans, distressed residential mortgage loans, multi-family loans, and mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments (subject to either ASC 310, Receivables or ASC 825, Financial Instruments); derivative assets and derivative liabilities (subject to ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging); and investment in unconsolidated entities (subject to either ASC 323, Investments- Equity Method and Joint Ventures or ASC 825, Financial Instruments). The Company evaluated the applicability of this ASU with respect to its investment portfolio, considering the scope exceptions listed above, and has determined that the adoption of this ASU will not have a material impact on the Company's financial condition or results of operations as the majority of the Company's revenue is generated by financial instruments and other contractual rights and obligations that are not within the scope of ASC 606.
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Financial Instruments —Credit Losses (Topic 326)
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments —Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). The amendments require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. In addition, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption as of the fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018 is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance as the ASU will have an effect on the Company's estimation of credit losses on distressed residential mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, residential mortgage loans, and mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments that are accounted for as loans.
Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash ("ASU
2016-18"). These amendments require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash,
cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. As a result, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments do not provide a definition of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2017 and included restricted cash of $34.1 million and $78.6 million as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, with cash and cash equivalents as shown on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"). The amendments simplify annual or interim goodwill impairment tests by eliminating a second step to compute the implied fair value of goodwill if the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Instead, should the fair value of a reporting unit be less than its carrying amount, an entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value (in an amount not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit). The amendments are effective for all entities for their annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates on or after January 1, 2017. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2017 and will apply the guidance to the performance of our annual impairment test of $25.2 million in goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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3. | Investment Securities Available For Sale

Investment securities available for sale consisted of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized |  | Fair Value
|  | Gains |  | Losses |  |  |  | Gains |  | Losses |
Agency RMBS (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency ARMs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Freddie Mac | $ | 34,733 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (351 | ) |  | $ | 34,403 |  |  | $ | 39,138 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | (528 | ) |  | $ | 38,634 |
Fannie Mae | 59,583 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (545 | ) |  | 59,051 |  |  | 69,031 |  |  | 71 |  |  | (698 | ) |  | 68,404 |
Ginnie Mae | 5,022 |  |  | — |  |  | (209 | ) |  | 4,813 |  |  | 6,011 |  |  | — |  |  | (204 | ) |  | 5,807 |
Total Agency ARMs | 99,338 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (1,105 | ) |  | 98,267 |  |  | 114,180 |  |  | 95 |  |  | (1,430 | ) |  | 112,845 |
Agency Fixed Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Freddie Mac | 21,556 |  |  | — |  |  | (586 | ) |  | 20,970 |  |  | 26,338 |  |  | — |  |  | (644 | ) |  | 25,694 |
Fannie Mae | 267,169 |  |  | — |  |  | (9,089 | ) |  | 258,080 |  |  | 312,515 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,035 | ) |  | 302,480 |
Ginnie Mae | 379 |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 374 |  |  | 457 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 453 |
Total Agency Fixed Rate | 289,104 |  |  | — |  |  | (9,680 | ) |  | 279,424 |  |  | 339,310 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,683 | ) |  | 328,627 |
Agency IOs (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Freddie Mac | 9,423 |  |  | 25 |  |  | (2,571 | ) |  | 6,877 |  |  | 19,768 |  |  | 559 |  |  | (3,363 | ) |  | 16,964 |
Fannie Mae | 13,752 |  |  | 50 |  |  | (3,316 | ) |  | 10,486 |  |  | 27,597 |  |  | 478 |  |  | (4,777 | ) |  | 23,298 |
Ginnie Mae | 23,858 |  |  | 411 |  |  | (4,291 | ) |  | 19,978 |  |  | 49,788 |  |  | 1,223 |  |  | (6,382 | ) |  | 44,629 |
Total Agency IOs | 47,033 |  |  | 486 |  |  | (10,178 | ) |  | 37,341 |  |  | 97,153 |  |  | 2,260 |  |  | (14,522 | ) |  | 84,891 |
Total Agency RMBS | 435,475 |  |  | 520 |  |  | (20,963 | ) |  | 415,032 |  |  | 550,643 |  |  | 2,355 |  |  | (26,635 | ) |  | 526,363 |
Non-Agency RMBS | 131,253 |  |  | 1,789 |  |  | (20 | ) |  | 133,022 |  |  | 162,220 |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | (154 | ) |  | 163,284 |
U.S. Treasury securities (1) | 2,920 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,924 |  |  | 2,920 |  |  | — |  |  | (33 | ) |  | 2,887 |
CMBS (2) | 105,020 |  |  | 18,163 |  |  | — |  |  | 123,183 |  |  | 113,955 |  |  | 12,876 |  |  | (389 | ) |  | 126,442 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 674,668 |  |  | $ | 20,476 |  |  | $ | (20,983 | ) |  | $ | 674,161 |  |  | $ | 829,738 |  |  | $ | 16,449 |  |  | $ | (27,211 | ) |  | $ | 818,976 |

(1) | Included in investment securities available for sale are Agency IOs, Agency RMBS and U.S. Treasury securities managed by Midway that are measured at fair value through earnings.

(2) | Included in CMBS is $46.6 million and $43.9 million of investment securities available for sale held in securitization trusts as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Realized Gain or Loss Activity
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company received proceeds of approximately $49.5 million and $102.2 million on sales of investment securities available for sale realizing a gain of approximately $3.0 million and $0.7 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company received proceeds of approximately $9.6 million and $112.0 million on sales of investment securities available for sale realizing a loss of approximately $1.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively.
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Weighted Average Life
Actual maturities of our available for sale securities are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities (with maturities up to 30 years), as they are affected by periodic payments and prepayments of principal on the underlying mortgages. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the weighted average life of the Company’s available for sale securities portfolio was approximately 3.3 years and 4.3 years, respectively.
The following table sets forth the weighted average lives of our investment securities available for sale as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Weighted Average Life | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
0 to 5 years | $ | 508,612 |  |  | $ | 606,079 |
Over 5 to 10 years | 152,559 |  |  | 177,765 |
10+ years | 12,990 |  |  | 35,132 |
Total | $ | 674,161 |  |  | $ | 818,976 |

Portfolio Interest Reset Periods
The following tables set forth the stated reset periods of our investment securities available for sale and investment securities available for sale held in securitization trusts at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 at carrying value (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Less than 6 months |  | 6 to 24 months |  | More than 24 months |  | Total |  | Less than 6 months |  | 6 to 24 months |  | More than 24 months |  | Total
Agency RMBS | $ | 36,940 |  |  | $ | 23,332 |  |  | $ | 354,760 |  |  | $ | 415,032 |  |  | $ | 53,043 |  |  | $ | 27,272 |  |  | $ | 446,048 |  |  | $ | 526,363 |
Non-Agency RMBS | 6,205 |  |  | — |  |  | 126,817 |  |  | 133,022 |  |  | 50,080 |  |  | — |  |  | 113,204 |  |  | 163,284 |
U.S. Treasury securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,924 |  |  | 2,924 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,887 |  |  | 2,887 |
CMBS | 76,560 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,623 |  |  | 123,183 |  |  | 82,545 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,897 |  |  | 126,442 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 119,705 |  |  | $ | 23,332 |  |  | $ | 531,124 |  |  | $ | 674,161 |  |  | $ | 185,668 |  |  | $ | 27,272 |  |  | $ | 606,036 |  |  | $ | 818,976 |

Unrealized Losses in OCI
The following tables present the Company's investment securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position reported through OCI, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

September 30, 2017 | Less than 12 months |  | Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Agency RMBS | $ | 91,170 |  |  | $ | (914 | ) |  | $ | 281,152 |  |  | $ | (9,866 | ) |  | $ | 372,322 |  |  | $ | (10,780 | )
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |  |  | (20 | ) |  | 212 |  |  | (20 | )
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 91,170 |  |  | $ | (914 | ) |  | $ | 281,364 |  |  | $ | (9,886 | ) |  | $ | 372,534 |  |  | $ | (10,800 | )

At September 30, 2017, the Company does not intend to sell any of its investments that were in an unrealized loss position, and it is “more likely than not” that the Company will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at their maturity.
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Gross unrealized losses on the Company’s Agency RMBS were $10.8 million at September 30, 2017. Agency RMBS are issued by Government Sponsored Entities (“GSEs”) and enjoy either the implicit or explicit backing of the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. While the Company’s Agency RMBS are not rated by any rating agency, they are currently perceived by market participants to be of high credit quality, with risk of default limited to the unlikely event that the U.S. Government would not continue to support the GSEs. Given the credit quality inherent in Agency RMBS, the Company does not consider any of the current impairments on its Agency RMBS to be credit-related. In assessing whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell any impaired security before its anticipated recovery, which may be at its maturity, the Company considers for each impaired security, the significance of each investment, the amount of impairment, the projected future performance of such impaired securities, as well as the Company’s current and anticipated leverage capacity and liquidity position. Based on these analyses, the Company determined that at September 30, 2017 any unrealized losses on its Agency RMBS were temporary.

December 31, 2016 | Less than 12 months |  | Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Agency RMBS | $ | 96,357 |  |  | $ | (1,290 | ) |  | $ | 328,474 |  |  | $ | (10,819 | ) |  | $ | 424,831 |  |  | $ | (12,109 | )
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | — |  |  | 596 |  |  | (154 | ) |  | 596 |  |  | (154 | )
CMBS | 16,523 |  |  | (389 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,523 |  |  | (389 | )
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 112,880 |  |  | $ | (1,679 | ) |  | $ | 329,070 |  |  | $ | (10,973 | ) |  | $ | 441,950 |  |  | $ | (12,652 | )

Other than Temporary Impairment
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized no other-than-temporary impairment through earnings.

4. | Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts (Net) and Real Estate Owned

Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) consist of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Unpaid principal balance | $ | 83,068 |  |  | $ | 98,303 |
Deferred origination costs – net | 532 |  |  | 623 |
Reserve for loan losses | (3,725 | ) |  | (3,782 | )
Total | $ | 79,875 |  |  | $ | 95,144 |

Allowance for Loan Losses - The following table presents the activity in the Company's allowance for loan losses on residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 3,782 |  |  | $ | 3,399 |
Provisions for loan losses | 306 |  |  | 557 |
Transfer to real estate owned | (303 | ) |  | — |
Charge-offs | (60 | ) |  | (123 | )
Balance at the end of period | $ | 3,725 |  |  | $ | 3,833 |

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On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates the adequacy of its allowance for loan losses. The Company’s allowance for loan losses as of September 30, 2017 was $3.7 million, representing 448 basis points of the outstanding principal balance of residential loans held in securitization trusts, as compared to 385 basis points as of December 31, 2016. As part of the Company’s allowance for loan loss adequacy analysis, management will assess an overall level of allowances while also assessing credit losses inherent in each non-performing residential mortgage loan held in securitization trusts. These estimates involve the consideration of various credit related factors, including but not limited to, current housing market conditions, current loan to value ratios, delinquency status, the borrower’s current economic and credit status and other relevant factors.
Real Estate Owned – The following table presents the activity in the Company’s real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 411 |
Write downs | — |  |  | — |
Transfer from/(to) mortgage loans held in securitization trusts | 742 |  |  | 173 |
Disposal | (150 | ) |  | (411 | )
Balance at the end of period | $ | 742 |  |  | $ | 173 |

Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts are included in receivables and other assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and write downs are included in recovery of loan losses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for reporting purposes.
All of the Company’s mortgage loans and real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts are pledged as collateral for the Residential CDOs issued by the Company. The Company’s net investment in the residential securitization trusts, which is the maximum amount of the Company’s investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between (i) the carrying amount of the mortgage loans, real estate owned and receivables held in residential securitization trusts and (ii) the amount of Residential CDOs outstanding, was $4.6 million and $4.4 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
Delinquency Status of Our Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts
As of September 30, 2017, we had 24 delinquent loans with an aggregate principal amount outstanding of approximately $15.4 million categorized as Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization trusts (net), of which $10.3 million, or 67%, are under some form of temporary modified payment plan. The table below shows delinquencies in our portfolio of residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, including REO through foreclosure, as of September 30, 2017 (dollar amounts in thousands):
September 30, 2017

Days Late | Number of Delinquent Loans |  | Total Unpaid Principal |  | % of Loan Portfolio
30 - 60 | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |
61 - 90 | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |
90 + | 24 |  | $ | 15,410 |  |  | 18.32 | %
Real estate owned through foreclosure | 2 |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  | 1.24 | %

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As of December 31, 2016, we had 31 delinquent loans with an aggregate principal amount outstanding of approximately $18.7 million categorized as Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts (net), of which $11.2 million, or 60%, are under some form of modified payment plan. The table below shows delinquencies in our portfolio of residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, including real estate owned through foreclosure (REO), as of December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):
December 31, 2016

Days Late | Number of Delinquent Loans |  | Total Unpaid Principal |  | % of Loan Portfolio
30 - 60 | 1 |  | $ | 247 |  |  | 0.25 | %
61 - 90 | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |
90 + | 30 |  | $ | 18,416 |  |  | 18.68 | %
Real estate owned through foreclosure | 1 |  | $ | 268 |  |  | 0.27 | %

The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the total loan balances in our residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts and real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are as follows:

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
New York | 32.0 | % |  | 33.8 | %
Massachusetts | 19.9 | % |  | 19.9 | %
New Jersey | 11.1 | % |  | 10.8 | %
Florida | 10.0 | % |  | 8.9 | %
Connecticut | 8.1 | % |  | 7.4 | %
Maryland | 5.3 | % |  | 5.1 | %

5. | Residential Mortgage Loans, At Fair Value

Certain of the Company’s residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans and second lien mortgages, are presented at fair value on its condensed consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election made at time of acquisition. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in net gain on residential mortgage loans at fair value on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The Company’s residential mortgage loans at fair value consist of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Principal |  | Premium/(Discount) |  | Unrealized Gains/(Losses) |  | Carrying Value
September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 73,546 |  |  | $ | (4,258 | ) |  | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | 69,512 |
December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 17,540 |  |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,769 |

The following table presents the components of net gain on residential mortgage loans at fair value for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

| September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Net realized gain on payoff and sale of loans | $ | 493 |  |  | $ | — |
Net unrealized gains | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | — |

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The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans at fair value as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are as follows:

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
California | 34.98 | % |  | 63.32 | %
Florida | 8.48 | % |  | 5.63 | %
New Jersey | 8.28 | % |  | 2.46 | %

6. | Distressed Residential Mortgage Loans

As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the carrying value of the Company’s distressed residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, amounts to approximately $369.7 million and $503.1 million, respectively.
The Company considers its purchase price for the distressed residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, to be at fair value at the date of acquisition. The Company only establishes an allowance for loan losses subsequent to acquisition.
The following table presents information regarding the estimates of the contractually required payments, the cash flows expected to be collected, and the estimated fair value of the distressed residential mortgage loans acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Contractually required principal and interest | $ | 76,529 |  |  | $ | 89,590 |
Non-accretable yield | (6,467 | ) |  | (7,516 | )
Expected cash flows to be collected | 70,062 |  |  | 82,074 |
Accretable yield | (58,767 | ) |  | (44,007 | )
Fair value at the date of acquisition | $ | 11,295 |  |  | $ | 38,067 |

The following table details activity in accretable yield for the distressed residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 530,511 |  |  | $ | 579,009 |
Additions | 91,356 |  |  | 54,917 |
Disposals | (263,475 | ) |  | (119,113 | )
Accretion | (16,635 | ) |  | (25,166 | )
Balance at end of period (1) | $ | 341,757 |  |  | $ | 489,647 |

(1) | Accretable yield is the excess of the distressed residential mortgage loans’ cash flows expected to be collected over the purchase price. The cash flows expected to be collected represents the Company’s estimate of the amount and timing of undiscounted principal and interest cash flows. Additions include accretable yield estimates for purchases made during the period and reclassification to accretable yield from nonaccretable yield. Disposals include distressed residential mortgage loan dispositions, which include refinancing, sale and foreclosure of the underlying collateral and resulting removal of the distressed residential mortgage loans from the accretable yield, and reclassifications from accretable to nonaccretable yield. The reclassifications between accretable and nonaccretable yield and the accretion of interest income is based on various estimates regarding loan performance and the value of the underlying real estate securing the loans. As the Company continues to update its estimates regarding the loans and the underlying collateral, the accretable yield may change. Therefore, the amount of accretable income recorded in each of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 is not necessarily indicative of future results.

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The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the unpaid principal balance of our distressed residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are as follows:

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Florida | 10.6 | % |  | 12.2 | %
North Carolina | 8.2 | % |  | 7.7 | %
Georgia | 7.4 | % |  | 6.0 | %
California | 6.6 | % |  | 8.8 | %
New York | 5.5 | % |  | 5.4 | %
Ohio | 5.0 | % |  | 4.8 | %

The Company's distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts with a carrying value of approximately $134.0 million and $195.3 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are pledged as collateral for certain of the Securitized Debt issued by the Company (see Note 10). In addition, distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of approximately $206.3 million and $279.9 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are pledged as collateral for a Master Repurchase Agreement with Deutsche Bank AG, Cayman Islands Branch (see Note 14).

7. | Consolidated K-Series

The Company has elected the fair value option on the assets and liabilities held within the Consolidated K-Series, which requires that changes in valuations in the assets and liabilities of the Consolidated K-Series be reflected in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. Our investment in the Consolidated K-Series is limited to the multi-family CMBS comprised of first loss tranche PO, certain IOs and mezzanine securities issued by certain K-Series securitizations with an aggregate net carrying value of $408.7 million and $314.9 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (see Note 10). The Consolidated K-Series is comprised of six and five K-Series securitizations as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
The condensed consolidated balance sheets of the Consolidated K-Series at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

Balance Sheets | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Assets |  |  |
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts | $ | 8,399,334 |  |  | $ | 6,939,844 |
Receivables | 28,103 |  |  | 24,098 |
Total Assets | $ | 8,427,437 |  |  | $ | 6,963,942 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |
Multi-family CDOs | $ | 7,990,619 |  |  | $ | 6,624,896 |
Accrued expenses | 27,783 |  |  | 24,003 |
Total Liabilities | 8,018,402 |  |  | 6,648,899 |
Equity | 409,035 |  |  | 315,043 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 8,427,437 |  |  | $ | 6,963,942 |

The multi-family loans held in securitization trusts had an unpaid principal balance of approximately $8.1 billion and $6.7 billion at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The multi-family CDOs had an unpaid principal balance of approximately $8.1 billion and $6.7 billion at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the current weighted average interest rate on these multi-family CDOs was 4.07% and 3.97%, respectively.
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The Company does not have any claims to the assets or obligations for the liabilities of the Consolidated K-Series (other than those securities represented by our first loss and mezzanine tranche securities). We have elected the fair value option for the Consolidated K-Series. The net fair value of our investment in the Consolidated K-Series, which represents the difference between the carrying values of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts less the carrying value of multi-family CDOs, approximates the fair value of our underlying securities. The fair value of our underlying securities is determined using the same valuation methodology as our CMBS investments available for sale (see Note 18).
The condensed consolidated statements of operations of the Consolidated K-Series for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Statements of Operations | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Interest income | $ | 76,186 |  |  | $ | 62,126 |  |  | $ | 213,242 |  |  | $ | 187,427 |
Interest expense | 67,030 |  |  | 55,359 |  |  | 187,835 |  |  | 167,783 |
Net interest income | 9,156 |  |  | 6,767 |  |  | 25,407 |  |  | 19,644 |
Unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, net | 2,353 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 5,184 |  |  | 2,340 |
Net income | $ | 11,509 |  |  | $ | 7,505 |  |  | $ | 30,591 |  |  | $ | 21,984 |

The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the total loan balances related to our CMBS investments included in investment securities available for sale and multi-family loans held in securitization trusts as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are as follows:

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
California | 11.8 | % |  | 13.8 | %
Texas | 10.5 | % |  | 12.4 | %
New York | 6.9 | % |  | 8.1 | %
Maryland | 4.5 | % |  | 5.3 | %

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8. | Investment in Unconsolidated Entities

The Company's investments in unconsolidated entities accounted for under the equity method consist of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Investment Name |  | Ownership Interest |  | Carrying Amount |  | Ownership Interest |  | Carrying Amount
Autumnwood Investments LLC |  | — |  | $ | 2,020 |  |  | — |  | $ | 2,092 |
200 RHC Hoover, LLC(1) |  | — |  | — |  |  | 63% |  | 8,886 |
BBA-EP320 II, L.L.C., BBA-Ten10 II, L.L.C., and Lexington on the Green Apartments, L.L.C. (collectively) |  | 45% |  | 8,222 |  |  | 45% |  | 7,949 |
Total - Equity Method |  |  |  | $ | 10,242 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,927 |

(1) | On March 31, 2017, the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its variable interest in 200 RHC Hoover, LLC ("Riverchase Landing") and determined that it became the primary beneficiary of Riverchase Landing. Accordingly, on this date, the Company consolidated Riverchase Landing into its condensed consolidated financial statements (s ee Note 10).

The Company's investments in unconsolidated entities accounted for under the equity method using the fair value option consist of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Investment Name |  | Ownership Interest |  | Carrying Amount |  | Ownership Interest |  | Carrying Amount
Morrocroft Neighborhood Stabilization Fund II, LP |  | 11% |  | $ | 11,206 |  |  | 11% |  | $ | 9,732 |
Evergreens JV Holdings, LLC |  | 85% |  | 4,120 |  |  | 85% |  | 3,810 |
Bent Tree JV Holdings, LLC(1) |  | — |  | — |  |  | 78% |  | 9,890 |
Summerchase LR Partners LLC(1) |  | — |  | — |  |  | 80% |  | 4,410 |
Lake Mary Realty Partners, LLC(1) |  | — |  | — |  |  | 80% |  | 7,690 |
The Preserve at Port Royal Venture, LLC |  | 77% |  | 12,850 |  |  | 77% |  | 12,280 |
WR Savannah Holdings, LLC |  | 90% |  | 12,850 |  |  | 90% |  | 12,520 |
Total - Fair Value Option |  |  |  | $ | 41,026 |  |  |  |  | $ | 60,332 |

(1) | The unconsolidated entity redeemed the Company's investment in the three months ended September 30, 2017.

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The following table presents income from investments in unconsolidated entities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Investment Name |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Autumnwood Investments LLC |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 213 |
200 RHC Hoover, LLC |  | — |  |  | 276 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 1,091 |
BBA-EP320 II, L.L.C., BBA-Ten10 II, L.L.C., and Lexington on the Green Apartments, L.L.C. (collectively) |  | 252 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 741 |  |  | 189 |
RiverBanc LLC (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |
Kiawah River View Investors LLC ("KRVI") (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,250 |
RB Development Holding Company, LLC (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107 |
RB Multifamily Investors LLC (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,262 |
Morrocroft Neighborhood Stabilization Fund II, LP |  | 394 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 1,374 |  |  | 702 |
Evergreens JV Holdings, LLC |  | 161 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 89 |
Bent Tree JV Holdings, LLC(2) |  | 1,210 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 1,795 |  |  | 257 |
Summerchase LR Partners LLC(2) |  | 194 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 556 |  |  | 200 |
Lake Mary Realty Partners, LLC (2) |  | 2,312 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 2,745 |  |  | 258 |
The Preserve at Port Royal Venture, LLC |  | 440 |  |  | 392 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 492 |
WR Savannah Holdings, LLC |  | 405 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 1,030 |  |  | 422 |

(1) | As of May 16, 2016, RiverBanc LLC, RB Development Holding Company, LLC, and RB Multifamily Investors LLC became wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company as a result of the Company's acquisition of the remaining ownership interests in those entities held by other unaffiliated entities (see Note 23). Also as of May 16, 2016, the Company consolidated KRVI into its condensed consolidated financial statements (see Note 10).

(2) | Includes income recognized from redemption of the Company's investment during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

9. | Mezzanine Loan and Preferred Equity Investments

Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments consist of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Investment amount | $ | 124,172 |  |  | $ | 101,154 |
Deferred loan fees, net | (1,594 | ) |  | (1,004 | )
Total | $ | 122,578 |  |  | $ | 100,150 |

There were no delinquent mezzanine loan or preferred equity investments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
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The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the total mezzanine loan and preferred equity investment amounts as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are as follows:

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Texas | 27.5 | % |  | 43.3 | %
New York | 21.6 | % |  | — |
Virginia | 12.3 | % |  | 14.9 | %
South Carolina | 7.9 | % |  | 9.4 | %
Kentucky | 5.9 | % |  | 7.2 | %

10. | Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities

The Company uses SPEs to facilitate transactions that involve securitizing financial assets or re-securitizing previously securitized financial assets. The objective of such transactions may include obtaining non-recourse financing, obtaining liquidity or refinancing the underlying securitized financial assets on improved terms. Securitization involves transferring assets to an SPE to convert all or a portion of those assets into cash before they would have been realized in the normal course of business through the SPE’s issuance of debt or equity instruments. Investors in an SPE usually have recourse only to the assets in the SPE and depending on the overall structure of the transaction, may benefit from various forms of credit enhancement, such as over-collateralization in the form of excess assets in the SPE, priority with respect to receipt of cash flows relative to holders of other debt or equity instruments issued by the SPE, or a line of credit or other form of liquidity agreement that is designed with the objective of ensuring that investors receive principal and/or interest cash flow on the investment in accordance with the terms of their investment agreement.
The Company has entered into resecuritization and financing transactions which required the Company to analyze and determine whether the SPEs that were created to facilitate the transactions are VIEs in accordance with ASC 810, and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary requiring consolidation. The Company evaluated the following resecuritization or financing transactions: 1) its Residential CDOs; 2) its multi-family CMBS re-securitization transaction and 3) its distressed residential mortgage loan securitization transaction (each a “Financing VIE” and collectively, the “Financing VIEs”) and concluded that the entities created to facilitate each of the transactions are VIEs and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. Accordingly, the Company continues to consolidate the Financing VIEs as of September 30, 2017.
The Company invests in multi-family CMBS consisting of PO securities that represent the first loss tranche of the securitizations from which they were issued, and certain IOs and mezzanine CMBS securities issued from Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization trusts. The Company has evaluated these CMBS investments in Freddie Mac-sponsored K-Series securitization trusts to determine whether they are VIEs and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary requiring consolidation. The Company has determined that the Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization trusts are VIEs as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company also determined that it is the primary beneficiary of each VIE within the Consolidated K-Series and, accordingly, has consolidated its assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements (see Notes 2 and 7). Of the Company’s multi-family CMBS investments included in the Consolidated K-Series, five and four of these investments are not included as collateral to any Financing VIE as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
In analyzing whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of the Consolidated K-Series and the Financing VIEs, the Company considered its involvement in each of the VIEs, including the design and purpose of each VIE, and whether its involvement reflected a controlling financial interest that resulted in the Company being deemed the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. In determining whether the Company would be considered the primary beneficiary, the following factors were assessed:

• | whether the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE; and

• | whether the Company has a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.

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On May 16, 2016, the Company acquired the remaining outstanding membership interests in RBDHC, resulting in the Company's 100% ownership of RBDHC. RBDHC owns 50% of KRVI, a limited liability company that owns developed land and residential homes under development in Kiawah Island, SC, for which RiverBanc is the manager. The Company has evaluated KRVI to determine if it is a VIE and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary requiring consolidation. The Company has determined that KRVI is a VIE for which RBDHC is the primary beneficiary as the Company, collectively through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, RiverBanc and RBDHC, has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of KRVI and has a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of KRVI that could be potentially significant to KRVI. Accordingly, the Company has consolidated KRVI in its condensed consolidated financial statements with a non-controlling interest for the third-party ownership of KRVI membership interests.
On March 31, 2017, (the "Changeover Date"), the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its variable interests in Riverchase Landing and The Clusters, two variable interest entities that each own a multi-family apartment community and each in which the Company holds a preferred equity investment. The Company determined that it gained the power to direct the activities, and became primary beneficiary, of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters on the Changeover Date. Prior to the Changeover Date, the Company accounted for Riverchase Landing as an investment in an unconsolidated entity and for The Clusters as a preferred equity investment. The Company does not have any claims to the assets or obligations for the liabilities of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters.
On the Changeover Date, the Company consolidated Riverchase Landing and The Clusters into its condensed consolidated financial statements. These transactions were accounted for by applying the acquisition method for business combinations.
The estimated Changeover Date fair value of the consideration transferred totaled $12.5 million, which consisted of the estimated fair value of the Company's preferred equity investments in both Riverchase Landing and The Clusters. The Company determined the estimated fair value of its preferred equity investments in Riverchase Landing and The Clusters using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flows from the underlying multi-family apartment communities and a discount rate.
The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets and liabilities of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters at the Changeover Date (dollar amounts in thousands). The estimated fair values shown below are provisional measurements that are based upon preliminary financial information provided by Riverchase Landing and The Clusters and are subject to change.

Cash | $ | 112 |
Operating real estate (1) | 62,322 |
Lease intangibles (1) | 5,340 |
Receivables and other assets | 2,260 |
Total assets | 70,034 |
Mortgages payable | 51,570 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 1,519 |
Total liabilities | 53,089 |
Non-controlling interest (2) | 4,462 |
Net assets consolidated | $ | 12,483 |

(1) | Reclassified to real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 11).

(2) | Represents third party ownership of membership interests in Riverchase Landing and The Clusters. The fair value of the non-controlling interests in Riverchase Landing and The Clusters, both private companies, was estimated using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flows from the underlying multi-family apartment communities and a discount rate.

The Consolidated K-Series, the Financing VIEs, KRVI, Riverchase Landing and The Clusters are collectively referred to in this footnote as "Consolidated VIEs".
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The following tables present a summary of the assets and liabilities of these Consolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.
Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2017 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Financing VIEs |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Multi-family CMBS Re- securitization (1) |  | Distressed Residential Mortgage Loan Securitization (2) |  | Residential Mortgage Loan Securitization |  | Multi- family CMBS (3) |  | Other |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,194 |  |  | $ | 1,194 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value held in securitization trusts | 46,623 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 46,623 |
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79,875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79,875 |
Distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trust (net) | — |  |  | 133,972 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 133,972 |
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value | 1,174,341 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,224,993 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,399,334 |
Real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64,097 |  |  | 64,097 |
Receivables and other assets | 4,217 |  |  | 19,795 |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 23,959 |  |  | 24,701 |  |  | 74,257 |
Total assets | $ | 1,225,181 |  |  | $ | 153,767 |  |  | $ | 81,460 |  |  | $ | 7,248,952 |  |  | $ | 89,992 |  |  | $ | 8,799,352 |
Residential collateralized debt obligations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 76,867 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 76,867 |
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations, at fair value | 1,112,651 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,877,968 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,990,619 |
Securitized debt | 28,946 |  |  | 69,425 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,371 |
Mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,342 |  |  | 57,342 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 4,200 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 23,733 |  |  | 2,621 |  |  | 32,342 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,145,797 |  |  | $ | 71,191 |  |  | $ | 76,889 |  |  | $ | 6,901,701 |  |  | $ | 59,963 |  |  | $ | 8,255,541 |

(1) | The Company classified the multi-family CMBS issued by two K-Series securitizations and held by this Financing VIE as available for sale securities as the purpose is not to trade these securities. The Financing VIE consolidated one K-Series securitization that issued certain of the multi-family CMBS owned by the Company, including its assets, liabilities, income and expenses, in its financial statements, as based on a number of factors, the Company determined that it was the primary beneficiary and has a controlling financial interest in this particular K-Series securitization (see Note 7).

(2) | The Company engaged in this transaction for the purpose of financing distressed residential mortgage loans acquired by the Company. The distressed residential mortgage loans serving as collateral for the financing are comprised of performing, re-performing and, to a lesser extent, non-performing, fixed and adjustable-rate, fully-amortizing, interest only and balloon, seasoned mortgage loans secured by first liens on one to four family properties. Balances as of September 30, 2017 are related to a securitization transaction that closed in April 2016 that involved the issuance of $177.5 million of Class A Notes representing the beneficial ownership in a pool of performing and re-performing seasoned mortgage loans. The Company holds 5% of the Class A Notes issued as part of the securitization transaction, which were eliminated in consolidation.

(3) | Five of the Company’s Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitizations included in the Consolidated K-Series were not held in a Financing VIE as of September 30, 2017.

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Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs as of December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Financing VIEs |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Multi-family CMBS Re- securitization (1) |  | Distressed Residential Mortgage Loan Securitization (2) |  | Residential Mortgage Loan Securitization |  | Multi- family CMBS (3) |  | Other |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 186 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value held in securitization trusts | 43,897 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,897 |
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,144 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,144 |
Distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trust (net) | — |  |  | 195,347 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 195,347 |
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value | 1,196,835 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,743,009 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,939,844 |
Receivables and other assets | 4,420 |  |  | 13,610 |  |  | 912 |  |  | 19,753 |  |  | 17,759 |  |  | 56,454 |
Total assets | $ | 1,245,152 |  |  | $ | 208,957 |  |  | $ | 96,056 |  |  | $ | 5,762,762 |  |  | $ | 17,945 |  |  | $ | 7,330,872 |
Residential collateralized debt obligations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91,663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91,663 |
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations, at fair value | 1,137,002 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,487,894 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,624,896 |
Securitized debt | 28,332 |  |  | 130,535 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 158,867 |
Mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,588 |  |  | 1,588 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 4,400 |  |  | 1,336 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 19,753 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 25,522 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,169,734 |  |  | $ | 131,871 |  |  | $ | 91,683 |  |  | $ | 5,507,647 |  |  | $ | 1,601 |  |  | $ | 6,902,536 |

(1) | The Company classified the multi-family CMBS issued by two K-Series securitizations and held by this Financing VIE as available for sale securities as the purpose is not to trade these securities. The Financing VIE consolidated one K-Series securitization that issued certain of the multi-family CMBS owned by the Company, including its assets, liabilities, income and expenses, in its financial statements, as based on a number of factors, the Company determined that it was the primary beneficiary and has a controlling financial interest in this particular K-Series securitization (see Note 7).

(2) | The Company engaged in this transaction for the purpose of financing distressed residential mortgage loans acquired by the Company. The distressed residential mortgage loans serving as collateral for the financing are comprised of performing, re-performing and, to a lesser extent, non-performing, fixed and adjustable-rate, fully-amortizing, interest only and balloon, seasoned mortgage loans secured by first liens on one to four family properties. Balances as of December 31, 2016 are related to a securitization transaction that closed in April 2016 that involved the issuance of $177.5 million of Class A Notes representing the beneficial ownership in a pool of performing and re-performing seasoned mortgage loans. The Company holds 5% of the Class A Notes issued as part of the securitization transaction, which have been eliminated in consolidation.

(3) | Four of the Company’s Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitizations included in the Consolidated K-Series were not held in a Financing VIE as of December 31, 2016. In October 2016, the Company repaid $55.9 million of outstanding notes from its November 2013 collateralized recourse financing, which was comprised of securities issued from three separate Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitizations. In connection with the repayment of the notes, the Company terminated and de-consolidated the Financing VIE that facilitated this financing transaction and securities serving as collateral on the notes were transferred back to the Company.

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The following table summarizes the Company’s securitized debt collateralized by multi-family CMBS and distressed residential mortgage loans (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Multi-family CMBS Re-securitization (1) |  | Distressed Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations
Principal Amount at September 30, 2017 | $ | 33,399 |  |  | $ | 70,374 |
Principal Amount at December 31, 2016 | $ | 33,553 |  |  | $ | 132,319 |
Carrying Value at September 30, 2017 (2) | $ | 28,946 |  |  | $ | 69,425 |
Carrying Value at December 31, 2016 (2) | $ | 28,332 |  |  | $ | 130,535 |
Pass-through rate of Notes issued | 5.35% |  | 4.00%

(1) | The Company engaged in the re-securitization transaction primarily for the purpose of obtaining non-recourse financing on a portion of its multi-family CMBS portfolio. As a result of engaging in this transaction, the Company remains economically exposed to the first loss position on the underlying multi-family CMBS transferred to the Consolidated VIE. The holders of the Note issued in this re-securitization transaction have no recourse to the general credit of the Company, but the Company does have the obligation, under certain circumstances, to repurchase assets upon the breach of certain representations and warranties. The Company will receive all remaining cash flow, if any, through its retained ownership.

(2) | Classified as securitized debt in the liability section of the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets, net of debt issuance costs.

The following table presents contractual maturity information about the Financing VIEs’ securitized debt as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Scheduled Maturity (principal amount) | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Within 24 months | $ | 70,374 |  |  | $ | — |
Over 24 months to 36 months | — |  |  | 132,319 |
Over 36 months | 33,399 |  |  | 33,553 |
Total outstanding principal | 103,773 |  |  | 165,872 |
Discount | (4,567 | ) |  | (5,589 | )
Debt Issuance Cost | (835 | ) |  | (1,416 | )
Carrying value | $ | 98,371 |  |  | $ | 158,867 |

There is no guarantee that the Company will receive any cash flows from these securitization trusts.
Residential Mortgage Loan Securitization Transaction
The Company has completed four residential mortgage loan securitizations (other than the distressed residential mortgage loan securitizations discussed above) since inception; the first three were accounted for as permanent financings and have been included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. The fourth was accounted for as a sale and accordingly, is not included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Unconsolidated VIEs
The Company has evaluated its multi-family CMBS investments in two Freddie Mac-sponsored K-Series securitizations as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and its mezzanine loan, preferred equity and other equity investments to determine whether they are VIEs and should be consolidated by the Company. Based on a number of factors, the Company determined that, except for Riverchase Landing and The Clusters, it does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The following tables present the classification and carrying value of unconsolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017
| Investment securities, available for sale, at fair value |  | Receivables and other assets |  | Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments |  | Investment in unconsolidated entities |  | Total
Multi-family CMBS | $ | 46,623 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,696 |
Mezzanine loan on multi-family properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,875 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,875 |
Preferred equity investment on multi-family properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115,703 |  |  | 10,242 |  |  | 125,945 |
Equity investment in entities that invest in multi-family properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,056 |  |  | 24,056 |
Total assets | $ | 46,623 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 122,578 |  |  | $ | 34,298 |  |  | $ | 203,572 |

| December 31, 2016
| Investment securities, available for sale, at fair value |  | Receivables and other assets |  | Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments |  | Investment in unconsolidated entities |  | Total
Multi-family CMBS | $ | 43,897 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,971 |
Mezzanine loan on multi-family properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,881 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,881 |
Preferred equity investment on multi-family properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,269 |  |  | 18,928 |  |  | 100,197 |
Equity investment in entities that invest in multi-family properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,252 |  |  | 22,252 |
Total assets | $ | 43,897 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 100,150 |  |  | $ | 41,180 |  |  | $ | 185,301 |

Our maximum loss exposure on the multi-family CMBS investments, mezzanine loan and equity investments is approximately $203.6 million and $185.3 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure does not exceed the carrying value of its investments.
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11. | Real Estate Held for Sale in Consolidated VIEs

On March 31, 2017, the Company determined that it became the primary beneficiary of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters, two variable interest entities that each own a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company holds preferred equity investments. Accordingly, on this date, the Company consolidated both Riverchase Landing and The Clusters into its condensed consolidated financial statements (see Note 10).
During the second quarter of 2017, Riverchase Landing determined to actively market its multifamily apartment community for sale. The Company anticipates completing a sale to a third party buyer in 2018. Accordingly, the Company classified the real estate assets in Riverchase Landing as held for sale as of September 30, 2017 in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company also ceased depreciation of the operating real estate assets and amortization of the related lease intangible asset in Riverchase Landing as of June 5, 2017.
During the third quarter of 2017, The Clusters determined to actively market its multifamily apartment community for sale. The Company anticipates completing a sale to a third party buyer in 2018. Accordingly, the Company classified the real estate assets in The Clusters as held for sale as of September 30, 2017 in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company also ceased depreciation of the operating real estate assets and amortization of the related lease intangible asset in The Clusters as of September 1, 2017.
The following is a provisional summary of the real estate held for sale in both Riverchase Landing and The Clusters as of September 30, 2017 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Land | $ | 7,000 |
Building and improvements | 53,435 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 2,078 |
Lease intangible | 5,340 |
Real estate held for sale before accumulated depreciation and amortization | 67,853 |
Accumulated depreciation (1) | (647 | )
Accumulated amortization of lease intangible (1) | (3,109 | )
Real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities | $ | 64,097 |

(1) | Depreciation and amortization expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2017 totaled $0.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 totaled $0.6 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

No gain or loss was recognized by the Company or allocated to non-controlling interests related to the classification of the real estate assets as held for sale.

12. | Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into derivative instruments in connection with its risk management activities. These derivative instruments include interest rate swaps, swaptions and futures. The Company may also purchase or sell short TBAs, purchase put or call options on U.S. Treasury futures or invest in other types of mortgage derivative securities.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments that were not designated as hedging instruments and their location in our condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
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Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Eurodollar futures |  | Derivative assets |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 1,175 |
TBA securities |  | Derivative assets |  | 180,562 |  |  | 148,139 |
Interest rate swap futures |  | Derivative assets |  | 1,228 |  |  | 444 |
Swaptions |  | Derivative assets |  | 18 |  |  | 431 |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | Derivative liabilities |  | 193 |  |  | 107 |
Interest rate swaps (1) |  | Derivative liabilities |  | 274 |  |  | 384 |

(1) | Includes interest rate swaps in our Agency IO portfolio. There was no netting of interest rate swaps at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

The tables below summarize the activity of derivative instruments not designated as hedges for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Notional Amount For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | December 31, 2016 |  | Additions |  | Settlement, Expiration or Exercise |  | September 30, 2017
TBA securities |  | $ | 149,000 |  |  | $ | 1,466,000 |  |  | $ | (1,440,000 | ) |  | $ | 175,000 |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | 17,100 |  |  | 123,900 |  |  | (135,500 | ) |  | 5,500 |
Interest rate swap futures |  | (151,700 | ) |  | 413,800 |  |  | (349,000 | ) |  | (86,900 | )
Eurodollar futures |  | (2,575,000 | ) |  | 5,989,000 |  |  | (5,054,000 | ) |  | (1,640,000 | )
Options on U.S. Treasury futures |  | — |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | (5,000 | ) |  | — |
Swaptions |  | 154,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 154,000 |
Interest rate swaps |  | 15,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |

|  | Notional Amount For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | December 31, 2015 |  | Additions |  | Settlement, Expiration or Exercise |  | September 30, 2016
TBA securities |  | $ | 222,000 |  |  | $ | 2,925,000 |  |  | $ | (2,866,000 | ) |  | $ | 281,000 |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | — |  |  | 189,800 |  |  | (146,400 | ) |  | 43,400 |
Interest rate swap futures |  | (137,200 | ) |  | 718,700 |  |  | (700,300 | ) |  | (118,800 | )
Eurodollar futures |  | (2,769,000 | ) |  | 4,134,000 |  |  | (4,838,000 | ) |  | (3,473,000 | )
Options on U.S. Treasury futures |  | 28,000 |  |  | 91,000 |  |  | (114,000 | ) |  | 5,000 |
Swaptions |  | 159,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,000 | ) |  | 154,000 |
Interest rate swaps |  | 10,000 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |

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The following tables present the components of realized and unrealized gains and losses related to our derivative instruments that were not designated as hedging instruments included in other income category in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses)
TBA securities | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | (265 | ) |  | $ | 4,981 |  |  | $ | (2,547 | )
Eurodollar futures (1) | 62 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (1,674 | ) |  | 3,877 |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |
Swaptions | — |  |  | 171 |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |
U.S. Treasury and interest rate swap futures and options | (583 | ) |  | 505 |  |  | 462 |  |  | (790 | )
Total | $ | 949 |  |  | $ | 486 |  |  | $ | 3,769 |  |  | $ | 795 |

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses)
TBA securities | $ | 3,285 |  |  | $ | (1,080 | ) |  | $ | 13,489 |  |  | $ | 883 |
Eurodollar futures (1) | 849 |  |  | (886 | ) |  | (3,180 | ) |  | 547 |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 110 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |
Swaptions | — |  |  | 239 |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |
U.S. Treasury and interest rate swap futures and options | (999 | ) |  | 699 |  |  | (2,534 | ) |  | (1,251 | )
Total | $ | 3,135 |  |  | $ | (918 | ) |  | $ | 7,775 |  |  | $ | 431 |

(1) | At September 30, 2017, the Eurodollar futures consist of 1,640 contracts with expiration dates ranging between December 2017 and June 2019.

The use of TBAs exposes the Company to market value risk, as the market value of the securities that the Company is required to purchase pursuant to a TBA transaction may increase or decrease from the agreed-upon purchase price. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our condensed consolidated balance sheets include TBA-related liabilities of $181.7 million and $148.0 million included in payable for securities purchased, respectively. Open TBA purchases and sales involving the same counterparty, same underlying deliverable and the same settlement date are reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements on a net basis. There were no TBA sales netted against TBA purchases at September 30, 2017. There was $114.4 million netting of TBA sales against TBA purchases of $262.4 million at December 31, 2016.
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
The Company’s interest rate swaps, except interest swaps included in its Agency IO portfolio, are used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with borrowings made under our financing arrangements, including FHLBI advances until January 2016 when we repaid them, and are designated as cash flow hedges. There were no costs incurred at the inception of the Company's interest rate swaps, under which the Company agrees to pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable interest rate based on one month LIBOR, on the notional amount of the interest rate swaps.
The Company documents its risk-management policies, including objectives and strategies, as they relate to its hedging activities, and upon entering into hedging transactions, documents the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged liability contemporaneously. The Company assesses, both at inception of a hedge and on an on-going basis, whether or not the hedge is “highly effective” when using the matched term basis.
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The Company discontinues hedge accounting on a prospective basis and recognizes changes in the fair value through earnings when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting cash flows of a hedged item (including forecasted transactions); (ii) it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur; or (iii) it is determined that designating the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate. The Company’s derivative instruments are carried on the Company’s balance sheets at fair value, as assets, if their fair value is positive, or as liabilities, if their fair value is negative. For the Company’s derivative instruments that are designated as “cash flow hedges,” changes in their fair value are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), provided that the hedges are effective. A change in fair value for any ineffective amount of the Company’s derivative instruments would be recognized in earnings. The Company has not recognized any change in the value of its existing derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges through earnings as a result of ineffectiveness of any of its hedges.
The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments and their location in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Total Notional Amount |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Interest rate swaps |  | Derivative asset |  | $ | 80,000 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps |  | Derivative asset |  | 65,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 108 |
Interest rate swaps |  | Derivative liabilities |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |

The Company has netting arrangements by counterparty with respect to its interest rate swaps. There was no netting of interest rate swaps designated as hedging instruments at September 30, 2017.
The following table presents the impact of the Company’s derivative instruments on the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Accumulated other comprehensive income for derivative instruments: |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of the period |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 304 |
Unrealized loss on interest rate swaps |  | (84 | ) |  | (607 | )
Balance at end of the period |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (303 | )

The Company estimates that over the next 12 months, approximately none of the net unrealized gains on the interest rate swaps will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings.
The following table details the impact of the Company’s interest rate swaps designated as hedging instruments included in interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Interest income-investment securities | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest expense-investment securities | — |  |  | 177 |  |  | — |  |  | 604 |

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The following table presents information about our interest rate swaps (includes interest rate swaps in our Agency IO portfolio) whereby we receive floating rate payments in exchange for fixed rate payments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Swap Maturities |  | Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Fixed Interest Rate |  | Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate |  | Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Fixed Interest Rate |  | Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate
2017 |  | $ | 80,000 |  |  | 0.71 | % |  | 1.23 | % |  | $ | 215,000 |  |  | 0.83 | % |  | 0.74 | %
2019 |  | 10,000 |  |  | 2.25 | % |  | 1.32 | % |  | 10,000 |  |  | 2.25 | % |  | 0.97 | %
Total |  | $ | 90,000 |  |  | 0.88 | % |  | 1.24 | % |  | $ | 225,000 |  |  | 0.90 | % |  | 0.75 | %

The following table presents information about our interest rate swaps in our Agency IO portfolio whereby we receive fixed rate payments in exchange for floating rate payments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Swap Maturities |  | Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Fixed Interest Rate |  | Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate |  | Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Fixed Interest Rate |  | Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate
2026 |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | 1.80 | % |  | 1.33 | % |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | 1.80 | % |  | 1.00 | %
Total |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | 1.80 | % |  | 1.33 | % |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | 1.80 | % |  | 1.00 | %

The use of derivatives exposes the Company to counterparty credit risks in the event of a default by a counterparty. If a counterparty defaults under the applicable derivative agreement, the Company may be unable to collect payments to which it is entitled under its derivative agreements and may have difficulty collecting the assets it pledged as collateral against such derivatives. The Company currently has in place with all counterparties bi-lateral margin agreements requiring a party to post collateral to the Company for any valuation deficit. This arrangement is intended to limit the Company’s exposure to losses in the event of a counterparty default.
The Company is required to pledge assets under a bi-lateral margin arrangement, including either cash or Agency RMBS, as collateral for its interest rate swaps, futures contracts and TBAs, whose collateral requirements vary by counterparty and change over time based on the market value, notional amount, and remaining term of the agreement. In the event the Company is unable to meet a margin call under one of its agreements, thereby causing an event of default or triggering an early termination event under one of its agreements, the counterparty to such agreement may have the option to terminate all of such counterparty’s outstanding transactions with the Company. In addition, under this scenario, any close-out amount due to the counterparty upon termination of the counterparty’s transactions would be immediately payable by the Company pursuant to the applicable agreement. The Company believes it was in compliance with all margin requirements under its agreements as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The Company had $7.9 million and $6.1 million of restricted cash related to margin posted for its agreements as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The restricted cash held by third parties is included in receivables and other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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13. | Financing Arrangements, Portfolio Investments

The Company has entered into repurchase agreements with third party financial institutions to finance its investment portfolio. These financing arrangements are short-term borrowings that bear interest rates typically based on a spread to LIBOR, and are secured by the securities which they finance. At September 30, 2017, the Company had repurchase agreements with an outstanding balance of $608.3 million and a weighted average interest rate of 2.33%. At December 31, 2016, the Company had repurchase agreements with an outstanding balance of $773.1 million and a weighted average interest rate of 1.92%.
The following table presents detailed information about the Company’s borrowings under financing arrangements and associated assets pledged as collateral at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Outstanding Financing Arrangements |  | Fair Value of Collateral Pledged |  | Amortized Cost of Collateral Pledged |  | Outstanding Financing Arrangements |  | Fair Value of Collateral Pledged |  | Amortized Cost of Collateral Pledged
Agency ARMs | $ | 80,327 |  |  | $ | 85,117 |  |  | $ | 85,990 |  |  | $ | 102,088 |  |  | $ | 109,552 |  |  | $ | 110,903 |
Agency Fixed Rate | 248,936 |  |  | 261,450 |  |  | 270,587 |  |  | 289,619 |  |  | 308,411 |  |  | 318,544 |
Agency IOs/U.S. Treasury Securities | 26,048 |  |  | 36,702 |  |  | 47,913 |  |  | 60,862 |  |  | 82,153 |  |  | 93,819 |
Non Agency | 48,773 |  |  | 64,917 |  |  | 63,792 |  |  | 113,749 |  |  | 150,944 |  |  | 149,969 |
CMBS (1) | 204,220 |  |  | 283,669 |  |  | 221,440 |  |  | 206,824 |  |  | 294,083 |  |  | 216,092 |
Balance at end of the period | $ | 608,304 |  |  | $ | 731,855 |  |  | $ | 689,722 |  |  | $ | 773,142 |  |  | $ | 945,143 |  |  | $ | 889,327 |

(1) | Includes first loss tranche PO and mezzanine CMBS securities with a fair value amounting to $237.8 million and $254.6 million included in the Consolidated K-Series as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the average days to maturity for financing arrangements were 18 days and 12 days, respectively. The Company’s accrued interest payable on outstanding financing arrangements at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 amounts to $0.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents contractual maturity information about the Company’s outstanding financing arrangements, at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Contractual Maturity | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Within 30 days | $ | 608,304 |  |  | $ | 729,134 |
Over 30 days to 90 days | — |  |  | 44,008 |
Over 90 days | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 608,304 |  |  | $ | 773,142 |

As of September 30, 2017, the outstanding balance under our financing arrangements was funded at an advance rate of 87.8% that implies an average haircut of 12.2%. As of September 30, 2017, the weighted average “haircut” related to our repurchase agreement financing for our Agency RMBS (excluding Agency IOs), Non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and Agency IOs was approximately 4%, 25%, 20% and 25%, respectively.
In the event we are unable to obtain sufficient short-term financing through existing financings arrangements, or our lenders start to require additional collateral, we may have to liquidate our investment securities at a disadvantageous time, which could result in losses. Any losses resulting from the disposition of our investment securities in this manner could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and net profitability. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had financing arrangements with eight counterparties. As of September 30, 2017, we had no counterparties where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2016, the Company's only exposure where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders' equity was to Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch at 5.1%. The amount at risk is defined as the fair value of securities pledged as collateral to the financing arrangement in excess of the financing arrangement liability.
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As of September 30, 2017, our available liquid assets included unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, overnight deposits and unencumbered securities that we believe may be posted as margin. The Company had $101.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, $8.9 million in overnight deposits in our Agency IO portfolio included in restricted cash and $243.1 million in unencumbered investment securities to meet additional haircuts or market valuation requirements. The unencumbered securities that we believe may be posted as margin as of September 30, 2017 included $35.1 million of Agency RMBS, $139.9 million of CMBS and $68.1 million of Non-Agency RMBS and other investment securities. The cash and unencumbered securities, which collectively represent 58.2% of our financing arrangements, are liquid and could be monetized to pay down or collateralize a liability immediately.

14. | Financing Arrangements, Residential Mortgage Loans

The Company has a master repurchase agreement with Deutsche Bank AG, Cayman Islands Branch in an aggregate principal amount of $200.0 million and a maximum uncommitted principal amount of $50.0 million to fund its distressed residential mortgage loan portfolio, expiring on December 13, 2017. The outstanding balance on this master repurchase agreement as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 amounts to approximately $140.3 million and $193.8 million, respectively, bearing interest at one month LIBOR plus 2.50% (3.74% and 3.26% at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively). The Company expects to roll outstanding borrowings under this master repurchase agreement into a new repurchase agreement or other financing prior to or at maturity.
In November 2015, the Company entered into a master repurchase agreement with Deutsche Bank AG, Cayman Islands Branch in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million to fund the future purchase of residential mortgage loans, expiring on May 25, 2017. On May 24, 2017, the Company entered into an amended master repurchase agreement that reduced the committed principal amount to $25.0 million and expires on November 24, 2018. The outstanding balance on this master repurchase agreement as of September 30, 2017 amounts to approximately $20.7 million, bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 3.50% (4.74% at September 30, 2017). There was no outstanding balance on this master repurchase agreement as of December 31, 2016.
During the term of the master repurchase agreements, proceeds from the residential mortgage loans, including the Company's distressed residential mortgage loans, will be applied to pay any price differential and to reduce the aggregate repurchase price of the collateral. The financings under the master repurchase agreements are subject to margin calls to the extent the market value of the residential mortgage loans falls below specified levels and repurchase may be accelerated upon an event of default under the master repurchase agreements. The master repurchase agreements contain various covenants, including among other things, the maintenance of certain amounts of net worth, liquidity and leverage ratios. The Company is in compliance with such covenants as of November 7, 2017.

15. | Residential Collateralized Debt Obligations

The Company’s Residential CDOs, which are recorded as liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, are secured by ARM loans pledged as collateral, which are recorded as assets of the Company. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had Residential CDOs outstanding of $76.9 million and $91.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the current weighted average interest rate on these Residential CDOs was 1.85% and 1.37%, respectively. The Residential CDOs are collateralized by ARM loans with a principal balance of $83.1 million and $98.3 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company retained the owner trust certificates, or residual interest, for three securitizations, and, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, had a net investment in the residential securitization trusts of $4.6 million and $4.4 million, respectively.
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16. | Debt

Convertible Notes
On January 23, 2017, the Company completed the issuance and sale to an underwriter, $138.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.25% Senior Convertible Notes due 2022 (the "Convertible Notes"), including $18.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes issued upon exercise of the underwriter's over-allotment option, in an underwritten public offering. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Convertible Notes, after deducting the underwriter's discounts, commissions and offering expenses, were approximately $127.0 million.
The Convertible Notes were issued at 96% of the principal amount, bear interest at a rate equal to 6.25% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, and are expected to mature on January 15, 2022, unless earlier converted or repurchased. The Company does not have the right to redeem the Convertible Notes prior to maturity and no sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Notes. Holders of the Convertible Notes will be permitted to convert their Convertible Notes into shares of the Company's common stock at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately proceeding January 15, 2022. The conversion rate for the Convertible Notes, which is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events, initially equals 142.7144 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $7.01 per share of the Company’s common stock, based on a $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company that rank senior in right of payment to the Company's subordinated debentures and any of its other indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, none of the Convertible Notes were converted. As of November 7, 2017, the Company has not been notified, and is not aware, of any event of default under the covenants for the Convertible Notes.
Subordinated Debentures
Subordinated debentures are trust preferred securities that are fully guaranteed by the Company with respect to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation, redemption or repayment. The following table summarizes the key details of the Company’s subordinated debentures as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| NYM Preferred Trust I |  | NYM Preferred Trust II
Principal value of trust preferred securities | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 20,000 |
Interest Rate | Three month LIBOR plus 3.75%, resetting quarterly |  |  | Three month LIBOR plus 3.95%, resetting quarterly |
Scheduled maturity | March 30, 2035 |  |  | October 30, 2035 |

As of November 7, 2017, the Company has not been notified, and is not aware, of any event of default under the covenants for the subordinated debentures.
Mortgages and Notes Payable in Consolidated VIEs
On March 31, 2017, the Company determined that it became the primary beneficiary of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters, two variable interest entities that each own a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company holds preferred equity investments. Accordingly, on this date, the Company consolidated both Riverchase Landing and The Clusters into its condensed consolidated financial statements (s ee Note 10). Both Riverchase Landing's and The Clusters' real estate investments are subject to mortgages payable and the Company has no obligation for these liabilities as of September 30, 2017.
The Company also consolidates KRVI into its condensed consolidated financial statements (see Note 10). KRVI's real estate under development is subject to a note payable of $6.0 million that has an unused commitment of $2.4 million as of September 30, 2017. The Company has not been notified, and is not aware, of any event of default under the covenants of KRVI's note payable as of November 7, 2017.
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The mortgages and notes payable in the consolidated VIEs are described below (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Assumption/Origination Date |  | Mortgage Note Amount as of September 30, 2017 |  | Maturity Date |  | Interest Rate |  | Net Deferred Finance Costs
Riverchase Landing |  | 10/2/2015 (1) |  | $ | 23,674 |  |  | 11/1/2022 |  | 3.88 | % |  | $ | 194 |
The Clusters |  | 6/30/2014 |  | $ | 27,917 |  |  | 7/6/2024 |  | 4.49 | % |  | $ | 68 |
KRVI |  | 12/16/2016 |  | $ | 6,013 |  |  | 12/16/2019 |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | — |

(1) | Origination date of 10/26/2012

As of September 30, 2017, maturities for debt on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

Fiscal Year | Total
2017 | $ | — |
2018 | — |
2019 | 6,013 |
2020 | — |
2021 | — |
2022 | 161,674 |
Thereafter | 72,917 |
| $ | 240,604 |

17. | Commitments and Contingencies

Loans Sold to Third Parties – In the normal course of business, the Company is obligated to repurchase loans based on violations of representations and warranties in the loan sale agreements. The Company did not repurchase any loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Outstanding Litigation – The Company is at times subject to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. As of September 30, 2017, the Company does not believe that any of its current legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations, financial condition or cash flows.
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18. | Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves.
A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

a. | Investment Securities Available for Sale – Fair value for the investment securities in our portfolio, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, are valued using a third-party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. Dealer valuations typically incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. If quoted prices for a security are not reasonably available from a dealer, the security will be classified as a Level 3 security and, as a result, management will determine fair value by modeling the security based on its specific characteristics and available market information. Management reviews all prices used in determining fair value to ensure they represent current market conditions. This review includes surveying similar market transactions, comparisons to interest pricing models as well as offerings of like securities by dealers. The Company's investment securities, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, are valued based upon readily observable market parameters and are classified as Level 1 or 2 fair values.

The Company’s CMBS held in securitization trusts are comprised of securities for which there are not substantially similar securities that trade frequently. The Company classifies these securities as Level 3 fair values. Fair value of the Company’s CMBS investments held in securitization trusts is based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses of certain identified loans within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity and current market interest rates. The discount rate ranges from 4.5% to 10.6%. Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

b. | Multi-Family Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value election and classified as Level 3 fair values. The Company determines the fair value of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts based on the fair value of its Multi-Family CDOs and its retained interests from these securitizations (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable.

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c. | Derivative Instruments – The fair value of interest rate swaps, swaptions, options and TBAs are based on dealer quotes. The fair value of future contracts are based on exchange-traded prices. The Company’s derivatives are classified as Level 1 or Level 2 fair values.

d. | Multi-Family CDOs – Multi-Family CDOs are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. The fair value of Multi-Family CDOs is determined using a third party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The dealers will consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants. Dealers also incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security.

e. | Investment in Unconsolidated Entities – Fair value for investments in unconsolidated entities is determined based on a valuation model using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flow for income and realization events for the underlying assets in the unconsolidated entities and a discount rate. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

f. | Residential Mortgage Loans - Certain of the Company’s acquired residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans and second lien mortgages, are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value for first lien mortgages is determined using prices obtained from a third party pricing service. The fair value is based upon cash flow models that primarily use market-based inputs such as current interest and discount rates but also include unobservable market data inputs such as prepayment speeds, default rates and loss severities. The fair value for second lien residential loans is based upon an internal cash flow model that considers current interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates, and loss severities.

Any changes to the valuation methodology are reviewed by management to ensure the changes are appropriate. As markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more transparent, the Company continues to refine its valuation methodologies. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of each reporting date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which time price transparency may be reduced. This condition could cause the Company’s financial instruments to be reclassified from Level 2 to Level 3 in future periods.
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The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS | $ | — |  |  | $ | 415,032 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 415,032 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 526,363 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 526,363 |
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 133,022 |  |  | — |  |  | 133,022 |  |  | — |  |  | 163,284 |  |  | — |  |  | 163,284 |
U.S. Treasury Securities | 2,924 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,924 |  |  | 2,887 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,887 |
CMBS | — |  |  | 76,560 |  |  | 46,623 |  |  | 123,183 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,545 |  |  | 43,897 |  |  | 126,442 |
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,399,334 |  |  | 8,399,334 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,939,844 |  |  | 6,939,844 |
Residential mortgage loans, at fair value | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69,512 |  |  | 69,512 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,769 |  |  | 17,769 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TBA Securities | — |  |  | 180,562 |  |  | — |  |  | 180,562 |  |  | — |  |  | 148,139 |  |  | — |  |  | 148,139 |
Interest rate swap futures | 1,228 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 444 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 444 |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | 108 |
Swaptions | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 431 |  |  | — |  |  | 431 |
Eurodollar futures | 289 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 289 |  |  | 1,175 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,175 |
Investment in unconsolidated entities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,026 |  |  | 41,026 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60,332 |  |  | 60,332 |
Total | $ | 4,441 |  |  | $ | 805,212 |  |  | $ | 8,556,495 |  |  | $ | 9,366,148 |  |  | $ | 4,506 |  |  | $ | 920,870 |  |  | $ | 7,061,842 |  |  | $ | 7,987,218 |
Liabilities carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,990,619 |  |  | $ | 7,990,619 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,624,896 |  |  | $ | 6,624,896 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury futures | 193 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107 |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | — |  |  | 391 |  |  | — |  |  | 391 |
Total | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 7,990,619 |  |  | $ | 7,991,086 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | 6,624,896 |  |  | $ | 6,625,394 |

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The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (amounts in thousands):
Level 3 Assets:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 7,061,842 |  |  | $ | 7,214,587 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |
Included in earnings (1) | 38,978 |  |  | 215,325 |
Included in other comprehensive income | 208 |  |  | 178 |
Purchases | 1,598,018 |  |  | 13,326 |
Transfers in (2) | — |  |  | 52,176 |
Transfers out (3) | — |  |  | (56,756 | )
Contributions | 1,300 |  |  | 2,000 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (139,751 | ) |  | (93,129 | )
Sales | (4,100 | ) |  | — |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 8,556,495 |  |  | $ | 7,340,018 |

(1) | Amounts included in interest income from multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, interest income from residential mortgage loans, realized gain on distressed residential mortgage loans, net gain on residential mortgage loans at fair value, unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, and other income.

(2) | Transfers into Level 3 include investments in unconsolidated entities held by RiverBanc and RBMI for which the Company accounts under the equity method of accounting with a fair value election. These transfers in are a result of the Company's acquisition of the outstanding membership interests in RiverBanc and RBMI that were not previously owned by the Company on May 16, 2016, which resulted in consolidation of these entities into the Company's financial statements (see Note 23).

(3) | Transfers out of Level 3 represent the Company's previously held membership interests in RBMI and RBDHC that were accounted for under the equity method of accounting with a fair value election. These transfers out are a result of the Company's acquisition of the outstanding membership interests in RBMI and RBDHC that were not previously owned by the Company on May 16, 2016, which resulted in consolidation of these entities into the Company's financial statements (see Note 23).

The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (amounts in thousands):
Level 3 Liabilities:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 6,624,896 |  |  | $ | 6,818,901 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |
Included in earnings (1) | (1,389 | ) |  | 186,855 |
Purchases | 1,472,073 |  |  | — |
Paydowns | (104,961 | ) |  | (91,901 | )
Balance at the end of period | $ | 7,990,619 |  |  | $ | 6,913,855 |

(1) | Amounts included in interest expense on Multi-Family CDOs and unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts.

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The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for our Level 3 multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Change in unrealized (losses) gains – assets | $ | (19,767 | ) |  | $ | (17,722 | ) |  | $ | 56,995 |  |  | $ | 237,934 |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) – liabilities | 22,120 |  |  | 18,460 |  |  | (51,811 | ) |  | (235,594 | )
Net change in unrealized gains included in earnings for assets and liabilities | $ | 2,353 |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 5,184 |  |  | $ | 2,340 |

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at
| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans (net) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,201 |  |  | $ | 7,201 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,050 |  |  | $ | 9,050 |
Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 742 |  |  | 742 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 150 |

The following table presents losses (gains) incurred for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans (net) | $ | (199 | ) |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 534 |
Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts | 297 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 23 |

Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Impaired Loans (net) – Impaired residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost less specific loan loss reserves. Impaired loan value is based on management’s estimate of the net realizable value taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to remediate the impaired loan.
Real Estate Owned Held in Residential Securitization Trusts – Real estate owned held in the residential securitization trusts are recorded at net realizable value. Any subsequent adjustment will result in the reduction in carrying value with the corresponding amount charged to earnings. Net realizable value is based on an estimate of disposal taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to sell the property.
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The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | Level 1 |  | $ | 101,904 |  |  | $ | 101,904 |  |  | $ | 83,554 |  |  | $ | 83,554 |
Investment securities available for sale (1) | Level 1, 2 or 3 |  | 674,161 |  |  | 674,161 |  |  | 818,976 |  |  | 818,976 |
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) | Level 3 |  | 79,875 |  |  | 77,412 |  |  | 95,144 |  |  | 88,718 |
Distressed residential mortgage loans, at carrying value (2) | Level 3 |  | 369,651 |  |  | 374,169 |  |  | 503,094 |  |  | 504,915 |
Residential mortgage loans, at fair value | Level 3 |  | 69,512 |  |  | 69,512 |  |  | 17,769 |  |  | 17,769 |
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts | Level 3 |  | 8,399,334 |  |  | 8,399,334 |  |  | 6,939,844 |  |  | 6,939,844 |
Derivative assets | Level 1 or 2 |  | 182,115 |  |  | 182,115 |  |  | 150,296 |  |  | 150,296 |
Mortgage loans held for sale (net) (3) | Level 3 |  | 6,797 |  |  | 6,899 |  |  | 7,847 |  |  | 7,959 |
Mortgage loans held for investment (3) | Level 3 |  | 1,760 |  |  | 1,900 |  |  | 19,529 |  |  | 19,641 |
Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments (4) | Level 3 |  | 122,578 |  |  | 124,436 |  |  | 100,150 |  |  | 101,408 |
Investment in unconsolidated entities (5) | Level 3 |  | 51,268 |  |  | 51,342 |  |  | 79,259 |  |  | 79,390 |
Receivable for securities sold | Level 1 |  | 1,261 |  |  | 1,261 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financing arrangements, portfolio investments | Level 2 |  | 608,304 |  |  | 608,304 |  |  | 773,142 |  |  | 773,142 |
Financing arrangements, residential mortgage loans | Level 2 |  | 160,562 |  |  | 160,562 |  |  | 192,419 |  |  | 192,419 |
Residential collateralized debt obligations | Level 3 |  | 76,867 |  |  | 72,428 |  |  | 91,663 |  |  | 85,568 |
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations | Level 3 |  | 7,990,619 |  |  | 7,990,619 |  |  | 6,624,896 |  |  | 6,624,896 |
Securitized debt | Level 3 |  | 98,371 |  |  | 105,768 |  |  | 158,867 |  |  | 163,884 |
Derivative liabilities | Level 1 or 2 |  | 467 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 498 |
Payable for securities purchased | Level 1 |  | 181,718 |  |  | 181,718 |  |  | 148,015 |  |  | 148,015 |
Subordinated debentures | Level 3 |  | 45,000 |  |  | 44,989 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | 43,132 |
Convertible notes | Level 2 |  | 128,273 |  |  | 138,697 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1) | Includes $46.6 million and $43.9 million of investment securities for sale held in securitization trusts as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

(2) | Includes distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts with a carrying value amounting to approximately $134.0 million and $195.3 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value amounting to approximately $235.7 million and $307.7 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

(3) | Included in receivables and other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(4) | Includes mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments accounted for as loans (see Note 9).

(5) | Includes investments in unconsolidated entities accounted for under the fair value option with a carrying value of $41.0 million and $60.3 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (see Note 8).

In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and non-recurring basis, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above:

a. | Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets.

b. | Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) – Residential mortgage loans held in the securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost. Fair value is based on an internal valuation model that considers the aggregated characteristics of groups of loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed-rate period, life cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit estimated using the estimated market prices for similar types of loans.

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c. | Distressed residential mortgage loans (net) – Fair value is estimated using pricing models taking into consideration current interest rates, loan amount, payment status and property type, and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices and property values, prepayment speeds, default, loss severities, and actual purchases and sales of similar loans.

d. | Receivable for securities sold – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets.

e. | Mortgage loans held for sale (net) – The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale (net) are estimated by the Company based on the price that would be received if the loans were sold as whole loans taking into consideration the aggregated characteristics of the loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed interest rate period, life time cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit.

f. | Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments – Estimated fair value is determined by both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flows. The discounted cash flows are based on the underlying contractual cash flows and estimated changes in market yields. The fair value also reflects consideration of changes in credit risk since the origination or time of initial investment.

g. | Financing arrangements – The fair value of these financing arrangements approximates cost as they are short term in nature.

h. | Residential collateralized debt obligations – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations.

i. | Securitized debt – The fair value of securitized debt is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields.

j. | Payable for securities purchased – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such liabilities.

k. | Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields.

l. | Convertible notes – The fair value is based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments.

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19. | Stockholders' Equity

(a) | Dividends on Preferred Stock

The Company had 200,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, with 6,600,000 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
On June 4, 2013, the Company issued 3,000,000 shares of 7.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”), with a par value of $0.01 per share and a liquidation preference of $25 per share, in an underwritten public offering, for net proceeds of approximately $72.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were 6,000,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock authorized. The Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend at a rate of 7.75% per year on the $25 liquidation preference and is senior to the common stock with respect to dividends and distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
On April 22, 2015, the Company issued 3,600,000 shares of 7.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock”), with a par value of $0.01 per share and a liquidation preference of $25 per share, in an underwritten public offering, for net proceeds of approximately $86.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were 4,140,000 shares of Series C Preferred Stock authorized. The Series C Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend at a rate of 7.875% per year on the $25 liquidation preference and is senior to the common stock with respect to dividends and distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
The Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights, subject to an exception in the event the Company fails to pay dividends on such stock for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive). Under such circumstances, holders of the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class with the holders of all other classes or series of our preferred stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, will be entitled to vote to elect two additional directors to the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set apart for payment. In addition, certain material and adverse changes to the terms of the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock.
Neither the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock are redeemable by the Company prior to June 4, 2018, in the case of the Series B Preferred Stock, and April 22, 2020, in the case of the Series C Preferred Stock, except under circumstances intended to preserve the Company’s qualification as a REIT and except upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Articles Supplementary designating the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, respectively). On and after June 4, 2018 and April 22, 2020, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, respectively, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price equal to $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends.
In addition, upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, within 120 days after the first date, on which such Change of Control occurred, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends.
Each of the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted into the Company’s common stock in connection with a Change of Control.
Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, each holder of Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock will have the right (unless the Company has exercised its right to redeem the Series B Preferred Stock or Series C Preferred Stock, respectively) to convert some or all of the Series B Preferred Stock or Series C Preferred Stock held by such holder into a number of shares of our common stock per share of Series B Preferred Stock or Series C Preferred Stock determined by a formula, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions described in the applicable Articles Supplementary for such series.
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From the time of original issuance of each of the Series B Preferred Stock and the Series C Preferred Stock through September 30, 2017, the Company has declared and paid all required quarterly dividends on such series of stock. The following table presents the relevant dates with respect to quarterly cash dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock declared from January 1, 2016 through September 30, 2017 :

| Series B Preferred Stock |  | Series C Preferred Stock
| Declaration Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Cash Dividend Per Share |  | Declaration Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Cash Dividend Per Share
| September 14, 2017 |  | October 1, 2017 |  | October 15, 2017 |  | $ | 0.484375 |  |  | September 14, 2017 |  | October 1, 2017 |  | October 15, 2017 |  | $ | 0.4921875 |
| June 14, 2017 |  | July 1, 2017 |  | July 15, 2017 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | June 14, 2017 |  | July 1, 2017 |  | July 15, 2017 |  | 0.4921875 |
| March 16, 2017 |  | April 1, 2017 |  | April 15, 2017 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | March 16, 2017 |  | April 1, 2017 |  | April 15, 2017 |  | 0.4921875 |
| December 15, 2016 |  | January 1, 2017 |  | January 15, 2017 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | December 15, 2016 |  | January 1, 2017 |  | January 15, 2017 |  | 0.4921875 |
| September 15, 2016 |  | October 1, 2016 |  | October 15, 2016 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | September 15, 2016 |  | October 1, 2016 |  | October 15, 2016 |  | 0.4921875 |
| June 16, 2016 |  | July 1, 2016 |  | July 15, 2016 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | June 16, 2016 |  | July 1, 2016 |  | July 15, 2016 |  | 0.4921875 |
| March 18, 2016 |  | April 1, 2016 |  | April 15, 2016 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | March 18, 2016 |  | April 1, 2016 |  | April 15, 2016 |  | 0.4921875 |

(b) | Dividends on Common Stock

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its common stock with respect to each of the quarterly periods commencing January 1, 2016 and ended September 30, 2017:

Period |  | Declaration Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Cash Dividend Per Share
Third Quarter 2017 |  | September 14, 2017 |  | September 25, 2017 |  | October 25, 2017 |  | $ | 0.20 |
Second Quarter 2017 |  | June 14, 2017 |  | June 26, 2017 |  | July 25, 2017 |  | 0.20 |
First Quarter 2017 |  | March 16, 2017 |  | March 27, 2017 |  | April 25, 2017 |  | 0.20 |
Fourth Quarter 2016 |  | December 15, 2016 |  | December 27, 2016 |  | January 26, 2017 |  | 0.24 |
Third Quarter 2016 |  | September 15, 2016 |  | September 26, 2016 |  | October 28, 2016 |  | 0.24 |
Second Quarter 2016 |  | June 16, 2016 |  | June 27, 2016 |  | July 25, 2016 |  | 0.24 |
First Quarter 2016 |  | March 18, 2016 |  | March 28, 2016 |  | April 25, 2016 |  | 0.24 |

(c) | Public Offering of Common Stock

There were no underwritten public offerings of common stock during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

(d) | Equity Distribution Agreements

On August 10, 2017, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Equity Distribution Agreement”) with Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC (“Credit Suisse”), as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having a maximum aggregate sales price of up to $100.0 million, from time to time through Credit Suisse. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares of common stock issuable under the Equity Distribution Agreement and may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the Equity Distribution Agreement.
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The Equity Distribution Agreement replaces the Company’s prior equity distribution agreements with JMP Securities LLC and Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. dated as of March 20, 2015 and August 25, 2016, respectively (the “Prior Equity Distribution Agreements”), pursuant to which up to $39.3 million of aggregate value of the Company's common stock and Series B Preferred Stock remained available for issuance immediately prior to termination. The Prior Equity Distribution Agreements were terminated effective on August 7, 2017.
There were no shares of common stock issued under the Prior Equity Distribution Agreements and the Equity Distribution Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2017 . During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company issued 87,737 shares of its common stock under the Prior Equity Distribution Agreements, at an average sales price of $6.68 per share, resulting in total net proceeds to the Company of $0.6 million after deducting the placement fees. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company issued no shares under the Prior Equity Distribution Agreements. As of September 30, 2017, approximately $100.0 million of securities remains available for issuance under the Equity Distribution Agreement.

20. | Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates basic earnings per common share by dividing net income attributable to the Company's common stockholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Diluted earnings per common share takes into account the effect of dilutive instruments, such as convertible notes and performance share awards, and the number of incremental shares that are to be added to the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company's Convertible Notes were determined to be dilutive and were included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share under the "if-converted" method. Under this method, the periodic interest expense (net of applicable taxes) for dilutive notes is added back to the numerator and the number of shares that the notes are entitled to (if converted, regardless of whether they are in or out of the money) are included in the denominator. There were no dilutive instruments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016.
The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the periods indicated (dollar and share amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Basic Earnings per Common Share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Company |  | $ | 27,845 |  |  | $ | 23,268 |  |  | $ | 61,364 |  |  | $ | 54,654 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  | (3,225 | ) |  | (3,225 | ) |  | (9,675 | ) |  | (9,675 | )
Net income attributable to Company's common stockholders |  | $ | 24,620 |  |  | $ | 20,043 |  |  | $ | 51,689 |  |  | $ | 44,979 |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 111,886 |  |  | 109,569 |  |  | 111,824 |  |  | 109,487 |
Basic Earnings per Common Share |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |
Diluted Earnings per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Company |  | 27,845 |  |  | 23,268 |  |  | 61,364 |  |  | 54,654 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  | (3,225 | ) |  | (3,225 | ) |  | (9,675 | ) |  | (9,675 | )
Add back: Interest expense on convertible notes for the period, net of tax |  | 2,428 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,982 |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to Company's common stockholders |  | $ | 27,048 |  |  | $ | 20,043 |  |  | $ | 58,671 |  |  | $ | 44,979 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 111,886 |  |  | 109,569 |  |  | 111,824 |  |  | 109,487 |
Net effect of assumed convertible notes conversion to common shares |  | 19,694 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,107 |  |  | — |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 131,580 |  |  | 109,569 |  |  | 129,931 |  |  | 109,487 |
Diluted Earnings per Common Share |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |

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21. | Stock Based Compensation

In May 2017, the Company’s stockholders approved the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), with such stockholder action resulting in the termination of the Company’s 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”). The terms of the 2017 Plan are substantially the same as the 2010 Plan. However, any outstanding awards under the 2010 Plan will continue in accordance with the terms of the 2010 Plan and any award agreement executed in connection with such outstanding awards. At September 30, 2017, there are 94,043 common shares reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan in connection with an outstanding performance share award.
Pursuant to the 2017 Plan, eligible employees, officers and directors of the Company are offered the opportunity to acquire the Company's common stock through the award of restricted stock and other equity awards under the 2017 Plan. The maximum number of shares that may be issued under the 2017 Plan is 5,570,000. The Company’s non-employee directors have been issued 58,920 shares under the 2017 Plan as of September 30, 2017. The Company’s employees have been issued 6,258 shares under the 2017 Plan as of September 30, 2017. At September 30, 2017, there were 6,258 shares of non-vested restricted stock outstanding under the 2017 Plan.
Of the common stock authorized at December 31, 2016, 326,663 shares were reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan. The Company’s non-employee directors have been issued 265,934 shares collectively under the 2010 and 2017 Plans as of September 30, 2017. The Company's non-employee directors had been issued 207,014 shares under the 2010 plan as of December 31, 2016. The Company’s employees have been issued 895,201 and 562,280 restricted shares collectively under the 2010 and 2017 Plans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were 422,928 and 319,058 shares of non-vested restricted stock outstanding collectively under the 2010 and 2017 Plans.

(a) | Restricted Common Stock Awards

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized non-cash compensation expense on its restricted common stock awards of $0.8 million and $1.5 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized non-cash compensation expense on its restricted common stock awards of $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Dividends are paid on all restricted common stock issued, whether those shares have vested or not. In general, non-vested restricted stock is forfeited upon the recipient's termination of employment. There were no forfeitures during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
A summary of the activity of the Company's non-vested restricted stock for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, is presented below:

| 2017 |  | 2016
| Number of Non-vested Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1)
Non-vested shares at January 1 | 319,058 |  |  | $ | 6.40 |  |  | 280,457 |  |  | $ | 7.63 |
Granted | 332,921 |  |  | 6.54 |  |  | 160,453 |  |  | 5.11 |
Vested | (229,051 | ) |  | 6.67 |  |  | (121,852 | ) |  | 7.54 |
Non-vested shares as of September 30 | 422,928 |  |  | 6.36 |  |  | 319,058 |  |  | 6.40 |
Weighted-average fair value of restricted stock granted during the period | 332,921 |  |  | $ | 6.54 |  |  | 160,453 |  |  | $ | 5.11 |

(1) | The grant date fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date.

At September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company had unrecognized compensation expense of $1.9 million and $1.5 million, respectively, related to the non-vested shares of restricted common stock under the 2010 and 2017 Plans. The unrecognized compensation expense at September 30, 2017 is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. The total fair value of restricted shares vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was approximately $1.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The requisite service period for restricted shares at issuance is three years.
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(b) | Performance Share Awards

In May 2015, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved a performance share award (“PSA”) under the 2010 Plan to the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. At the time of grant, the target number of shares pursuant to the PSA consisted of 89,629 shares of common stock. The PSA had a grant date fair value of approximately $0.4 million. The PSA award under which the number of underlying shares of Company common stock that can be earned will generally range from 0% to 200% of the target number of shares, with the target number of shares increased to reflect the value of the reinvestment of any dividends declared on Company common stock during the vesting period. Vesting of the PSA will occur at the end of three years based on three-year TSR, as follows:

• | If three-year TSR is less than 33%, then 0% of the PSA will vest;

• | If three-year TSR is greater than or equal to 33% and the TSR is not in the bottom quartile of an identified peer group, then 100% of the PSA will vest;

• | If three-year TSR is greater than or equal to 33% and the TSR is in the top quartile of an identified peer group, then 200% of the PSA will vest;

• | If three-year TSR is greater than or equal to 33% and the TSR is in the bottom quartile of an identified peer group, then 50% of the PSA will vest.

TSR is defined, with respect to the Company and each member of the identified peer group, as applicable, as the average annual total shareholder return based on common stock price appreciation/depreciation during the applicable measurement period or until the date of a change of control, whichever first occurs, plus the value on the last day of the applicable measurement period or the date of a change of control of common shares if all cash dividends declared on a common share during such period were reinvested in additional common shares.
Under the terms of the agreement pursuant to which the PSA was granted (the "PSA Agreement"), the PSA is subject to the terms and conditions of the 2010 Plan and in the event of any conflict between the terms of the 2010 Plan and the PSA Agreement, the terms of the 2010 Plan govern. The 2010 Plan provides that the Compensation Committee may determine that the amount payable when an award of performance shares is earned may be settled in cash, by the issuance of shares, or a combination thereof. The maximum number of shares which may be issued under the PSA is limited to 94,043 shares. In the event the PSA is earned at a level that would cause the Company to issue more than 94,043 shares, the dollar value of the PSA earned in excess of 94,043 shares will be paid in cash, subject to the terms of the 2010 Plan.
The grant date fair value of the PSA was determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return and the common stock total shareholder return of its peer companies to determine the TSR of the Company’s common stock relative to its peer companies over a future period of three years. For the PSA granted in 2015, the inputs used by the model to determine the fair value are (i) historical stock return volatilities of the Company and its peer companies over the most recent three year period, (ii) a risk free rate based on the three year U.S. Treasury rate on grant date, and (iii) historical pairwise stock return correlations between the Company and its peer companies over the most recent three year period.
Compensation expense related to the PSA was $32.0 thousand and $95.1 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2017, there was $0.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the PSA.

22. | Income Taxes

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, the Company qualified to be taxed as a REIT under the Code for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As long as the Company qualifies as a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on its taxable income to the extent it annually distributes at least 100% of its taxable income to stockholders and does not engage in prohibited transactions. Certain activities the Company performs may produce income that will not be qualifying income for REIT purposes. The Company has designated its TRSs to engage in these activities. The tables below reflect the taxes accrued at the TRS level and the tax attributes included in the consolidated financial statements.
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The income tax provision for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 is comprised of the following components (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Current income tax expense | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | 2,280 |  |  | $ | 2,581 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense | (34 | ) |  | (163 | ) |  | (93 | ) |  | 139 |
Total provision | $ | 507 |  |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 2,187 |  |  | $ | 2,720 |

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The major sources of temporary differences included in the deferred tax assets and their deferred tax effect as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Deferred tax assets |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforward | $ | 2,174 |  |  | $ | 2,287 |
Net capital loss carryforward | — |  |  | 1,123 |
GAAP/Tax basis differences | 3,556 |  |  | 3,059 |
Total deferred tax assets (1) | 5,730 |  |  | 6,469 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities | 200 |  |  | 303 |
Total deferred tax liabilities (2) | 200 |  |  | 303 |
Valuation allowance (1) | (5,248 | ) |  | (5,978 | )
Total net deferred tax asset | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 188 |

(1) | Included in receivables and other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(2) | Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2017, the Company, through wholly owned TRSs, had incurred net operating losses in the aggregate amount of approximately $4.8 million. The Company’s carryforward net operating losses will expire between 2033 and 2037 if they are not offset by future taxable income. At September 30, 2017, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets as management does not believe that it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be realized.
The Company files income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state and local jurisdictions. The Company's federal, state and city income tax returns are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and related tax authorities generally for three years after they were filed. The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open years and concluded that there are no material uncertainties to be recognized.
In addition, based on the Company’s evaluation, the Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements.
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23. | Business Combinations

On May 16, 2016 (the “Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired the outstanding common equity interests in RiverBanc, RBMI, and RBDHC (collectively, the “Acquirees”) that were not previously owned by the Company through the consummation of separate membership interest purchase agreements, thereby increasing the Company's ownership of each of these entities to 100%. The results of the Acquirees’ operations have been included in the condensed consolidated financial statements since the Acquisition Date. Prior to the Acquisition Date, the Company owned 20.0%, 67.19% and 62.5% of the outstanding common equity interests in RiverBanc, RBMI and RBDHC, respectively. RiverBanc is an investment management firm that was founded in 2010 and has sourced and managed direct and indirect investments in multi-family apartment properties on behalf of both public and private institutional investors, including the Company, RBMI and RBDHC. Prior to the completion of the RiverBanc acquisition, RiverBanc had served as an external manager of the Company pursuant to an investment management agreement, for which it received base management and incentive fees. In connection with the acquisition, the Company terminated its investment management agreement with RiverBanc on May 17, 2016. As of March 31, 2016, RiverBanc managed approximately $371.5 million of the Company’s capital. In acquiring a 100% ownership interest in RiverBanc, the Company has internalized the management of its multi-family investments. The Company has achieved certain synergies related to processes and personnel as a result of this internalization. Prior to the completion of the acquisitions described above, Donlon Family LLC beneficially owned 59.40%, 5.47% and 6.25% of the outstanding common equity interests in RiverBanc, RMI and RBDHC, respectively.
The estimated Acquisition Date fair value of the consideration transferred totaled $53.5 million, which consisted of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

Cash (1) | $ | 29,073 |
Contingent consideration | 3,800 |
Fair value of previously held membership interests | 20,608 |
Total consideration transferred | $ | 53,481 |

(1) | Includes $16.3 million paid to Donlon Family LLC and reflects a post-closing working capital adjustment of $20 thousand delivered to the sellers of RiverBanc on July 15, 2016.

Prior to the Acquisition Date, the Company accounted for its previously held membership interests in the Acquirees as equity method investments, utilizing the fair value election for both RBMI and RBDHC. The Acquisition Date fair value of the Company's previously held membership interests in the Acquirees was $20.6 million and is included in the measurement of consideration transferred. In the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a net gain as a result of remeasuring its previously held membership interests in RiverBanc, RBMI, and RBDHC totaling $5.0 million. This net gain was included in other income on the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016.
The Company determined the estimated fair value of its previously held membership interests in RiverBanc using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected net future cash flow for the managed portfolio and a discount rate. The Company determined the estimated fair value of its previously held membership interests in RBMI and RBDHC using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flow for income and realization events for the underlying assets and a discount rate.
The contingent consideration includes two components:

• | A cash holdback in the amount of $3.0 million to be released to Donlon Family LLC upon the purchase of $3.0 million in Company common shares on the open market within 90 days of the Acquisition Date. This cash holdback was paid to Donlon Family LLC on June 10, 2016 upon satisfaction of the conditions to the release of this holdback.

• | A severance holdback in the amount of $0.8 million to fund the aggregate amount of all severance compensation and severance benefits to be paid or provided to current or former RiverBanc employees as a result of the acquisition. The severance holdback was settled in cash and paid to a separated employee on June 30, 2016 and the holdback amount in excess of actual severance costs was delivered to the sellers of RiverBanc on July 15, 2016.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed by the Company at the Acquisition Date (dollar amounts in thousands). The membership interest purchase agreement for the acquisition of RiverBanc included a post-closing working capital adjustment that was calculated at $20 thousand and settled with the sellers of RiverBanc on July 15, 2016. Additionally, the excess severance holdback amount described above was settled with the sellers of RiverBanc on July 15, 2016. The Company engaged a third party for valuations of certain intangible assets.
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Cash | $ | 4,325 |
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 52,176 |
Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments | 23,638 |
Real estate under development (1) | 14,922 |
Receivables and other assets | 911 |
Intangible assets (1) | 3,490 |
Total identifiable assets acquired | 99,462 |
Construction loan payable (2) | 8,499 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 2,864 |
Total liabilities assumed | 11,363 |
Preferred equity (3) | 56,697 |
Net identifiable assets acquired | 31,402 |
Goodwill (4) | 25,222 |
Gain on bargain purchase (5) | (65 | )
Non-controlling interest (6) | (3,078 | )
Net assets acquired | $ | 53,481 |

(1) | Included in receivables and other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(2) | Construction loan payable to the Company is eliminated on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(3) | Includes $40.4 million of preferred equity owned by the Company that is eliminated on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Remaining $16.3 million of preferred equity owned by third parties was redeemed on June 10, 2016 and June 24, 2016.

(4) | Goodwill recognized in the acquisition of RiverBanc.

(5) | Gain on bargain purchase recognized in the acquisitions of RBMI and RBDHC in the year ended December 31, 2016.

(6) | Represents third-party ownership of KRVI membership interests (see Note 10). The Company consolidates its investment in KRVI. The third-party ownership in KRVI is represented in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the pro forma net income attributable to the Company's common stockholders as non-controlling interests. The fair value of the non-controlling interests in KRVI was estimated to be $3.1 million. The fair value of the non-controlling interests in KRVI, a private company, was estimated using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flow for income and realization events for the underlying real estate.

The $3.5 million of intangible assets relates to the RiverBanc acquisition and was recognized at estimated fair value on the Acquisition Date. Intangible assets include an acquired trade name, acquired technology, and employment/non-compete agreements with useful lives ranging from 1 to 10 years.
The $25.2 million of goodwill recognized is attributable primarily to expected synergies and economies of scale from combining with RiverBanc and the assembled workforce of RiverBanc. For the Company’s ongoing evaluation of goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, the Company’s multi-family investment portfolio (inclusive of RiverBanc) will be considered a reporting unit. As of December 31, 2016, there were changes in the recognized amounts of goodwill resulting from the acquisition of RiverBanc as a result of payment of the post-closing working capital adjustment of $20 thousand and adjustments to the estimated fair value of intangible assets in the amount of $0.4 million. The Company evaluated goodwill as of October 1, 2016 and no impairment was indicated.
The acquisition of both RBMI and RBDHC was negotiated directly with the sellers and the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed exceed the fair value of the consideration transferred. Subsequently, the Company reassessed the identification and recognition of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the Company’s previously held membership interests, and the consideration transferred and concluded that all items were recognized and that the valuation procedures and measurements were appropriate. Accordingly, the Company recorded a net gain on bargain purchase of $0.1 million that was included in other income on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016.
The amount of revenue of the Acquirees included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations from the Acquisition Date to the period ended December 31, 2016 was $5.3 million.
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The following represents the pro forma consolidated revenue and net income attributable to the Company's common stockholders as if the Acquirees had been included in the consolidated results of the Company for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016
Revenue | $ | 272,074 |
Net income attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | 42,077 |
Basic pro forma earnings per share | $ | 0.38 |
Diluted pro forma earnings per share | $ | 0.38 |

These amounts have been calculated after applying the Company’s accounting policies and adjustments for consolidation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the estimated fair value adjustments to intangible assets had been applied on January 1, 2015. Material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combinations have been included in the pro forma consolidated revenue and net income attributable to the Company's common stockholders shown above as if the transaction occurred on January 1, 2015.

24. | Related Party Transactions

The Company terminated its management agreement with RiverBanc on May 17, 2016 as a result of the Company's acquisition of the remaining 80% membership interest in RiverBanc, which resulted in consolidation of RiverBanc into the Company's financial statements (see Note 23). Prior to May 16, 2016, RiverBanc sourced and managed direct and indirect investments in multi-family properties on behalf of the Company pursuant to a management agreement entered into on April 5, 2011 and amended on March 13, 2013. The amended and restated management agreement had an effective date of January 1, 2013 and had an initial term that expired on December 31, 2015 and was subject to annual automatic one-year renewals (subject to any notice of termination).
Prior to May 16, 2016, the Company owned a 20% membership interest in RiverBanc. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized approximately $0.1 million in equity income related to its investment in RiverBanc.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company expensed $1.8 million in fees to RiverBanc.
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25. Subsequent Events
On October 13, 2017, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of 5,400,000 shares of the Company's 8.00% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share ("Series D Preferred Stock"), including 400,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued pursuant to the partial exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase up to 750,000 additional shares. Holders of Series D Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends (i) from and including the original issue date to, but excluding, October 15, 2027 at a fixed rate equal to 8.00% per annum of the$25.00 per share liquidation preference (equivalent to $2.00 per annum per share) and (ii) from and including October 15, 2027 at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.695% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. The Series D Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to October 15, 2027, except under circumstances where it is necessary to preserve the Company’s qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and except in certain instances upon the occurrence of a change of control. The issuance and sale of the 5,400,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock resulted in total net proceeds to the Company of approximately $130.4 million after deduction of underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.
On October 27, 2017, the Company purchased $36.7 million in first loss tranche PO and certain IO securities issued by a Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization collateralized by multi-family loans in the amount of approximately $1.3 billion.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, or in press releases or other written or oral communications issued or made by us, statements which are not historical in nature, including those containing words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “goal,” “objective,” “will,” “may” or similar expressions, are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, and, as such, may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions.
Forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations are subject to risks and uncertainties and can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. The following factors are examples of those that could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements: changes in interest rates and the market value of our securities, changes in credit spreads, the impact of the downgrade of the long-term credit ratings of the U.S., Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae; market volatility; changes in the prepayment rates on the mortgage loans underlying our investment securities; increased rates of default and/or decreased recovery rates on our assets; delays in identifying and acquiring our targeted assets; our ability to borrow to finance our assets; changes in government laws, regulations or policies affecting our business, including actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury and those relating to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae; our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal tax purposes; our ability to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended; and risks associated with investing in real estate assets, including changes in business conditions and the general economy. These and other risks, uncertainties and factors, including the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A – “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 and as updated by our subsequent filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act, could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements we make. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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Defined Terms
In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q we refer to New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, as “we,” “us,” “Company,” or “our,” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context indicates otherwise. We refer to our wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiaries as “TRSs” and our wholly-owned qualified REIT subsidiaries as “QRSs.” In addition, the following defines certain of the commonly used terms in this report: “RMBS” refers to residential mortgage-backed securities comprised of adjustable-rate, hybrid adjustable-rate, fixed-rate, interest only and inverse interest only, and principal only securities; “Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS representing interests in or obligations backed by pools of mortgage loans issued or guaranteed by a federally chartered corporation (“GSE”), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), or an agency of the U.S. government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”); “Agency ARMs” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS; "Agency fixed-rate RMBS" refers to Agency RMBS comprised of fixed-rate RMBS; “non-Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS backed by prime jumbo residential mortgage loans and re-performing and non-performing loans; “IOs” refers collectively to interest only and inverse interest only mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the interest component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans; “Agency IOs” refers to IOs that represent the right to the interest components of the cash flow from a pool of residential mortgage loans issued or guaranteed by a GSE or an agency of the U.S. government; “POs” refers to mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the principal component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans; “ARMs” refers to adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans; “prime ARM loans” and “residential securitized loans” each refer to prime credit quality residential ARM loans held in securitization trusts; “distressed residential loans” refers to pools of performing and re-performing, fixed-rate and adjustable-rate, fully amortizing, interest-only and balloon, seasoned mortgage loans secured by first liens on one- to four-family properties; “CMBS” refers to commercial mortgage-backed securities comprised of commercial mortgage pass-through securities, as well as IO or PO securities that represent the right to a specific component of the cash flow from a pool of commercial mortgage loans; “multi-family CMBS” refers to CMBS backed by commercial mortgage loans on multi-family properties; “CDOs” refers to collateralized debt obligations; “CLO” refers to collateralized loan obligation; “Consolidated K-Series” refers to, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, six and five separate Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family loan K-Series securitizations, respectively, that we have determined are Consolidated VIEs and of which we or one of our special purpose entities (“SPEs”) own the first loss PO securities, certain IO securities or other classes of securities; “Variable Interest Entity” and “VIE” refers to an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; and “Consolidated VIEs” refers to VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, as it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.
General
We are a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes, in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing mortgage-related and residential housing-related assets and financial assets. Our objective is to deliver long-term stable distributions to our stockholders over changing economic conditions through a combination of net interest margin and net realized capital gains from a diversified investment portfolio. Our portfolio includes credit sensitive assets and investments sourced from distressed markets in recent years that create the potential for capital gains, as well as more traditional types of mortgage-related investments that generate interest income.
Our investment portfolio includes residential mortgage loans, including second mortgages and loans sourced from distressed markets, non-Agency RMBS, multi-family CMBS, preferred equity and joint venture equity investments in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, equity and debt securities issued by entities that invest in residential and commercial real estate and Agency RMBS. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we also may opportunistically acquire and manage various other types of mortgage-related, residential housing-related and financial assets that we believe will compensate us appropriately for the risks associated with them, including, without limitation, collateralized mortgage obligations and securities issued by newly originated residential securitizations, including credit sensitive securities from these securitizations.
In recent years, we have transitioned our portfolio to one focused increasingly on residential and multi-family credit assets, which we believe will benefit from improving credit metrics. Consistent with this approach to capital allocation, we acquired an additional $317.3 million of residential and multi-family credit assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The investment and capital allocation decisions of our Company and our external managers depend on prevailing market conditions, among other factors, and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different economic and capital market environments. Given current market conditions, we anticipate continuing our pursuit of credit assets, but may also deploy capital to non-credit assets, including, without limitation, Agency RMBS, that we believe will compensate us appropriately for the risks associated with them.
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We seek to achieve a balanced and diverse funding mix to finance our assets and operations. We currently rely primarily on a combination of short-term borrowings, such as repurchase agreements with terms typically of 30 days, longer term repurchase agreement borrowings with terms between one year and 18 months and longer term structured financings, such as securitizations, with terms longer than one year.
We internally manage a significant portion of our portfolio, including Agency ARMs, Agency fixed-rate RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, residential securitized loans, second mortgage loans, multi-family CMBS and preferred equity and joint venture equity investments in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties. In addition, as part of our investment strategy, we also utilize certain external investment managers to manage specific asset types that we target or own. Accordingly, Headlands Asset Management, LLC, or Headlands, provides investment management services with respect to our investments in distressed residential mortgage loans, and The Midway Group, L.P., or Midway, provides investment management services with respect to our investments in Agency IOs.
Key Third Quarter 2017 Developments
Residential Mortgage Loan Activity
During the third quarter of 2017, we sold pools of residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of approximately $57.9 million for aggregate proceeds of approximately $65.2 million, which resulted in a net realized gain, before income taxes, of approximately $7.3 million.
We acquired residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans and second lien mortgages, for an aggregate cost of approximately $43.6 million during the third quarter of 2017.
Multi-Family Activity
During the third quarter of 2017, we received proceeds of approximately $41.5 million on sales of CMBS investment securities available for sale realizing a gain of approximately $4.9 million.
We funded $34.6 million in mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments in owners of multi-family properties during the third quarter of 2017.
During the third quarter of 2017, three investments in unconsolidated entities sold their underlying multi-family properties, for which we received proceeds of $25.7 million, realizing income of approximately $3.7 million.
We received $6.2 million in proceeds for the payoff of a mezzanine loan realizing income of $1.3 million during the third quarter of 2017.
Third Quarter 2017 Common Stock and Preferred Stock Dividends
On September 14, 2017, our Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.20 per share of common stock for the quarter ended September 30, 2017. The dividend was paid on October 25, 2017 to our common stockholders of record as of September 25, 2017.
On September 14, 2017, in accordance with the terms of our Series B Preferred Stock, our Board of Directors declared a Series B Preferred Stock quarterly cash dividend of $0.484375 per share of Series B Preferred Stock. The dividend was paid on October 15, 2017 to our Series B Preferred stockholders of record as of October 1, 2017.
Also on September 14, 2017, in accordance with the terms of our Series C Preferred Stock, our Board of Directors declared a Series C Preferred Stock quarterly cash dividend of $0.4921875 per share of Series C Preferred Stock. The dividend was paid on October 15, 2017 to our Series C Preferred stockholders of record as of October 1, 2017.
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Subsequent Events
On October 13, 2017, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of 5,400,000 shares of the Company's 8.00% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share ("Series D Preferred Stock"), including 400,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock issued pursuant to the underwriters' exercise of its option to purchase up to 750,000 additional shares. The issuance and sale of the 5,400,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock resulted in total net proceeds to the Company of approximately $130.4 million after deduction of underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.
On October 27, 2017, the Company purchased $36.7 million in first loss tranche PO and certain IO securities issued by a Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization collateralized by multi-family loans in the amount of approximately $1.3 billion.
Current Market Conditions and Commentary
General. The third quarter of 2017 was marked by steady global economic expansion and low volatility. Given the stable and healthy backdrop of data for the global economy, central bankers have indicated a desire to continue a gradual reduction in monetary policy stimulus. U.S. economic data released over the past quarter suggests that the U.S. economy has continued its solid recovery from a lackluster first quarter, with U.S. gross domestic product (“GDP”) estimated to have grown by 3.0% (advance estimate) in the third quarter of 2017, which was consistent with the strong showing of 3.1% growth posted for the second quarter of 2017. U.S. GDP grew just 1.2% during the first quarter of 2017 and 1.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016.
The U.S. labor market continued to expand during the third quarter of 2017, although the levels of job growth in September were likely negatively impacted by regional disruptions related to multiple major hurricanes. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.2% as of the end of September 2017, while total nonfarm payroll employment posted an average monthly increase of 91,000 jobs during the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to an average monthly increase of 172,000 jobs for the twelve months ended September 30, 2017.
Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy. In view of realized and expected labor market conditions and inflation, the Federal Reserve determined at its September 2017 meeting to leave the federal funds rate unchanged at 1.0% to 1.25%. At its meeting in September 2017, the Federal Reserve also announced that it will initiate its balance sheet normalization program as described in June 2017. As part of this normalization program, effective in October 2017, the Federal Reserve will allow its holdings of maturing U.S. Treasury securities and Agency debt and RMBS to decline by up to $6 billion and $4 billion, respectively, on a monthly basis going forward. The Federal Reserve has indicated its expectations for additional rate hikes in the near future, with the central tendency from the Federal Reserve’s meeting in September 2017 projecting a federal funds rate of between 1.1% and 1.4% by the end of 2017 and 1.9% and 2.4% by the end of 2018. While market reaction to the Federal Reserve’s 2017 rate hikes has been largely uneventful, renewed uncertainty surrounding the speed at which the Federal Reserve will tighten its monetary policy could result in higher volatility in future periods. Greater uncertainty frequently leads to wider asset spreads or lower prices and higher hedging costs.
Single-Family Homes and Residential Mortgage Market. The residential real estate market displayed signs of continued growth during 2016 and the first half of 2017, and initial data from the third quarter of 2017 suggests that trend continued. Data released by S&P Indices for its S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Indices for August 2017 showed that, on average, home prices increased 5.9% for the 20-City Composite over August 2016. In addition, according to data provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce, privately-owned housing starts for single-family homes averaged a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 810,000 and 809,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, as compared to an annual rate of 785,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. Continued improvement in single-family housing fundamentals is generally expected to have a positive impact on the overall credit profile of our existing portfolio of distressed residential loans.
Multi-Family Housing. Apartments and other residential rental properties performed well in 2016 and have performed solidly to date in 2017. According to data provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce, starts on multi-family homes containing five units or more averaged a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 391,000 and 396,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, as compared to 375,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. Moreover, even with the supply expansion in recent years, vacancy trends in the multi-family sector have improved. According to the Multifamily Vacancy Index (“MVI”), which is produced by the National Association of Home Builders and surveys the multi-family housing industry’s perception of vacancies, the MVI was at 38 for the second quarter of 2017, which is the best score recorded by the index since the second quarter of 2015. Strength in the multi-family housing sector has contributed to valuation improvements for many of the multi-family properties in which we have directly or indirectly invested in.
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Credit Spreads. Credit spreads tightened further during the third quarter of 2017 amid what appears to be a growing “risk-on” sentiment among investors. Tightening credit spreads generally increase the value of many of our credit sensitive assets while widening credit spreads generally decrease the value of these assets.
Financing Markets. During the third quarter of 2017, movement in the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield was relatively flat, with the 10-year U.S. Treasury ranging from 2.06% to 2.39% during the quarter and closing the quarter at 2.33%. During the third quarter of 2017, the Treasury curve continued to flatten with the spread between the 2-Year U.S. Treasury yield and the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield closing to 86 basis points, down 7 basis points from June 30, 2017. This spread is important as it is indicative of opportunities for investing in levered assets.
Developments at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Payments on the Agency ARMs and fixed-rate Agency RMBS in which we invest are guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In addition, although not guaranteed by Freddie Mac, all of our multi-family CMBS have been issued by securitization vehicles sponsored by Freddie Mac and the Agency IOs we invest in are issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae. As broadly publicized, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are presently under federal conservatorship as the U.S. Government continues to evaluate the future of these entities and what role the U.S. Government should continue to play in the housing markets in the future. Since being placed under federal conservatorship, there have been a number of proposals introduced, both from industry groups and by the U.S. Congress, relating to changing the role of the U.S. government in the mortgage market and reforming or eliminating Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. It remains unclear how the U.S. Congress will move forward on such reform at this time and what impact, if any, this reform will have on mortgage REITs.
Significant Estimates and Critical Accounting Policies
A summary of our critical accounting policies is included in Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 and under “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the consolidated financial statements included therein.
Revenue Recognition. Interest income on our investment securities available for sale is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance and their contractual terms. Purchase premiums or discounts on investment securities are amortized or accreted to interest income over the estimated life of the investment securities using the effective yield method. Adjustments to amortization are made for actual prepayment activity.
Interest income on certain of our credit sensitive securities, such as our CMBS that were purchased at a discount to par value, is recognized based on the security’s effective interest rate. The effective interest rate on these securities is based on management’s estimate of the projected cash flows from each security, which are estimated based on assumptions related to fluctuations in interest rates, prepayment speeds and the timing and amount of credit losses. On at least a quarterly basis, management reviews and, if appropriate, adjusts its cash flow projections based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and its judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. Changes in cash flows from those originally projected, or from those estimated at the last evaluation, may result in a prospective change in the yield/interest income recognized on these securities.
A portion of the purchase discount on the Company’s first loss tranche PO multi-family CMBS is designated as non-accretable purchase discount or credit reserve, which partially mitigates the Company’s risk of loss on the mortgages collateralizing such multi-family CMBS, and is not expected to be accreted into interest income. The amount designated as a credit reserve may be adjusted over time, based on the actual performance of the security, its underlying collateral, actual and projected cash flow from such collateral, economic conditions and other factors. If the performance of a security with a credit reserve is more favorable than forecasted, a portion of the amount designated as credit reserve may be accreted into interest income over time. Conversely, if the performance of a security with a credit reserve is less favorable than forecasted, the amount designated as credit reserve may be increased, or impairment charges and write-downs of such securities to a new cost basis could be required.
With respect to interest rate swaps that have not been designated as hedges, any net payments under, or fluctuations in the fair value of, such swaps will be recognized in current earnings.
Fair Value. The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves. Such inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s interest-only CMBS, principal-only CMBS, multi-family loans held in securitization trusts and multi-family CDOs are considered to be the most significant of its fair value estimates.
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The Company’s valuation methodologies are described in “Note 18 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Impaired Loans (net) – Impaired residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost less specific loan loss reserves. Impaired loan value is based on management’s estimate of the net realizable value taking into consideration local market conditions of the distressed property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to remediate the impaired loan.
Variable Interest Entities – A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The Company consolidates a VIE when it is the primary beneficiary of such VIE. As primary beneficiary, it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.
Loan Consolidation Reporting Requirement for Certain Multi-Family K-Series Securitizations – As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we owned 100% of the first loss tranche of securities of the Consolidated K-Series (as defined in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report). The Consolidated K-Series collectively represents, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, six and five separate Freddie Mac sponsored multi-family loan K-Series securitizations, respectively, of which we or one of our SPEs own the first loss PO securities, certain IO securities and mezzanine CMBS securities. We determined that the Consolidated K-Series were VIEs and that we are the primary beneficiary of the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, we are required to consolidate the Consolidated K-Series’ underlying multi-family loans including their liabilities, income and expenses in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We have elected the fair value option on the assets and liabilities held within the Consolidated K-Series, which requires that changes in valuations in the assets and liabilities of the Consolidated K-Series be reflected in our condensed consolidated statement of operations.
Fair Value Option – The fair value option provides an election that allows companies to irrevocably elect fair value for financial assets and liabilities on an instrument-by-instrument basis at initial recognition. Changes in fair value for assets and liabilities for which the election is made will be recognized in earnings as they occur. The Company elected the fair value option for its Agency IO strategy, certain of its investments in unconsolidated entities, the Consolidated K-Series and certain acquired residential mortgage loans including both first and second lien mortgages.
Acquired Distressed Residential Mortgage Loans – Acquired distressed residential mortgage loans that have evidence of deteriorated credit quality at acquisition are accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality ("ASC 310-30"). Management evaluates whether there is evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the acquisition date using indicators such as past due or modified status, risk ratings, recent borrower credit scores and recent loan-to-value percentages. Acquired distressed residential mortgage loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, with no allowance for loan losses. Under ASC 310-30, the acquired loans may be aggregated and accounted for as a pool of loans if the loans being aggregated have common risk characteristics. A pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an expectation of aggregate cash flows. Once a pool is assembled, it is treated as if it was one loan for purposes of applying the accounting guidance.
Under ASC 310-30, the excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying amount of the loans, referred to as the “accretable yield,” is accreted into interest income over the life of the loans in each pool or individually using a level yield methodology. Accordingly, our acquired distressed residential mortgage loans accounted for under ASC 310-30 are not subject to classification as nonaccrual classification in the same manner as our residential mortgage loans that were not distressed when acquired by us. Rather, interest income on acquired distressed residential mortgage loans relates to the accretable yield recognized at the pool level or on an individual loan basis, and not to contractual interest payments received at the loan level. The difference between contractually required principal and interest payments and the cash flows expected to be collected, referred to as the “nonaccretable difference,” includes estimates of both the impact of prepayments and expected credit losses over the life of the individual loan, or the pool (for loans grouped into a pool).
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Management monitors actual cash collections against its expectations, and revised cash flow expectations are prepared as necessary. A decrease in expected cash flows in subsequent periods may indicate that the loan pool or individual loan, as applicable, is impaired, thus requiring the establishment of an allowance for loan losses by a charge to the provision for loan losses. An increase in expected cash flows in subsequent periods initially reduces any previously established allowance for loan losses by the increase in the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, and results in a recalculation of the amount of accretable yield for the loan pool. The adjustment of accretable yield due to an increase in expected cash flows is accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate. The additional cash flows expected to be collected are reclassified from the nonaccretable difference to the accretable yield, and the amount of periodic accretion is adjusted accordingly over the remaining life of the loans in the pool or individual loan, as applicable. The impacts of (i) prepayments, (ii) changes in variable interest rates, and (iii) any other changes in the timing of expected cash flows are recognized prospectively as adjustments to interest income.
Business Combinations - The Company evaluates each purchase transaction to determine whether the acquired assets meet the definition of a business. The Company accounts for business combinations by applying the acquisition method in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Transaction costs related to acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests, if any, in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests, if any, in an acquired entity, net of fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity, is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and liabilities.
Contingent consideration is classified as a liability or equity, as applicable. Contingent consideration in connection with the acquisition of a business is measured at fair value on acquisition date, and unless classified as equity, is remeasured at fair value each reporting period thereafter until the consideration is settled, with changes in fair value included in net income.
Net cash paid to acquire a business is classified as investing activities on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and the possible effects on our financial statements is included in “Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Capital Allocation
The following tables set forth our allocated capital by investment type at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
At September 30, 2017:

| Agency RMBS(1) |  | Agency IOs |  | Multi- Family (2) |  | Distressed Residential (3) |  | Other (4) |  | Total
Carrying value | $ | 377,316 |  |  | $ | 40,641 |  |  | $ | 723,170 |  |  | $ | 535,520 |  |  | $ | 136,304 |  |  | $ | 1,812,951 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Callable (5) | (329,263 | ) |  | (26,048 | ) |  | (204,220 | ) |  | (188,817 | ) |  | (20,517 | ) |  | (768,865 | )
Non-callable | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28,946 | ) |  | (69,425 | ) |  | (121,867 | ) |  | (220,238 | )
Convertible | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (128,273 | ) |  | (128,273 | )
Hedges (Net) (6) | 750 |  |  | 7,045 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,795 |
Cash (7) | 3,775 |  |  | 13,283 |  |  | 11,263 |  |  | 12,882 |  |  | 86,923 |  |  | 128,126 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,222 |  |  | 25,222 |
Other | 1,109 |  |  | 4,925 |  |  | (5,385 | ) |  | 12,501 |  |  | (23,863 | ) |  | (10,713 | )
Net capital allocated | $ | 53,687 |  |  | $ | 39,846 |  |  | $ | 495,882 |  |  | $ | 302,661 |  |  | $ | (46,071 | ) |  | $ | 846,005 |
% of capital allocated | 6.3 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  | 58.7 | % |  | 35.8 | % |  | (5.5 | )% |  | 100 | %

(1) | Includes both Agency ARMs and Agency fixed-rate RMBS.

(2) | The Company, through its ownership of certain securities, has determined it is the primary beneficiary of the Consolidated K-Series and has consolidated the Consolidated K-Series into the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. A reconciliation to our financial statements as of September 30, 2017 follows:

Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value | $ | 8,399,334 |
Multi-family CDOs, at fair value | (7,990,619 | )
Net carrying value | 408,715 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value | 123,183 |
Total CMBS, at fair value | 531,898 |
Mezzanine loan, preferred equity investments and investments in unconsolidated entities | 162,639 |
Real estate under development | 21,877 |
Real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities | 64,097 |
Mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities | (57,342 | )
Financing arrangements, portfolio investments | (204,220 | )
Securitized debt | (28,946 | )
Cash and other | 5,879 |
Net Capital in Multi-Family | $ | 495,882 |

(3) | Includes $369.7 million of distressed residential loans, $28.0 million of distressed residential mortgage loans, at fair value and $133.0 million of non-Agency RMBS backed by re-performing and non-performing loans.

(4) | Other includes residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts amounting to $79.9 million, residential mortgage loans, at fair value of $41.5 million, investments in unconsolidated entities amounting to $11.2 million and mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage loans held for investment totaling $3.5 million. Mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage loans held for investment are included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivables and other assets. Non-callable liabilities consist of $45.0 million in subordinated debentures and $76.9 million in residential collateralized debt obligations.

(5) | Includes repurchase agreements.

(6) | Includes derivative assets, derivative liabilities, payable for securities purchased and restricted cash posted as margin.

(7) | Includes $8.9 million held in overnight deposits in our Agency IO portfolio to be used for trading purposes and $12.9 million in deposits held in our distressed residential securitization trusts to be used to pay down outstanding debt. These deposits are included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in receivables and other assets.

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At December 31, 2016:

| Agency RMBS (1) |  | Agency IOs |  | Multi- Family (2) |  | Distressed Residential Loans (3) |  | Other (4) |  | Total
Carrying value | $ | 441,472 |  |  | $ | 87,778 |  |  | $ | 628,522 |  |  | $ | 671,272 |  |  | $ | 127,359 |  |  | $ | 1,956,403 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Callable(5) | (391,707 | ) |  | (60,862 | ) |  | (206,824 | ) |  | (306,168 | ) |  | — |  |  | (965,561 | )
Non-callable | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28,332 | ) |  | (130,535 | ) |  | (136,663 | ) |  | (295,530 | )
Hedges (Net)(6) | 2,500 |  |  | 5,417 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,917 |
Cash(7) | 4,415 |  |  | 39,673 |  |  | 3,687 |  |  | 9,898 |  |  | 75,725 |  |  | 133,398 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,222 |  |  | 25,222 |
Other | 3,166 |  |  | 4,874 |  |  | (2,652 | ) |  | 13,436 |  |  | (29,511 | ) |  | (10,687 | )
Net capital allocated | $ | 59,846 |  |  | $ | 76,880 |  |  | $ | 394,401 |  |  | $ | 257,903 |  |  | $ | 62,132 |  |  | $ | 851,162 |
% of capital allocated | 7.0 | % |  | 9.0 | % |  | 46.4 | % |  | 30.3 | % |  | 7.3 | % |  | 100 | %

(1) | Includes both Agency ARMs and Agency fixed-rate RMBS.

(2) | The Company, through its ownership of certain securities, has determined it is the primary beneficiary of the Consolidated K-Series and has consolidated the Consolidated K-Series into the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. A reconciliation to our financial statements as of December 31, 2016 follows:

Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value | $ | 6,939,844 |
Multi-family CDOs, at fair value | (6,624,896 | )
Net carrying value | 314,948 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value held in securitization trusts | 126,442 |
Total CMBS, at fair value | 441,390 |
Mezzanine loan, preferred equity investments and investment in unconsolidated entities | 169,678 |
Real estate under development | 17,454 |
Mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities | (1,588 | )
Financing arrangements, portfolio investments | (206,824 | )
Securitized debt | (28,332 | )
Other | 2,623 |
Net Capital in Multi-family | $ | 394,401 |

(3) | Includes $503.1 million of distressed residential loans and $162.1 million of non-Agency RMBS backed by re-performing and non-performing loans.

(4) | Other includes residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts amounting to $95.1 million, residential mortgage loans, at fair value of $17.8 million, investments in unconsolidated entities amounting to $9.7 million and mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage loans held for investment totaling $21.3 million. Mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage loans held for investment are included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivables and other assets. Non-callable liabilities consist of $45.0 million in subordinated debentures and $91.7 million in residential collateralized debt obligations.

(5) | Includes repurchase agreements.

(6) | Includes derivative assets, derivative liabilities, payable for securities purchased and restricted cash posted as margin.

(7) | Includes $35.6 million held in overnight deposits in our Agency IO portfolio to be used for trading purposes and $9.9 million in deposits held in our distressed residential securitization trusts to be used to pay down outstanding debt. These deposits are included in the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheet in receivables and other assets.

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Results of Operations
Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 to the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we reported net income attributable to the Company's common stockholders of $24.6 million and $51.7 million, respectively, as compared to net income attributable to the Company's common stockholders of $20.0 million and $45.0 million for the respective periods in 2016. The main components of the change in net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the respective periods in 2016 are detailed in the following table (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | $ Change |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | $ Change
Net interest income | $ | 13,320 |  |  | $ | 15,518 |  |  | $ | (2,198 | ) |  | $ | 42,947 |  |  | $ | 49,824 |  |  | $ | (6,877 | )
Total other income | $ | 24,918 |  |  | $ | 16,632 |  |  | $ | 8,286 |  |  | $ | 49,798 |  |  | $ | 35,563 |  |  | $ | 14,235 |
Total general, administrative and operating expenses | $ | 10,996 |  |  | $ | 8,705 |  |  | $ | 2,291 |  |  | $ | 32,791 |  |  | $ | 28,001 |  |  | $ | 4,790 |
Income from operations before income taxes | $ | 27,242 |  |  | $ | 23,445 |  |  | $ | 3,797 |  |  | $ | 59,954 |  |  | $ | 57,386 |  |  | $ | 2,568 |
Income tax expense | $ | 507 |  |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 2,187 |  |  | $ | 2,720 |  |  | $ | (533 | )
Net income attributable to Company | $ | 27,845 |  |  | $ | 23,268 |  |  | $ | 4,577 |  |  | $ | 61,364 |  |  | $ | 54,654 |  |  | $ | 6,710 |
Preferred stock dividends | $ | 3,225 |  |  | $ | 3,225 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,675 |  |  | $ | 9,675 |  |  | $ | — |
Net income attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | 24,620 |  |  | $ | 20,043 |  |  | $ | 4,577 |  |  | $ | 51,689 |  |  | $ | 44,979 |  |  | $ | 6,710 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |

Net Interest Income
The decrease in net interest income of approximately $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the corresponding period in 2016 was primarily driven by:

• | A decrease in net interest income of approximately $2.7 million in our distressed residential portfolio due to a decrease in net interest income from our distressed residential mortgage loans of approximately $3.0 million, partially offset by an increase in net interest income on our non-Agency RMBS of approximately $0.3 million. Net interest income on our distressed residential mortgage loans decreased due to decreases in average interest earning assets and asset yields and an increase in financing costs. Net interest income on our non-Agency RMBS increased due to an increase in asset yields.

• | A decrease in net interest income of approximately $0.4 million in our Agency IO portfolio primarily due to a decrease in average interest earning assets to $56.7 million in the 2017 period from $118.9 million during the 2016 period.

• | A decrease in net interest income of approximately $0.8 million in our Agency ARM and Agency fixed-rate RMBS portfolio due to a decrease in average interest earning assets in this portfolio and an increase in financing costs in the 2017 period compared to the corresponding period in 2016.

• | An increase in net interest income of approximately $4.0 million in our multi-family portfolio due to an increase in average interest earning assets to $536.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to $341.6 million for the corresponding period in 2016, and a decrease in our average cost of funds in the 2017 period as compared to the same period in 2016. The increase in average interest earning assets can be primarily attributed to the acquisition of new multi-family CMBS and funding of preferred equity investments.

• | An increase in interest expense of $2.6 million related to the issuance in January 2017 of $138.0 million principal amount of Convertible Notes.

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The decrease in net interest income of approximately $6.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the corresponding period in 2016 was primarily driven by:

• | A decrease in net interest income of approximately $2.0 million in our Agency RMBS portfolio due to a decrease in average interest earning assets in this portfolio and an increase in financing costs.

• | A decrease in net interest income of approximately $4.8 million in our Agency IO portfolio primarily due to a decrease in average interest earning assets to $71.2 million in the 2017 period from $129.3 million during the 2016 period and an increase in average prepayment rates.

• | A decrease in net interest income of approximately $5.4 million in our distressed residential portfolio due to a decrease in net interest income on our distressed residential mortgage loans of approximately $8.0 million partially offset by an increase in net interest income on our non-Agency RMBS of approximately $2.6 million. Net interest income on our distressed residential mortgage loans decreased due to decreases in average interest earning assets and asset yields and an increase in financing costs. Net interest income on our non-Agency RMBS increased due to an increase in average interest earning assets to $151.3 million in the 2017 period as compared to $66.2 million in the corresponding period in 2016.

• | An increase in net interest income of approximately $11.7 million in our multi-family portfolio due to an increase in average interest earning assets to $507.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to $314.4 million in the corresponding period in 2016, and a decrease in our average cost of funds in the 2017 period as compared to the same period in 2016. Average interest earning assets in this portfolio increased due to new multi-family preferred equity investments made and CMBS purchased during the period.

• | An increase in interest expense of $7.2 million related to the issuance in January 2017 of $138.0 million principal amount in Convertible Notes.

Other Income
The increase in other income of approximately $8.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the corresponding period in 2016 was primarily driven by:

• | An increase in other income of $1.3 million, primarily due to income recognized from redemption of the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities during the three months ended September 30, 2017.

• | A decrease in net unrealized gain of $0.4 million primarily related to investment securities and related hedges in our Agency IO portfolio.

• | An increase in net realized gain of $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 due to an increase in realized gains on CMBS, offset by decreases in net gains recognized on investment securities and related hedges in the Agency IO portfolio.

• | An increase in net unrealized gains on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts of $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the corresponding period in 2016, primarily due to the increase in multi-family CMBS investments owned by us as compared to the same period in the prior year. As of September 30, 2017, the net carrying value of our multi-family CMBS, which measures unrealized gains and losses through earnings, increased to approximately $408.7 million from $307.5 million as of September 30, 2016.

• | An increase in income from operating real estate and real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities of $2.4 million related to the consolidation of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters, which required consolidation of the entities' income and expenses in our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

• | An increase in net gain on residential mortgage loans, at fair value of $0.7 million, which included $0.5 million of realized gains from sale and $0.2 million of net unrealized gain.

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The increase in other income of approximately $14.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the corresponding period in 2016 was primarily driven by:

• | An increase in realized gains on distressed residential mortgage loans of $9.0 million due to higher gains from increased sales activity during the 2017 period as compared to the corresponding period in 2016.

• | An increase in net unrealized gains on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts of $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the corresponding period in 2016, primarily due to the increase in multi-family CMBS investments owned by us as compared to the same period in the prior year.

• | A decrease in net unrealized loss of $3.3 million primarily related to investment securities and related hedges in our Agency IO portfolio.

• | A decrease in realized gain on investment securities and related hedges of $1.4 million primarily due to decreases in net gains recognized on investment securities and related hedges in the Agency IO portfolio partially offset by an increase in realized gains on CMBS.

• | An increase in income from operating real estate and real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities of $4.7 million related to the consolidation of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters, which required consolidation of the entities' income and expenses in our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

• | A decrease in other income of $4.8 million, which is primarily due to gains recognized as a result of the Company's re-measurement of its previously held membership interests in RiverBanc, RBMI, and RBDHC in accordance with GAAP in 2016. No such income was recognized in 2017. This decrease was partially offset by income recognized from redemption of the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

• | An increase in net gain on residential mortgage loans, at fair value of $0.7 million, which included $0.5 million of realized gains from sale and $0.2 million of net unrealized gain.

Comparative Expenses (dollar amounts in thousands)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
General, Administrative and Operating Expenses | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | $ Change |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | $ Change
Salaries, benefits and directors’ compensation | $ | 2,456 |  |  | $ | 2,705 |  |  | $ | (249 | ) |  | $ | 8,211 |  |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | $ | 1,446 |
Professional fees | 756 |  |  | 1,024 |  |  | (268 | ) |  | 2,774 |  |  | 2,296 |  |  | 478 |
Base management and incentive fees | 1,386 |  |  | 1,453 |  |  | (67 | ) |  | 4,355 |  |  | 7,958 |  |  | (3,603 | )
Expenses on distressed residential mortgage loans | 2,225 |  |  | 2,398 |  |  | (173 | ) |  | 6,682 |  |  | 8,332 |  |  | (1,650 | )
Expenses related to operating real estate and real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities | 3,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,143 |  |  | 7,558 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,558 |
Other | 1,030 |  |  | 1,125 |  |  | (95 | ) |  | 3,211 |  |  | 2,650 |  |  | 561 |
Total | $ | 10,996 |  |  | $ | 8,705 |  |  | $ | 2,291 |  |  | $ | 32,791 |  |  | $ | 28,001 |  |  | $ | 4,790 |

For the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the corresponding period in 2016, general, administrative and operating expenses increased by $2.3 million. The increase was driven by $3.1 million of expenses related to operating real estate and real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities due to the consolidation of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters in our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP.
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For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016, general, administrative and operating expenses increased by $4.8 million. Beginning in the second quarter of 2017, the Company recognized expenses related to operating real estate and real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities in the amount of $7.6 million due to the consolidation of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters in our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Salaries, benefits and directors’ compensation was driven higher during the 2017 period as compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to the impact of the increase in employee headcount resulting from the RiverBanc acquisition for the full nine-month period in 2017.
The decline in base management and incentive fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016 was due in part to the termination of the RiverBanc management agreement on May 17, 2016, resulting in a decrease of $1.8 million in fees to RiverBanc. In addition, base management fees on our distressed loan strategy decreased by $2.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, due in part to a change in methodology for calculating base management fees from 1.5% of assets under management to 1.5% of invested capital beginning in the third quarter of 2016. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, there was an increase in incentive fees earned amounting to $1.1 million as compared to the same period in 2016. The change in incentive fee earned is dependent on sale activity in our distressed residential loan strategy during the period.
The decrease in expenses related to distressed residential mortgage loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same periods in 2016 can be attributed to a decrease in loan count as well as decreases in appraisal costs incurred during the 2017 periods as compared to the same periods in 2016.
Quarterly Comparative Portfolio Net Interest Margin
Our results of operations for our investment portfolio during a given period typically reflect, in large part, the net interest income earned on our investment portfolio of RMBS, CMBS (including CMBS held in securitization trusts), residential securitized loans, distressed residential loans (including distressed residential loans held in securitization trusts), loans held for investment, mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments, where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to and accounted for as loans and loans held for sale (collectively, our “Interest Earning Assets”). The net interest spread is impacted by factors such as our cost of financing, the interest rate that our investments bear and our interest rate hedging strategies. Furthermore, the amount of premium or discount paid on purchased portfolio investments and the prepayment rates on portfolio investments will impact the net interest spread as such factors will be amortized over the expected term of such investments. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on TBAs, Eurodollar and Treasury futures and other derivatives associated with our Agency IO investments, which do not utilize hedge accounting for financial reporting purposes, are included in other income in our statement of operations, and therefore, not reflected in the data set forth below.
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The following table sets forth certain information about our portfolio by investment type and their related interest income, interest expense, weighted average yield on interest earning assets, average cost of funds and portfolio net interest margin for our interest earning assets (by investment type) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

| Agency RMBS |  | Agency IOs |  | Multi- Family (1) (2) |  | Distressed Residential |  | Other |  | Total
Interest Income | $ | 1,623 |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 15,279 |  |  | $ | 5,807 |  |  | $ | 1,335 |  |  | $ | 24,352 |
Interest Expense | (1,184 | ) |  | (170 | ) |  | (2,744 | ) |  | (3,091 | ) |  | (3,843 | ) |  | (11,032 | )
Net Interest Income | $ | 439 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 12,535 |  |  | $ | 2,716 |  |  | $ | (2,508 | ) |  | $ | 13,320 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (2) (3) | $ | 396,588 |  |  | $ | 56,735 |  |  | $ | 536,537 |  |  | $ | 531,050 |  |  | $ | 126,848 |  |  | $ | 1,647,758 |
Weighted Average Yield on Interest Earning Assets (4) | 1.64 | % |  | 2.17 | % |  | 11.39 | % |  | 4.37 | % |  | 4.21 | % |  | 5.91 | %
Average Cost of Funds (5) | (1.37 | )% |  | (2.35 | )% |  | (4.46 | )% |  | (4.28 | )% |  | (2.57 | )% |  | (3.10 | )%
Portfolio Net Interest Margin (6) | 0.27 | % |  | (0.18 | )% |  | 6.93 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 1.64 | % |  | 2.81 | %

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

| Agency RMBS |  | Agency IOs |  | Multi- Family (1) (2) |  | Distressed Residential |  | Other |  | Total
Interest Income | $ | 5,246 |  |  | $ | 1,303 |  |  | $ | 42,918 |  |  | $ | 22,765 |  |  | $ | 3,681 |  |  | $ | 75,913 |
Interest Expense | (3,388 | ) |  | (575 | ) |  | (7,614 | ) |  | (10,745 | ) |  | (10,644 | ) |  | (32,966 | )
Net Interest Income | $ | 1,858 |  |  | $ | 728 |  |  | $ | 35,304 |  |  | $ | 12,020 |  |  | $ | (6,963 | ) |  | $ | 42,947 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (2) (3) | $ | 418,867 |  |  | $ | 71,156 |  |  | $ | 507,891 |  |  | $ | 604,907 |  |  | $ | 123,644 |  |  | $ | 1,726,465 |
Weighted Average Yield on Interest Earning Assets (4) | 1.67 | % |  | 2.44 | % |  | 11.27 | % |  | 5.02 | % |  | 3.97 | % |  | 5.86 | %
Average Cost of Funds (5) | (1.25 | )% |  | (2.00 | )% |  | (4.42 | )% |  | (4.05 | )% |  | (2.51 | )% |  | (2.98 | )%
Portfolio Net Interest Margin (6) | 0.42 | % |  | 0.44 | % |  | 6.85 | % |  | 0.97 | % |  | 1.46 | % |  | 2.88 | %

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2016

| Agency RMBS |  | Agency IOs |  | Multi- Family (1) (2) |  | Distressed Residential |  | Other |  | Total
Interest Income | $ | 1,904 |  |  | $ | 1,222 |  |  | $ | 10,719 |  |  | $ | 9,398 |  |  | $ | 923 |  |  | $ | 24,166 |
Interest Expense | (652 | ) |  | (718 | ) |  | (2,179 | ) |  | (3,958 | ) |  | (1,141 | ) |  | (8,648 | )
Net Interest Income | $ | 1,252 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 8,540 |  |  | $ | 5,440 |  |  | $ | (218 | ) |  | $ | 15,518 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (2) (3) | $ | 491,843 |  |  | $ | 118,945 |  |  | $ | 341,637 |  |  | $ | 686,122 |  |  | $ | 122,825 |  |  | $ | 1,761,372 |
Weighted Average Yield on Interest Earning Assets (4) | 1.55 | % |  | 4.11 | % |  | 12.55 | % |  | 5.48 | % |  | 3.01 | % |  | 5.49 | %
Average Cost of Funds (5) | (0.58 | )% |  | (3.98 | )% |  | (6.55 | )% |  | (3.45 | )% |  | (2.39 | )% |  | (2.67 | )%
Portfolio Net Interest Margin (6) | 0.97 | % |  | 0.13 | % |  | 6.00 | % |  | 2.03 | % |  | 0.62 | % |  | 2.82 | %

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016

| Agency RMBS |  | Agency IOs |  | Multi- Family (1) (2) |  | Distressed Residential |  | Other |  | Total
Interest Income | $ | 6,469 |  |  | $ | 7,569 |  |  | $ | 29,115 |  |  | $ | 27,366 |  |  | $ | 2,615 |  |  | $ | 73,134 |
Interest Expense | (2,610 | ) |  | (2,023 | ) |  | (5,485 | ) |  | (9,964 | ) |  | (3,228 | ) |  | (23,310 | )
Net Interest Income | $ | 3,859 |  |  | $ | 5,546 |  |  | $ | 23,630 |  |  | $ | 17,402 |  |  | $ | (613 | ) |  | $ | 49,824 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (2) (3) | $ | 543,731 |  |  | $ | 129,281 |  |  | $ | 314,406 |  |  | $ | 614,670 |  |  | $ | 124,869 |  |  | $ | 1,726,957 |
Weighted Average Yield on Interest Earning Assets (4) | 1.59 | % |  | 7.81 | % |  | 12.35 | % |  | 5.94 | % |  | 2.79 | % |  | 5.65 | %
Average Cost of Funds (5) | (0.75 | )% |  | (3.21 | )% |  | (6.84 | )% |  | (3.80 | )% |  | (2.07 | )% |  | (2.61 | )%
Portfolio Net Interest Margin (6) | 0.84 | % |  | 4.60 | % |  | 5.51 | % |  | 2.14 | % |  | 0.72 | % |  | 3.04 | %

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(1) | The Company, through its ownership of certain securities, has determined it is the primary beneficiary of the Consolidated K-Series and has consolidated the Consolidated K-Series into the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. Average Interest Earning Assets for the periods indicated exclude all Consolidated K-Series assets other than those securities actually owned by the Company. Interest income amounts represent interest income earned by securities that are actually owned by the Company. A reconciliation of our net interest income in multi-family investments to our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, is set forth below (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Interest income, multi-family loans held in securitization trusts | $ | 76,186 |  |  | $ | 62,126 |  |  | $ | 213,242 |  |  | $ | 187,427 |
Interest income, investment securities, available for sale (a) | 2,463 |  |  | 1,281 |  |  | 7,689 |  |  | 3,461 |
Interest income, mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments (a) | 3,660 |  |  | 2,671 |  |  | 9,822 |  |  | 6,010 |
Interest expense, multi-family collateralized debt obligation | 67,030 |  |  | 55,359 |  |  | 187,835 |  |  | 167,783 |
Interest income, Multi-Family, net | 15,279 |  |  | 10,719 |  |  | 42,918 |  |  | 29,115 |
Interest expense, investment securities, available for sale | 2,036 |  |  | 609 |  |  | 5,504 |  |  | 821 |
Interest expense, securitized debt | 708 |  |  | 1,570 |  |  | 2,110 |  |  | 4,664 |
Net interest income, Multi-Family | $ | 12,535 |  |  | $ | 8,540 |  |  | $ | 35,304 |  |  | $ | 23,630 |

(a) | Included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations in interest income, investment securities and other.

(2) | Average Interest Earning Assets for the period excludes all Consolidated K-Series assets other than those securities issued by the securitizations comprising the Consolidated K-Series that are actually owned by the Company.

(3) | Our Average Interest Earning Assets is calculated each quarter based on daily average amortized cost for the respective periods.

(4) | Our Weighted Average Yield on Interest Earning Assets was calculated by dividing our annualized interest income by our Average Interest Earning Assets for the respective periods.

(5) | Our Average Cost of Funds was calculated by dividing our annualized interest expense by our average interest bearing liabilities, excluding our subordinated debentures and Convertible Notes, for the respective periods. In the three months ended September 30, 2017, our subordinated debentures and Convertible Notes generated interest expense of approximately $0.6 million and $2.6 million, respectively. In the nine months ended September 30, 2017, our subordinated debentures and Convertible Notes generated interest expense of approximately $1.7 million and $7.2 million, respectively. Our Average Cost of Funds includes interest expense on our interest rate swaps and amortization of premium on our swaptions.

(6) | Portfolio Net Interest Margin is the difference between our Weighted Average Yield on Interest Earning Assets and our Average Cost of Funds, excluding the Weighted Average Cost of subordinated debentures and Convertible Notes.

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Prepayment Experience
The following table sets forth the actual constant prepayment rates (“CPR”) for selected asset classes, by quarter, for the quarterly periods indicated:

Quarter Ended |  | Agency ARMs |  | Agency Fixed-Rate RMBS |  | Agency IOs |  | Residential Securitizations |  | Total Weighted Average
September 30, 2017 |  | 9.4 | % |  | 12.8 | % |  | 17.4 | % |  | 18.2 | % |  | 14.9 | %
June 30, 2017 |  | 16.5 | % |  | 9.6 | % |  | 17.5 | % |  | 16.8 | % |  | 14.7 | %
March 31, 2017 |  | 8.3 | % |  | 10.6 | % |  | 15.9 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 12.6 | %
December 31, 2016 |  | 21.7 | % |  | 12.3 | % |  | 19.4 | % |  | 11.1 | % |  | 16.9 | %
September 30, 2016 |  | 20.7 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  | 18.2 | % |  | 15.9 | % |  | 16.1 | %
June 30, 2016 |  | 17.6 | % |  | 10.2 | % |  | 15.6 | % |  | 17.8 | % |  | 14.6 | %
March 31, 2016 |  | 13.5 | % |  | 7.9 | % |  | 14.7 | % |  | 14.8 | % |  | 12.7 | %
December 31, 2015 |  | 16.9 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 14.6 | % |  | 31.2 | % |  | 14.7 | %
September 30, 2015 |  | 18.6 | % |  | 10.5 | % |  | 18.0 | % |  | 8.9 | % |  | 15.1 | %

When prepayment expectations over the remaining life of assets increase, we have to amortize premiums over a shorter time period resulting in a reduced yield to maturity on our investment assets. Conversely, if prepayment expectations decrease, the premium would be amortized over a longer period resulting in a higher yield to maturity. In addition, the market values and cash flows from our Agency IOs can be materially adversely affected during periods of elevated prepayments. We monitor our prepayment experience on a monthly basis and adjust the amortization rate to reflect current market conditions.
Financial Condition
As of September 30, 2017, we had approximately $10.3 billion of total assets, as compared to approximately $9.0 billion of total assets as of December 31, 2016. A significant portion of our assets represents the assets comprising the Consolidated K-Series, which we consolidate in accordance with GAAP. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Consolidated K-Series assets amounted to approximately $8.4 billion and $7.0 billion, respectively. See "Significant Estimates and Critical Accounting Policies—Loan Consolidation Reporting Requirement for Certain Multi-Family K-Series Securitizations" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
The increase in total assets is primarily due to the consolidation of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts on our balance sheet for a Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family loan securitization during the first quarter of 2017.
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Balance Sheet Analysis
Investment Securities Available for Sale. At September 30, 2017, our securities portfolio includes Agency RMBS, including Agency fixed-rate and Agency ARM pass-through certificates, Agency IOs, CMBS, non-Agency RMBS, and U.S. Treasury securities, which are classified as investment securities available for sale. At September 30, 2017, we had no investment securities in a single issuer or entity that had an aggregate book value in excess of 10% of our total assets. The decrease in our investment securities available for sale as of September 30, 2017 as compared to December 31, 2016 is primarily related to sales of Agency RMBS, Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS during the period.
The following tables set forth the balances of our investment securities available for sale by vintage (i.e., by issue year) as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Par Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Par Value |  | Carrying Value
Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ARMs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior to 2012 | $ | 18,250 |  |  | $ | 19,070 |  |  | $ | 22,173 |  |  | $ | 23,203 |
2012 | 76,250 |  |  | 79,197 |  |  | 86,449 |  |  | 89,642 |
Total ARMs | 94,500 |  |  | 98,267 |  |  | 108,622 |  |  | 112,845 |
Fixed |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior to 2012 | 641 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | 1,042 |
2012 | 271,162 |  |  | 278,391 |  |  | 317,974 |  |  | 327,132 |
2015 | 341 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 453 |
Total Fixed | 272,144 |  |  | 279,424 |  |  | 319,396 |  |  | 328,627 |
IO |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior to 2013 | 178,051 |  |  | 26,329 |  |  | 321,237 |  |  | 49,617 |
2013 | 29,081 |  |  | 4,765 |  |  | 87,142 |  |  | 14,635 |
2014 | 20,920 |  |  | 2,435 |  |  | 51,716 |  |  | 5,634 |
2015 | 5,952 |  |  | 1,024 |  |  | 55,338 |  |  | 9,578 |
2016 | 34,185 |  |  | 2,788 |  |  | 75,770 |  |  | 5,427 |
Total IOs | 268,189 |  |  | 37,341 |  |  | 591,203 |  |  | 84,891 |
Total Agency RMBS | 634,833 |  |  | 415,032 |  |  | 1,019,221 |  |  | 526,363 |
U.S. Treasury securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2016 | 3,000 |  |  | 2,924 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 2,887 |
Total U.S. Treasury Securities | 3,000 |  |  | 2,924 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 2,887 |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2006 | 232 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 1,659 |  |  | 1,229 |
2015 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,574 |  |  | 27,643 |
2016 | 48,008 |  |  | 48,210 |  |  | 133,647 |  |  | 134,412 |
2017 | 84,054 |  |  | 84,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 132,294 |  |  | 133,022 |  |  | 162,880 |  |  | 163,284 |
CMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior to 2013 (1) | 825,263 |  |  | 46,623 |  |  | 835,447 |  |  | 43,897 |
2013 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,912 |  |  | 5,733 |
2014 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 2,158 |
2015 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,880 |  |  | 14,364 |
2016 | 40,853 |  |  | 43,309 |  |  | 64,873 |  |  | 60,290 |
2017 | 34,027 |  |  | 33,251 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total CMBS | 900,143 |  |  | 123,183 |  |  | 925,612 |  |  | 126,442 |
Total | $ | 1,670,270 |  |  | $ | 674,161 |  |  | $ | 2,110,713 |  |  | $ | 818,976 |

(1) | These amounts represent multi-family CMBS available for sale held in securitization trusts at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

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Residential Mortgage Loans.
Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts, Net
Included in our portfolio are prime ARM loans that we originated or purchased in bulk from third parties that met our investment criteria and portfolio requirements and that we subsequently securitized in 2005.
At September 30, 2017, residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts totaled approximately $79.9 million. The Company’s net investment in the residential securitization trusts, which is the maximum amount of the Company’s investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying amount of (i) the ARM loans, real estate owned and receivables held in residential securitization trusts and (ii) the amount of Residential CDOs outstanding, was $4.6 million. Of the residential mortgage loans held in securitized trusts, 100% are traditional ARMs or hybrid ARMs, 81.8% of which are ARM loans that are interest only at the time of origination. With respect to the hybrid ARMs included in these securitizations, interest rate reset periods were predominately five years or less and the interest-only period is typically nine years, which mitigates the “payment shock” at the time of interest rate reset. None of the residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are pay option-ARMs or ARMs with negative amortization. At September 30, 2017, the interest only period for the interest only ARM loans included in these securitizations has expired.
The following table details our residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Number of Loans |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Carrying Value
September 30, 2017 | 252 |  |  | $ | 83,068 |  |  | $ | 79,875 |
December 31, 2016 | 287 |  |  | $ | 98,303 |  |  | $ | 95,144 |

Characteristics of Our Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts:
The following table sets forth the composition of our residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Average |  | High |  | Low |  | Average |  | High |  | Low
General Loan Characteristics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original Loan Balance | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 2,850 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 2,850 |  |  | $ | 48 |
Current Coupon Rate | 3.70 | % |  | 5.50 | % |  | 2.00 | % |  | 3.35 | % |  | 5.25 | % |  | 1.63 | %
Gross Margin | 2.37 | % |  | 4.13 | % |  | 1.13 | % |  | 2.36 | % |  | 4.13 | % |  | 1.13 | %
Lifetime Cap | 11.31 | % |  | 13.25 | % |  | 9.38 | % |  | 11.30 | % |  | 13.25 | % |  | 9.38 | %
Original Term (Months) | 360 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 360 |
Remaining Term (Months) | 212 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 187 |
Average Months to Reset | 5 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1 |
Original FICO Score | 726 |  |  | 818 |  |  | 603 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 818 |  |  | 593 |
Original LTV | 70.44 | % |  | 95.00 | % |  | 16.28 | % |  | 69.80 | % |  | 95.00 | % |  | 13.94 | %

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The following tables detail the activity for the residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Principal |  | Premium |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Net Carrying Value
Balance, January 1, 2017 | $ | 98,303 |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | (3,782 | ) |  | $ | 95,144 |
Principal repayments | (14,190 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,190 | )
Provision for loan loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | (306 | ) |  | (306 | )
Transfer to real estate owned | (1,045 | ) |  | — |  |  | 303 |  |  | (742 | )
Charge-Offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | 60 |
Amortization of premium | — |  |  | (91 | ) |  | — |  |  | (91 | )
Balance, September 30, 2017 | $ | 83,068 |  |  | $ | 532 |  |  | $ | (3,725 | ) |  | $ | 79,875 |

| Principal |  | Premium |  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Net Carrying Value
Balance, January 1, 2016 | $ | 122,545 |  |  | $ | 775 |  |  | $ | (3,399 | ) |  | $ | 119,921 |
Principal repayments | (20,316 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,316 | )
Provision for loan loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | (557 | ) |  | (557 | )
Transfer to real estate owned | (193 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (193 | )
Charge-Offs | 574 |  |  | — |  |  | 123 |  |  | 697 |
Amortization of premium | — |  |  | (126 | ) |  | — |  |  | (126 | )
Balance, September 30, 2016 | $ | 102,610 |  |  | $ | 649 |  |  | $ | (3,833 | ) |  | $ | 99,426 |

Residential Mortgage Loans, at Fair Value
Residential mortgage loans, at fair value, include both first lien distressed residential loans and second lien residential loans that are presented at fair value on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in net gain on residential mortgage loans at fair value on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The following table details our residential mortgage loans at fair value at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Number of Loans |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Fair Value (1)
September 30, 2017 | 775 |  |  | $ | 73,546 |  |  | $ | 69,512 |
December 31, 2016 | 259 |  |  | 17,540 |  |  | 17,769 |

(1) | Residential mortgage loans at, at fair value includes second lien mortgages with a fair value of $41.5 million and $17.8 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

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Characteristics of Our Residential Mortgage Loans, at Fair Value:

Loan to Value at Purchase | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
50.00% or less | 58.4 | % |  | 100.0 | %
50.01% - 60.00% | 2.9 | % |  | — |
60.01% - 70.00% | 4.2 | % |  | — |
70.01% - 80.00% | 6.8 | % |  | — |
80.01% - 90.00% | 5.8 | % |  | — |
90.01% - 100.00% | 9.9 | % |  | — |
100.01% and over | 12.0 | % |  | — |
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

FICO Scores at Purchase | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
550 or less | 6.3 | % |  | — |
551 to 600 | 7.0 | % |  | — |
601 to 650 | 8.5 | % |  | — |
651 to 700 | 13.2 | % |  | 2.5 | %
701 to 750 | 39.0 | % |  | 63.3 | %
751 to 800 | 23.0 | % |  | 32.3 | %
801 and over | 3.0 | % |  | 1.9 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Current Coupon | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
3.00% or less | 0.3 | % |  | — |
3.01% - 4.00% | 18.4 | % |  | — |
4.01% - 5.00% | 20.5 | % |  | — |
5.01% – 6.00% | 2.4 | % |  | 1.4 | %
6.01% and over | 58.4 | % |  | 98.6 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Delinquency Status | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Current | 98.8 | % |  | 98.5 | %
31 – 60 days | — |  |  | 0.6 | %
61 – 90 days | 0.6 | % |  | 0.6 | %
90+ days | 0.6 | % |  | 0.3 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Origination Year | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
2005 or earlier | 2.0 | % |  | — |
2006 | 2.0 | % |  | — |
2007 | 4.7 | % |  | — |
2008 or later | 91.3 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

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Acquired Distressed Residential Mortgage Loans. Distressed residential mortgage loans are comprised of pools of fixed and adjustable rate residential mortgage loans acquired by the Company at a discount, with evidence of credit deterioration since their origination and where it is probable that the Company will not collect all contractually required principal payments. Management evaluates whether there is evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the acquisition date using indicators such as past due or modified status, risk ratings, recent borrower credit scores and recent loan-to-value percentages. Distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are distressed residential mortgage loans transferred to Consolidated VIEs that have been securitized into beneficial interests.
The following table details our portfolio of distressed residential mortgage loans, including those distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Number of Loans |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Carrying Value
September 30, 2017 | 4,163 |  |  | $ | 400,418 |  |  | $ | 369,651 |
December 31, 2016 | 5,275 |  |  | $ | 559,945 |  |  | $ | 503,094 |

The Company’s distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts with a carrying value of approximately $134.0 million and $195.3 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are pledged as collateral for certain of the securitized debt issued by the Company. The Company’s net investment in these securitization trusts, which is the maximum amount of the Company’s investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying amount of the net assets and liabilities associated with the distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, was $82.6 million and $77.1 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
In addition, distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of approximately $206.3 million and $279.9 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are pledged as collateral for a master repurchase agreement with Deutsche Bank AG, Cayman Islands Branch.
Characteristics of Our Distressed Residential Mortgage Loans, including Distressed Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts:

Loan to Value at Purchase | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
50.00% or less | 4.3 | % |  | 4.1 | %
50.01% - 60.00% | 4.6 | % |  | 4.3 | %
60.01% - 70.00% | 7.2 | % |  | 6.8 | %
70.01% - 80.00% | 11.3 | % |  | 10.8 | %
80.01% - 90.00% | 13.1 | % |  | 12.7 | %
90.01% - 100.00% | 14.3 | % |  | 14.0 | %
100.01% and over | 45.2 | % |  | 47.3 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

FICO Scores at Purchase | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
550 or less | 20.3 | % |  | 18.5 | %
551 to 600 | 30.5 | % |  | 28.7 | %
601 to 650 | 28.3 | % |  | 28.0 | %
651 to 700 | 13.3 | % |  | 15.6 | %
701 to 750 | 5.2 | % |  | 6.6 | %
751 to 800 | 2.1 | % |  | 2.3 | %
801 and over | 0.3 | % |  | 0.3 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

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Current Coupon | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
3.00% or less | 11.3 | % |  | 13.5 | %
3.01% - 4.00% | 10.9 | % |  | 11.8 | %
4.01% - 5.00% | 20.5 | % |  | 22.0 | %
5.01% – 6.00% | 12.3 | % |  | 11.8 | %
6.01% and over | 45.0 | % |  | 40.9 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Delinquency Status | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Current | 73.7 | % |  | 69.7 | %
31 – 60 days | 3.5 | % |  | 11.6 | %
61 – 90 days | 4.5 | % |  | 4.2 | %
90+ days | 18.3 | % |  | 14.5 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Origination Year | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
2005 or earlier | 27.3 | % |  | 27.0 | %
2006 | 17.5 | % |  | 18.1 | %
2007 | 32.0 | % |  | 33.6 | %
2008 or later | 23.2 | % |  | 21.3 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

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Consolidated K-Series. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we owned 100% of the first loss securities of the Consolidated K-Series. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Consolidated K-Series are comprised of multi-family mortgage loans held in six and five Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitizations, respectively, of which we or one of our SPEs own the first loss securities and, in certain cases, IOs and mezzanine securities. We determined that the securitizations comprising the Consolidated K-Series were VIEs and that we are the primary beneficiary of these securitizations. Accordingly, we are required to consolidate the Consolidated K-Series’ underlying multi-family loans and related debt, income and expense in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
We have elected the fair value option on the assets and liabilities held within the Consolidated K-Series, which requires that changes in valuations in the assets and liabilities of the Consolidated K-Series be reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Consolidated K-Series was comprised of $8.4 billion and $6.9 billion, respectively, in multi-family loans held in securitization trusts and $8.0 billion and $6.6 billion, respectively, in multi-family CDOs, with a weighted average interest rate of 4.07% and 3.97%, respectively. The increases in multi-family loans held in securitization trusts and multi-family CDOs during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were due to the consolidation of $1.5 billion in multi-family loans held in securitization trusts and $1.5 billion in multi-family CDOs following the purchase in March 2017 of $65.5 million in additional first loss tranche PO securities and certain IO and mezzanine CMBS securities. As a result of the consolidation of the Consolidated K-Series, our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 included $76.2 million and $213.2 million in interest income, respectively, and $67.0 million and $187.8 million in interest expense, respectively. Also, we recognized a $2.4 million and a $5.2 million unrealized gain in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, as a result of the fair value accounting method election. As a result of the consolidation of the Consolidated K-Series, our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 included $62.1 million and $187.4 million in interest income, respectively, and $55.4 million and $167.8 million in interest expense, respectively. Also, we recognized a $0.7 million and a $2.3 million unrealized gain in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, as a result of the fair value accounting method election.
We do not have any claims to the assets (other than those securities represented by our first loss and mezzanine tranche securities) or obligations for the liabilities of the Consolidated K-Series. Our investment in the Consolidated K-Series is limited to the multi-family CMBS comprised of first loss tranche PO, and, in certain cases, IOs and mezzanine securities, issued by these K-Series securitizations with an aggregate net carrying value of $408.7 million and $314.9 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
Multi-Family CMBS Loan Characteristics:
The following table details the loan characteristics of the loans that back the multi-family CMBS (including the Consolidated K-Series) in our portfolio as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands, except as noted):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Current balance of loans | $ | 10,211,047 |  |  | $ | 8,824,481 |
Number of loans | 587 |  |  | 543 |
Weighted average original LTV | 69.5 | % |  | 68.8 | %
Weighted average underwritten debt service coverage ratio | 1.44x |  |  | 1.49x |
Current average loan size | $ | 17,395 |  |  | $ | 16,251 |
Weighted average original loan term (in months) | 120 |  |  | 120 |
Weighted average current remaining term (in months) | 61 |  |  | 79 |
Weighted average loan rate | 4.35 | % |  | 4.39 | %
First mortgages | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Geographic state concentration (greater than 5.0%): |  |  |
California | 11.8 | % |  | 13.8 | %
Texas | 10.5 | % |  | 12.4 | %
New York | 6.9 | % |  | 8.1 | %

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Investment in Unconsolidated Entities. Investment in unconsolidated entities is comprised of ownership interests in entities that invest in multi-family or residential real estate and related assets. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had approximately $51.3 million and $79.3 million of investments in unconsolidated entities, respectively.
On March 31, 2017, the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its variable interest in 200 RHC Hoover, LLC ("Riverchase Landing"), a multi-family apartment community in which the Company holds a preferred equity investment, and determined that it became the primary beneficiary of Riverchase Landing. Accordingly, on this date, the Company consolidated Riverchase Landing into its condensed consolidated financial statements and decreased its investment in unconsolidated entities by approximately $9.0 million. See Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for more information on Riverchase Landing.
Mezzanine Loan and Preferred Equity Investments. The Company had mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments in the amount of $122.6 million and $100.2 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
On March 31, 2017, the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its variable interest in The Clusters, LLC ("The Clusters"), a multi-family apartment community in which the Company holds a preferred equity investment, and determined that it became the primary beneficiary of The Clusters. Accordingly, on this date, the Company consolidated The Clusters into its condensed consolidated financial statements, resulting in a decrease in preferred equity investments of approximately $3.5 million. See Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for more information on The Clusters.
As of September 30, 2017, all mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments were paying in accordance with their contractual terms. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, there were no impairments with respect to our mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments.
The following tables summarize our mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

| September 30, 2017
| Count |  | Carrying Amount (1) |  | Investment Amount (1) |  | Weighted Average Interest or Preferred Return Rate (2) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Mezzanine loans | 3 |  |  | $ | 6,875 |  |  | $ | 6,907 |  |  | 12.95 | % |  | 7.1 |
Preferred equity investments | 17 |  |  | 115,703 |  |  | 117,265 |  |  | 12.08 | % |  | 6.5 |
Total | 20 |  |  | $ | 122,578 |  |  | $ | 124,172 |  |  | 12.13 | % |  | 6.5 |

| December 31, 2016
| Count |  | Carrying Amount (1) |  | Investment Amount (1) |  | Weighted Average Interest or Preferred Return Rate (2) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Mezzanine loans | 5 |  |  | $ | 18,881 |  |  | $ | 19,058 |  |  | 12.53 | % |  | 8.8 |
Preferred equity investments | 14 |  |  | 81,269 |  |  | 82,096 |  |  | 12.10 | % |  | 7.4 |
Total | 19 |  |  | $ | 100,150 |  |  | $ | 101,154 |  |  | 12.18 | % |  | 7.7 |

(1) | The difference between the carrying amount and the investment amount consists of any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees, or deferred expenses.

(2) | Based upon investment amount and contractual interest or preferred return rate.

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Real Estate Held for Sale in Consolidated VIEs. On March 31, 2017, the Company re-evaluated its variable interests in Riverchase Landing and The Clusters and, as a result of the reconsideration, consolidated both Riverchase Landing and The Clusters into its condensed consolidated financial statements. During the second quarter of 2017, Riverchase Landing determined to actively market its multi-family apartment community for sale, with anticipation of completing a sale to a third party buyer in 2018. During the third quarter of 2017, The Clusters determined to actively market its multi-family apartment community for sale, with anticipation of completing a sale to a third party buyer in 2018. As a result, the Company classified the real estate assets held by both Riverchase Landing and The Clusters in the amount of $64.1 million as real estate held for sale in consolidated variable interest entities as of September 30, 2017. No gain or loss was recognized by the Company or allocated to non-controlling interests related to the classification of the real estate assets to held for sale.
Financing Arrangements, Portfolio Investments. The Company finances its portfolio investments primarily through repurchase agreements with third party financial institutions. These financing arrangements are short-term borrowings that bear interest rates typically based on a spread to LIBOR, and are secured by the securities which they finance.
At September 30, 2017, the Company had repurchase agreements with an outstanding balance of $608.3 million and a weighted average interest rate of 2.33%. At December 31, 2016, the Company had repurchase agreements with an outstanding balance of $773.1 million and a weighted average interest rate of 1.92%.
As of September 30, 2017, we had no counterparties where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity. The amount at risk is defined as the fair value of securities pledged as collateral to the financing agreement in excess of the financing agreement liability. At December 31, 2016, the Company's only exposure where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholder's equity was to Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch at 5.1%.
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the outstanding balance under our repurchase agreements was funded at an advance rate of 87.8% and 84.6% that implies an average "haircut" of 12.2% and 15.4%, respectively. The weighted average “haircut” related to our repurchase agreement financing for our Agency RMBS (excluding Agency IOs), non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and Agency IOs was approximately 4%, 25%, 20% and 25%, respectively, at September 30, 2017.
The following table details the ending balance, quarterly average balance and maximum balance at any month-end during each quarter in 2017, 2016 and 2015 for outstanding financing arrangements on our portfolio investments, including Federal Home Loan Bank advances (dollar amounts in thousands):

Quarter Ended |  | Quarterly Average Balance |  | End of Quarter Balance |  | Maximum Balance at any Month-End
September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 624,398 |  |  | $ | 608,304 |  |  | $ | 645,457 |
June 30, 2017 |  | $ | 688,853 |  |  | $ | 656,350 |  |  | $ | 719,222 |
March 31, 2017 |  | $ | 702,675 |  |  | $ | 702,309 |  |  | $ | 762,382 |
December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 742,594 |  |  | $ | 773,142 |  |  | $ | 773,142 |
September 30, 2016 |  | $ | 686,348 |  |  | $ | 671,774 |  |  | $ | 699,506 |
June 30, 2016 |  | $ | 615,930 |  |  | $ | 618,050 |  |  | $ | 642,536 |
March 31, 2016 |  | $ | 576,822 |  |  | $ | 589,919 |  |  | $ | 589,919 |
December 31, 2015 |  | $ | 574,847 |  |  | $ | 577,413 |  |  | $ | 578,136 |
September 30, 2015 |  | $ | 578,491 |  |  | $ | 586,075 |  |  | $ | 586,075 |
June 30, 2015 |  | $ | 513,254 |  |  | $ | 585,492 |  |  | $ | 585,492 |
March 31, 2015 |  | $ | 633,132 |  |  | $ | 619,741 |  |  | $ | 645,162 |

Financing Arrangements, Residential Mortgage Loans. The Company has a master repurchase agreement with Deutsche Bank AG, Cayman Islands Branch, with a maximum aggregate committed principal amount of $200.0 million and a maximum uncommitted principal amount of $50.0 million to fund distressed residential mortgage loans, expiring on December 13, 2017. The outstanding balance on the master repurchase agreement, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, amounts to approximately $140.3 million and $193.8 million, respectively, bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 2.50% (3.74% and 3.26% at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively). Distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of approximately $206.3 million at September 30, 2017 are pledged as collateral for the borrowings under this master repurchase agreement. The Company expects to roll outstanding borrowings under this master repurchase agreement into a new repurchase agreement or other financing prior to or at maturity.
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On November 25, 2015, the Company entered into a master repurchase agreement with Deutsche Bank AG, Cayman Islands Branch in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million to fund the purchase of residential mortgage loans, particularly second mortgage loans, expiring on May 25, 2017. On May 24, 2017, the Company entered into an amended master repurchase agreement that reduced the committed principal amount to $25.0 million. The amended master repurchase agreement expires on November 24, 2018. The outstanding balance on this master repurchase agreement as of September 30, 2017 amounts to approximately $20.7 million, bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 3.50% (4.74% at September 30, 2017). There was no outstanding balance on this master repurchase agreement as of December 31, 2016. Second lien mortgages with a carrying value of approximately $35.3 million at September 30, 2017 are pledged as collateral for the borrowings under this master repurchase agreement.
Residential Collateralized Debt Obligations. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had Residential CDOs of $76.9 million and $91.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the weighted average interest rate of these Residential CDOs was 1.85% and 1.37%, respectively. The Residential CDOs are collateralized by ARM loans with a principal balance of $83.1 million and $98.3 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company retained the owner trust certificates, or residual interest, for three securitizations, and, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, had a net investment in the residential securitization trusts of $4.6 million and $4.4 million, respectively.
Securitized Debt. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had approximately $98.4 million and $158.9 million of securitized debt, respectively. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the weighted average interest rate for our securitized debt was 4.40% and 4.24%, respectively. The Company’s securitized debt is collateralized by multi-family CMBS and distressed residential mortgage loans. See Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for more information on securitized debt.
Debt. The Company's debt as of September 30, 2017 included Convertible Notes, subordinated debentures and mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities.
Convertible Notes
On January 23, 2017, the Company completed the issuance and sale to Nomura Securities International, Inc., as the underwriter, of $138.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.25% Senior Convertible Notes due 2022, including $18.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes issued upon exercise of Nomura's over-allotment option, in an underwritten public offering. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Convertible Notes, after deducting the underwriter's discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, were approximately $127.0 million with the total cost to the Company of approximately 8.24%.
Subordinated Debentures
As of September 30, 2017, certain of our wholly owned subsidiaries had trust preferred securities outstanding of $45.0 million with a weighted average interest rate of 5.14%. The securities are fully guaranteed by us with respect to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation, redemption or repayment. These securities are classified as subordinated debentures in the liability section of our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Mortgages and Notes Payable in Consolidated VIEs
On March 31, 2017, the Company determined that it became the primary beneficiary of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters, two variable interest entities that each own a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company holds preferred equity investments. Accordingly, on this date, the Company consolidated Riverchase Landing and The Clusters into its condensed consolidated financial statements. Both of Riverchase Landing's and The Clusters' real estate investments are subject to mortgages payable and the Company has no obligation for these liabilities as of September 30, 2017. See Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for more information on Riverchase Landing and The Clusters.
The Company also consolidates KRVI into its condensed consolidated financial statements. KRVI's real estate under development is subject to a note payable of $6.0 million that has an unused commitment of $2.4 million as of September 30, 2017. See Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for more information on KRVI.
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Derivative Assets and Liabilities. The Company enters into derivative instruments in connection with its risk management activities. These derivative instruments may include interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, put and call options on futures and mortgage derivatives such as forward-settling purchases and sales of Agency RMBS where the underlying pools of mortgage loans are “To-Be-Announced,” or TBAs.
In connection with our investment in Agency IOs, we utilize several types of derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps, futures, put and call options on futures and TBAs to hedge the interest rate risk and spread risk. This hedging technique is dynamic in nature and requires frequent adjustments, which accordingly makes it very difficult to qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Hedge accounting treatment requires specific identification of a risk or group of risks and then requires that we designate a particular trade to that risk with no minimal ability to adjust over the life of the transaction. Because we and Midway are frequently adjusting these derivative instruments in response to current market conditions, we have determined to account for all the derivative instruments related to our Agency IO investments as derivatives not designated as hedging instruments. Realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with derivatives in our Agency IO portfolio are recognized through earnings in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
We also use interest rate swaps (separately from interest rate swaps in our Agency IO portfolio) to hedge variable cash flows associated with borrowings made under our financing arrangements and Residential CDOs. We typically pay a fixed rate and receive a floating rate based on one month LIBOR, on the notional amount of the interest rate swaps. The floating rate we receive under our swap agreements has the effect of offsetting the repricing characteristics and cash flows of our financing arrangements. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had $80.0 million and $215.0 million of notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding that qualify as cash flow hedges for financial reporting purposes, respectively. The interest rate swaps had a net fair market asset value of $17.6 thousand and $0.1 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. See Note 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for more information on our derivative instruments and hedging activities.
Derivative financial instruments may contain credit risk to the extent that the institutional counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreements. We minimize this risk by limiting our counterparties to major financial institutions with good credit ratings. In addition, we regularly monitor the potential risk of loss with any one party resulting from this type of credit risk. Accordingly, we do not expect any material losses as a result of default by other parties, but we cannot guarantee that we will not experience counterparty failures in the future.
Balance Sheet Analysis - Company's Stockholders’ Equity
The Company's stockholders’ equity at September 30, 2017 was $842.1 million and included $9.2 million of accumulated other comprehensive income. The accumulated other comprehensive income at September 30, 2017 primarily consisted of $1.8 million in unrealized gains related to non-Agency RMBS and $18.2 million in net unrealized gains related to our CMBS, partially offset by $10.8 million in unrealized losses related to our Agency RMBS. The Company's stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2016 was $848.1 million and included $1.6 million of accumulated other comprehensive income. The accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2016 consisted of $12.0 million in unrealized losses related to our Agency RMBS, offset by $1.0 million in unrealized gains related to non-Agency RMBS, $12.5 million in net unrealized gains related to our CMBS and $0.1 million in unrealized derivative gains related to cash flow hedges.
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Analysis of Changes in Book Value
The following table analyzes the changes in book value of our common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 (amounts in thousands, except per share):

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Amount |  | Shares |  | Per Share (1) |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Per Share (1)
Beginning Balance | $ | 673,381 |  |  | 111,891 |  |  | $ | 6.02 |  |  | $ | 683,075 |  |  | 111,474 |  |  | $ | 6.13 |
Common stock issuance, net (2) | 577 |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  |  |  | 1,843 |  |  | 380 |  |  |
Balance after share issuance activity | 673,958 |  |  | 111,854 |  |  | 6.02 |  |  | 684,918 |  |  | 111,854 |  |  | 6.12 |
Dividends declared | (22,371 | ) |  |  |  |  | (0.20 | ) |  | (67,118 | ) |  |  |  | (0.60 | )
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedges | (176 | ) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  |  | — |
Investment securities | 1,022 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | 7,648 |  |  |  |  | 0.07 |
Net income attributable to Company's common stockholders | 24,620 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.22 |  |  | 51,689 |  |  |  |  | 0.46 |
Ending Balance | $ | 677,053 |  |  | 111,854 |  |  | $ | 6.05 |  |  | $ | 677,053 |  |  | 111,854 |  |  | $ | 6.05 |

(1) | Outstanding shares used to calculate book value per share for the ending balance is based on outstanding shares as of September 30, 2017 of 111,854,023.

(2) | Includes amortization of stock based compensation.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
General
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, comply with margin requirements, fund our operations, pay management and incentive fees, pay dividends to our stockholders and other general business needs. Our investments and assets, excluding the principal only multi-family CMBS we invest in, generate liquidity on an ongoing basis through principal and interest payments, prepayments, net earnings retained prior to payment of dividends and distributions from unconsolidated investments. Our principal only multi-family CMBS are backed by balloon non-recourse mortgage loans that provide for the payment of principal at maturity date, which is typically seven to ten years from the date the underlying mortgage loans are originated, and therefore do not directly contribute to monthly cash flows. In addition, the Company will, from time to time, sell on an opportunistic basis certain assets from its investment portfolio as part of its overall investment strategy and these sales are expected to provide additional liquidity.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash and restricted cash decreased by $3.5 million, as a result of $329.0 million used in financing activities offset by $299.2 million provided by investing activities and $26.2 million of cash provided by operating activities. Our financing activities primarily included $197.6 million in net payments made on financing arrangements, $105.0 million in payments made on multi-family CDOs, $81.2 million in dividends paid on common stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, $14.9 million in payments made on Residential CDOs, and $62.1 million in payments made on securitized debt, partially offset by $127.0 million in proceeds from the issuance of convertible debt and $4.4 million in proceeds from mortgages and notes payable in consolidated variable interest entities. Our investing activities primarily included $179.1 million in principal repayments and proceeds from sales and refinancing of distressed residential mortgage loans, $100.9 million in proceeds from sales of investment securities, $105.0 million in principal repayments received on multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, $170.1 million in principal paydowns received on investment securities available for sale, $14.2 million in principal repayments received on residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, $18.9 million in principal repayments received on mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments, $5.7 million in proceeds from sale of real estate owned, $23.4 million in return of capital from unconsolidated entity investments, and $4.0 million in net proceeds on other derivative instruments settled during the period, partially offset by $65.5 million in purchases of investments held in multi-family securitization trusts, $129.9 million in purchases of investment securities, $81.5 million in purchases of residential mortgage loans and distressed residential mortgage loans, and $45.1 million in funding of mezzanine loans, equity and preferred equity investments.
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We fund our investments and operations through a balanced and diverse funding mix, which includes proceeds from the issuance of equity and debt securities, including convertible notes, short-term and longer-term repurchase agreement borrowings, CDOs, securitized debt, trust preferred debentures and, until January 2016, we also used FHLBI advances. The type and terms of financing used by us depends on the asset being financed and the financing available at the time of the financing. In those cases where we utilize some form of structured financing, be it through CDOs, longer-term repurchase agreements or securitized debt, the cash flow produced by the assets that serve as collateral for these structured finance instruments may be restricted in terms of its use or applied to pay principal or interest on CDOs, repurchase agreements, or notes that are senior to our interests. At September 30, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents balances of $101.9 million, which increased from $83.6 million at December 31, 2016. Based on our current investment portfolio, new investment initiatives, leverage ratio and available and future possible borrowing arrangements, we believe our existing cash balances, funds available under our various financing arrangements and cash flows from operations will meet our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months.
Liquidity – Financing Arrangements
We rely primarily on short-term repurchase agreements to finance the more liquid assets in our investment portfolio, such as Agency RMBS. In recent years, certain repurchase agreement lenders have elected to exit the repo lending market for various reasons, including new capital requirement regulations. However, as certain lenders have exited the space, other financing counterparties that had not participated in the repo lending market historically have begun to step in to replace many of the lenders that have elected to exit.
As of September 30, 2017, we have outstanding short-term repurchase agreements, a form of collateralized short-term borrowing, with eight different financial institutions. These agreements are secured by certain of our investment securities and bear interest rates that have historically moved in close relationship to LIBOR. Our borrowings under repurchase agreements are based on the fair value of our investment securities portfolio. Interest rate changes and increased prepayment activity can have a negative impact on the valuation of these securities, reducing the amount we can borrow under these agreements. Moreover, our repurchase agreements allow the counterparties to determine a new market value of the collateral to reflect current market conditions and because these lines of financing are not committed, the counterparty can call the loan at any time. Market value of the collateral represents the price of such collateral obtained from generally recognized sources or most recent closing bid quotation from such source plus accrued income. If a counterparty determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, the counterparty may initiate a margin call and require us to either post additional collateral to cover such decrease or repay a portion of the outstanding borrowing in cash, on minimal notice. Moreover, in the event an existing counterparty elected to not renew the outstanding balance at its maturity into a new repurchase agreement, we would be required to repay the outstanding balance with cash or proceeds received from a new counterparty or to surrender the securities that serve as collateral for the outstanding balance, or any combination thereof. If we are unable to secure financing from a new counterparty and had to surrender the collateral, we would expect to incur a loss. In addition, in the event one of our lenders under the repurchase agreement defaults on its obligation to “re-sell” or return to us the securities that are securing the borrowings at the end of the term of the repurchase agreement, we would incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of “haircut” associated with the short-term repurchase agreement, which we sometimes refer to as the “amount at risk.” As of September 30, 2017, we had an aggregate amount at risk under our repurchase agreements with eight counterparties of approximately $123.6 million, with no more than approximately $40.8 million at risk with any single counterparty. At September 30, 2017, the Company had short-term repurchase agreement borrowings of $608.3 million as compared to $773.1 million as of December 31, 2016.
As of September 30, 2017, our available liquid assets include unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, overnight deposits and unencumbered securities we believe may be posted as margin. The Company had $101.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, $8.9 million in overnight deposits in our Agency IO portfolio included in restricted cash and $243.1 million in unencumbered investment securities to meet additional haircuts or market valuation requirements. The unencumbered securities that we believe may be posted as margin as of September 30, 2017 included $35.1 million of Agency RMBS, $139.9 million of CMBS and $68.1 million of non-Agency RMBS and other investment securities. We believe the cash and unencumbered securities, which collectively represent 58.2% of our financing arrangements, are liquid and could be monetized to pay down or collateralize a liability immediately.
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At September 30, 2017, the Company also had two master repurchase agreements with Deutsche Bank AG, Cayman Islands Branch. The outstanding balances under the first master repurchase agreement in an aggregate principal amount of up to $200.0 million amounted to approximately $140.3 million and $193.8 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. This agreement is collateralized by distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of $206.3 million at September 30, 2017, expiring on December 13, 2017. The Company expects to roll outstanding borrowings under this master repurchase agreement into a new repurchase agreement or other financing prior to or at maturity. The outstanding balances under the second master repurchase agreement, with an aggregate principal amount of up to $25.0 million, amounted to approximately $20.7 million at September 30, 2017. We had no outstanding balance at December 31, 2016. This agreement is collateralized by second lien mortgages with a carrying value of $35.3 million at September 30, 2017, expiring on November 24, 2018.
At September 30, 2017, we also had other longer-term debt, including Residential CDOs outstanding of $76.9 million, multi-family CDOs outstanding of $8.0 billion (which represent obligations of the Consolidated K-Series), securitized debt of $98.4 million, subordinated debt of $45.0 million and convertible debt of $128.3 million. The CDOs are collateralized by residential and multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, respectively. The securitized debt as of September 30, 2017 represents the notes issued in (i) our May 2012 multi-family re-securitization transaction and (ii) our April 2016 distressed residential mortgage loan securitization transaction, which is described in Note 10 of our condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q .
On January 23, 2017, the Company completed the issuance of $138.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes in a public offering. The Convertible Notes were issued at 96% of the principal amount, bear interest at a rate equal to 6.25% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, and are expected to mature on January 15, 2022, unless earlier converted or repurchased. The Company does not have the right to redeem the Convertible Notes prior to maturity and no sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Notes. Holders of the Convertible Notes are permitted to convert their Convertible Notes into shares of the Company's common stock at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately proceeding January 15, 2022. The conversion rate for the Convertible Notes, which is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events, initially equals 142.7144 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $7.01 per share of the Company’s common stock, based on a $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes.
As of September 30, 2017, our overall leverage ratio, which represents our total debt divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 1.2 to 1. Our overall leverage ratio does not account for liabilities other than debt financings and does not include the mortgage debt of Riverchase Landing and The Clusters or debt associated with the Multi-family CDOs or the Residential CDOs, for which we have no obligation. As of September 30, 2017, our leverage ratio on our short term financings or callable debt, which represents our repurchase agreement borrowings divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 0.9 to 1. We monitor all at risk or short term borrowings to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to satisfy margin calls and have the ability to respond to other market disruptions.
Liquidity – Hedging and Other Factors
Certain of our hedging instruments may also impact our liquidity. We use interest rate swaps, swaptions, TBAs, Eurodollar or other futures contracts to hedge interest rate and spread risk associated with our investments in Agency RMBS, including Agency IOs.
With respect to interest rate swaps, futures contracts and TBAs, initial margin deposits, which can be comprised of either cash or securities, will be made upon entering into these contracts. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses by marking to market on a daily basis to reflect the market value of these contracts at the end of each day’s trading. We may be required to satisfy variable margin payments periodically, depending upon whether unrealized gains or losses are incurred. In addition, because delivery of TBAs extend beyond the typical settlement dates for most non-derivative investments, these transactions are more prone to market fluctuations between the trade date and the ultimate settlement date, and thereby are more vulnerable to increasing amounts at risk with the applicable counterparties. The use of TBAs associated with our Agency IO investments creates significant short term payables (and/or receivables) amounting to $181.7 million at September 30, 2017, and is included in payable for securities purchased on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
We also use interest rate swaps (separately from interest rate swaps in our Agency IO portfolio) to hedge variable cash flows associated with borrowings made under our financing arrangements and Residential CDOs.
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For additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments and hedging activities for the periods covered by this report, including the fair values and notional amounts of these instruments and realized and unrealized gains and losses relating to these instruments, please see Note 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report. Also, please see Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, under the caption, “Fair Value Risk”, for a tabular presentation of the sensitivity of the fair value and net duration changes of the Company’s portfolio across various changes in interest rates, which takes into account the Company’s hedging activities.
Liquidity — Securities Offerings
In addition to the financing arrangements described above under the caption “Liquidity—Financing Arrangements,” we also rely on equity offerings of common and preferred equity and debt securities as a source of both short-term and long-term liquidity. We also may generate liquidity through the sale of shares of our common stock in an “at the market” offering program pursuant to an equity distribution agreement (the "ATM Program"), as well as through the sale of shares of our common stock pursuant to our Dividend Reinvestment Plan, or DRIP. Our DRIP provides for the issuance of up to $20,000,000 of shares of our common stock.
On August 10, 2017, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Equity Distribution Agreement”) with Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC (“Credit Suisse”), as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having a maximum aggregate sales price of up to $100.0 million, from time to time through Credit Suisse. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares of common stock issued under the Equity Distribution Agreement and may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the Equity Distribution Agreement.
The Equity Distribution Agreement replaces the Company’s prior equity distribution agreements with JMP Securities LLC and Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. dated as of March 20, 2015 and August 25, 2016, respectively (the “Prior Equity Distribution Agreements”), pursuant to which up to $39.3 million of aggregate value of the Company's common stock and Series B Preferred Stock remained available for issuance immediately prior to termination. The Prior Equity Distribution Agreements were terminated effective on August 7, 2017.
There were no shares of common stock issued under the Prior Equity Distribution Agreements and the Equity Distribution Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2017 . During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company issued 87,737 shares of its common stock under the Prior Equity Distribution Agreements, at an average sales price of $6.68 per share, resulting in total net proceeds to the Company of $0.6 million after deducting the placement fees. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company issued no shares under the Prior Equity Distribution Agreements. As of September 30, 2017, approximately $100.0 million of securities remains available for issuance under the Equity Distribution Agreement.
Management Agreements
We have investment management agreements with Midway and Headlands, pursuant to which we pay these managers a base management and incentive fee, if earned, quarterly in arrears. See "- Results of Operations - Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 to the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 - Comparative Expenses" for more information regarding the base management and incentive fees incurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Dividends
On September 14, 2017, we declared a Series B Preferred Stock cash dividend of $0.484375 per share of Series B Preferred Stock for the quarterly period that began on July15, 2017 and ended on October 14, 2017. The dividend was paid on October 15, 2017 to our Series B Preferred stockholders of record as of October 1, 2017.
On September 14, 2017, we declared a Series C Preferred Stock cash dividend of $0.4921875 per share of Series C Preferred Stock for the quarterly period that began on July15, 2017 and ended on October 14, 2017. The dividend was paid on October 15, 2017 to our Series C Preferred stockholders of record as of October 1, 2017.
On September 14, 2017, we declared a 2017 third quarter cash dividend of $0.20 per common share. The dividend was paid on October 25, 2017 to common stockholders of record as of September 25, 2017. The dividend was paid out of our working capital.
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We expect to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends on our common stock during the near term. However, our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate our dividend policy each quarter and will make adjustments as necessary, based on a variety of factors, including, among other things, the need to maintain our REIT status, our financial condition, liquidity, earnings projections and business prospects. Our dividend policy does not constitute an obligation to pay dividends.
We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the various requirements to maintain our REIT status and to minimize or avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax. However, differences in timing between the recognition of REIT taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell assets or to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the REIT distribution requirements and to minimize or avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax.
Exposure to European financial counterparties
We finance the acquisition of a significant portion of our mortgage-backed securities with repurchase agreements. In connection with these financing arrangements, we pledge our securities as collateral to secure the borrowings. The amount of collateral pledged will typically exceed the amount of the financing with the extent of over-collateralization from 5% of the amount borrowed (in the case of Agency ARM and Agency fixed-rate RMBS collateral) and up to 25% (in the case of our non-Agency RMBS and Agency IOs).
While our repurchase agreement financing results in us recording a liability to the counterparty in our consolidated balance sheet, we are exposed to the counterparty, if during the term of the repurchase agreement financing, a lender should default on its obligation and we are not able to recover our pledged assets. The amount of this exposure is the difference between the amount loaned to us plus interest due to the counterparty and the fair value of the collateral pledged by us to the lender (including accrued interest receivable on such collateral).
Several large European banks have experienced financial difficulty in recent years, some of whom have required a rescue or assistance from other large European banks or the European Central Bank. Some of these banks have U.S. banking subsidiaries which have provided repurchase agreement financing or interest rate swap agreements to us in connection with the acquisition of various investments, including mortgage-backed securities investments. We have outstanding repurchase agreement borrowings with Deutsche Bank AG, in the amount of $213.9 million at September 30, 2017, with a net exposure of $101.1 million. In addition, certain of our U.S. based counterparties may have significant exposure to the financial and economic dislocations in Europe which could impact their future lending activities or cause them to default under agreements with us. In the event one or more of these counterparties or their affiliates experience liquidity difficulties in the future, our liquidity could be materially adversely affected.
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Inflation
For the periods presented herein, inflation has been relatively low and we believe that inflation has not had a material effect on our results of operations. The impact of inflation is primarily reflected in the increased costs of our operations. Virtually all our assets and liabilities are financial in nature. Our consolidated financial statements and corresponding notes thereto have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more than inflation. Inflation affects our operations primarily through its effect on interest rates, since interest rates typically increase during periods of high inflation and decrease during periods of low inflation. During periods of increasing interest rates, demand for mortgages and a borrower’s ability to qualify for mortgage financing in a purchase transaction may be adversely affected. During periods of decreasing interest rates, borrowers may prepay their mortgages, which in turn may adversely affect our yield and subsequently the value of our portfolio of mortgage assets.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not maintain any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Further, we have not guaranteed any obligations of unconsolidated entities nor do we have any commitment or intent to provide funding to any such entities.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
This section should be read in conjunction with “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent periodic reports filed with the SEC.
We seek to manage risks that we believe will impact our business including, interest rates, liquidity, prepayments, credit quality and market value. When managing these risks we consider the impact on our assets, liabilities and derivative positions. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience. We seek to actively manage that risk, to generate risk-adjusted total returns that we believe compensate us appropriately for those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we take.
The following analysis includes forward-looking statements that assume that certain market conditions occur. Actual results may differ materially from these projected results due to changes in our portfolio assets and borrowings mix and due to developments in the domestic and global financial and real estate markets. Developments in the financial markets include the likelihood of changing interest rates and the relationship of various interest rates and their impact on our portfolio yield, cost of funds and cash flows. The analytical methods that we use to assess and mitigate these market risks should not be considered projections of future events or operating performance.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rates are sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary, tax policies, domestic and international economic conditions, and political or regulatory matters beyond our control. Changes in interest rates affect the value of the financial assets we manage and hold in our investment portfolio and the variable-rate borrowings we use to finance our portfolio. Changes in interest rates also affect the interest rate swaps and caps, Eurodollar and other futures, TBAs and other securities or instruments we use to hedge our portfolio. As a result, our net interest income is particularly affected by changes in interest rates.
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For example, we hold RMBS, some of which may have fixed rates or interest rates that adjust on various dates that are not synchronized to the adjustment dates on our repurchase agreements. In general, the re-pricing of our repurchase agreements occurs more quickly than the re-pricing of our variable-interest rate assets. Thus, it is likely that our floating rate borrowings, such as our repurchase agreements, may react to interest rates before our RMBS because the weighted average next re-pricing dates on the related borrowings may have shorter time periods than that of the RMBS. In addition, the interest rates on our Agency ARMs backed by hybrid ARMs may be limited to a “periodic cap,” or an increase of typically 1% or 2% per adjustment period, while our borrowings do not have comparable limitations. Moreover, changes in interest rates can directly impact prepayment speeds, thereby affecting our net return on RMBS. During a declining interest rate environment, the prepayment of RMBS may accelerate (as borrowers may opt to refinance at a lower interest rate) causing the amount of liabilities that have been extended by the use of interest rate swaps to increase relative to the amount of RMBS, possibly resulting in a decline in our net return on RMBS, as replacement RMBS may have a lower yield than those being prepaid. Conversely, during an increasing interest rate environment, RMBS may prepay more slowly than expected, requiring us to finance a higher amount of RMBS than originally forecast and at a time when interest rates may be higher, resulting in a decline in our net return on RMBS. Accordingly, each of these scenarios can negatively impact our net interest income.
We seek to manage interest rate risk in our portfolio by utilizing interest rate swaps, swaptions, caps, Eurodollar and other futures, options and U.S. Treasury securities with the goal of optimizing the earnings potential while seeking to maintain long term stable portfolio values. We continually monitor the duration of our mortgage assets and have a policy to hedge the financing of those assets such that the net duration of the assets, our borrowed funds related to such assets, and related hedging instruments, is less than one year. In addition, we utilize TBAs to mitigate the risks on our long Agency RMBS positions associated with our investments in Agency IOs.
We utilize a model-based risk analysis system to assist in projecting portfolio performances over a scenario of different interest rates. The model incorporates shifts in interest rates, changes in prepayments and other factors impacting the valuations of our financial securities and instruments, including mortgage-backed securities, repurchase agreements, interest rate swaps and interest rate caps, TBAs and Eurodollar futures.
Based on the results of the model, the instantaneous changes in interest rates specified below would have had the following effect on net interest income for the next 12 months based on our assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2017 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Changes in Net Interest Income
Changes in Interest Rates | Changes in Net Interest Income
+200 | $(6,151)
+100 | $(2,223)
-100 | $782

Interest rate changes may also impact our net book value as our financial assets and related hedge derivatives are marked-to-market each quarter. Generally, as interest rates increase, the value of our mortgage assets, other than IOs, decreases, and conversely, as interest rates decrease, the value of such investments will increase. The value of an IO will likely be negatively affected in a declining interest rate environment due to the risk of increasing prepayment rates because the IOs’ value is wholly contingent on the underlying mortgage loans having an outstanding balance. In general, we expect that, over time, decreases in the value of our portfolio attributable to interest rate changes will be offset, to the degree we are hedged, by increases in the value of our interest rate swaps or other financial instruments used for hedging purposes, and vice versa. However, the relationship between spreads on securities and spreads on our hedging instruments may vary from time to time, resulting in a net aggregate book value increase or decline. That said, unless there is a material impairment in value that would result in a payment not being received on a security or loan, changes in the book value of our portfolio will not directly affect our recurring earnings or our ability to make a distribution to our stockholders.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, pay dividends to our stockholders and other general business needs. The primary liquidity risk we face arises from financing long-maturity assets with shorter-term borrowings primarily in the form of repurchase agreement financings. We recognize the need to have funds available to operate our business. We manage and forecast our liquidity needs and sources daily to ensure that we have adequate liquidity at all times. We plan to meet liquidity through normal operations with the goal of avoiding unplanned sales of assets or emergency borrowing of funds.
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Our principal sources of liquidity are repurchase agreements, the CDOs we have issued to finance our loans held in securitization trusts, securitized debt, trust preferred securities, the principal and interest payments from our assets and cash proceeds from the issuance of equity or debt securities (as market and other conditions permit). We believe our existing cash balances and cash flows from operations will be sufficient for our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months.
We are subject to “margin call” risk under our repurchase agreements. In the event the value of our assets pledged as collateral suddenly decreases, margin calls relating to our repurchase agreements could increase, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. Additionally, if one or more of our repurchase agreement counterparties chooses not to provide ongoing funding, we may be unable to replace the financing through other lenders on favorable terms or at all. As such, we provide no assurance that we will be able to roll over our repurchase agreements as they mature from time to time in the future. See Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information about our liquidity and capital resource management.
Derivative financial instruments used to hedge interest rate risk are subject to “margin call” risk. For example, under our interest rate swaps, typically we pay a fixed rate to the counterparties while they pay us a floating rate. If interest rates drop below the fixed rate we are paying on an interest rate swap, we may be required to post cash margin.
Prepayment Risk
When borrowers repay the principal on their residential mortgage loans before maturity or faster than their scheduled amortization, the effect is to shorten the period over which interest is earned, and therefore, reduce the yield for residential mortgage assets purchased at a premium to their then current balance, as with our portfolio of Agency RMBS. Conversely, residential mortgage assets purchased for less than their then current balance, such as our distressed residential mortgage loans, exhibit higher yields due to faster prepayments. Furthermore, actual prepayment speeds may differ from our modeled prepayment speed projections impacting the effectiveness of any hedges we have in place to mitigate financing and/or fair value risk. Generally, when market interest rates decline, borrowers have a tendency to refinance their mortgages, thereby increasing prepayments. The impact of increasing prepayment rates, whether as a result of declining interest rates, government intervention in the mortgage markets or otherwise, is particularly acute with respect to our Agency IOs. Because the value of an IO security is wholly contingent on the underlying mortgage loans having an outstanding principal balance, an unexpected increase in prepayment rates on the pool of mortgage loans underlying the IOs could significantly negatively impact the performance of our Agency IOs.
Our modeled prepayments will help determine the amount of hedging we use to off-set changes in interest rates. If actual prepayment rates are higher than modeled, the yield will be less than modeled in cases where we paid a premium for the particular residential mortgage asset. Conversely, when we have paid a premium, if actual prepayment rates experienced are slower than modeled, we would amortize the premium over a longer time period, resulting in a higher yield to maturity.
In an environment of increasing prepayment speeds, the timing difference between the actual cash receipt of principal paydowns and the announcement of the principal paydown may result in additional margin requirements from our repurchase agreement counterparties.
We mitigate prepayment risk by constantly evaluating our residential mortgage assets relative to prepayment speeds observed for assets with similar structures, quantities and characteristics. Furthermore, we stress-test the portfolio as to prepayment speeds and interest rate risk in order to further develop or make modifications to our hedge balances. Historically, we have not hedged 100% of our liability costs due to prepayment risk.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that we will not fully collect the principal we have invested in our credit sensitive assets, including distressed residential and other mortgage loans, non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, mezzanine loans and preferred equity and joint venture equity investments, due to borrower defaults. In selecting the credit sensitive assets in our portfolio, we seek to identify and invest in assets with characteristics that we believe offset or limit the exposure of borrower defaults to the Company.
We seek to manage credit risk through our pre-acquisition or pre-funding due diligence process, and by factoring projected credit losses into the purchase price we pay or loan terms we negotiate for all of our credit sensitive assets. In general, we evaluate relative valuation, supply and demand trends, prepayment rates, delinquency and default rates, vintage of collateral and macroeconomic factors as part of this process. Nevertheless, these procedures do not guarantee unanticipated credit losses which would materially affect our operating results.
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With respect to the $369.7 million of distressed residential mortgage loans the Company owned at September 30, 2017, the mortgage loans were purchased at a discount to par reflecting their distressed state or perceived higher risk of default, which may include higher loan to value ratios and, in certain instances, delinquent loan payments. Prior to the acquisition of each of our first loss CMBS securities, the Company completed an extensive review of the underlying loan collateral, including loan level cash flow re-underwriting, site inspections on selected properties, property specific cash flow and loss modeling, review of appraisals, property condition and environmental reports, and other credit risk analyses. We continue to monitor credit quality on an ongoing basis using updated property level financial reports provided by borrowers and periodic site inspection of selected properties. We also reconcile on a monthly basis the actual bond distributions received against projected distributions to assure proper allocation of cash flow generated by the underlying loan pool.
As of September 30, 2017, we own $409.3 million of first loss CMBS comprised solely of first loss POs that are backed by commercial mortgage loans on multi-family properties at a weighted average amortized purchase price of approximately 41.6% of current par. Prior to the acquisition of each of our first loss CMBS securities, the Company completed an extensive review of the underlying loan collateral, including loan level cash flow re-underwriting, site inspections on selected properties, property specific cash flow and loss modeling, review of appraisals, property condition and environmental reports, and other credit risk analyses. We continue to monitor credit quality on an ongoing basis using updated property level financial reports provided by borrowers and periodic site inspection of selected properties. We also reconcile on a monthly basis the actual bond distributions received against projected distributions to assure proper allocation of cash flow generated by the underlying loan pool.
As of September 30, 2017, we own approximately $186.5 million of mezzanine loan, preferred equity and equity investments in owners of residential and multi-family properties. The performance and value of these investments depend upon the applicable operating partner’s or borrower’s ability to effectively operate the multi-family and residential properties, that serve as the underlying collateral, to produce cash flows adequate to pay distributions, interest or principal due to us. The Company monitors the performance and credit quality of the underlying assets that serve as collateral for its investments. In the case of our multi-family investments, the procedures for ongoing monitoring include financial statement analysis and regularly scheduled site inspections of portfolio properties to assess property physical condition, performance of on-site staff and competitive activity in the sub-market. We also formulate annual budgets and performance goals alongside our operating partners for use in measuring the ongoing investment performance and credit quality of our investments. Additionally, the Company's preferred equity and equity investments typically provide us with various rights and remedies to protect our investment. In March 2017, the Company exercised its rights and remedies with respect to Riverchase Landing and The Clusters and effectively assumed control of both entities. The Company has an asset management team with the experience and expertise necessary to efficiently manage Riverchase Landing and The Clusters while working toward a successful resolution for each investment.
We are exposed on the credit risk in our investments in non-Agency RMBS backed by re-performing or nonperforming loans totaling 133.0 million as of September 30, 2017. Our non-Agency RMBS backed by re-performing or nonperforming loans were purchased primarily through new issue at prices at or around par and represent the senior tranches of the related securitizations. The non-Agency RMBS backed by re-performing or nonperforming loans are structured with significant credit enhancement (typically approximately 50%) and the subordinate tranches absorb all credit losses (until those tranches are extinguished) and typically receive no cash flow (interest or principal) until the senior tranche is paid off. Prior to purchase, we analyze the deal structure in order to assess the associated credit risk. Subsequent to purchase, the ongoing credit risk associated with the deal is evaluated by analyzing the extent to which actual credit losses occur that result in a reduction in the amount of subordination enjoyed by our bond. Based on the recent performance of the collateral underlying our non-Agency RMBS backed by re-performing or nonperforming loans and current subordination levels, we do not believe that we are currently exposed to significant risk of credit loss on these investments.
Fair Value Risk
Changes in interest rates also expose us to fair value fluctuation on our assets, liabilities and hedges. While the fair value of the majority of our assets (when excluding all Consolidated K-Series assets other than the securities we actually own) that are measured on a recurring basis are determined using Level 2 fair values, we own certain assets, such as our first loss PO CMBS investments, for which fair values may not be readily available if there are no active trading markets for the instruments. In such cases, fair values would only be derived or estimated for these investments using various valuation techniques, such as computing the present value of estimated future cash flows using discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. However, the determination of estimated future cash flows is inherently subjective and imprecise. Minor changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these derived or estimated fair values. Our fair value estimates and assumptions are indicative of the interest rate environments as of September 30, 2017 and do not take into consideration the effects of subsequent interest rate fluctuations.
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We note that the fair values of our investments in derivative instruments will be sensitive to changes in market interest rates, interest rate spreads, credit spreads and other market factors. The value of these investments can vary and has varied materially from period to period.
The following describes the methods and assumptions we use in estimating fair values of our financial instruments:
Fair value estimates are made as of a specific point in time based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. These techniques involve uncertainties and are significantly affected by the assumptions used and the judgments made regarding risk characteristics of various financial instruments, discount rates, estimate of future cash flows, future expected loss experience and other factors.
Changes in assumptions could significantly affect these estimates and the resulting fair values. Derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in an immediate sale of the instrument. Also, because of differences in methodologies and assumptions used to estimate fair values, the fair values used by us should not be compared to those of other companies.
The table below presents the sensitivity of the fair value and net duration changes of our portfolio as of September 30, 2017, using a discounted cash flow simulation model assuming an instantaneous interest rate shift. Application of this method results in an estimation of the fair market value change of our assets, liabilities and hedging instruments per 100 basis point (“bp”) shift in interest rates.
The use of hedging instruments is a critical part of our interest rate risk management strategies, and the effects of these hedging instruments on the market value of the portfolio are reflected in the model's output. This analysis also takes into consideration the value of options embedded in our mortgage assets including constraints on the re-pricing of the interest rate of assets resulting from periodic and lifetime cap features, as well as prepayment options. Assets and liabilities that are not interest rate-sensitive such as cash, payment receivables, prepaid expenses, payables and accrued expenses are excluded.
Changes in assumptions including, but not limited to, volatility, mortgage and financing spreads, prepayment behavior, defaults, as well as the timing and level of interest rate changes will affect the results of the model. Therefore, actual results are likely to vary from modeled results.

Fair Value Changes
Changes in Interest Rates |  | Changes in Fair Value |  | Net Duration
|  | (Amounts in thousands) |  |
+200 |  | $(63,996) |  | 3.4
+100 |  | $(33,642) |  | 2.9
Base |  |  |  | 2.1
-100 |  | $27,415 |  | 2.1

It should be noted that the model is used as a tool to identify potential risk in a changing interest rate environment but does not include any changes in portfolio composition, financing strategies, market spreads or changes in overall market liquidity.
Although market value sensitivity analysis is widely accepted in identifying interest rate risk, it does not take into consideration changes that may occur such as, but not limited to, changes in investment and financing strategies, changes in market spreads and changes in business volumes. Accordingly, we make extensive use of an earnings simulation model to further analyze our level of interest rate risk.
There are a number of key assumptions in our earnings simulation model. These key assumptions include changes in market conditions that affect interest rates, the pricing of our portfolio, the availability of investment assets and the availability and the cost of financing for portfolio assets. Other key assumptions made in using the simulation model include prepayment speeds and management's investment, financing and hedging strategies. The assumptions used represent our estimate of the likely effect of changes in interest rates and do not necessarily reflect actual results. The earnings simulation model takes into account periodic and lifetime caps embedded in our assets in determining the earnings at risk.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of September 30, 2017. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2017.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed under "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company repurchased 37,107 shares of common stock at an average price of $6.40 per share in connection with the satisfaction of employee tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock awards.
The table below sets forth the information with respect to purchases made by or on the behalf of the Company or any affiliated purchaser (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act, as amended), of our common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Period |  | Total # of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total # of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program |  | Maximum # of Shares that May Yet be Purchased under Plans or Programs
July 1-31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee Transaction | (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
August 1-31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee Transaction | (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
September 1-30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee Transaction | (1) | 37,107 |  |  | $ | 6.40 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total Employee Transactions |  | 37,107 |  |  | $ | 6.40 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A

(1) | The Company's 2010 Plan provides that the value of the shares forfeited be based on the price of its common stock on the date the relevant shares vest.

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Item 6. Exhibits
EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit |  | Description
2.1 |  | Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, by and among Donlon Family LLC, JMP Investment Holdings LLC, Hypotheca Capital, LLC, RiverBanc LLC and New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., dated May 3, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 5, 2016).
3.1 |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2014).
3.2 |  | Bylaws of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 4, 2011).
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary designating the Company’s 7.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2013).
3.4 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,550,000 additional shares of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2015).
3.5 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the 7.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2015).
4.1 |  | Form of Common Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (Registration No. 333-111668), effective June 23, 2004).
4.2 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series B Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2013).
4.3 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series C Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2015).
4.4(a) |  | Junior Subordinated Indenture between The New York Mortgage Company, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee, dated September 1, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
4.4(b) |  | Amended and Restated Trust Agreement among The New York Mortgage Company, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as Property Trustee, Chase Bank USA, National Association, as Delaware Trustee, and the Administrative Trustees named therein, dated as of September 1, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
4.4(c) |  | Parent Guarantee Agreement between New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as guarantee trustee, dated September 1, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).

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4.5(a) |  | Junior Subordinated Indenture between The New York Mortgage Company, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee, dated March 15, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3(a) to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2012).
4.5(b) |  | Parent Guarantee Agreement between New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as guarantee trustee, dated March 15, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3(b) to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2012).
4.6 |  | Indenture, dated April 15, 2016, by and between NYMT Residential 2016-RP1, LLC and U.S. Bank National Association (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 19, 2016.)
4.7 |  | Indenture, dated January 23, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2017).
4.8 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated January 23, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2017).
4.9 |  | Form of 6.25% Senior Convertible Notes Due 2022 of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2017).
|  | Certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of the Registrant and its subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant hereby undertakes to furnish to the SEC, upon request, copies of any such instruments.
10.1 |  | Equity Distribution Agreement, dated August 10, 2017, between New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2017).
10.2 |  | Separation Agreement, dated September 18, 2017, between New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. and Kevin Donlon (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 19, 2017).

12.1 |  | Statement re: Computation of Ratios.
31.1 |  | Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.
31.2 |  | Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.
32.1 |  | Section 906 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.*
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document **
101.SCH |  | Taxonomy Extension Schema Document **
101.CAL |  | Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document **
101.DEF XBRL |  | Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document **
101.LAB |  | Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document **
101.PRE |  | Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document **

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* | Furnished herewith. Such certification shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

** | Submitted electronically herewith. Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017; (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
Date: November 7, 2017 | By: | /s/ Steven R. Mumma
|  | Steven R. Mumma
|  | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November 7, 2017 | By: | /s/ Kristine R. Nario
|  | Kristine R. Nario
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit |  | Description
2.1 |  | Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, by and among Donlon Family LLC, JMP Investment Holdings LLC, Hypotheca Capital, LLC, RiverBanc LLC and New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., dated May 3, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 5, 2016).
3.1 |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2014).
3.2 |  | Bylaws of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 4, 2011).
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary designating the Company’s 7.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2013).
3.4 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,550,000 additional shares of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2015).
3.5 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the 7.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2015).
4.1 |  | Form of Common Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (Registration No. 333-111668), effective June 23, 2004).
4.2 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series B Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2013).
4.3 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series C Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2015).
4.4(a) |  | Junior Subordinated Indenture between The New York Mortgage Company, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee, dated September 1, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
4.4(b) |  | Amended and Restated Trust Agreement among The New York Mortgage Company, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as Property Trustee, Chase Bank USA, National Association, as Delaware Trustee, and the Administrative Trustees named therein, dated as of September 1, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
4.4(c) |  | Parent Guarantee Agreement between New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as guarantee trustee, dated September 1, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
4.5(a) |  | Junior Subordinated Indenture between The New York Mortgage Company, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee, dated March 15, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3(a) to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2012).

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4.5(b) |  | Parent Guarantee Agreement between New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as guarantee trustee, dated March 15, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3(b) to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2012).
4.6 |  | Indenture, dated April 15, 2016, by and between NYMT Residential 2016-RP1, LLC and U.S. Bank National Association (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 19, 2016.)
4.7 |  | Indenture, dated January 23, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2017).
4.8 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated January 23, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2017).
4.9 |  | Form of 6.25% Senior Convertible Notes Due 2022 of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2017).
|  | Certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of the Registrant and its subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant hereby undertakes to furnish to the SEC, upon request, copies of any such instruments.
10.1 |  | Equity Distribution Agreement, dated August 10, 2017, between New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2017).
10.2 |  | Separation Agreement, dated September 18, 2017, between New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. and Kevin Donlon (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 19, 2017).

12.1 |  | Statement re: Computation of Ratios.
31.1 |  | Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.
31.2 |  | Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.
32.1 |  | Section 906 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.*
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document **
101.SCH |  | Taxonomy Extension Schema Document **
101.CAL |  | Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document **
101.DEF XBRL |  | Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document **
101.LAB |  | Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document **
101.PRE |  | Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document **

* | Furnished herewith. Such certification shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

** | Submitted electronically herewith. Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017; (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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