Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows:

Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Investment Securities Available for Sale – The Company determines the fair value of the investment securities in our portfolio, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, using a third-party pricing service or quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. Dealer valuations typically incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. If quoted prices for a security are not reasonably available from a dealer, the security will be classified as a Level 3 security and, as a result, management will determine fair value by modeling the security based on its specific characteristics and available market information. Management reviews all prices used in determining fair value to ensure they represent current market conditions. This review includes surveying similar market transactions, comparisons to interest pricing models as well as offerings of like securities by dealers. The Company's investment securities, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, are valued based upon readily observable market parameters and are classified as Level 2 fair values.

The Company’s CMBS held in securitization trusts are comprised of securities for which there are not substantially similar securities that trade frequently. The Company classifies these securities as Level 3 fair values. Fair value of the Company’s CMBS investments held in securitization trusts is based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses of certain identified loans within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity and current market interest rates. The discount rate ranges from 4.5% to 9.5%. Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

Multi-Family Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value election and classified as Level 3 fair values. The Company determines the fair value of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts based on the fair value of its Multi-Family CDOs and its retained interests from these securitizations (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable.


c.	Derivative Instruments – The fair value of interest rate swaps is based on dealer quotes and are presented net of variation margin payments pledged or received. The Company’s derivatives are classified as Level 2 fair values.

Multi-Family CDOs – Multi-Family CDOs are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. The fair value of Multi-Family CDOs is determined using a third party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The dealers will consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants. Dealers also incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security.

Investment in Unconsolidated Entities – Fair value for investments in unconsolidated entities is determined based on a valuation model using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flow for income and realization events for the underlying assets in the unconsolidated entities and a discount rate. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Residential Mortgage Loans - Certain of the Company’s acquired distressed and other residential mortgage loans are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value for distressed and other residential mortgage loans is determined using valuations obtained from a third-party that specializes in providing valuations of residential mortgage loans. The valuation approach depends on whether the residential mortgage loan is considered performing, re-performing or non-performing at the date the valuation is performed.

For performing and re-performing loans, estimates of fair value are derived using a discounted cash flow model, where estimates of cash flows are determined from scheduled payments for each loan, adjusted using forecast prepayment rates, default rates and rates for loss upon default. For non-performing loans, asset liquidation cash flows are derived based on the estimated time to liquidate the loan, expected liquidation costs and home price appreciation. The discount rate used in determining fair value for distressed and other residential mortgage loans ranges from 4.7% to 12.2%.

Any changes to the valuation methodology are reviewed by management to ensure the changes are appropriate. As markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more transparent, the Company continues to refine its valuation methodologies. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of each reporting date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which time price transparency may be reduced. This condition could cause the Company’s financial instruments to be reclassified from Level 2 to Level 3 in future periods.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):



	Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
	December 31, 2018								December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets carried at fair value
Investment securities available for sale:
Agency RMBS	$	—	$	1,037,730	$	—	$	1,037,730	$	—	$	1,169,536	$	—	$	1,169,536
Non-Agency RMBS	—		214,037		—		214,037		—		102,125		—		102,125
CMBS	—		207,785		52,700		260,485		—		93,498		47,922		141,420
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts	—		—		11,679,847		11,679,847		—		—		9,657,421		9,657,421
Distressed and other residential mortgage loans, at fair value	—		—		737,523		737,523		—		—		87,153		87,153
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps	—		10,263		—		10,263		—		10,101		—		10,101
Investments in unconsolidated entities	—		—		32,994		32,994		—		—		42,823		42,823
Total	$	—	$	1,469,815	$	12,503,064	$	13,972,879	$	—	$	1,375,260	$	9,835,319	$	11,210,579
Liabilities carried at fair value
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations	$	—	$	—	$	11,022,248	$	11,022,248	$	—	$	—	$	9,189,459	$	9,189,459
Total	$	—	$	—	$	11,022,248	$	11,022,248	$	—	$	—	$	9,189,459	$	9,189,459

The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively (amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Balance at beginning of period	$	9,835,319		$	7,061,842		$	7,214,587
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings ⁽¹⁾	(117,330		)	(17,841		)	(19,495		)
Included in other comprehensive income	798			602			224
Transfers in ⁽²⁾	—			—			52,176
Transfers out ⁽³⁾	(56		)	—			(56,756		)
Contributions	—			2,500			3,200
Paydowns/Distributions	(180,788		)	(176,037		)	(150,824		)
Sales	(18,173		)	(7,224		)	—
Purchases ⁽⁴⁾	2,983,294			2,971,477			18,730
Balance at the end of period	$	12,503,064		$	9,835,319		$	7,061,842


⁽¹⁾	Amounts include interest income from multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, interest income from residential mortgage loans, realized gain on distressed residential mortgage loans, net gain on residential mortgage loans at fair value, unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, and other income.

⁽²⁾

Transfers into Level 3 include investments in unconsolidated entities held by RiverBanc and RBMI for which the Company accounts under the equity method of accounting with a fair value election. These transfers in are a result of the Company's acquisition of the outstanding membership interests in RiverBanc and RBMI that were not previously owned by the Company on May 16, 2016, which resulted in consolidation of these entities into the Company's financial statements (see Note 23).

⁽³⁾

Transfers out of Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2016 represent the Company's previously held membership interests in RBMI and RBDHC that were accounted for under the equity method of accounting with a fair value election. These transfers out are a result of the Company's acquisition of the outstanding membership interests in RBMI and RBDHC that were not previously owned by the Company on May 16, 2016, which resulted in consolidation of these entities into the Company's financial statements (see Note 23).

⁽⁴⁾

In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company purchased POs, certain IOs and mezzanine multi-family CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and include in the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of these securitizations in the amount of $2.3 billion and $2.9 billion, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively (see Notes 2 and 7).

The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively (amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Balance at beginning of period	$	9,189,459		$	6,624,896		$	6,818,901
Total losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings ⁽¹⁾	(211,738		)	(82,650		)	(57,687		)
Purchases ⁽²⁾	2,182,330			2,784,377			—
Paydowns	(137,803		)	(137,164		)	(136,318		)
Balance at the end of period	$	11,022,248		$	9,189,459		$	6,624,896


⁽¹⁾	Amounts include interest expense on Multi-Family CDOs and unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts.

⁽²⁾

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company purchased POs, certain IOs and mezzanine multi-family CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and include in the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of these securitizations in the amount $2.2 billion and $2.8 billion, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively (see Notes 2 and 7).

The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for our Level 3 assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017		2016
Change in unrealized (losses) gains – assets	$	(77,007	)	$	12,402	$	13,865
Change in unrealized gains (losses) – liabilities	122,696			8,851		(7,762		)
Net change in unrealized gains included in earnings for assets and liabilities	$	45,689		$	21,253	$	6,103

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, on the Company's consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):



	Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at
	December 31, 2018								December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net	$	—	$	—	$	5,921	$	5,921	$	—	$	—	$	10,317	$	10,317
Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts	—		—		—		—		—		—		111		111

The following table presents gains (losses) incurred for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (dollar amounts in thousands):



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net	$	(165	)	$	(472	)	$	(482	)
Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts	—			(6		)	(130		)

Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Impaired Loans, net – Impaired residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost less specific loan loss reserves. Impaired loan value is based on management’s estimate of the net realizable value taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to remediate the impaired loan.

Real Estate Owned Held in Residential Securitization Trusts – Real estate owned held in the residential securitization trusts are recorded at net realizable value. Any subsequent adjustment will result in the reduction in carrying value with the corresponding amount charged to earnings. Net realizable value is based on an estimate of disposal taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to sell the property.

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):



		December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Fair Value Hierarchy Level	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1	$	103,724	$	103,724	$	95,191	$	95,191
Investment securities available for sale	Level 2 or 3	1,512,252		1,512,252		1,413,081		1,413,081
Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, net	Level 3	56,795		56,497		73,820		72,131
Distressed residential mortgage loans, at carrying value, net	Level 3	228,466		232,879		331,464		334,765
Distressed and other residential mortgage loans, at fair value	Level 3	737,523		737,523		87,153		87,153
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts	Level 3	11,679,847		11,679,847		9,657,421		9,657,421
Derivative assets	Level 2	10,263		10,263		10,101		10,101
Mortgage loans held for sale, net ⁽¹⁾	Level 3	3,414		3,584		5,507		5,598
Mortgage loans held for investment ⁽¹⁾	Level 3	1,580		1,580		1,760		1,900
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments	Level 3	165,555		167,739		138,920		140,129
Investments in unconsolidated entities	Level 3	73,466		73,833		51,143		51,212
Financial Liabilities:
Financing arrangements, portfolio investments	Level 2	1,543,577		1,543,577		1,276,918		1,276,918
Financing arrangements, distressed and other residential mortgage loans	Level 2	587,928		587,928		149,063		149,063
Residential collateralized debt obligations	Level 3	53,040		50,031		70,308		66,865
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations	Level 3	11,022,248		11,022,248		9,189,459		9,189,459
Securitized debt	Level 3	42,335		45,030		81,537		87,891
Subordinated debentures	Level 3	45,000		44,897		45,000		45,002
Convertible notes	Level 2	130,762		135,689		128,749		140,060


⁽¹⁾	Included in receivables and other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and non-recurring basis, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above:


a.	Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets.

Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, net – Residential mortgage loans held in the securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost, net of allowance for loan losses. Fair value is based on an internal valuation model that considers the aggregated characteristics of groups of loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed-rate period, life cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit estimated using the estimated market prices for similar types of loans.


c.	Distressed residential mortgage loans, net – Fair value is estimated using pricing models taking into consideration current interest rates, loan amount, payment status and property type, and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices and property values, prepayment speeds, default, loss severities, and actual purchases and sales of similar loans.

Mortgage loans held for sale, net - The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale, net are estimated by the Company based on the price that would be received if the loans were sold as whole loans taking into consideration the aggregated characteristics of the loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed interest rate period, life time cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit.


e.	Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments – Estimated fair value is determined by both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flows. The discounted cash flows are based on the underlying contractual cash flows and estimated changes in market yields. The fair value also reflects consideration of changes in credit risk since the origination or time of initial investment.


f.	Financing arrangements – The fair value of these financing arrangements approximates cost as they are short term in nature.


g.	Residential collateralized debt obligations – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations.


h.	Securitized debt – The fair value of securitized debt is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields.


i.	Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields.


j.	Convertible notes – The fair value is based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments.