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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets carried at fair value
Residential loans:
Residential loans$— $— $1,703,290 $1,703,290 $— $— $1,090,930 $1,090,930 
Consolidated SLST— — 1,070,882 1,070,882 — — 1,266,785 1,266,785 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts— — 801,429 801,429 — — 691,451 691,451 
Multi-family loans— — 120,021 120,021 — — 163,593 163,593 
Investment securities available for sale:
Agency RMBS— — — — — 139,395 — 139,395 
Non-Agency RMBS
— 128,019 — 128,019 — 355,666 — 355,666 
CMBS— 33,146 — 33,146 — 186,440 — 186,440 
ABS— 39,679 — 39,679 — 43,225 — 43,225 
Equity investments— — 239,631 239,631 — — 259,095 259,095 
Total$— $200,844 $3,935,253 $4,136,097 $— $724,726 $3,471,854 $4,196,580 
Liabilities carried at fair value
        
Consolidated SLST CDOs$— $— $839,419 $839,419 $— $— $1,054,335 $1,054,335 
Total$— $— $839,419 $839,419 $— $— $1,054,335 $1,054,335 
Changes in Level 3 Assets
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:
 Year Ended December 31, 2021
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,090,930 $1,266,785 $691,451 $163,593 $259,095 $3,471,854 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
36,844 (35,953)43,001 18,795 36,729 99,416 
Transfers in — — — — — — 
Transfers out (1)
(2,080)— (2,053)— — (4,133)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(305,433)— 305,433 — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 37,678 107,465 145,143 
Paydowns/Distributions(618,790)(159,950)(239,436)(100,045)(163,658)(1,281,879)
Recovery of charge-off— — — — — — 
Sales(74,751)— (2,376)— — (77,127)
Purchases1,576,570 — 5,409 — — 1,581,979 
Balance at the end of period$1,703,290 $1,070,882 $801,429 $120,021 $239,631 $3,935,253 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)In May 2021, the Company completed a securitization of certain business purpose loans. In August 2021, the Company redeemed a residential loan securitization and completed a new residential loan securitization of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
 Year Ended December 31, 2020
Residential loansMulti-family loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsPreferred equity and mezzanine loan investmentsConsolidated K-SeriesEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,429,754 $1,328,886 $— $— $17,816,746 $83,882 $20,659,268 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(9,240)27,898 31,402 20,454 41,795 26,670 138,979 
Transfers in (1)
164,279 — 46,572 182,465 — 107,477 500,793 
Transfers out (2) (3)
(6,017)— (2,492)(8,719)(237,297)— (254,525)
Transfer to securitization trust (4)
(651,911)— 651,911 — — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 14,164 — 66,336 80,500 
Paydowns/Distributions(308,600)(89,999)(35,942)(44,771)(239,796)(25,270)(744,378)
Recovery of charge-off— — — — 35 — 35 
Sales (3)
(96,892)— — — (17,381,483)— (17,478,375)
Purchases569,557 — — — — — 569,557 
Balance at the end of period$1,090,930 $1,266,785 $691,451 $163,593 $— $259,095 $3,471,854 

(1)As of January 1, 2020, the Company elected to account for all residential loans, residential loans held in securitization trusts, equity investments and preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments using the fair value option (see Note 2).
(2)Transfers out of Level 3 assets include the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned and the consolidation of a preferred equity investment into the Company's consolidated financial statements (see Note 7).
(3)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series and, as a result, de-consolidated the multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series and transferred its remaining securities owned in the Consolidated K-Series to investment securities available for sale (see Note 7).
(4)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company completed two securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 7).
 Year Ended December 31, 2019
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTConsolidated K-SeriesCMBS held in re-securitization trustsEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$737,523 $— $11,679,847 $52,700 $32,994 $12,503,064 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings55,459 (445)533,094 17,734 15,100 620,942 
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)
— — — (13,665)— (13,665)
Transfers out (1)
(913)— — — — (913)
Funding/Contributions— — — — 50,000 50,000 
Paydowns/Distributions(171,909)(3,729)(992,912)— (14,212)(1,182,762)
Charge-off— — (3,257)— — (3,257)
Sales(19,814)— — (56,769)— (76,583)
Purchases (2)
829,408 1,333,060 6,599,974 — — 8,762,442 
Balance at the end of period$1,429,754 $1,328,886 $17,816,746 $— $83,882 $20,659,268 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets include the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and senior or mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. Also during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased first loss subordinated securities, IOs and senior RMBS securities issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of the respective securitizations (see Note 7).
Changes in Level 3 Liabilities
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Consolidated SLST CDOs
Balance at beginning of period$1,054,335 
Total gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(54,154)
Paydowns(160,762)
Balance at the end of period$839,419 
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated K-SeriesConsolidated SLSTTotal
Balance at beginning of period$16,724,451 $1,052,829 $17,777,280 
Total losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings35,018 68,764 103,782 
Paydowns(147,376)(89,484)(236,860)
Sales (1)
(16,612,093)22,226 (16,589,867)
Balance at the end of period$— $1,054,335 $1,054,335 

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series, and, as a result, de-consolidated the Consolidated K-Series CDOs (see Note 7). Also includes the Company's net sales of senior securities issued by Consolidated SLST for the year ended December 31, 2020 (see Note 7).

Year Ended December 31, 2019
Collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated K-SeriesConsolidated SLSTTotal
Balance at beginning of period$11,022,248 $— $11,022,248 
Total losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings443,796 27 443,823 
Purchases (1)
6,253,739 1,055,720 7,309,459 
Paydowns(992,075)(2,918)(994,993)
Charge-off(3,257) (3,257)
Balance at the end of period$16,724,451 $1,052,829 $17,777,280 

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and senior or mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. Also during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased first loss subordinated securities, IOs and senior RMBS securities issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of the respective securitizations (see Note 7).
The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):

December 31, 2021Fair ValueValuation Technique Unobservable InputWeighted Average Range
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
$2,411,356Discounted cash flowLifetime CPR8.5%-48.7%
Lifetime CDR0.5%-29.0%
Loss severity9.2%-100.0%
Yield4.6%2.3%-40.8%
$93,363Liquidation modelAnnual home price appreciation1.8%-38.2%
Liquidation timeline (months)289-50
Property value$677,928$15,000-$6,500,000
Yield7.2%7.0%-26.1%
Consolidated SLST (3)
$1,070,882Liability priceN/A
Total$3,575,601
Multi-family loans (1)
$120,021Discounted cash flowDiscount rate11.3%10.0%-19.5%
Months to assumed redemption371-60
Loss severity
Equity investments (1) (2)
$191,238Discounted cash flowDiscount rate12.4%11.0%-15.4%
Months to assumed redemption292-57
Loss severity
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4)
$839,419Discounted cash flowYield2.9%1.6%-17.0%
Collateral prepayment rate10.4%3.7%-13.0%
Collateral default rate1.9%-8.1%
Loss severity16.4%-23.0%
(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments does not include equity ownership interests in entities that invest in or originate residential properties and loans. The fair value of these investments is determined using a multiple of earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization of the entity or the net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At December 31, 2021, the fair value of securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $230.3 million.
(4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the liabilities. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the liabilities.
Fair Value, Measured on Recurring Basis, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Assets
Residential loans
Residential loans (1)
$31,222 $16,449 $44,470 
Consolidated SLST (1)
(31,128)33,479 300 
Residential loans held in securitization trust (1)
35,570 17,785 — 
Multi-family loans
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (1)
1,924 (682)— 
Consolidated K-Series (1)
— — 586,993 
Equity investments (2)
3,990 256 5,374 
Liabilities
Collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated SLST (1)
$54,960 $(65,552)$(383)
Consolidated K-Series (1)
— — (563,031)

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value, by Balance Sheet Grouping
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company’s residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs of as of December 31, 2021 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential Loan SecuritizationsConsolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $29,606 $29,606 
Residential loans, at fair value801,429 1,070,882 — 1,872,311 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 927,725 927,725 
Other assets20,932 3,547 70,557 95,036 
Total assets$822,361 $1,074,429 $1,027,888 $2,924,678 
Collateralized debt obligations ($682,802 at amortized cost, net and $839,419 at fair value)
$682,802 $839,419 $— $1,522,221 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (2)
— — 672,568 672,568 
Other liabilities4,321 3,193 17,527 25,041 
Total liabilities$687,123 $842,612 $690,095 $2,219,830 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (3)
$— $— $66,392 $66,392 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $24,359 $24,359 
Net investment (5)
$135,238 $231,817 $247,042 $614,097 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(4)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(5)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interest, if any.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, non-Agency RMBS re-securitization, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2020 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:
Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential Loan SecuritizationsNon-Agency RMBS Re-SecuritizationConsolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $— $462 $462 
Residential loans, at fair value691,451 — 1,266,785 — 1,958,236 
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value— 109,140 — — 109,140 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — — 50,532 50,532 
Other assets24,959 535 4,075 3,045 32,614 
Total assets$716,410 $109,675 $1,270,860 $54,039 $2,150,984 
Collateralized debt obligations ($569,323 at amortized cost, net and $1,054,335 at fair value)
$554,067 $15,256 $1,054,335 $— $1,623,658 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (2)
— — — 36,752 36,752 
Other liabilities2,610 70 2,781 1,435 6,896 
Total liabilities$556,677 $15,326 $1,057,116 $38,187 $1,667,306 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (3)
$— $— $— $6,371 $6,371 
Net investment (4)
$159,733 $94,349 $213,744 $9,481 $477,307 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(4)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interest, if any.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$289,602 $289,602 $293,183 $293,183 
Residential loansLevel 33,575,601 3,575,601 3,049,166 3,049,166 
Multi-family loansLevel 3120,021 120,021 163,593 163,593 
Investment securities available for saleLevel 2200,844 200,844 724,726 724,726 
Equity investmentsLevel 3239,631 239,631 259,095 259,095 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 2554,259 554,259 405,531 405,531 
Collateralized debt obligations:
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, netLevel 3682,802 686,027 554,067 561,329 
Consolidated SLSTLevel 3839,419 839,419 1,054,335 1,054,335 
Non-Agency RMBS re-securitizationLevel 2— — 15,256 15,472 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 44,388 45,000 36,871 
Convertible notesLevel 2137,898 138,011 135,327 137,716 
Senior unsecured notesLevel 296,704 102,215 — — 
Mortgages payable on operating real estateLevel 3709,356 712,112 36,752 36,752