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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets carried at fair value
        
Residential loans:
Residential loans
$— $— $1,661,318 $1,661,318 $— $— $1,703,290 $1,703,290 
Consolidated SLST
— — 860,785 860,785 — — 1,070,882 1,070,882 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts
— — 1,411,073 1,411,073 — — 801,429 801,429 
Multi-family loans— — 95,829 95,829 — — 120,021 120,021 
Investment securities available for sale:        
Non-Agency RMBS
— 71,229 — 71,229 — 128,019 — 128,019 
CMBS
— 30,346 — 30,346 — 33,146 — 33,146 
ABS
— 1,111 — 1,111 — 39,679 — 39,679 
Equity investments (1)
— — 205,814 205,814 — — 239,631 239,631 
Derivative assets:      
Interest rate caps (1) (2)
— 963 — 963 — — — — 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3)
— 29,494 9,936 39,430 — — — — 
Total
$— $133,143 $4,244,755 $4,377,898 $— $200,844 $3,935,253 $4,136,097 
Liabilities carried at fair value
        
Consolidated SLST CDOs$— $— $660,069 $660,069 $— $— $839,419 $839,419 
Total
$— $— $660,069 $660,069 $— $— $839,419 $839,419 
    
(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(2)Included in other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Includes derivative assets classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $29.5 million and equity investments classified as Level 3 instruments in the amount of $9.9 million as of September 30, 2022.
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Assets
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsEquity investments in disposal group held for saleTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,703,290 $1,070,882 $801,429 $120,021 $239,631 $— $3,935,253 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(109,846)(113,257)(130,217)6,658 13,884 — (332,778)
Transfers out (1)
(1,511)— (1,230)— — — (2,741)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(1,049,673)— 1,049,673 — — — — 
Transfer to disposal group held for sale— — — — (9,936)9,936 — 
Funding/Contributions— — — — 28,086 — 28,086 
Paydowns/Distributions(468,669)(96,840)(377,163)(30,850)(65,851)— (1,039,373)
Purchases1,587,727 — 68,581 — — — 1,656,308 
Balance at the end of period$1,661,318 $860,785 $1,411,073 $95,829 $205,814 $9,936 $4,244,755 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company completed three securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and business purpose loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).

 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,090,930 $1,266,785 $691,451 $163,593 $259,095 $3,471,854 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings28,094 (16,522)34,901 14,811 22,021 83,305 
Transfers out (1)
(2,080)— (1,707)— — (3,787)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(236,751)— 236,751 — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 7,970 45,230 53,200 
Paydowns/Distributions(464,097)(113,258)(149,019)(66,562)(71,332)(864,268)
Sales(65,076)— (2,376)— — (67,452)
Purchases 974,199 — 1,582 — — 975,781 
Balance at the end of period$1,325,219 $1,137,005 $811,583 $119,812 $255,014 $3,648,633 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)In May 2021, the Company completed a securitization of certain business purpose loans. In August 2021, the Company redeemed a residential loan securitization and completed a new residential loan securitization of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Liabilities
The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20222021
Consolidated SLST CDOs
Balance at beginning of period$839,419 $1,054,335 
Total gains (realized/unrealized) 
Included in earnings (81,746)(35,525)
Paydowns(97,604)(113,834)
Balance at the end of period$660,069 $904,976 
Schedule of Quantitative Information Regarding Significant and Unobservable Inputs used in Valuation of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):

September 30, 2022Fair ValueValuation Technique Unobservable InputWeighted Average Range
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
$2,949,261Discounted cash flowLifetime CPR3.9%-35.6%
Lifetime CDR0.4%-21.4%
Loss severity6.9%-96.5%
Yield7.2%5.5%-95.3%
$123,130Liquidation modelAnnual home price appreciation0.4%-8.6%
Liquidation timeline (months)229-50
Property value$1,712,179$14,920-$13,800,000
Yield7.6%7.5%-26.7%
Consolidated SLST (3)
$860,785Liability priceN/A
Total$3,933,176
Multi-family loans (1)
$95,829Discounted cash flowDiscount rate12.4%11.0%-20.5%
Months to assumed redemption361-55
Loss severity
Equity investments (1) (2)
$176,339Discounted cash flowDiscount rate13.3%12.0%-15.5%
Months to assumed redemption211-37
Loss severity
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
$9,936Discounted cash flowDiscount rate16.0%16.0%-16.0%
Months to assumed redemption2626-26
Loss severity
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4)
$660,069Discounted cash flowYield5.6%4.6%-10.0%
Collateral prepayment rate8.1%3.1%-9.8%
Collateral default rate1.6%-10.2%
Loss severity16.3%-18.5%

(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments does not include equity ownership interests in entities that invest in or originate residential properties and loans. The fair value of these investments is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization of the entity or the net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At September 30, 2022, the fair value of investment securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $198.8 million.
(4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the liabilities. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the liabilities.
Schedule of Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings for Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2022202120222021
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans (1)
$(57,296)$7,881 $(90,749)$21,476 
Consolidated SLST (1)
(33,188)6,287 (110,631)(12,585)
Residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
(66,697)12,791 (150,664)31,015 
Multi-family loans (1)
(2,490)538 (2,117)1,203 
Equity investments (2)
(6,387)(294)(4,581)634 
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
(1,054)— (504)— 
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1)
25,263 (1,985)83,151 35,905 

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Schedule of Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes the aggregate estimated fair value of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests associated with the initial consolidation of the joint venture entities and real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated VIE during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Cash (1)
$— $992 $8,576 $3,716 
Operating real estate (1) (2)
— 135,832 730,988 209,345 
Lease intangibles (1) (3)
— 8,373 41,892 13,337 
Other assets (1)
— 3,084 8,258 8,779 
Total assets— 148,281 789,714 235,177 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (1)
— 100,407 570,682 162,238 
Other liabilities (1)
— 1,827 4,662 2,624 
Total liabilities— 102,234 575,344 164,862 
Non-controlling interest (4)
— 3,252 16,293 5,127 
Net assets consolidated$— $42,795 $198,077 $65,188 

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2022, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional information.
(2)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, included in other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of September 30, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.
Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $18,555 $18,555 
Residential loans, at fair value1,411,073 860,785 — 2,271,858 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 546,118 546,118 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 1,137,475 1,137,475 
Other assets81,603 3,227 17,457 102,287 
Total assets$1,492,676 $864,012 $1,719,605 $4,076,293 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,309,735 at amortized cost, net and $660,069 at fair value)
$1,309,735 $660,069 $— $1,969,804 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 387,761 387,761 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 875,576 875,576 
Other liabilities33,245 3,714 12,335 49,294 
Total liabilities$1,342,980 $663,783 $1,275,672 $3,282,435 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $27,786 $27,786 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $36,614 $36,614 
Net investment (6)
$149,696 $200,229 $379,533 $729,458 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2021 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $29,606 $29,606 
Residential loans, at fair value801,429 1,070,882 — 1,872,311 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 927,725 927,725 
Other assets36,767 3,547 70,557 110,871 
Total assets$838,196 $1,074,429 $1,027,888 $2,940,513 
Collateralized debt obligations ($682,802 at amortized cost, net and $839,419 at fair value)
$682,802 $839,419 $— $1,522,221 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (2)
— — 672,568 672,568 
Other liabilities20,156 3,193 17,527 40,876 
Total liabilities$702,958 $842,612 $690,095 $2,235,665 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (3)
$— $— $66,392 $66,392 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $24,359 $24,359 
Net investment (5)
$135,238 $231,817 $247,042 $614,097 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(4)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(5)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$355,276 $355,276 $289,602 $289,602 
Residential loansLevel 33,933,176 3,933,176 3,575,601 3,575,601 
Multi-family loansLevel 395,829 95,829 120,021 120,021 
Investment securities available for saleLevel 2102,686 102,686 200,844 200,844 
Equity investmentsLevel 3205,814 205,814 239,631 239,631 
Equity investments in disposal group held for saleLevel 39,936 9,936 — — 
Derivative assetsLevel 2963 963 — — 
Derivative assets in disposal group held for saleLevel 229,494 29,494 — — 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 21,215,023 1,215,023 554,259 554,259 
Collateralized debt obligations:
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, netLevel 31,309,735 1,228,512 682,802 686,027 
Consolidated SLSTLevel 3660,069 660,069 839,419 839,419 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 32,906 45,000 44,388 
Convertible notesLevel 2— — 137,898 138,011 
Senior unsecured notesLevel 297,210 86,007 96,704 102,215 
Mortgages payable on real estateLevel 3387,761 352,332 709,356 712,112 
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for saleLevel 3854,656 853,400 — —