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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets carried at fair value
Residential loans:
Residential loans$— $— $1,090,930 $1,090,930 $— $— $1,429,754 $1,429,754 
Consolidated SLST— — 1,266,785 1,266,785 — — 1,328,886 1,328,886 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts— — 691,451 691,451 — — — — 
Multi-family loans
   Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments— — 163,593 163,593 — — — — 
Consolidated K-Series— — — — — — 17,816,746 17,816,746 
Investment securities available for sale:
Agency RMBS— 139,395 — 139,395 — 922,877 — 922,877 
Agency CMBS— — — — — 50,958 — 50,958 
Non-Agency RMBS
— 355,666 — 355,666 — 715,314 — 715,314 
CMBS— 186,440 — 186,440 — 267,777 — 267,777 
ABS— 43,225 — 43,225 — 49,214 — 49,214 
Equity investments— — 259,095 259,095 — — 83,882 83,882 
Derivative assets:   
Interest rate swaps (1)
— — — —  15,878 — 15,878 
Total$— $724,726 $3,471,854 $4,196,580 $— $2,022,018 $20,659,268 $22,681,286 
Liabilities carried at fair value
        
Collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated K-Series$— $— $— $— $— $— $16,724,451 $16,724,451 
Consolidated SLST— — 1,054,335 1,054,335 — — 1,052,829 1,052,829 
Total$— $— $1,054,335 $1,054,335 $— $— $17,777,280 $17,777,280 
(1)    All of the Company’s interest rate swaps were cleared through a central clearing house. The Company exchanged variation margin for swaps based upon daily changes in fair value. Includes derivative liabilities of $29.0 million netted against a variation margin of $44.8 million at December 31, 2019.
Changes in Level 3 Assets
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:
 Year Ended December 31, 2020
Residential loansMulti-family loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsPreferred equity and mezzanine loan investmentsConsolidated K-SeriesEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,429,754 $1,328,886 $— $— $17,816,746 $83,882 $20,659,268 
Total (losses) gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
(9,240)27,898 31,402 20,454 41,795 26,670 138,979 
Transfers in (1)
164,279 — 46,572 182,465 — 107,477 500,793 
Transfers out (2) (3)
(6,017)— (2,492)(8,719)(237,297)— (254,525)
Transfer to securitization trust (4)
(651,911)— 651,911 — — — — 
Contributions— — — 14,164 — 66,336 80,500 
Paydowns/Distributions(308,600)(89,999)(35,942)(44,771)(239,796)(25,270)(744,378)
Recovery of charge-off— — — — 35 — 35 
Sales (3)
(96,892)— — — (17,381,483)— (17,478,375)
Purchases569,557 — — — — — 569,557 
Balance at the end of period$1,090,930 $1,266,785 $691,451 $163,593 $— $259,095 $3,471,854 

(1)As of January 1, 2020, the Company has elected to account for all residential loans, residential loans held in securitization trusts, equity investments and preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments using the fair value option (see Note 2).
(2)Transfers out of Level 3 assets include the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned and the consolidation of Campus Lodge into the Company's consolidated financial statements (see Note 7).
(3)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series and, as a result, de-consolidated the multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series and transferred its remaining securities owned in the Consolidated K-Series to investment securities available for sale (see Notes 2 and 4).
(4)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company completed two securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 7).
 Year Ended December 31, 2019
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTConsolidated K-SeriesCMBS held in re-securitization trustsEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$737,523 $— $11,679,847 $52,700 $32,994 $12,503,064 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings55,459 (445)533,094 17,734 15,100 620,942 
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)— — — (13,665)— (13,665)
Transfers out (1)
(913)— — — — (913)
Contributions— — — — 50,000 50,000 
Paydowns/Distributions(171,909)(3,729)(992,912)— (14,212)(1,182,762)
Charge-off— — (3,257)— — (3,257)
Sales(19,814)— — (56,769)— (76,583)
Purchases (2)
829,408 1,333,060 6,599,974 — — 8,762,442 
Balance at the end of period$1,429,754 $1,328,886 $17,816,746 $— $83,882 $20,659,268 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets include the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and senior or mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. Also during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased first loss subordinated securities, IOs and senior RMBS securities issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of the respective securitizations (see Notes 2, 3 and 4).

 Year Ended December 31, 2018
 Residential loansConsolidated K-SeriesCMBS held in re-securitization trustsEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$87,153 $9,657,421 $47,922 $42,823 $9,835,319 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
3,913 (134,298)3,980 9,075 (117,330)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)
— — 798 — 798 
Transfers out (1)
(56)— — — (56)
Paydowns/Distributions(24,064)(137,820)— (18,904)(180,788)
Sales(18,173)— — — (18,173)
Purchases (2)
688,750 2,294,544 — — 2,983,294 
Balance at the end of period$737,523 $11,679,847 $52,700 $32,994 $12,503,064 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets include the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of these securitizations (see Notes 2 and 4).
Changes in Level 3 Liabilities
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated K-SeriesConsolidated SLSTTotal
Balance at beginning of period$16,724,451 $1,052,829 $17,777,280 
Total losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
35,018 68,764 103,782 
Paydowns(147,376)(89,484)(236,860)
Sales (1)
(16,612,093)22,226 (16,589,867)
Balance at the end of period$— $1,054,335 $1,054,335 

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series, and, as a result, de-consolidated the Consolidated K-Series CDOs (see Notes 2 and 4). Also includes the Company's net sales of senior securities issued by Consolidated SLST for the year ended December 31, 2020 (see Note 3).

Year Ended December 31, 2019
Collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated K-SeriesConsolidated SLSTTotal
Balance at beginning of period$11,022,248 $— $11,022,248 
Total losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
443,796 27 443,823 
Purchases (1)
6,253,739 1,055,720 7,309,459 
Paydowns(992,075)(2,918)(994,993)
Charge-off(3,257)— (3,257)
Balance at the end of period$16,724,451 $1,052,829 $17,777,280 

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and senior or mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. Also during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased first loss subordinated securities, IOs and senior RMBS securities issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of the respective securitizations (see Notes 2, 3 and 4).
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Consolidated K-Series
Balance at beginning of period$9,189,459 
Total gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
(211,738)
Purchases (1)
2,182,330 
Paydowns(137,803)
Balance at the end of period$11,022,248 

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of these securitizations (see Notes 2 and 4).
The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):

December 31, 2020Fair ValueValuation Technique Unobservable InputWeighted Average Range
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
$1,639,327Discounted cash flowLifetime CPR8.5%-64.6%
Lifetime CDR1.0%-23.0%
Loss severity13.7%-100.0%
Yield5.3%2.4%-27.3%
$143,054Liquidation modelAnnual home price appreciation-7.3%
Liquidation timeline (months)299-57
Property value$578,738$12,430-$3,650,000
Yield7.2%7.0%-16.3%
Consolidated SLST (2)
$1,266,785Liability priceN/A
Total$3,049,166
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (1)
$163,593Discounted cash flowDiscount rate11.5%11.0%-19.5%
Months to assumed redemption448-185
Loss severity
Equity investments (1) (2)
$182,765Discounted cash flowDiscount rate11.7%11.0%-12.5%
Months to assumed redemption409-59
Loss severity
Liabilities
Residential collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated SLST (3) (4)
$1,054,335Discounted cash flowYield2.1%1.0%-11.1%
Collateral prepayment rate5.5%2.8%-6.2%
Collateral default rate2.0%-7.6%
Loss severity21.1%-23.7%
(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments does not include equity ownership interests in entities that invest in residential properties and loans. The fair value of these investments is determined using the net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At December 31, 2020, the fair value of securities we owned in Consolidated SLST was $212.1 million. (4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the liabilities. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the liabilities.
Fair Value, Measured on Recurring Basis, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
202020192018
Assets
Residential loans
Residential loans (1)
$16,449 $44,470 $4,333 
Consolidated SLST (1)
33,479 300 — 
Residential loans held in securitization trust (1)
17,785 — — 
Multi-family loans
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (1)
(682)— — 
Consolidated K-Series (1)
— 586,993 (85,115)
Equity investments (2)
256 5,374 6,091 
Liabilities
Collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated K-Series (1)
$— $(563,031)$122,696 
Consolidated SLST (1)
(65,552)(383)— 

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value Measurements, Nonrecurring
The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at
December 31, 2019
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Residential loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net$— $— $5,256 $5,256 
Fair Value, Losses for Assets Measured on Nonrecurring Basis
The following table presents gains (losses) incurred for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (dollar amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
20192018
Residential loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net$(24)$(165)
Fair Value, by Balance Sheet Grouping
The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets and liabilities of Campus Lodge at the Changeover Date (dollar amounts in thousands):

Cash$327 
Operating real estate (1)
50,481 
Lease intangible (1)
1,619 
Other assets1,395 
Total assets53,822 
Mortgage payable, net (2)
36,752 
Other liabilities1,543 
Total liabilities38,295 
Non-controlling interest (3)
6,808 
Net assets consolidated$8,719 

(1)Included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Represents third party ownership of membership interests in Campus Lodge. The fair value of the non-controlling interests in Campus Lodge, a private company, was estimated using the net asset value of the underlying multi-family apartment community.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company’s residential loan securitizations, non-Agency RMBS re-securitization, Consolidated SLST and other Consolidated VIEs of as of December 31, 2020 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:
Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential Loan SecuritizationsNon-Agency RMBS Re-Securitization Consolidated SLSTOtherTotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $— $462 $462 
Residential loans, at fair value691,451 — 1,266,785 — 1,958,236 
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value— 109,140 — — 109,140 
Operating real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — — 50,532 50,532 
Other assets24,959 535 4,075 3,045 32,614 
Total assets$716,410 $109,675 $1,270,860 $54,039 $2,150,984 
Collateralized debt obligations ($569,323 at amortized cost, net and $1,054,335 at fair value)
$554,067 $15,256 $1,054,335 $— $1,623,658 
Mortgages payable, net in Consolidated VIEs (2)
— — — 36,752 36,752 
Other liabilities2,610 70 2,781 1,435 6,896 
Total liabilities$556,677 $15,326 $1,057,116 $38,187 $1,667,306 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (3)
$— $— $— $6,371 $6,371 
Net investment (4)
$159,733 $94,349 $213,744 $9,481 $477,307 

(1)Included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Represents third party ownership of membership interests in other Consolidated VIEs.
(4)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interest, if any.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, the Consolidated K-Series, Consolidated SLST and KRVI as of December 31, 2019 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:
Financing VIEOther VIEs
Residential Loan SecuritizationsConsolidated K-SeriesConsolidated SLSTKRVITotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $— $107 $107 
Residential loans ($44,030 at amortized cost, net and $1,328,886 at fair value)
44,030 — 1,328,886 — 1,372,916 
Multi-family loans, at fair value— 17,816,746 — — 17,816,746 
Other assets1,328 59,417 5,244 14,626 80,615 
Total assets$45,358 $17,876,163 $1,334,130 $14,733 $19,270,384 
Collateralized debt obligations ($40,429 at amortized cost, net and $17,777,280 at fair value)
$40,429 $16,724,451 $1,052,829 $— $17,817,709 
Other liabilities14 57,873 2,643 75 60,605 
Total liabilities$40,443 $16,782,324 $1,055,472 $75 $17,878,314 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (1)
$— $— $— $(704)$(704)
Net investment (2)
$4,915 $1,093,839 $278,658 $15,362 $1,392,774 

(1)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interest, if any.
(2)Represents third party ownership of membership interests in KRVI.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$293,183 $293,183 $118,763 $118,763 
Residential loans
Residential loans, at fair valueLevel 33,049,166 3,049,166 2,758,640 2,758,640 
Residential loans at amortized cost, netLevel 3— — 202,756 208,471 
Multi-family loans
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investmentsLevel 3163,593 163,593 180,045 182,465 
Consolidated K-SeriesLevel 3— — 17,816,746 17,816,746 
Investment securities available for saleLevel 2724,726 724,726 2,006,140 2,006,140 
Equity investmentsLevel 3259,095 259,095 189,965 191,359 
Derivative assetsLevel 2— — 15,878 15,878 
Loans held for sale, netLevel 3— — 2,406 2,482 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 2405,531 405,531 3,105,416 3,105,416 
Collateralized debt obligations
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, netLevel 3554,067 561,329 40,429 38,888 
Consolidated K-SeriesLevel 3— — 16,724,451 16,724,451 
Consolidated SLSTLevel 31,054,335 1,054,335 1,052,829 1,052,829 
Non-Agency RMBS re-securitizationLevel 215,256 15,472 — — 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 36,871 45,000 41,592 
Convertible notesLevel 2135,327 137,716 132,955 140,865