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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets carried at fair value
        
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value:
        
Agency RMBS
$— $— $— $— $— $922,877 $— $922,877 
Agency CMBS
— — — — — 50,958 — 50,958 
Non-Agency RMBS
— 375,765 — 375,765 — 715,314 — 715,314 
CMBS
— 182,925 — 182,925 — 267,777 — 267,777 
ABS
— 45,007 — 45,007 — 49,214 — 49,214 
Residential loans, at fair value:
Residential loans
— — 1,177,298 1,177,298 — — 1,429,754 1,429,754 
Consolidated SLST
— — 1,290,005 1,290,005 — — 1,328,886 1,328,886 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts
— — 355,486 355,486 — — — — 
Investments in unconsolidated entities
  218,706 218,706 — — 83,882 83,882 
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments
— — 183,154 183,154 — — — — 
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value
— — — — — — 17,816,746 17,816,746 
Derivative assets:      
Interest rate swaps (1)
— — — — — 15,878 — 15,878 
Total
$— $603,697 $3,224,649 $3,828,346 $— $2,022,018 $20,659,268 $22,681,286 
Liabilities carried at fair value
        
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations, at fair value
$— $— $— $— $— $— $16,724,451 $16,724,451 
Residential collateralized debt obligations, at fair value
  1,077,980 1,077,980 — — 1,052,829 1,052,829 
Total
$— $— $1,077,980 $1,077,980 $— $— $17,777,280 $17,777,280 
    
(1)All of the Company's interest rate swaps were cleared through a central clearing house. The Company exchanged variation margin for swaps based upon daily changes in fair value. Included derivative liabilities of $29.0 million netted against a variation margin of $44.8 million at December 31, 2019.
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Assets
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsInvestments in unconsolidated entitiesPreferred equity and mezzanine loan investmentsMulti-family loans held in securitization trustsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,429,754 $1,328,886 $— $83,882 $— $17,816,746 $20,659,268 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(26,069)24,096 8,836 14,573 9,760 41,795 72,991 
Transfers in (1)
164,279 — 46,572 107,477 182,465 — 500,793 
Transfers out (2) (3)
(5,061)— (1,497)— — (237,297)(243,855)
Transfer to securitization trust (4)
(317,089)— 317,089 — — — — 
Contributions— — — 35,951 13,712 — 49,663 
Paydowns/Distributions(224,073)(62,977)(15,514)(23,177)(22,783)(239,796)(588,320)
Recovery of charge-off— — — — — 35 35 
Sales (3)
(93,755)— — — — (17,381,483)(17,475,238)
Purchases249,312 — — — — — 249,312 
Balance at the end of period$1,177,298 $1,290,005 $355,486 $218,706 $183,154 $— $3,224,649 

(1)As of January 1, 2020, the Company has elected to account for all residential loans, residential loans held in securitization trusts, investments in unconsolidated entities and preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments using the fair value option (see Note 2).
(2)Transfers out of Level 3 assets include the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(3)During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series and, as a result, de-consolidated multi-family loans held in securitization trusts and transferred its remaining securities owned in the Consolidated K-Series to investment securities available for sale (see Notes 2 and 6).
(4)In July 2020, the Company completed a securitization of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 9).
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
 Residential loansInvestments in unconsolidated entitiesMulti-family loans held in securitization trustsCMBS held in securitization trustsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$737,523 $32,994 $11,679,847 $52,700 $12,503,064 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
44,913 7,169 760,132 17,734 829,948 
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)
— — — (13,665)(13,665)
Transfers in— — — — — 
Transfers out(437)— — — (437)
Contributions— 50,000 — — 50,000 
Paydowns/Distributions(106,113)(13,914)(368,811)— (488,838)
Charge-off— — (3,510)— (3,510)
Sales(19,814)— — (56,769)(76,583)
Purchases (1)
460,056 — 3,795,606 — 4,255,662 
Balance at the end of period$1,116,128 $76,249 $15,863,264 $— $17,055,641 

(1)During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and senior or mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of these securitizations in the amount of $3.8 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 (see Notes 2 and 6).
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Liabilities
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
 Multi-Family CDOsSLST CDOsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$16,724,451 $1,052,829 $17,777,280 
Total losses/(gains) (realized/unrealized)  
Included in earnings
35,018 66,203 101,221 
Paydowns(147,376)(63,278)(210,654)
Sales (1)
(16,612,093)22,226 (16,589,867)
Transfers out— — — 
Balance at the end of period$— $1,077,980 $1,077,980 

(1)During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series and, as a result, de-consolidated the Multi-Family CDOs (see Notes 2 and 6). Also includes the Company's net sales of senior securities issued by Consolidated SLST during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (see Note 4).
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
 Multi-Family CDOs
Balance at beginning of period$11,022,248 
Total losses (realized/unrealized) 
Included in earnings
694,043 
Purchases (1)
3,633,525 
Paydowns(368,107)
Charge-off(3,510)
Balance at the end of period$14,978,199 

(1)During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and senior or mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of these securitizations in the amount of $3.6 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 (see Notes 2 and 6).
Schedule of Quantitative Information Regarding Significant and Unobservable Inputs used in Valuation of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):

September 30, 2020Fair ValueValuation Technique Unobservable InputWeighted Average Range
Assets
Residential loans, at fair value:
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
$1,397,090Discounted cash flowLifetime CPR9.6%-67.6%
Lifetime CDR2.6%-100.0%
Loss severity16.3%-100.0%
Yield5.3%2.3%-35.0%
$135,694Liquidation modelAnnual home price appreciation0.1%-5.7%
Liquidation timeline (months)291-57
Property value$572,723$12,430-$3,550,000
Yield7.1%7.0%-35.0%
Residential loans held in Consolidated SLST (2)
$1,290,005Liability priceN/A
Total$2,822,789
Investments in unconsolidated entities (1)
$145,250Discounted cash flowDiscount rate12.5%12.0%-13.5%
Months to assumed redemption4218-56
Loss severity
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (1)
$183,154Discounted cash flowDiscount rate12.4%11.5%-16.0%
Months to assumed redemption451-186
Loss severity
Liabilities
Residential collateralized debt obligations, at fair value
SLST CDOs (2) (3)
$1,077,980Discounted cash flowYield2.3%1.2%-11.5%
Collateral prepayment rate5.5%2.8%-6.1%
Collateral default rate2.0%-6.8%
Loss severity21.1%-23.7%

(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of SLST CDOs, including securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At September 30, 2020, the fair value of securities we owned in Consolidated SLST was $210.9 million.
(3)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the liabilities. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the liabilities.
Schedule of Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings for Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2020201920202019
Assets
Residential loans, at fair value
Residential loans (1)
$35,420 $17,413 $(883)$37,079 
Consolidated SLST (1)
41,063 — 28,014 — 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
817 — (823)— 
Investments in unconsolidated entities (2)
449 (4,052)1,295 
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (1)
(955)— (6,518)— 
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value (1)
— 197,837 — 802,625 
Liabilities
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations, at fair value (1)
— (190,207)— (780,378)
Residential collateralized debt obligations, at fair value (1)
(13,918)— (62,907)— 

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in other income on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Schedule of Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis
The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2019, on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
 December 31, 2019
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Residential loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net
— — $5,256 $5,256 
Schedule of Gains (Losses) Incurred for Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis
The following table presents gains (losses) incurred for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (dollar amounts in thousands):
 Three Months Ended September 30, 2019Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Residential loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net
$13 $(24)
Schedule of Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents a summary of the assets and liabilities of the Company's residential loan securitizations, non-Agency RMBS re-securitization, Consolidated SLST and KRVI as of September 30, 2020 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Non-Agency RMBS Re-SecuritizationConsolidated SLSTKRVITotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $— $4,305 $4,305 
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value
— 131,836 — — 131,836 
Residential loans, at fair value
355,486 — 1,290,005 — 1,645,491 
Receivables and other assets
12,568 50,635 4,162 3,660 71,025 
Total assets$368,054 $182,471 $1,294,167 $7,965 $1,852,657 
Residential collateralized debt obligations
$268,820 $— $— $— $268,820 
Residential collateralized debt obligations, at fair value
— — 1,077,980 — 1,077,980 
Securitized debt— 88,791 — — 88,791 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
1,211 396 3,664 74 5,345 
Total liabilities$270,031 $89,187 $1,081,644 $74 $1,440,936 

The following table presents a summary of the assets and liabilities of the Company's residential loan securitizations, the Consolidated K-Series, Consolidated SLST and KRVI as of December 31, 2019 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

Financing VIEOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated K-SeriesConsolidated SLSTKRVITotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $— $107 $107 
Residential loans, net
44,030 — — — 44,030 
Residential loans, at fair value
— — 1,328,886 — 1,328,886 
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value
— 17,816,746 — — 17,816,746 
Receivables and other assets
1,328 59,417 5,244 14,626 80,615 
Total assets
$45,358 $17,876,163 $1,334,130 $14,733 $19,270,384 
Residential collateralized debt obligations
$40,429 $— $— $— $40,429 
Residential collateralized debt obligations, at fair value
 — 1,052,829  1,052,829 
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations, at fair value
 16,724,451   16,724,451 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
14 57,873 2,643 75 60,605 
Total liabilities
$40,443 $16,782,324 $1,055,472 $75 $17,878,314 
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$649,822 $649,822 $118,763 $118,763 
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value
Level 2603,697 603,697 2,006,140 2,006,140 
Residential loans, at fair value
Residential loans
Level 31,177,298 1,177,298 1,429,754 1,429,754 
Consolidated SLST
Level 31,290,005 1,290,005 1,328,886 1,328,886 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts
Level 3355,486 355,486 — — 
Residential loans, net
Level 3— — 202,756 208,471 
Investments in unconsolidated entitiesLevel 3218,706 218,706 189,965 191,359 
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments
Level 3183,154 183,154 180,045 182,465 
Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, at fair value
Level 3— — 17,816,746 17,816,746 
Derivative assetsLevel 2— — 15,878 15,878 
Loans held for sale, net (1)
Level 3— — 2,406 2,482 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 2672,519 672,519 3,105,416 3,105,416 
Securitized debtLevel 288,791 90,096 — — 
Residential collateralized debt obligationsLevel 3268,820 269,749 40,429 38,888 
Multi-family collateralized debt obligations, at fair value
Level 3— — 16,724,451 16,724,451 
Residential collateralized debt obligations, at fair value
Level 31,077,980 1,077,980 1,052,829 1,052,829 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 32,548 45,000 41,592 
Convertible notesLevel 2134,720 135,457 132,955 140,865 
In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and non-recurring basis, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above:

a.Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets.

b.Repurchase agreements – The fair value of these repurchase agreements approximates cost as they are short term in nature.

c.Securitized debt - The fair value is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations.

d.Residential collateralized debt obligations – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations.

e.Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields.

f.Convertible notes – The fair value is based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments.