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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
___________________
FORM 10-K
___________________
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to ____________
Commission File Number 001-32216
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 47-0934168
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

90 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016
(Address of principal executive office) (Zip Code)
(212) 792-0107
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbols |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | NYMT |  | NASDAQ Stock Market
8.000% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference |  | NYMTN |  | NASDAQ Stock Market
7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference |  | NYMTM |  | NASDAQ Stock Market
6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference |  | NYMTL |  | NASDAQ Stock Market
7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference |  | NYMTZ |  | NASDAQ Stock Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (check one):
Large Accelerated Filer ☒ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller Reporting Company☐ Emerging Growth Company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 USC. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2022 (the last day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was $1,034,351,582 based on the closing sale price on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on June 30, 2022.
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on February 15, 2023 was 365,642,429.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Document |  | Where Incorporated
1. Portions of the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled for June 2023 to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission by no later than April 30, 2023. |  | Part III, Items 10-14

2

NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
FORM 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
Item 1. | Business | 4
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 19
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 49
Item 2. | Properties | 49
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 49
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 49
PART II
Item 5. | Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 50
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 53
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 54
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 107
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 113
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 114
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 115
Item 9B. | Other Information | 116
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 116
PART III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 117
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 117
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 117
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 117
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 117
PART IV
Item 15. | Exhibit s and F inancial Statement Schedules | 118
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 124

Table of Contents
PART I
Item 1. BUSINESS
Certain Defined Terms
In this Annual Report on Form 10-K we refer to New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, as “we,” “us,” “Company,” or “our,” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context indicates otherwise, and we refer to our wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiaries as “TRSs” and our wholly-owned qualified REIT subsidiaries as “QRSs.” In addition, the following defines certain of the commonly used terms in this report:
•“ABS” refers to debt and/or equity tranches of securitizations backed by various asset classes including, but not limited to, automobiles, aircraft, credit cards, equipment, franchises, recreational vehicles and student loans;
•“Agency ARMs” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS;
•“Agency CMBS” refers to CMBS representing interests or obligations backed by pools of mortgage loans guaranteed by a government sponsored enterprise (“GSE”), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”);
•“Agency fixed-rate RMBS” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of fixed-rate RMBS;
•“Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS representing interests in or obligations backed by pools of residential loans guaranteed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or an agency of the U.S. government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae");
•“Agency securities” refers to Agency RMBS and/or Agency CMBS;
•“ARMs” refers to adjustable-rate residential loans;
•“business purpose loans” refers to (i) short-term loans that are collateralized by residential properties and are made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the residential property for a profit or (ii) loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants;
•“CDO” refers to collateralized debt obligation and includes debt that permanently finances the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series, the Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts and a non-Agency RMBS re-securitization that we consolidate, or consolidated, in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP;
•“CMBS” refers to commercial mortgage-backed securities comprised of commercial mortgage pass-through securities issued by a GSE, as well as PO, IO, or mezzanine securities that represent the right to a specific component of the cash flow from a pool of commercial mortgage loans;
•“Consolidated K-Series” refers to Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family loan K-Series securitizations, of which we, or one of our “special purpose entities,” or “SPEs,” owned the first loss POs and certain IOs and certain senior or mezzanine securities that we consolidated in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP prior to disposition;
•“Consolidated SLST” refers to a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization, comprised of seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans, of which we own or owned the first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs and senior securities that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP;
•“Consolidated Real Estate VIEs” refers to Consolidated VIEs that own multi-family properties;
•“Consolidated VIEs” refers to VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, as it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE and that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP;
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•“excess mortgage servicing spread” refers to the difference between the contractual servicing fee with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae and the base servicing fee that is retained as compensation for servicing or subservicing the related mortgage loans pursuant to the applicable servicing contract;
•“GAAP” refers to generally accepted accounting principles within the United States;
•“IOs” refers collectively to interest only and inverse interest only mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the interest component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
•“Mezzanine Lending” refers, collectively, to preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments;
•“MBS” refers to mortgage-backed securities;
•“multi-family CMBS” refers to CMBS backed by commercial mortgage loans on multi-family properties;
•“non-Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS that are not guaranteed by any agency of the U.S. Government or GSE;
•“non-QM loans” refers to residential loans that are not deemed “qualified mortgage,” or “QM,” loans under the rules of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau;
•“POs” refers to mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the principal component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
•“RMBS” refers to residential mortgage-backed securities backed by adjustable-rate, hybrid adjustable-rate, or fixed-rate residential loans;
•“second mortgages” refers to liens on residential properties that are subordinate to more senior mortgages or loans; and
•“Variable Interest Entity” or “VIE” refers to an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties.
General
We are a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets. Our objective is to deliver long-term stable distributions to our stockholders over changing economic conditions through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains from a diversified investment portfolio. Our investment portfolio includes credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets.
We intend to focus on our core portfolio strengths of single-family and multi-family residential credit assets, which we believe will deliver better risk adjusted returns over time. Our targeted investments include (i) residential loans, including business purpose loans, (ii) structured multi-family property investments such as preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, (iii) non-Agency RMBS, (iv) Agency RMBS, (v) CMBS, (vi) single-family rental properties and (vii) certain other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets and s trategic investments in companies from which we purchase, or may in the future purchase, our targeted assets. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and the maintenance of our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), we also may opportunistically acquire and/or manage various other types of mortgage-, residential housing- and other credit-related or alternative investments that we believe will compensate us appropriately for the risks associated with them, including, without limitation, Agency RMBS, collateralized mortgage obligations, mortgage servicing rights, excess mortgage servicing spreads, securities issued by newly originated securitizations, including credit sensitive securities from these securitizations, ABS and debt or equity investments in alternative assets or businesses.
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In recent years, we have internalized and expanded our investment management platform through the addition of multiple teams of investment professionals with expertise in our targeted assets. This includes the acquisition in 2016 of the external manager for our structured multi-family property investments and the addition of investment professionals in 2018 and 2019, which expanded our capabilities in self managing, sourcing and creating single-family credit assets. We believe that these steps have strengthened our ability to identify and secure attractive investment opportunities.
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and have complied, and intend to continue to comply, with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), with respect thereto. Accordingly, we do not expect to be subject to federal income tax on our REIT taxable income that we currently distribute to our stockholders if certain asset, income, distribution and ownership tests and record keeping requirements are fulfilled. Even if we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we expect to be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on our income generated in our TRSs.
Our Investment Strategy
Our strategy is to construct a portfolio of primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets that include elements of credit risk and/or interest rate risk. We have sought over the past years, and intend to continue, to focus on expanding our portfolio of “single-family and multi-family credit” assets, many of which we have originated or sourced through proprietary channels, which we believe will deliver more attractive risk-adjusted returns over time. In particular, we seek investment opportunities in markets where we believe we have a competitive advantage due to operational barriers to entry. We define credit assets as (i) residential loans, including business purpose loans, (ii) non-Agency RMBS, (iii) structured multi-family investments and (iv) other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets that contain credit risk. In pursuing credit assets, we target assets that we believe will provide an attractive total rate of return, as compared to assets that strictly provide net interest spread. We also, from time to time, have owned and managed, and may in the future own and/or manage, a leveraged portfolio of Agency securities primarily comprised of Agency fixed-rate RMBS, Agency ARMs, and Agency CMBS.
We also currently own and manage a portfolio of joint venture equity investments in 32 multi-family properties having an aggregate net equity carrying value of approximately $388.8 million. In September 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a strategic repositioning of our business pursuant to which we will opportunistically dispose of these joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties over time and, following disposition, we will reallocate the capital associated with such assets to our targeted assets. Beginning in 2020, we saw an attractive opportunity within the multi-family property sector to utilize our sourcing network and add common equity exposure to properties through joint venture equity investments. Due to various factors, the multi-family property sector recorded historical increases in per unit rent in several targeted markets resulting in improved valuations that we believe are capable of achieving our targeted returns for such investments on an accelerated timeline. As a result, we are considering various opportunities to monetize what we believe is appreciated value within our portfolio of multi-family joint venture equity investments. We believe that through a well-navigated disposition process, we can rotate the portfolio over time to more attractive investments in a higher rate environment. We expect to continue to invest in multi-family mezzanine lending going forward, which remains one of our targeted assets.
In light of current market and financing conditions, we are presently focused on acquiring assets with less price sensitivity to credit deterioration by targeting assets with shorter duration, significant discount-to-par pricing or minimal credit risk. Shorter duration assets generate higher portfolio turnover that will better enable us to reposition our portfolio in a volatile and changing interest rate environment. Assets with discount-to-par create a margin of safety on price to account for potential credit losses. Selecting assets with lower credit exposure, either through agency guarantees, structure or collateral quality, can also reduce the overall risk profile of the portfolio. Since our inception in 2003, we have benefited from being able to flexibly move in and out of new niche investment opportunities as market conditions permit. As a result, we may pursue opportunistic acquisitions of other types of assets not described above that meet our investment criteria. We also may manage for third parties investments that fall within our area of expertise that are not a focus of our Company or are less suitable to being owned in a REIT. In these cases, we may agree to invest in these assets akin to a "general partner"-like capital contribution as part of the agreement to manage the assets.
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Prior to deploying capital to any of the assets we target or determining to dispose of any of our investments, our management team will consider, among other things, the availability of suitable investments, the amount and nature of anticipated cash flows from the asset, our ability to finance or borrow against the asset and the terms of such financing, the related capital requirements, the credit risk, prepayment risk, hedging risk, interest rate risk, fair value risk and/or liquidity risk related to the asset or the underlying collateral, the composition of our investment portfolio, the background experience and track record of our partners (if applicable), REIT qualification, the maintenance of our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act and other regulatory requirements and future general market conditions. In periods where we have working capital in excess of our short-term liquidity needs, we may invest the excess in more liquid assets until such time as we are able to re-invest that capital in assets that meet our underwriting and return requirements. Consistent with our strategy to produce returns through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains, we will seek, from time to time, to sell certain assets within our portfolio when we believe the combination of realized gains on an asset and reinvestment potential for the related sale proceeds are consistent with our long-term return objectives.
Our investment strategy does not, subject to our investment guidelines, continued compliance with applicable REIT tax requirements and the maintenance of our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, limit the amount of our capital that may be invested in any of these investments or in any particular class or type or geographic concentration of assets. Thus, our future investments may include asset classes or types different from the targeted or other assets described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our investment and capital allocation decisions depend on prevailing market conditions, among other factors, and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different economic and capital market environments. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our capital that will be invested in any particular investment at any given time.
For more information regarding our portfolio as of December 31, 2022, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below.
Investment Portfolio
Our portfolio is substantially comprised of investments in two asset categories: single-family and multi-family residential investments.
Single-Family Investments
We have deep experience managing different whole loan strategies across the credit spectrum. We generally seek to acquire pools of single-family residential loans through proprietary sourcing channels from select mortgage loan originators and secondary market institutions, including through bulk purchases and/or flow arrangements, including through originators in which we hold an equity investment. We do not directly service the mortgage loans we acquire, and instead contract with fully licensed third-party subservicers to handle substantially all servicing functions.
Set forth below is a description of the investments that substantially comprise our single-family investment portfolio.
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Residential Loans. Our portfolio of residential loans consists of (i) seasoned re-performing, non-performing and other delinquent mortgage loans secured by first liens on one- to four-family properties, which were purchased at a discount to the aggregate principal amount outstanding, which we believe provides us with downside protection while we work to rehabilitate these loans to performing status, (ii) performing residential mortgage loans that consist of GSE-eligible mortgage loans, non-QM loans that predominantly meet our underwriting guidelines, loans originally underwritten to GSE or another program's guidelines but are either undeliverable to the GSE or ineligible for a program due to certain underwriting or compliance errors, and investor loans generally underwritten to our program guidelines, (iii) short-term business purpose loans with terms generally of 12 to 24 months that are collateralized by residential properties and made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the property for a profit, or "business purpose bridge loans," (iv) business purpose loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants, or "business purpose rental loans," and (v) second mortgages that had combined loan-to-value ratios of 95% at origination and predominantly met our underwriting guidelines. In connection with our acquisitions of residential loans, we or a third-party due diligence firm perform an independent review of the mortgage file to assess the state of mortgage loan files, the servicing of the mortgage loan, compliance with existing guidelines, as well as our ability to enforce the contractual rights in the mortgage. We also obtain certain representations and warranties from each seller with respect to the mortgage loans, as well as the enforceability of the lien on the mortgaged property. In addition, as part of our process, we focus on selecting a servicer with the appropriate expertise to mitigate losses and maximize our overall return on these residential loans. This involves, among other things, performing due diligence on the servicer prior to their engagement, assigning the appropriate servicer on each loan based on certain characteristics and monitoring each servicer's performance on an ongoing basis.
Investments in Non-Agency RMBS. Our non-Agency RMBS are collateralized by residential credit assets. The non-Agency RMBS in our investment portfolio may consist of the senior, mezzanine or subordinated tranches in the securitizations. The underlying collateral of these securitizations are predominantly residential credit assets, which may be exposed to various macroeconomic and asset-specific credit risks. These securities have varying levels of credit enhancement which provide some structural protection from losses within the securitization from which the securities are issued. We undertake an in-depth assessment of the underlying collateral and securitization structure when investing in these assets, which may include modeling defaults, prepayments and loss across different scenarios. As of December 31, 2022, we owned $260.1 million of non-Agency RMBS.
Investments in Agency RMBS. We historically have owned and managed a leveraged Agency RMBS portfolio comprised of Agency fixed-rate RMBS and Agency ARMs, the principal and interest of which are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae. The Agency fixed-rate RMBS have been primarily backed by 15-year and 30-year residential fixed-rate mortgage loans, while the Agency ARMs have primarily included interest reset periods up to 120 months. In managing our portfolio of Agency RMBS, we historically employ leverage through the use of repurchase agreements to generate risk-adjusted returns.
Single-Family Rental. We also participate in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Housing Choice Vouchers program administered by local public housing agencies (“PHAs”) in which we acquire and then rent single-family rental homes to families that are eligible. We target PHAs with programs that help families with children move into high-opportunity neighborhoods with low poverty, high-performing schools, low crime and strong community resources in the following markets: Chicago, IL, Baltimore, MD, Houston, TX and Pittsburgh, PA. The goal of the program is to promote better health and life satisfaction for these families. As of December 31, 2022, we owned 491 single-family rental properties, the majority of which are located in Illinois and Maryland.
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Multi-Family Investments
We first began investing in multi-family credit assets in 2011. We seek to position our multi-family credit investment platform in the marketplace as a real estate investor focused on debt and equity transactions. We do not seek to be the sole owner or day-to-day manager of properties. Rather, we intend to participate at various levels within the capital structure of the properties, typically (i) as a “capital partner” by lending to or co-investing alongside a project-level sponsor that has already identified an attractive investment opportunity, or (ii) through a subordinated security of a multi-family loan securitization. Our multi-family property investments are not limited to any particular geographic area in the United States, although our preferred and equity and mezzanine loan investments tend to be concentrated primarily in the southern and southeastern United States, as these regions currently tend to benefit from growing demand and an acute shortage in housing. We generally focus on middle market multi-family apartment communities with approximately 150 to 600 units located in secondary and tertiary markets that might benefit from strategic value-added improvements. In general terms, pending the disposition over time of our portfolio of joint venture equity investments, we expect that our multi-family credit investments going forward will principally be in the form of preferred equity investments in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, and multi-family CMBS.
With respect to our preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (collectively, "Mezzanine Lending") and joint venture equity investments where we participate as a capital partner, we have generally pursued multi-family properties with unique or compelling attributes that provide an opportunity for value creation and increased returns through the combination of better management or capital improvements that will lead to net cash flow growth and capital gains and which may benefit from the expertise of our asset management team. Generally, we target investments in multi-family properties that are or have been:
•located in a particularly dynamic submarket with strong prospects for rental growth;
•located in smaller markets that are underserved and more attractively priced;
•poorly managed by the previous owner, creating an opportunity for overall net income growth through better management practices;
•undercapitalized and may benefit from an investment in physical improvements; or
•highly stable and are suitably positioned to support high-yield preferred equity or mezzanine debt within their capital structure.
As a capital partner, we generally seek experienced property-level operators or real estate entrepreneurs who have the ability to identify and manage strong investment opportunities. We generally require our operating partners to maintain a material investment in every multi-family property in which we make a preferred equity investment or to which we provide mezzanine financing.
Preferred Equity. We currently own, and expect to originate in the future, preferred equity investments in entities that directly or indirectly own multi-family properties. Preferred equity is not secured, but holders have priority relative to the common equity on cash flow distributions and proceeds from capital events. In addition, as a preferred holder we may seek to enhance our position and protect our equity position with covenants that limit the entity’s activities and grant to the preferred holders the right to control the property upon default under relevant loan agreements or under the terms of our preferred equity investments. Occasionally, the first-mortgage loan on a property prohibits additional liens and a preferred equity structure provides an attractive financing alternative. With preferred equity investments, we may become a special limited partner or member in the ownership entity and may be entitled to take certain actions, or cause a liquidation, upon a default. Under the typical arrangement, the preferred equity investor receives a stated return, and the common equity investor receives all cash flow only after that return has been met. Our preferred equity investment may also have minimum profit hurdles or other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of early repayment. Preferred equity typically has loan-to-value ratios of 60% to 97% when combined with the first-mortgage loan amount. We expect our preferred equity investments will have mandatory redemption dates that will generally be coterminous with the maturity date for the first-mortgage loan on the property, and we intend to hold these investments until the mandatory redemption date.
Mezzanine Loans. We have made in the past, and may make in the future, mezzanine loans that are senior to the operating partner’s equity in, and subordinate to a first-mortgage loan on, a multi-family property. These loans are secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities that directly or indirectly own the real property. In addition, we may require other collateral to secure mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees or collateral unrelated to the property.
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We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a fixed or variable interest rate on the loan. Our mezzanine loans may also have prepayment lockouts, prepayment penalties, minimum profit hurdles or other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of premature repayment. We expect these investments will typically have terms from three to ten years. Mezzanine loans typically have loan-to-value ratios between 70% and 90% when combined with the first-mortgage loan amount.
Joint Venture Equity. As of December 31, 2022, we owned joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family properties. Joint venture equity is a direct common equity ownership interest in an entity that owns a property. In this type of investment, the return of capital to us is variable and is made on a pro rata basis between us and our operating partners. We have typically provided between 70% and 95% of the total common equity capital to our joint ventures, with our operating partner providing the balance of the common equity capital. In some cases, we also participate in these property investments as a general partner or manager or co-general partner or manager, which may provide us with the ability to earn a promote upon disposition of the asset. Due to certain control provisions, we consolidate certain joint ventures into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. As a result, the real estate assets held by these entities, and the corresponding mortgages payable that finance the real estate assets, are included in our consolidated balance sheets.
In December 2021, we entered into a joint venture that presently owns 13 multi-family properties in seven states, including Texas, Tennessee and Florida. We are a co-manager of the joint venture and, as of December 31, 2022, owned an approximate 22% common equity interest in the joint venture. We also held approximately $137.7 million of preferred equity interests in this joint venture as of December 31, 2022. Pursuant to the terms of the operating agreement for the joint venture, subject to certain conditions, the other investors in the joint venture have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us, at their election, on an annual basis at the current fair value of the interests in the joint venture.
We do not anticipate making additional joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties that make us a majority or significant minority common equity owner in the future in light of the strategic repositioning of our business discussed above. However, we may agree to make common equity investments in multi-family properties akin to a "general partner"-like capital contribution in connection with one or more agreements to manage third party investments in multi-family properties.
Multi-Family CMBS. Our portfolio of multi-family CMBS has been comprised of (i) first loss PO securities issued by certain multi-family loan K-series securitizations sponsored by Freddie Mac and (ii) certain IOs and/or mezzanine securities issued by these securitizations. Prior to March 2020, our investments in first loss POs were a significant contributor to our earnings. In response to the significant disruption in the financial markets in March 2020 associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, we sold our portfolio of first loss POs and have not re-entered the market for first loss POs since that time. Our investments in these privately placed first loss POs generally represented 7.5% of the overall securitization which typically initially totaled approximately $1.0 billion in multi-family residential loans consisting of 45 to 100 individual properties diversified across a wide geographic footprint in the United States. Our first loss POs were typically backed by fixed-rate balloon non-recourse mortgage loans that provide for the payment of principal at maturity date, which is ten to fifteen years from the date the underlying mortgage loans are originated. Moreover, each first loss PO of multi-family CMBS in our portfolio was typically the most junior of securities issued by the securitization, meaning it would absorb all losses in the securitization prior to other more senior securities being exposed to loss. As a result, prior to the purchase of these securities, we typically complete a credit analysis and due diligence. In addition, as the owner of the first loss PO, the Company had the right to participate in the workout of any distressed property in the securitization. We believe this right provided the Company with an opportunity to mitigate or reduce any possible loss associated with the distressed property. The IOs that we owned represented a strip off the entire securitization allowing the Company to receive cash flows over the life of the multi-family loans backing the securitization. These investments range from 10 to 17 basis points and the underlying notional amount approximates $1.0 billion each. We may also invest in and own the mezzanine tranche of multi-family CMBS that sit below the more senior CMBS in terms of priority. Our investment in these mezzanine securities may involve the use of some form of leverage in order to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns on these securities. With respect to the multi-family CMBS owned by us, all of the loans that back the respective securitizations were generally underwritten in accordance with Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines and standards; however, these securities are not guaranteed by Freddie Mac.
Investments in Agency CMBS. We have also invested in Agency CMBS, primarily comprised of senior securities issued by certain multi-family loan K-series securitizations sponsored and guaranteed by Freddie Mac. As of December 31, 2022, we did not own any Agency CMBS.
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Other Investments
Although it represents a significantly smaller portion of our overall investment portfolio, we also own and have invested in ABS, an equity investment in an entity that originates residential loans and an equity investment in an entity that owns and manages single-family rental properties.
We have made, and may in the future make, investments in the debt and/or equity of other entities engaged in single-family loan-related businesses, such as loan originators. In connection with investments in loan originators, we currently have and may in the future enter into flow agreements that allow or will allow us to purchase new loans from the loan originators in which we invest in accordance with the parameters set forth in the applicable flow agreement.
In the future, we may also acquire investments that are structured with terms that reflect a combination of the investment structures described above. We also may invest, from time to time, based on market conditions, in other multi-family investments, structured investments in other property categories, equity and debt securities issued by entities that invest in residential and commercial real estate or in other mortgage-, real estate- and credit-related assets, and certain alternative investments not described here, subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and the maintenance of our exclusion from regulation as an investment company under the Investment Company Act or otherwise.
Our Financing Strategy
We strive to maintain and achieve a balanced and diverse funding mix to finance our assets and operations. In the past, we have relied primarily on a combination of short-term and longer-termed repurchase agreements and structured financings, including CDOs issued by securitizations, longer termed senior and subordinated debt, and convertible notes. As a result of the severe market dislocations in recent years and, more specifically, unavailability of repurchase agreement financing and illiquidity in securities markets during March 2020, we have placed, and expect to continue to place, a greater emphasis on procuring financing arrangements that provide longer tenor non-mark-to-market features, such as securitizations, term financings and corporate debt securities. These types of financings provide less or no exposure to collateral repricing determinations of financing counterparties or rapid liquidity reductions in repurchase agreement financing markets. We still expect to utilize some level of repurchase agreement financing as we do currently, but expect repurchase agreement financing, particularly short-term agreements that contain mark-to-market margin call risk, to represent a smaller percentage of our financing relative to historic levels. While longer-termed and non-mark-to-market financings incur a greater expense relative to generic repurchase agreement funding, we believe, over time, this weighting towards longer-termed and non-mark-to-market financings may better allow us to manage our liquidity risk and reduce the impact of market events like those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic during March 2020. To this end, we have completed nine non-recourse securitizations and three non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financings with new and existing counterparties since the first quarter of 2020. In the near term, we intend to continue to explore additional financing arrangements to further strengthen our balance sheet and position ourselves for future investment opportunities, including, without limitation, additional issuances of our equity and debt securities and other financing arrangements; however, no assurance can be given that we will be able to access any such financing or the size, timing or terms thereof.
We employ leverage as part of our financing strategy. Our approach to leverage is based on the type of asset, underlying collateral and overall market conditions with the intent of obtaining more permanent, longer-term financing for our more illiquid assets. Currently, we target maximum leverage ratios for each eligible investment, 8:1 in the case of more liquid Agency securities and between 4:1 and 6:1 in the case of our more illiquid assets, such as our non-Agency RMBS and mezzanine CMBS and 8:1 in the case of our residential loans. Currently, our target total debt leverage ratio should not be greater than 3:1. This target may be adjusted depending on the composition of our overall portfolio and market conditions.
As of December 31, 2022, our Company recourse leverage ratio, which represents our total recourse debt divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 0.3 to 1. Our Company recourse leverage ratio does not include debt associated with the CDOs or other non-recourse debt, such as mortgages payable on real estate and non-recourse repurchase agreement financing. Our portfolio recourse leverage ratio, which represents our outstanding recourse repurchase agreements divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 0.3 to 1 as of December 31, 2022. We monitor all at-risk or short-term borrowings to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to satisfy margin calls and liquidity covenant requirements.
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With respect to our investments in credit assets that are not financed by short-term repurchase agreements, such as a portion of residential loans, we finance our investment in these assets through longer-term borrowings and working capital. Our financings may include longer-term structured debt financing, such as longer-term repurchase agreement financing with terms of up to 24 months, non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financing and CDOs where the assets we intend to finance are contributed to an SPE and serve as collateral for the financing. We issue CDOs through securitizations for the primary purpose of obtaining longer-term non-recourse financing on these assets.
Pursuant to the terms of any longer-term debt financings we utilize, our ability to access the cash flows generated by the assets serving as collateral for these borrowings may be significantly limited and we may be unable to sell or otherwise transfer or dispose of or modify such assets until the financing has matured. As part of our longer-term master repurchase agreements that finance certain of our credit assets, such as residential loans, we have provided a guarantee with respect to certain terms of some of these longer-term borrowings incurred by certain of our subsidiaries and we may provide similar guarantees in connection with future financings.
The repurchase agreements we have historically used to fund the purchase of residential loans and investment securities typically have terms ranging from 30 days to 24 months and bear interest rates that are linked to the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”), a short-term market interest rate used to determine short term loan rates. In most cases under repurchase agreements, the financial institution that serves as a counterparty will generally agree to provide us with financing based on the market value of the residential loans and investment securities that we pledge as collateral, less a “haircut.” The market value of the collateral represents the price of such collateral obtained from generally recognized sources or most recent closing bid quotation from such source plus accrued income. Our repurchase agreements may require us to deposit additional collateral pursuant to a margin call if the market value of our pledged collateral declines as a result of market conditions or due to principal repayments. Interest rates and haircuts will depend on the underlying collateral pledged. We have entered into three repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $446.8 million as of December 31, 2022 that are not subject to margin calls upon changes in market value of the pledged collateral.
We may consolidate certain multi-family joint venture equity investments into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. As a result, the real estate assets held by these entities, and the corresponding mortgages payable that finance the real estate assets, are included in our consolidated balance sheets. We have no obligation for repayment of the mortgages payable but, with respect to certain of the mortgages payable, we may execute a guaranty related to commitment of bad acts.
For more information regarding our outstanding financing instruments at December 31, 2022, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below.
Our Hedging Strategy
The Company enters into derivative instruments in connection with its risk management activities. These derivative instruments may include interest rate caps, interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, options on futures and mortgage derivatives such as forward-settling purchases and sales of Agency RMBS where the underlying pools of mortgage loans are “To-Be-Announced,” or TBAs.
The Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are exposed to risks arising from business operations, economic conditions and financial markets. With respect to one of the Company's financings under repurchase agreements, the Company is required by the lender to enter into an interest rate cap contract. For variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate, the joint venture entities are required by the lender to enter into interest rate cap contracts. These interest rate cap contracts are with a counterparty that involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from the counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium.
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We may use interest rate swaps to hedge any variable cash flows associated with our borrowings. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company typically agrees to pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable interest rate based on one- or three-month LIBOR, or an index that it expected over time to be closely correlated to changes in one- or three-month LIBOR, or SOFR, on the notional amount of the interest rate swaps. The floating rate we receive under our swap agreements has the effect of offsetting the repricing characteristics and cash flows of our financing arrangements. In March 2020, in response to the turmoil in the financial markets, we terminated our interest rate swaps and currently do not have any interest rate swaps in place.
We may use TBAs, swaptions, futures and options on futures to hedge market value risk for certain of our strategies. We have utilized TBAs as part of our Agency securities investment strategy to enhance the overall yield of the portfolio. In a TBA transaction, we would agree to purchase or sell, for future delivery, Agency RMBS with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of underlying collateral, but the particular Agency RMBS to be delivered is not identified until shortly before the TBA settlement date. The Company typically does not take delivery of TBAs, but rather settles with its trading counterparties on a net basis prior to the forward settlement date. Although TBAs are liquid and have quoted market prices and represent the most actively traded class of RMBS, the use of TBAs exposes us to increased market value risk. We currently do not hold TBAs.
In connection with our hedging strategy, we utilize model-based risk analysis to assist in projecting individual asset price and cash flow sensitivities over a variety of different interest rates and market scenarios, such as shifts in interest rates, changes in prepayments and other factors impacting the valuations of our assets and liabilities.
Competition
We believe that our principal competitors in the business of acquiring and holding mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets of the types in which we invest are financial institutions, such as banks, specialty finance companies, insurance companies, institutional investors, including mutual funds and pension funds, hedge funds and other mortgage REITs. Some of these entities may not be subject to the same regulatory constraints (i.e., REIT compliance or maintaining an exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act) as we are. In addition, many of these entities have greater financial resources and access to capital than we have. The existence of these entities, as well as the possibility of additional entities forming in the future, may increase the competition for the acquisition of residential mortgage assets, resulting in higher prices and lower yields on such assets.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2022, we had 74 full-time employees located in offices in New York, New York, Charlotte, North Carolina and Woodland Hills, California. We do not currently employ any temporary or seasonal employees and we do not expect such hiring to become a significant part of our workforce in the future. Our employees include investment portfolio and finance professionals, asset management and servicing professionals, accountants, analysts, administrative staff and our corporate management team. We believe that our employees are our greatest asset and recognize that our achievements and growth as a business are made possible by the recruitment, hiring, training, development and retention of our dedicated employees. As part of our ongoing business, we evaluate and modify our internal processes to improve employee engagement, productivity and efficiency, which benefits our operations. Moreover, our employees are offered regular opportunities to participate in professional development programs and opportunities that may improve employee engagement, effectiveness and well-being.
We are committed to maintaining workplaces that are inclusive and free from discrimination or harassment based on age, disability, race, ethnicity, gender identification or expression, national origin, sexual orientation, religion, pregnancy, marital and familial status and other statuses protected by law. We conduct annual required trainings for our employees, including those designed to prevent harassment and discrimination and direct compliance with ethics and laws and we monitor employee conduct, compliance and progress in this regard. We also strive to have a workforce that reflects the diversity of qualified talent that is available in the markets in which our offices are located. As of December 31, 2022, women comprised 24% of our total workforce, while 30% of our employees self-identify as being ethnically diverse. In addition, 50% of our named executive officers are diverse based on gender or ethnicity and 71% of our Board of Directors is diverse based on gender, race or ethnicity. We also recognize the importance of experienced leadership. As of December 31, 2022, the average tenure for our team of executive officers was thirteen years. Additionally, our Compensation Committee will take into account our ESG performance when assessing the performance of our Chief Executive Officer under the qualitative component of our executive compensation program.
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We strive to provide pay, benefits and services that help meet the varying needs of our employees. Our general total compensatory packages include market-competitive pay, performance-based annual bonus compensation paid in a combination of cash and stock, time- and performance-based long-term incentive compensation for key employees, employer-funded health insurance, paid time off, and family leave. In addition, we pride ourselves on understanding and offering our employees great flexibility to meet their personal and family needs. In 2022, we adopted a fully flexible workplace policy which presently allows all of our employees to determine whether to work from the office or remotely as frequently as the individual employee desires. We believe that by supporting, recognizing, developing and investing in our employees, we are able to attract and retain a highly qualified and talented workforce.
COVID-19 Response. We are committed to maintaining a healthy environment for our employees. We continually assess and strive to enhance employee satisfaction and engagement. This commitment continued in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. When COVID-19 forced a shift to a remote work environment, we commenced regular townhall style meetings where we update our full workforce on recent accomplishments and key initiatives and ensure regular communication between management and employees. The Company has also provided greater flexibility in work hours and expectations in recognition of the challenges our employees face in the remote work environment and have taken steps to ensure that our employees have adequate resources and capabilities to work in a remote environment. In 2021, we created a Business Continuity Planning Group to develop continuity plans and responses for a variety of potential crises in the long term. Lastly, unlike many companies across industries, since the pandemic began, the Company has not laid off or furloughed any employees or otherwise reduced employee compensation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The health and safety of NYMT employees and their families continue to be of the highest priority for us. Our commitment to the safety and health of our workforce has guided us as we addressed the unprecedented challenges of the global pandemic.
Governmental Regulation
Our operations are subject, in certain instances, to supervision and regulation by U.S. and other governmental authorities, and may be subject to various laws, rules and regulations and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions, which, among other things: (i) regulate lending activities; (ii) establish maximum interest rates, finance charges and other charges; (iii) require disclosures to customers; (iv) govern secured transactions; and (v) set refinancing, loan modification, servicing, collection, foreclosure, repossession, eviction and claims-handling procedures and other trade practices. Some of the laws, rules and regulations to which we are or may be subject are intended primarily to safeguard and protect consumers, rather than stockholders or creditors. Although we do not directly originate or service residential loans, we must comply with various federal and state laws, rules and regulations as a result of owning MBS and residential loans, including, among others, rules promulgated under The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”), and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Modernization Act of 1999.
In our judgment, existing statutes, rules and regulations have not had a material adverse effect on our business, although we do incur significant ongoing costs to comply with them. In recent years, legislators in the United States and in other countries have said that greater regulation of financial services firms is needed, particularly in areas such as risk management, leverage, and disclosure. While we expect that additional new legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas will be adopted and existing legislation and regulations may change in the future, it is not possible at this time to forecast the exact nature of any future legislation, regulations, judicial decisions, orders or interpretations, nor their impact upon our future business, financial condition, or results of operations or prospects.
Operating and Regulatory Structure
REIT Qualification
We have elected to be treated as a REIT under Sections 856 through 859 of the Internal Revenue Code. Our qualification as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, various complex requirements under the Internal Revenue Code relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and values of our assets, our distribution levels and the diversity of ownership of our shares. We believe that we are organized to comply with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, and that our manner of operation enables us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.
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We generally need to distribute at least 90% of our ordinary taxable income each year (subject to certain adjustments) to our stockholders in order to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. Our ability to make distributions to our stockholders depends, in part, upon the performance of our investment portfolio.
As a REIT, we generally are not subject to U.S. federal income tax on our REIT taxable income that we distribute currently to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates and may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during which we lost our REIT qualification. Accordingly, our failure to qualify as a REIT could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and our ability to pay distributions, if any, to our stockholders.
Investment Company Act Exclusion
We conduct our operations so that neither we nor any of our subsidiaries are considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act. Under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act, a company is deemed to be an investment company if it is engaged, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, (the “40% test”). “Investment securities” does not include, among other things, U.S. government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that (i) are not investment companies and (ii) are not relying on the exceptions from the definition of investment company provided by Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act.
If the value of securities issued by our subsidiaries that are excluded from the definition of “investment company” by Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act, together with any other investment securities we own, exceeds the 40% test under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act, or if one or more of such subsidiaries fail to maintain an exclusion or exception from the Investment Company Act, we could, among other things, be required either (a) to substantially change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company, (b) to effect sales of our assets in a manner that, or at a time when, we would not otherwise choose to do so, or (c) to register as an investment company, any of which could negatively affect the value of our common stock, the sustainability of our business model, and our ability to make distributions.
Our subsidiaries that invest in residential mortgage loans (whether through a consolidated trust or otherwise) rely upon the exemption from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exemption generally requires that at least 55% of each of these subsidiaries’ assets be comprised of qualifying real estate assets and at least 80% of each of their portfolios be comprised of qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets under the Investment Company Act. Mortgage loans that are fully and exclusively secured by real property are generally qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the exemption. All or substantially all of our residential mortgage loans are fully and exclusively secured by real property with a loan-to-value ratio of less than 100%. As a result, we believe our residential mortgage loans that are fully and exclusively secured by real property meet the definition of qualifying real estate assets.
Corporate Offices
We were formed as a Maryland corporation in 2003. Our corporate headquarters are located at 90 Park Avenue, Floor 23, New York, New York, 10016 and our telephone number is (212) 792-0107. We also maintain offices in Charlotte, North Carolina and Woodland Hills, California.
Access to Our Periodic SEC Reports and Other Corporate Information
Our internet website address is www.nymtrust.com. We make available free of charge, through our internet website, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto that we file or furnish pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
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We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our executive officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and to our other employees. We have also adopted a Code of Ethics for senior financial officers, including the principal financial officer. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K relating to amendments to or waivers from any provision of either of these Code of Ethics applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and other persons performing similar functions by posting such information on our website at www.nymtrust.com, “Corporate Governance”. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of our Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees are available on our website and are available in print to any stockholder upon request in writing to New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., c/o Secretary, 90 Park Avenue, Floor 23, New York, New York, 10016. Information on our website is neither part of, nor incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in future filings with the SEC or in press releases or other written or oral communications issued or made by us, statements which are not historical in nature, including those containing words such as “will,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “may,” or similar expressions, are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and, as such, may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions.
Forward-looking statements are based on estimates, projections, beliefs and assumptions of management of the Company at the time of such statements and are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties in predicting future results and conditions. Actual results and outcomes could differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation:
• changes in our business and investment strategy;
• inflation and changes in interest rates and the fair market value of our assets, including negative changes resulting in margin calls relating to the financing of our assets;
• changes in credit spreads;
• changes in the long-term credit ratings of the U.S., Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae;
• general volatility of the markets in which we invest;
• changes in prepayment rates on the loans we own or that underlie our investment securities;
• increased rates of default, delinquency or vacancy and/or decreased recovery rates on or at our assets;
• our ability to identify and acquire our targeted assets, including assets in our investment pipeline;
• our ability to dispose of assets from time to time on terms favorable to us, including the disposition over time of our joint venture equity investments;
• changes in our relationships with our financing counterparties and our ability to borrow to finance our assets and the terms thereof;
• changes in our relationships with and/or the performance of our operating partners;
• our ability to predict and control costs;
• changes in laws, regulations or policies affecting our business, including actions that may be taken to contain or address the impact of the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") and variants;
• our ability to make distributions to our stockholders in the future;
• our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal tax purposes;
• our ability to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act; and
• risks associated with investing in real estate assets, including changes in business conditions and the general economy, the availability of investment opportunities and the conditions in the market for Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, ABS and CMBS securities, residential loans, structured multi-family investments and other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets.
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These and other risks, uncertainties and factors, including the risk factors described herein, as updated by those risks described in our subsequent filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act, could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements we make. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Summary of Risk Factors
Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary and other risks that we face can be found below and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC before making an investment decision regarding our securities.
Risks Related to Our Business
•Declines in the market values of assets in our investment portfolio may adversely affect periodic reported results and credit availability.
•We may experience losses if we inaccurately estimate the loss-adjusted yields of our investments in credit sensitive assets.
•Interest rate increases may decrease the availability of certain of our targeted assets.
•Interest rate mismatches between the interest-earning assets held in our investment portfolio and the borrowings used to fund the purchases of those assets may reduce our net income or result in a loss during periods of changing interest rates.
•Our portfolio of assets may at times be concentrated in certain asset types or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of real estate sectors or geographic areas, which increases our exposure to economic downturns and risks associated with the real estate and lending industries in general.
•Our portfolio of business purpose loans exposes us to new and different risks from our traditional investments in residential mortgage loans.
•Our investments may include subordinated tranches of CMBS, RMBS and ABS, which are subordinate in right of payment to more senior securities and residential loans that have greater risk of loss than other investments.
•Prepayment rates can change, adversely affecting the performance of our assets.
•We have experienced and may experience in the future increased volatility in our GAAP results of operations as we have elected fair value option for majority of our investments.
•The failure of third-party service providers to perform a variety of services on which we rely may adversely impact our business and financial results.
•Our preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments involve greater risks of loss than more senior loans secured by income-producing properties.
•Our investments in multi-family properties are subject to the ability of the property owner to generate net income from operating the property as well as the risks of delinquency, default and foreclosure.
•Our operating partners could subject us to liabilities in excess of those contemplated or prevent us from taking actions which are in the best interests of our stockholders.
•We may not be able to complete the sale of our joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
•Our real estate and real estate-related assets are subject to risks particular to real property.
•Due diligence as a part of our acquisition or underwriting process may be limited, may not reveal all of the risks associated with such assets and may not reveal other weaknesses in such assets, which could lead to material losses.
•The lack of liquidity in certain of our assets may adversely affect our business.
•The use of models in connection with the valuation of our assets subjects us to potential risks in the event that such models are incorrect, misleading or based on incomplete information.
•Our investments in residential loans are difficult to value and are dependent upon the borrower’s ability to service or refinance their debt.
•Competition may prevent us from acquiring assets on favorable terms or at all.
•Maintaining cybersecurity and data security is important to our business, and a breach could result in serious harm.
•System failures and other operational disruptions in our information and communications systems and those of our third party service providers could significantly disrupt our business.
•We have made and may in the future make investments in companies that we do not control.
Risks Related to Debt Financing and Our Use of Hedging Strategies
•Our access to financing sources may not be available on favorable terms or at all.
•The repurchase agreements that we use to finance our investments may require us to provide additional collateral, which could reduce our liquidity and harm our financial condition.
•We leverage our equity, which can exacerbate any losses we incur on our current and future investments and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
•If we are unable to leverage our equity to the extent we currently anticipate, the returns on certain of our assets could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
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•We directly or indirectly utilize non-recourse securitizations and recourse structured financings and such structures expose us to risks that could result in losses to us.
•If a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to resell the pledged assets back to us at the end of the transaction term or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we may incur losses.
•Our use of repurchase agreements to borrow funds may give our lenders greater rights in the event that either we or a lender files for bankruptcy.
•Negative impacts on our business may cause us to default on certain financial covenants contained in our financing arrangements.
•Hedging against interest rate and market value changes as well as other risks may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Risks Associated With Adverse Developments in the Mortgage, Real Estate, Credit and Financial Markets Generally
•Difficult conditions in the mortgage, real estate, and financial markets and the economy generally may cause us to experience losses in the future.
•We cannot predict the effect that government policies, laws and interventions adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic or the current inflationary environment or the impact that future changes in the U.S. political environment, governmental policy or regulation will have on our business and the markets in which we operate.
•The downgrade, or perceived potential downgrade, of the credit ratings of the U.S. and the failure to resolve issues related to U.S. fiscal and debt policies may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
•Changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae and the U.S. Government may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
•The planned discontinuation of LIBOR and the transition from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate may adversely impact our borrowings and assets.
Risks Related To Our Organization, Our Structure and Other Risks
•We may change our investment, financing, or hedging strategies and asset allocation and operational and management policies without stockholder consent.
•Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.
•Mortgage loan modification programs and future legislative action may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, our targeted assets.
•We could be subject to liability for potential violations of predatory lending laws, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
•Our business is subject to extensive regulation.
•Certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws could hinder, delay or prevent a change in control which could have an adverse effect on the value of our securities.
•The stock ownership limit imposed by our charter may inhibit market activity in our common stock and may restrict our business combination opportunities.
Tax Risks
•Failure to remain qualified as a REIT would adversely affect our operations and ability to make distributions.
•REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our liquidity.
•Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income from regular corporations.
•Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
•The failure of certain investments subject to a repurchase agreement to qualify as real estate assets would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
•We could fail to continue to qualify as a REIT if the IRS successfully challenges our treatment of our mezzanine loans.
•We may incur a significant tax liability as a result of selling assets that might be subject to the prohibited transactions tax if sold directly by us.
•Our qualification as a REIT could be jeopardized as a result of our interests in joint ventures or preferred equity.
•We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common stock.
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Set forth below are the risks that we believe are material to stockholders and prospective investors. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and the various other factors identified in or incorporated by reference into any other documents filed by us with the SEC in evaluating our company and our business. The risks discussed herein can materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, operating results, prospects, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and may cause the market price of our securities to decline. The risk factors described below are not the only risks that may affect us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or not presently deemed material by us, also may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, operating results, prospects, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Risks Related to Our Business
Declines in the market values of assets in our investment portfolio may adversely affect periodic reported results and credit availability, which may reduce our earnings and book value and, in turn, may constrain our liquidity and cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
The market value of our investment portfolio may move inversely with changes in interest rates. We anticipate that increases in interest rates will generally tend to decrease our net income and the market value of our investment portfolio, as occurred during much of 2022. Changes in the market values of assets in our investment portfolio where the Company elected the fair value option will be reflected in earnings and changes in the market values of assets in our investment portfolio where the Company did not elect the fair value option will be reflected in stockholders’ equity. As a result, a decline in market values of assets in our investment portfolio may reduce our earnings and book value.
A decline in the market value of our interest-bearing assets may adversely affect us, particularly in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. If the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan, which would reduce our liquidity and limit our ability to leverage our assets. In addition, if we are, or anticipate being, unable to post the additional collateral, we may have to sell the assets at a time when we might not otherwise choose to do so. In the event that we do not have sufficient liquidity to meet such requirements, lending institutions may accelerate indebtedness, increase interest rates and terminate or make more difficult our ability to borrow, any of which could result in a rapid deterioration of our financial condition and cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Moreover, if we liquidate the assets at prices lower than the amortized cost of such assets, we will incur realized losses.
The market values of our investments may also decline without any general change in interest rates or in combination with a change in interest rates for a number of reasons, such as increases in defaults, actual or perceived increases in voluntary prepayments for those investments that we have that are subject to prepayment risk, a reduction in the liquidity of the assets and markets generally and widening of credit spreads, adverse legislation or regulatory developments and adverse global, national, regional or local economic, market or geopolitical conditions and developments including those relating to pandemics and other health crises and natural disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic or the market disruption related to the 2008 financial crisis. If the market values of our investments were to decline for any reason, the value of your investment could also decline.
Our efforts to manage credit risks may fail.
As of December 31, 2022, 100% of our total investment portfolio was comprised of what we refer to as "credit assets." Despite our efforts to manage credit risk, there are many aspects of credit risk that we cannot control. Our credit policies and procedures may not be successful in limiting future delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures or losses, particularly in relation to declining economic conditions or significant market disruptions, or they may not be cost effective. Our underwriting process, due diligence efforts or hedging strategies, if any, may not be effective or sufficient. Loan servicing companies or our operating partners may not cooperate with our loss mitigation efforts or those efforts may be ineffective. Service providers to securitizations, such as trustees, loan servicers, bond insurance providers, and custodians, as well as our operating partners and their property managers, may not perform in a manner that promotes our interests. Delay of foreclosures could delay resolution and increase ultimate loss severities, as a result.
The value of the properties we own interests in or that are collateralizing or underlying the loans, securities or interests we own may decline, particularly if we experience a significant or prolonged economic downturn and/or interest rates rise. The frequency of default and the loss severity on our assets upon default may be greater than we anticipate or price into the assets at acquisition. Credit sensitive assets that are partially collateralized by non-real estate assets may have increased risks and severity of loss. If property securing or underlying loans or other investments becomes real estate owned as a result of foreclosure, we bear the risk of not being able to sell the property and recovering our investment and of being exposed to the risks attendant to the ownership of real property.
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If our estimates of the loss-adjusted yields of our investments in credit sensitive assets prove inaccurate, we may experience losses.
We expect to value our investments in many credit sensitive assets based on loss-adjusted yields taking into account estimated future losses on the loans or other assets that we are investing in directly or that underlie securities owned by us, and the estimated impact of these losses on expected future cash flows. Our loss estimates may not prove accurate, as actual results may vary from our estimates. In the event that we underestimate the losses relative to the price we pay for a particular investment, we may experience material losses with respect to such investment.
An increase in interest rates may cause a decrease in the availability of certain of our targeted assets and could cause our interest expense to increase, which could materially adversely affect our ability to acquire targeted assets that satisfy our investment objectives, our earnings and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Rising interest rates, which we experienced throughout much of 2022, generally reduce economic activity, which, in turn, generally reduces the demand for mortgage loans due to the higher cost of borrowing and new construction redevelopment or renovation. A reduction in the volume of mortgage loans originated or in new construction, redevelopment or renovation of multi-family properties may affect the volume of targeted assets available to us, which could adversely affect our ability to acquire assets that satisfy our investment and business objectives. We also expect that rising interest rates will cause our targeted assets that were issued, originated or acquired prior to an interest rate increase to experience a decline in their fair value or provide yields that are below prevailing market interest rates. If rising interest rates or interest rate volatility cause us to be unable to acquire a sufficient volume of our targeted assets with a yield that is sufficiently above our borrowing cost, our ability to satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and make distributions to our stockholders will be materially and adversely affected.
In addition, a portion of the RMBS and residential loans we invest in may be comprised of ARMs that are subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps. Periodic interest rate caps limit the amount an interest rate can increase during any given period. Lifetime interest rate caps limit the amount an interest rate can increase over the life of the security or loan. Our borrowings typically are not subject to similar restrictions. Accordingly, in a period of rapidly increasing interest rates, the interest rates paid on our borrowings could increase without limitation while interest rate caps could limit the interest rates on our securities backed by ARMs or residential loans comprised of ARMs in our portfolio. This problem is magnified for securities backed by or residential loans comprised of ARMs and hybrid ARMs that are not fully indexed. Further, certain securities backed by or residential mortgage loans comprised of ARMs and hybrid ARMs may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in a portion of the interest being deferred and added to the principal outstanding. As a result, the payments we receive on securities backed by or residential mortgage loans comprised of ARMs and hybrid ARMs may be lower than the related debt service costs. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Interest rate fluctuations will also cause variances in the yield curve, which may reduce our net income. The relationship between short-term and longer-term interest rates is often referred to as the “yield curve.” If short-term interest rates rise disproportionately relative to longer-term interest rates (a flattening of the yield curve), our borrowing costs may increase more rapidly than the interest income earned on our interest-earning assets. Additionally, to the extent cash flows from investments that return scheduled and unscheduled principal are reinvested, the spread between the yields of the new investments and available borrowing rates may decline, which would likely decrease our net income. It is also possible that short-term interest rates may exceed longer-term interest rates (a yield curve inversion), as occurred most recently during 2022, in which event our borrowing costs may exceed our interest income and we could incur significant operating losses.
Interest rate mismatches between the interest-earning assets held in our investment portfolio and the borrowings used to fund the purchases of those assets may reduce our net income or result in a loss during periods of changing interest rates.
A significant portion of the assets held in our investment portfolio have a fixed coupon rate, generally for a significant period, and in some cases, for the average maturity of the asset. At the same time, certain of our borrowings provide for a payment reset period of as short as 30 days. In addition, the average maturity of our borrowings generally will be shorter than the average maturity of the assets currently in our portfolio and certain other targeted assets in which we seek to invest. We have used swap agreements in the past and currently use interest rate caps as a means for attempting to fix the cost of certain of our liabilities over a period of time; however, these agreements would not be sufficient to match the cost of all our liabilities against all of our investments. In the event we experience unexpectedly high or low prepayment rates on the assets in our portfolio, our strategy for matching our assets with our liabilities is more likely to be unsuccessful which may result in reduced earnings or losses and reduced cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
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Our portfolio of assets may at times be concentrated in certain asset types or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of real estate sectors or geographic areas, which increases, with respect to those asset types, property types or geographic locations, our exposure to economic downturns and risks associated with the real estate and lending industries in general.
We are not required to observe any specific diversification criteria. As a result, our portfolio of assets may, at times, be concentrated in certain asset types that are subject to higher risk of delinquency, default or foreclosure, or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of real estate sectors or geographic locations, which increases, with respect to those sectors or geographic locations, our exposure to economic downturns and risks associated with the real estate and lending industries in general, thereby increasing the risk of loss and the magnitude of potential losses to us and our stockholders if one or more of these asset or property types perform poorly or the states or regions in which these properties are located are negatively impacted.
As of December 31, 2022, approximately 17.4% of our total investment portfolio represented direct or indirect investments in multi-family properties. Moreover, as of December 31, 2022, 33.8%, 17.7% and 13.9% of the outstanding balance of our Mezzanine Lending investments were made on properties located in Florida, Texas and Alabama, respectively, and 42.9%, 28.7% and 10.1% of our joint venture equity investments owned multi-family properties located in Florida, Texas and Alabama, respectively. Our direct and indirect investments in multi-family properties are subject to the ability of the property owner to generate net income from operating the property, which is impacted by numerous factors and developments, including many risks that affect real estate generally. See “-Our investments in multi-family properties are subject to the ability of the property owner to generate net income from operating the property as well as the risks of delinquency, default and foreclosure” and “-Our business is subject to risks particular to the real property and real estate-related assets.” To the extent any of these factors materially adversely impact the multi-family property sector or the geographic regions in which we invest, the market values of our multi-family assets and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
Similarly, as of December 31, 2022, approximately 78.0% of our total investment portfolio was comprised of residential loans and non-Agency RMBS. Moreover, as of December 31, 2022, significant portions of the properties that secure our residential loans, including loans that secure Consolidated SLST, were concentrated in California, Florida, Texas, New York and New Jersey among other states. California is particularly susceptible to wildfire risk while Florida and Texas are susceptible to hurricane, wind and flood risks. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in any region, or by type of asset or real estate sector, downturns or developments relating generally to such region, type of borrower, asset or sector may result in defaults or losses on a number of our assets within a short time period, which may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. See “-Our business is subject to risks particular to real property and real estate-related assets.”
Residential loans are subject to increased risks of loss.
We acquire and manage residential loans, including performing, re-performing, non-performing and business purpose loans and loans that may not meet or conform to the underwriting standards of any GSE. Residential loans are subject to increased risks of loss. Unlike Agency RMBS, the residential loans we invest in generally are not guaranteed by the federal government or any GSE. Additionally, by directly acquiring residential loans, we do not receive the structural credit enhancements that benefit senior securities of RMBS. A residential loan is directly exposed to losses resulting from default. Therefore, the value of the underlying property, the creditworthiness and financial position of the borrower and the priority and enforceability of the lien will significantly impact the value of such mortgage. In the event of a foreclosure, we may assume direct ownership of the underlying real estate. The liquidation proceeds upon sale of such real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, and any costs or delays involved in the foreclosure or liquidation process may increase losses.
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Many of the loans we own or seek to acquire have been purchased by us at a discount to par value. These residential loans sell at a discount because they generally constitute riskier investments than those selling at or above par value. The residential loans we invest in may be distressed or purchased at a discount because a borrower may have defaulted thereupon, because the borrower is or has been in the past delinquent on paying all or a portion of his obligation under the loan, because the loan may otherwise contain credit quality that is considered to be poor, because of errors by the originator in the loan origination underwriting process or because the loan documentation fails to meet certain standards. In addition, non-performing or sub-performing loans may require a substantial amount of workout negotiations and/or restructuring, which may divert the attention of our management team from other activities and entail, among other things, a substantial reduction in the interest rate, capitalization of interest payments, and a substantial write-down of the principal of the loan. However, even if such restructuring were successfully accomplished, a risk exists that the borrower will not be able or willing to maintain the restructured payments or refinance the restructured mortgage upon maturity. Although we typically expect to receive less than the principal amount or face value of the residential loans that we purchase, the return that we in fact receive thereupon may be less than our investment in such loans due to the failure of the loans to perform or reperform. An economic downturn would exacerbate the risks of the recovery of the full value of the loan or the cost of our investment therein.
Finally, residential loans are also subject to "special hazard" risk (property damage caused by hazards, such as earthquakes or environmental hazards, not covered by standard property insurance policies), and to bankruptcy risk (reduction in a borrower's mortgage debt by a bankruptcy court). In addition, claims may be asserted against us on account of our position as a mortgage holder or property owner, including assignee liability, responsibility for tax payments, environmental hazards and other liabilities. In some cases, these liabilities may be "recourse liabilities" or may otherwise lead to losses in excess of the purchase price of the related mortgage or property.
Our portfolio of business purpose loans exposes us to new and different risks from our traditional investments in residential mortgage loans.
As of December 31, 2022, approximately 40.3% of the asset value of our total investment portfolio is comprised of business purpose loans. Business purpose loans refer to (i) short-term loans with terms of generally twelve to 24 months that are collateralized by residential properties and are made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the residential property for a profit, which we refer to as “business purpose bridge loans,” and (ii) loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants, which we refer to as “business purpose rental loans”. Business purpose loans are directly exposed to losses resulting from default and foreclosure. Therefore, the value of the underlying property, the creditworthiness and financial position of the borrower and the priority and enforceability of the lien will significantly impact the value of such mortgages. Whether or not a loan is originated in accordance with our underwriting standards for such loans, there can be no assurance as to the adequacy of the protection of the terms of the loan, including the validity or enforceability of the loan and the maintenance of the anticipated priority and perfection of the applicable security interests. Furthermore, claims may be asserted that might interfere with enforcement of our rights. In the event of a foreclosure, we may assume direct ownership of the underlying real estate. The liquidation proceeds upon sale of such real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, resulting in a loss to us. Moreover, in the case of business purpose loans made to a borrower who then rents the property to a tenant, local, state or federal government eviction proceeding requirements may delay foreclosure or liquidation proceedings or cause us to incur additional expense. Any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure of the loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the proceeds and thus increase the loss.
Business purpose loans we own are subject to similar risks as those described above with respect to residential mortgage loans, to the extent business purpose loan borrowers do not timely remit payments of principal and interest relating to their mortgage loans. In addition, if tenants who rent their residence from a multifamily or business purpose loan borrower are unable to make rental payments, are unwilling to make rental payments, or a waiver of the requirement to make rental payments on a timely basis, or at all, is available under the terms of any applicable forbearance or waiver agreement or program (which rental payment forbearance or waiver program may be available as a result of a government-sponsored or -imposed program or under any such agreement or program a landlord may otherwise offer to tenants), then the value of business purpose loans we own will likely be impaired, which would negatively impact our business.
A portion of our business purpose loan portfolio currently is, and in the future may be, delinquent and subject to increased risks of credit loss for a variety of reasons, including, without limitation, because the underlying property is too highly-leveraged or the borrower experiences financial distress. Indeed, loans similar to business purpose bridge loans performed poorly during the 2008 financial crisis due, in large part, to high leverage and borrower distress and it is likely these types of loans may perform poorly in an economic downturn or in an environment of decreasing real estate prices. Delinquent loans may require a substantial amount of workout negotiations or restructuring, which may entail, among other things, a reduction in the interest rate or capitalization of past due interest. However, even if restructurings are successfully accomplished, risks still exist that borrowers will not be able or willing to maintain the restructured payments or refinance the restructured mortgage upon maturity.
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If restructuring is not successful, we may find it necessary to foreclose on the underlying property, and the foreclosure process may be lengthy and expensive, including out-of-pocket costs and increased use of our internal resources. Borrowers may resist mortgage foreclosure actions by asserting numerous claims, counterclaims and defenses against us including, without limitation, numerous lender liability claims and defenses, even when such assertions may have no basis in fact, in an effort to prolong the foreclosure action and exert negotiating pressure on us to agree to a modification of the loan or a favorable buy-out of the borrower’s position. In some states, foreclosure actions can sometimes take several years or more to litigate. Foreclosure may create a negative public perception of the related mortgaged property, resulting in a decrease in its value. Even if we are successful in foreclosing on a loan, the liquidation proceeds upon sale of the underlying real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, resulting in a loss to us. Furthermore, any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure of the loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the proceeds and thus increase the loss. Any such reductions could materially and adversely affect the value of the loan and could, in aggregate, have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, business purpose bridge loans on properties in transition may involve a greater risk of loss than traditional mortgage loans and this risk may be heightened during periods of rising interest rates or declining home values. This type of loan is typically used for acquiring and rehabilitating or improving the quality of single-family residential investment properties and generally serves as an interim financing solution for borrowers and/or properties prior to the borrower selling the property or stabilizing the property and obtaining long-term permanent financing. The typical borrower of these business purpose bridge loans has often identified an undervalued asset that has been under-managed or is located in a recovering market. If the market in which the asset is located experiences a downturn or fails to improve according to the borrower’s projections, or if the borrower fails to improve the quality of the asset’s management or the value of the asset or the borrower's expenses exceed expectations due to rising costs, rising interest rates or otherwise without a corresponding increase in asset value or income to be derived from the property, the borrower may not receive a sufficient return on the asset to satisfy the transitional loan, and we bear the risk that we may not recover some or all of our investment. In addition, borrowers often use the proceeds of a conventional mortgage to repay a business purpose bridge loan. Business purpose bridge loans therefore are subject to risk of a borrower’s inability to obtain permanent financing to repay the loan. Business purpose bridge loans are also subject to risks of borrower defaults, bankruptcies, fraud, and other losses. In the event of any default under business purpose bridge loans that may be held by us, we bear the risk of loss of principal and non-payment of interest and fees to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the mortgage collateral and the principal amount and unpaid interest of the transitional loan. To the extent we suffer such losses with respect to these loans, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Our investments may include subordinated tranches of CMBS, RMBS and ABS, which are subordinate in right of payment to more senior securities and have greater risk of loss than other investments.
Our investments include or may include subordinated tranches of CMBS, RMBS and ABS, which are subordinated classes of securities in a structure of securities collateralized by a pool of assets consisting primarily of multi-family or other commercial mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans and auto loans, respectively. Accordingly, the subordinated tranches of securities that we own and invest in, such as certain non-Agency RMBS and ABS, are the first or among the first to bear the loss upon a restructuring or liquidation of the underlying collateral and the last to receive payment of interest and principal. Additionally, estimated fair values of these subordinated interests tend to be more sensitive to changes in economic conditions and increases in defaults, delinquencies and losses than more senior securities. Moreover, subordinated interests generally are not actively traded and may not provide holders thereof with a liquid investment, particularly during periods of market disruption. Numerous factors may affect an issuing entity’s ability to repay or fulfill its payment obligations on its subordinated securities, including, without limitation, the failure to meet its business plan, a downturn in its industry, rising interest rates, negative economic conditions or risks particular to real property. As of December 31, 2022, our portfolio included approximately $185.4 million of subordinated, first loss non-Agency RMBS and $0.9 million of first loss ABS. In the event any of these factors cause the securitization entities in which we own subordinated securities to experience losses, the market value of our assets, our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders may be materially adversely affected.
Prepayment rates can change, adversely affecting the performance of our assets.
The frequency at which prepayments (including both voluntary prepayments by the borrowers and liquidations due to defaults and foreclosures) occur on the residential loans we own and those that underlie our RMBS and some of the multi-family real estate investments and loans we originate or acquire is difficult to predict and is affected by a variety of factors, including the prevailing level of interest rates as well as economic, demographic, tax, social, legal, legislative and other factors. Generally, borrowers tend to prepay their mortgages when prevailing mortgage rates fall below the interest rates on their mortgage loans.
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In general, “premium” assets (assets whose market values exceed their principal or par amounts) are adversely affected by faster-than-anticipated prepayments because the above-market coupon that such premium assets carry will be earned for a shorter period of time. Generally, “discount” assets (assets whose principal or par amounts exceed their market values) are adversely affected by slower-than-anticipated prepayments. Because our portfolio is comprised of both discount assets and premium assets, our portfolio may be adversely affected by changes in prepayments in any interest rate environment. Although we estimate prepayment rates to determine the effective yield of our assets and valuations, these estimates are not precise and prepayment rates do not necessarily change in a predictable manner as a function of interest rate changes.
The adverse effects of prepayments may impact us in various ways. First, certain investments, such as IOs, may experience outright losses in an environment of faster actual or anticipated prepayments. Second, particular investments may under-perform relative to any hedges that we may have constructed for these assets, resulting in a loss to us. In particular, prepayments (at par) may limit the potential upside of many RMBS to their principal or par amounts, whereas their corresponding hedges often have the potential for unlimited loss. Furthermore, to the extent that faster prepayment rates are due to lower interest rates, the principal payments received from prepayments will tend to be reinvested in lower-yielding assets, which may reduce our income in the long run. Therefore, if actual prepayment rates differ from anticipated prepayment rates, our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be materially adversely affected.
Some of the multi-family real estate investments and loans we may originate or that underlie our CMBS may allow the borrower to make prepayments without incurring a prepayment penalty and some may include provisions allowing the borrower or operating partner to extend the term of the loan or instrument beyond the originally scheduled maturity. Because the decision to prepay or extend such a multi-family loan or instrument is typically controlled by the borrower, we may not accurately anticipate the timing of these events, which could affect the earnings and cash flows we anticipate and could impact our ability to finance these assets.
We have experienced and may experience in the future increased volatility in our GAAP results of operations as we have elected fair value option for the majority of our investments.
We have elected the fair value option accounting model for the majority of our investments. Changes in the fair value of assets, and a portion of the changes in the fair value of liabilities, accounted for using the fair value option are recorded in our consolidated statements of operations each period, which may result in volatility in our financial results. There can be no assurance that such volatility in periodic financial results will not occur during 2022 or in future periods.
In connection with our operating and investment activity, we rely on third-party service providers to perform a variety of services, comply with applicable laws and regulations, and carry out contractual covenants and terms, the failure of which by any of these third-party service providers may adversely impact our business and financial results.
In connection with our business of acquiring and holding loans, engaging in securitization transactions, and investing in CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and ABS, we rely on third-party service providers, principally loan servicers, to perform a variety of services, comply with applicable laws and regulations, and carry out contractual covenants and terms. For example, we rely on the mortgage servicers who service the mortgage loans we purchase as well as the loans underlying our CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and ABS to, among other things, collect principal and interest payments on such loans and perform loss mitigation services, such as workouts, modifications, refinancings, foreclosures, short sales and sales of foreclosed property. Both default frequency and default severity of loans may depend upon the quality of the servicer. If a servicer is not vigilant in encouraging the borrowers to make their monthly payments, the borrowers may be far less likely to make these payments, which could result in a higher frequency of default. If a servicer takes longer to liquidate non-performing assets, loss severities may be higher than originally anticipated. Higher loss severity may also be caused by less competent dispositions of real estate owned properties. Finally, in the case of the CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and ABS in which we invest, we may have no or limited rights to prevent the servicer of the underlying loans from taking actions that are adverse to our interests.
Mortgage servicers and other service providers, such as our trustees, bond insurance providers, due diligence vendors, and document custodians, may fail to perform or otherwise not perform in a manner that promotes our interests. For example, any loan modification legislation or regulatory action currently in effect or enacted in the future may incentivize mortgage loan servicers to pursue such loan modifications and other actions that may not be in the best interests of the beneficial owners of the mortgage loans. As a result, we are subject to the risks associated with a third party’s failure to perform, including failure to perform due to reasons such as fraud, negligence, errors, miscalculations, or insolvency.
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In the ordinary course of business, our loan servicers and other service providers are subject to numerous legal requirements and proceedings, federal, state or local governmental examinations, investigations or enforcement actions, which could adversely affect their reputation, business, liquidity, financial position and results of operations. Residential mortgage servicers, in particular, have experienced heightened regulatory scrutiny and enforcement actions, and our mortgage servicers could be adversely affected by the market’s perception that they could experience, or continue to experience, regulatory issues. Regardless of the merits of any such claim, proceeding or inquiry, defending any such claims, proceedings or inquiries may be time consuming and costly and may divert the mortgage servicer’s resources, time and attention from servicing our mortgage loans or related assets and performing as expected. In addition, it is possible that regulators or other governmental entities or parties impacted by the actions of our mortgage servicers could seek enforcement or legal actions against us, as the beneficial owner of the loans or other assets, and responding to such claims, and any related losses, could negatively impact our business.
Any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure or liquidation of the underlying property of the residential loans we own may further reduce proceeds from the property and may increase our loss.
We may find it necessary or desirable from time to time to foreclose on some of the residential mortgage loans we acquire and the foreclosure process may be lengthy and expensive. Borrowers may resist mortgage foreclosure actions by asserting numerous claims, counterclaims and defenses against us including, without limitation, numerous lender liability claims and defenses, even when such assertions may have no basis in fact, in an effort to prolong the foreclosure action and force us into a modification of the loan or a favorable buy-out of the borrower’s position. In some states, foreclosure actions can sometimes take several years or more to litigate. Moreover, during the COVID-19 pandemic, actions were taken by federal, state and local governments and regulators to make foreclosure more difficult, and in some cases, unavailable.
At any time prior to or during the foreclosure proceedings, the borrower may file for bankruptcy, which would have the effect of staying the foreclosure actions and further delaying the foreclosure process. Foreclosure may create a negative public perception of the related mortgaged property, resulting in a decrease in its value. Even if we are successful in foreclosing on a mortgage loan, the liquidation proceeds upon sale of the underlying real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, resulting in a loss to us. Furthermore, any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure of the loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the proceeds and thus increase the loss. Any such reductions could materially and adversely affect the value of the residential loans in which we invest and, therefore, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Our preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments involve greater risks of loss than more senior loans secured by income-producing properties.
We own and originate mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. We also own and make preferred equity investments in entities that own property. These types of assets involve a higher degree of risk than senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property, because the loan may become unsecured or our equity investment may be effectively extinguished as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In addition, mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments are often used to achieve a very high leverage on large commercial projects, resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the risk of loss of principal or investment. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan or preferred equity investment will be satisfied only after the senior debt, in the case of a mezzanine loan, or all senior and subordinated debt, in the case of a preferred equity investment, is paid in full. Where senior debt exists, the presence of intercreditor arrangements, which in this case are arrangements between the lender of the senior loan and the mezzanine lender or preferred equity investor that stipulate the rights and obligations of the parties, may limit our ability to amend our loan documents, assign our loans, accept prepayments, exercise our remedies or control decisions made in bankruptcy proceedings relating to borrowers or preferred equity investors. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investment, which could result in significant losses.
Our investments in multi-family properties are subject to the ability of the property owner to generate net income from operating the property as well as the risks of delinquency, default and foreclosure.
Our investments in multi-family properties are subject to risks of delinquency, default and foreclosure on the properties that underlie or back these investments, and risk of loss that may be greater than similar risks associated with loans made on the security of a single-family residential property. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan or obligation secured by, and the return on an equity interest in an entity that owns, an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property. If the net operating income of the subject property is reduced, the borrower's ability to repay the loan, on a timely basis or at all, or our ability to receive adequate returns on our investment, may be impaired. Similarly, the single-family rental properties we own are subject to the risk that the tenant will be unable to pay rent timely or at all. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be adversely affected by, among other things:
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•tenant mix;
•the performance, actions and decisions of operating partners and the property managers we or they engage in the day-to-day management and maintenance of the property;
•property location, condition, and design;
•competition, including new construction or rehabilitation of competitive properties;
•a surge in homeownership rates;
•changes in laws that increase operating expenses or limit rents that may be charged;
•changes in specific industry segments, including the labor, credit and securitization markets;
•declines in regional or local real estate values or economic conditions;
•declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates;
•increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates, construction costs, energy costs and other operating expenses;
•costs of remediation and liabilities associated with environmental conditions;
•the potential for uninsured or underinsured property losses; and
•the risks particular to real property, including those described in “-Our business is subject to risks particular to real property and real estate-related assets.”
In the event of any default under a loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the outstanding principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, and any such losses could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Similarly, the CMBS, mezzanine loan and preferred and joint venture equity investments we own may be adversely affected by a default on any of the loans or other instruments that underlie those securities or that are secured by the related property. See “- Our investments may include subordinated tranches of CMBS, RMBS and ABS, which are subordinate in right of payment to more senior securities and have greater risk of loss than other investments.”
In the event of the bankruptcy of a commercial mortgage loan borrower, the commercial mortgage loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the commercial mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law. Foreclosure of a commercial mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Actions of our operating partners could subject us to liabilities in excess of those contemplated or prevent us from taking actions that are in the best interests of our stockholders, which could result in lower investment returns to our stockholders.
We make mezzanine loans to and preferred equity investments in owners of multi-family properties as part of our investment strategy and presently own joint venture equity investments in owners of multi-family properties. We consider such owners to be our operating partners with respect to the acquisition, improvement or financing of the underlying properties, as the case may be. We may also make indirect investments in properties through other arrangements. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present when acquiring real estate directly, including, for example:
•operating partners may share certain approval rights over major decisions;
•our operating partners may have economic or business interests or goals that are or become inconsistent with our business interests or goals, including inconsistent goals relating to the sale of properties held in the joint venture or the timing of termination or liquidation of the joint venture;
•we may be limited in our ability to dispose of or refinance properties on a timely basis without financial penalty or at all;
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•our operating partner in a property might become insolvent, bankrupt or otherwise refuse or be unable to meet its obligations to us or the venture (including its obligation to make capital contributions or property distributions when due);
•we may incur liabilities as a result of an action taken by one of our operating partners;
•one of our operating partners may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives, including our policy with respect to maintaining our qualification as a REIT;
•disputes between us and our operating partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business, which may subject the properties owned by the applicable joint venture to additional risk;
•our operating partners obtain blanket property casualty and business interruption insurance insuring properties we own jointly and other properties in which we have no ownership interest and as a result, claims or losses with respect to properties owned by our operating partners but in which we have no interest could significantly reduce or eliminate the insurance available to properties in which we have an interest;
•our operating partners may not perform their property oversight responsibilities;
•under certain of our arrangements, neither partner may have control, and an impasse could be reached, which might have a negative influence on our investment; and
•we rely on our operating partners to provide us with accurate financial information regarding the performance of the properties underlying our preferred equity, mezzanine loan and joint venture investments on a timely basis to enable us to satisfy our annual, quarterly and periodic reporting obligations under the Exchange Act and our operating partners and the entities in which we invest may have inadequate internal controls or procedures that could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and other requirements under the federal securities laws.
Actions by one of our operating partners or one of the property managers of the multi-family properties in which we invest, which are generally out of our control, might subject us to liabilities in excess of those contemplated and thus reduce our investment returns. If we have a right of first refusal or buy/sell right to buy out an operating partner, we may be unable to finance such a buy-out if it becomes exercisable or we may be required to purchase such interest at a time when it would not otherwise be in our best interest to do so. If our interest is subject to a buy/sell right, we may not have sufficient cash, available borrowing capacity or other capital resources to allow us to elect to purchase the interest of our operating partner that is subject to the buy/sell right, in which case we may be forced to sell our interest as the result of the exercise of such right when we would otherwise prefer to keep our interest. Pursuant to the operating agreement for one of our joint venture investments, s third party investors have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us at their election once a year subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations and we are obligated to purchase such interests for cash. We may not have sufficient cash, available borrowing capacity or other capital resources to allow us to finance the purchase of such interests, which may cause us to breach our obligations under the operating agreement, or we may be required to purchase such interest at a time when it would not otherwise be in our best interest to do so. Finally, we may not be able to sell our interest in a venture if we desire to exit the venture without our operating partner's consent.
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The proposed disposition of our portfolio of joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties is subject to a number of risks, including the risk that we may be unable to complete the sale of our joint venture equity portfolio on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
In September 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a strategic repositioning of our business pursuant to which we will opportunistically dispose of our joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties over time and, following disposition, we will reallocate the capital associated with such assets to our targeted assets. As a result, we are considering various opportunities to monetize our multi-family joint venture equity investments. As of December 31, 2022, we held $388.8 million in joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties, representing approximately 10.2% of our total investment portfolio. To date, we have disposed of one multi-family property under this disposition strategy. Although we intend to acquire additional targeted assets with the proceeds from the sale of our joint venture equity interests, we face significant competition for acquisition of our targeted assets and we may not be able or have the opportunity to make suitable investments on favorable terms. We can provide no assurances regarding the timing or pricing of the sales of our joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties, or that such sales will occur at all. If we cannot sell these joint venture equity interests in a timely manner and/or on terms acceptable to us, we may have less flexibility to rotate into more preferred asset classes, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Our business is subject to risks particular to real property and real estate-related assets.
We own assets secured or backed by, or closely connected to, real estate, and to a lesser extent real estate assets, and expect in the future to continue to acquire, own and manage these assets. Real estate and real estate-related assets are subject to various risks, including:
•acts of God, including earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and other natural disasters, which may result in uninsured losses;
•acts of domestic or international war or terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances, including the consequences thereof, such as materially negative impacts on U.S. economic and market conditions;
•adverse changes in global, national, regional and local economic and market conditions, including those relating to pandemics and health crises, ;
•changes in federal, state or local governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies, zoning ordinances and environmental legislation and the related costs of compliance with federal, state or local laws and regulations, fiscal policies and ordinances; and
•adverse developments or conditions resulting from or associated with climate change.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing or similar events may result in damage to or destruction of the underlying assets and may materially adversely affect the financial, capital, credit and/or real estate markets in which we operate, generally, or real estate or rental markets more locally, any of which could reduce the returns on, or fair values of, our assets or impair our ability to finance our business on favorable terms or at all. Consequently, the occurrence of any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
To the extent that due diligence is conducted as part of our acquisition or underwriting process, such due diligence may be limited, may not reveal all of the risks associated with such assets and may not reveal other weaknesses in such assets, which could lead to material losses.
As part of our acquisition or underwriting process for certain assets, including, without limitation, residential loans, direct and indirect multi-family property investments, CMBS, non-Agency RMBS, ABS or other mortgage-, residential housing- or other credit-related assets, we may conduct (either directly or using third parties) certain due diligence. Such due diligence may include (i) an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the asset’s or underlying asset's credit profile, (ii) a review of all or merely a subset of the documentation related to the asset or underlying asset or (iii) other reviews that we may deem appropriate to conduct. There can be no assurance that we will conduct any specific level of due diligence, or that, among other things, the due diligence process will uncover all relevant facts, the materials provided to us or that we review will be accurate and complete or that any purchase will be successful, which could result in losses on these assets, which, in turn, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
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The lack of liquidity in certain of our assets may adversely affect our business.
Many of the assets we own or acquire may be subject to legal, contractual and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. For example, certain of our assets may be securitized and are held in a securitization trust and may not be sold or transferred until the note issued by the securitization trust matures or is repaid. Moreover, because many of our assets are subordinated to more senior securities or loans or depend on the ability of a borrower, tenant or operating partner to meet their contractual obligations, any potential buyer of those assets may request to conduct due diligence on those assets, which may delay the sale or transfer of those assets. The illiquidity of certain of our assets may make it difficult for us to sell such assets on a timely basis or at all if the need or desire arises. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded our assets, as was the case in March 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic caused significant turmoil in our markets. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The use of models in connection with the valuation of our assets subjects us to potential risks in the event that such models are incorrect, misleading or based on incomplete information.
As part of our risk management process, models may be used to evaluate, depending on the asset class, house price appreciation and depreciation by county or region, prepayment speeds and frequency, cost and timing of foreclosures, as well as other factors. Certain assumptions used as inputs to the models may be based on historical trends. These trends may not be indicative of future results. Furthermore, the assumptions underlying the models may prove to be inaccurate, causing the model output also to be incorrect. In the event models and data prove to be incorrect, misleading or incomplete, any decisions made in reliance thereon expose us to potential risks. For example, by relying on incorrect models and data, we may buy certain assets at prices that are too high, sell certain assets at prices that are too low or miss favorable opportunities altogether, which could have a material adverse impact on our business and growth prospects.
Valuations of some of our assets are subject to inherent uncertainty, may be based on estimates, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may differ from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these assets existed.
While the determination of the fair value of our investment assets generally takes into consideration valuations provided by third-party dealers and pricing services, the final determination of exit price fair values for our investment assets is based on our judgment, and such valuations may differ from those provided by third-party dealers and pricing services. Valuations of certain assets may be difficult to obtain or may not be reliable (particularly as related to residential loans, as discussed below). In general, dealers and pricing services heavily disclaim their valuations as such valuations are not intended to be binding bid prices. Additionally, dealers may claim to furnish valuations only as an accommodation and without special compensation, and so they may disclaim any and all liability arising out of any inaccuracy or incompleteness in valuations. Depending on the complexity and illiquidity of an asset, valuations of the same asset can vary substantially from one dealer or pricing service to another. Our results of operations, financial condition and business could be materially adversely affected if our fair value determinations of these assets are materially higher than could actually be realized in the market.
Our investments in residential loans are difficult to value and are dependent upon the borrower’s ability to service or refinance their debt. The inability of the borrower to do so could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations.
The difficulty in valuation is particularly significant with respect to our less liquid investments such as our re-performing loans (or RPLs) and non-performing loans (or NPLs). RPLs are loans on which a borrower was previously delinquent but has resumed repaying. Our ability to sell RPLs for a profit depends on the borrower continuing to make payments. An RPL could become a NPL, which could reduce our earnings. Our investments in residential whole loans may require us to engage in workout negotiations, restructuring and/or the possibility of foreclosure. These processes may be lengthy and expensive. If we foreclose on underlying properties, we, through a designated servicer that we retain, will have to manage these properties and may not be able to sell them.
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We may work with our third-party servicers and seek to help a borrower to refinance an NPL or RPL to realize greater value from such loan. However, there may be impediments to executing a refinancing strategy for NPLs and RPLs. For example, a number of mortgage lenders have adjusted their loan programs and underwriting standards, which has reduced the availability of mortgage credit to prospective borrowers. This has resulted in reduced availability of financing alternatives for borrowers seeking to refinance their mortgage loans. In addition, the value of some borrowers’ homes may decline below the amount of the mortgage loans on such homes resulting in higher loan-to-value ratios, which may leave the borrowers with insufficient equity in their homes to permit them to refinance. With prevailing mortgage interest rates having risen in a meaningful way from their recent low levels, these risks may be exacerbated. The effect of the above would likely serve to make the refinancing of NPLs and RPLs potentially more difficult and less profitable for us.
Competition may prevent us from acquiring assets on favorable terms or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities. Our net income largely depends on our ability to acquire our targeted assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring our targeted assets, we compete with other REITs, investment banking firms, savings and loan associations, banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, private investors, lenders and other entities that purchase mortgage-related assets, many of which have greater financial resources than us. Greater demand for the assets we target for investment tends to increase prices and reduce the estimated yield on the asset. Additionally, many of our potential competitors are not subject to REIT tax compliance or required to maintain an exclusion from the Investment Company Act. During much of 2021, increased demand for the assets we target resulted in reduced levels of investment by us which negatively impacted our net earnings during those periods. As in the recent past, we may not in the future be able to acquire sufficient quantities of our targeted assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Maintaining cybersecurity and data security is important to our business and a breach of our cybersecurity or data security could result in serious harm to our reputation and have a material adverse impact on our business and financial results.
When we acquire residential loans or make investments in multi-family or single-family rental properties, we may come into possession of borrower non-public personal information that an identity thief could utilize in engaging in fraudulent activity or theft. We may share this information with third parties, such as loan sub-servicers, property managers, outside vendors, third parties interested in acquiring such loans from us, or lenders extending credit to us collateralized by such loans.
While we have security measures in place to protect this information and prevent security breaches, these security measures may be compromised as a result of third-party action, including intentional misconduct by computer hackers, cyber-attacks, “phishing” attacks, service provider or vendor error, or malfeasance or other intentional or unintentional acts by third parties and bad actors, including third-party service providers. Furthermore, borrower data, including personally identifiable information, may be lost, exposed, or subject to unauthorized access or use as a result of accidents, errors, or malfeasance by our employees, independent contractors, or others working with us or on our behalf. Our servers and systems, and those of our service providers, operating partners and the companies in which we invest from time to time, may be vulnerable to computer malware, break-ins, denial-of-service attacks, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems, which could result in someone obtaining unauthorized access to borrowers’ data or our data, including other confidential business information. We have further developed and enhanced our cybersecurity systems and processes that are intended to protect this type of data and information; however, they may not be effective in preventing unauthorized access in the future and such unauthorized access could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period.
We may be liable for losses suffered by individuals whose identities are stolen as a result of a breach of the security of the systems that we or third-parties, operating partners, companies in which we invest and service providers of ours store this information on, and any such liability could be material. Even if we are not liable for such losses, any breach of these systems could expose us to material costs in notifying affected individuals and providing credit monitoring services to them, as well as regulatory fines or penalties. In addition, any breach of these systems could disrupt our normal business operations and expose us to reputational damage and lost business, revenues, and profits. Any insurance we maintain against the risk of this type of loss may not be sufficient to cover actual losses, or may not apply to the circumstances relating to any particular breach.
Security breaches could also significantly damage our reputation with existing and prospective business partners, borrowers, and third parties with whom we do business. Any publicized security problems affecting our businesses and/or those of such third parties may negatively impact the market perception of our products and discourage market participants from doing business with us. These risks may increase in the future as we continue to increase our reliance on the internet and use of web-based product offerings and on the use of cybersecurity.
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Moreover, as a non-controlling equity investor in a residential loan originator, our investment in the loan originator, business and reputation could be negatively impacted if such originator fails to comply with such federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations or receives negative media or marketing attention related to its operations.
We are highly dependent on information and communication systems and system failures and other operational disruptions could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Our business is highly dependent on communications and information systems. For example, we rely on our proprietary database to track and manage the residential loans in our portfolio. Any failure or interruption in the availability and functionality of our systems or those of our third party service providers and other operational disruptions could cause delays or other problems in our trading, investment, financing, hedging and other operating activities which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We have made and may in the future make investments in companies that we do not control.
Some of our investments currently and may in the future include, debt instruments and/or equity securities of companies or investment vehicles that we do not control. Those investments will be subject to the risk that the company or entity in which the investment is made may make business, financial or management decisions with which we do not agree or that the majority stakeholders or the management of such company or entity may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that does not serve our interests. The entities in which we invest could be thinly capitalized, highly leveraged, dependent on a small number of key individuals, subject to regulatory concerns, underperform expectations, or face other obstacles that could adversely affect the business and results of operations of any such entity. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our investments in these entities could be lost in their entirety, and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could suffer as a result.
Risks Related to Debt Financing and Our Use of Hedging Strategies
Our access to financing sources, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, may be limited, and this may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We depend upon the availability of adequate capital and financing sources on acceptable terms to fund our operations, meet financial obligations, and finance asset acquisitions. However, the capital and credit markets have experienced unprecedented levels of volatility and disruption in recent years, including most recently in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and, prior to that, the 2008 financial crisis, that have generally negatively impacted the availability of credit from time-to-time. Continued volatility or disruption in the credit or finance markets or a downturn in the global economy could materially adversely affect one or more of our lenders and could cause one or more of our lenders to be unwilling or unable to provide us with financing, to increase the costs of that financing or make the terms less attractive, or to become insolvent. Such volatility or disruption could also limit or halt our access to securitization financing.
Although we finance some of our assets with longer-term financing, we have also historically relied on access to short-term borrowings in the form of repurchase agreements to finance our investments. Because our repurchase agreements typically have terms of one year or less, our repurchase agreement counterparties may respond to market conditions in a manner that makes it more difficult for us to renew or replace on a continuous basis our maturing short-term financings and have and may continue to impose more onerous conditions when rolling such financings. If we are not able to renew or roll our existing repurchase agreements or arrange for new financing on terms acceptable to us, or if we default on our financial covenants, are otherwise unable to access funds under our financing arrangements, or if we are required to post more collateral or face larger haircuts on our financings, we may have to dispose of assets at significantly depressed prices and at inopportune times, which could cause significant losses, and may also force us to curtail our asset acquisition activities. If we are faced with a larger haircut in order to roll a financing with a particular counterparty, or in order to move a financing from one counterparty to another, then we would need to make up the difference between the two haircuts in the form of cash, which could similarly require us to dispose of assets at significantly depressed prices and at inopportune times, which could cause significant losses.
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Issues related to financing are exacerbated in times of significant dislocation in the financial markets. It is possible that our financing counterparties will become unwilling or unable to provide us with financing, and we could be forced to sell our assets at an inopportune time when prices are depressed or markets are illiquid, which could cause significant losses. In addition, if the regulatory capital requirements imposed on our financing counterparties change, they may be required to significantly increase the cost of the financing that they provide to us, or to increase the amounts of collateral they require as a condition to providing us with financing. Our financing counterparties also have revised, and may continue to revise, their eligibility requirements for the types of assets that they are willing to finance or the terms of such financings, including increased haircuts and requiring additional cash collateral, based on, among other factors, the regulatory environment and their management of actual and perceived risk, particularly with respect to assignee liability. Moreover, the amount of financing that we receive under our repurchase agreements will be directly related to our counterparties’ valuation of our assets that collateralize the outstanding repurchase agreement financing. In general, this could potentially increase our financing costs and reduce our liquidity or require us to sell assets at an inopportune time or price.
Finally, securitization financing has been limited from time to time in the recent past. Currently, due to rising interest rates and current market conditions, residential loan securitization activity has fallen in a significant way as the terms of such financing, in many cases, have become less attractive. A prolonged decline in securitization activity may limit borrowings under warehouse facilities and other credit facilities that are intended to be refinanced by such securitizations. Moreover, other forms of longer-term financing have historically been difficult for mortgage REITs to access or contain less favorable terms. Consequently, depending on market conditions at the relevant time, we may have to rely on additional equity issuances to meet our capital and financing needs, which may be dilutive to our stockholders, or we may have to rely on less efficient forms of debt financing that restrict our operations or consume a larger portion of our cash flow from operations, thereby reducing funds available for our operations, future business opportunities, cash distributions to our stockholders and other purposes. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such equity or debt capital on favorable terms (including, without limitation, cost and term) at the desired times, or at all, which may cause us to curtail our investment activities and/or dispose of assets, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
The repurchase agreements that we use to finance our investments may require us to provide additional collateral, which could reduce our liquidity and harm our financial condition.
We use repurchase agreements to finance a portion of our investments. In certain cases, these repurchase agreements allows the lender, to varying degrees, to revalue the collateral to values that the lender considers to reflect the market value. In these cases, when a lender determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, it may initiate a margin call, in which case we may be required by the lending institution to provide additional collateral or pay down a portion of the funds advanced, but we may not have the funds available to do so. Typically, repurchase agreements grant the repurchase agreement counterparty the absolute right to reevaluate the fair market value of the assets that cover the amount financed under the repurchase agreement at any time. If a repurchase agreement counterparty determines in its sole discretion that the value of the assets subject to the repurchase agreement financing has decreased, it has the right to initiate a margin call. These valuations may be different than the values that we ascribe to these assets and may be influenced by recent asset sales at distressed levels by forced sellers. A margin call requires us to transfer additional assets to a repurchase agreement counterparty without any advance of funds from the counterparty for such transfer or to repay a portion of the outstanding repurchase agreement financing. We would also be required to post additional collateral if haircuts increase under a repurchase agreement. In these situations, we could be forced to sell assets at significantly depressed prices to meet such margin calls and to maintain adequate liquidity or to otherwise reduce the amount of leverage we use to finance our business, which could cause significant losses. In the event we do not have sufficient liquidity to meet such requirements, lending institutions can accelerate our indebtedness, increase our borrowing rates, liquidate our collateral at inopportune times or prices and terminate our ability to borrow. Significant margin calls could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business, liquidity, and ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and could cause the value of our capital stock to decline. As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, we observed a mark-down of a portion of our assets by our repurchase agreement counterparties during the first quarter of 2020, resulting in us having to pay cash and securities to satisfy margin calls that were well beyond historical norms. Events of this type, were they to occur again in the future, could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and could lead to significant losses, a rapid deterioration of our financial condition and possibly require us to file for protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
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We leverage our equity, which can exacerbate any losses we incur on our current and future investments and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We leverage our equity through borrowings, generally through the use of repurchase agreements, longer-term structured debt, such as CDOs and other forms of secured debt, or corporate-level debt, such as senior unsecured notes and convertible notes. We may, in the future, utilize other forms of borrowing. The amount of leverage we incur varies depending on the asset type, our ability to obtain borrowings, the cost of the debt and our lenders’ estimates of the value of our portfolio’s cash flow. The return on our investments and cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived from the assets we hold in our investment portfolio. Further, the leverage on our equity may exacerbate any losses we incur.
Our debt service payments will reduce the net income available for distribution to our stockholders. We may not be able to meet our debt service obligations and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to sale to satisfy our debt obligations. Although we have established target leverage amounts for many of our assets, there is no established limitation, other than as may be required by our financing arrangements or our investment guidelines, on our leverage ratio or on the aggregate amount of our borrowings. As a result, we may still incur substantially more debt or take other actions which could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments on our indebtedness when due and further exacerbate our losses.
If we are unable to leverage our equity to the extent we currently anticipate, the returns on certain of our assets could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
If we are limited in our ability to leverage our assets to the extent we currently anticipate, the returns on these assets may be negatively impacted. We have historically used leverage to increase the size of our portfolio in order to enhance our returns. The capital and credit markets have experienced unprecedented levels of volatility and disruption in recent years, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the current inflationary environment that has generally negatively impacted the availability and/or terms of financing from time-to-time. If we are unable to leverage our equity to the extent we currently anticipate due to unavailability or less attractive terms or otherwise, the returns on our portfolio could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We directly or indirectly utilize non-recourse securitizations and recourse structured financings and such structures expose us to risks that could result in losses to us.
We sometimes utilize non-recourse securitizations and recourse structured financings of our investments in residential loans or investment securities to the extent consistent with the maintenance of our REIT qualification and exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act in order to generate cash for funding new investments and/or to leverage existing assets. Some securitizations are treated as financing transactions for GAAP, while others are treated as sales. In a typical securitization, we convey assets to a special purpose vehicle (“SPE”), the issuer, which then issues one or more classes of notes secured by the assets pursuant to the terms of an indenture. In exchange for conveying assets to the SPE, we may receive the ownership certificate or residual interest in the securitization and we frequently retain a subordinated interest in the securitization. To the extent that we retain the most subordinated economic interests in the issuer, we would continue to be exposed to losses on the assets for as long as those retained interests remained outstanding and therefore able to absorb such losses. Furthermore, our retained interests in a securitization could be less liquid than the underlying assets themselves, and may be subject to U.S. Risk Retention Rules and similar European rules. There can be no assurance that we will be able to access the securitization markets in the future or be able to do so at favorable rates to finance the assets we accumulate as part of our investment strategy. The inability to consummate longer-term financing for the credit sensitive assets in our portfolio could require us to seek other forms of potentially less attractive financing or to liquidate assets at inopportune times or prices, which could adversely affect our performance and our ability to grow our business.
In addition, under the terms of the securitization or structured financing, we may have limited or no ability to sell, transfer or replace the assets transferred to the SPE, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to sell the assets opportunistically or during periods when our liquidity is constrained or to refinance the assets. Under the terms of these financings, some of which have terms of up to forty years, we have in the past and may in the future agree to receive no cash flows from the assets transferred to the SPE until the debt issued by the SPE has matured or been repaid, which could reduce our liquidity and our cash available for distribution to our stockholders. As part of our financing strategy, we have in the past and may in the future guarantee certain terms or conditions of these financings, including the payment of principal and interest on the debt issued by the SPE, the cash flows for which are typically derived from the assets transferred to the entity. If an SPE defaults on its obligations and we have guaranteed the satisfaction of that obligation, we may be materially adversely affected.
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In connection with our securitizations, we generally are required to prepare disclosure documentation for investors, including term sheets and offering memoranda, which contain information regarding the securitization generally, the securities being issued, and the assets being securitized. If our disclosure documentation for a securitization is alleged or found to contain material inaccuracies or omissions, we may be liable under federal securities laws, state securities laws or other applicable laws for damages to the investors in such securitization, we may be required to indemnify the underwriters of the securitization or other parties, or we may incur other expenses and costs in connection with disputing these allegations or settling claims. Such liabilities, expenses, and/or losses could be significant.
We will typically be required to make representations and warranties in connection with our securitizations regarding, among other things, certain characteristics of the assets being securitized. If any of the representations and warranties that we have made concerning the assets are alleged or found to be inaccurate, we may incur expenses disputing the allegations, and we may be obligated to repurchase certain assets, which may result in losses. Even if we previously obtained representations and warranties from loan originators or other parties from whom we originally acquired the assets, such representations and warranties may not align with those that we have made for the benefit of the securitization, or may otherwise not protect us from losses (e.g., because of a deterioration in the financial condition of the party that provided representations and warranties to us).
If a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to resell the pledged assets back to us at the end of the transaction term or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we may incur losses.
When we engage in repurchase transactions, we generally sell RMBS, CMBS, residential loans or certain other assets to lenders (i.e., repurchase agreement counterparties) and receive cash from the lenders. The lenders are obligated to resell the same asset back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. Because the cash we receive from the lender when we initially sell the asset to the lender is less than the value of that asset (this difference is referred to as the “haircut”), if the lender defaults on its obligation to resell the same asset back to us we would incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of the haircut (assuming there was no change in the value of the asset), plus additional costs associated with asserting or enforcing our rights under the repurchase agreement. Certain of the assets that we pledge as collateral are currently subject to significant haircuts. Further, if we default on one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the lender can terminate the transaction and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. Moreover, our repurchase agreements frequently contain cross-default provisions, so that if a default occurs under any one agreement, the lenders under our other agreements may also be entitled to declare a default, which could exacerbate our losses and cause a rapid deterioration of our financial condition. Any losses we incur on our repurchase transactions through our default or the default of our counterparty could adversely affect our earnings and thus our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Our use of repurchase agreements to borrow funds may give our lenders greater rights in the event that either we or a lender files for bankruptcy.
Our borrowings under repurchase agreements may qualify for special treatment under the bankruptcy code, giving our lenders the ability to avoid the automatic stay provisions of the bankruptcy code and to take possession of and liquidate our collateral under the repurchase agreements without delay in the event that we file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the special treatment of repurchase agreements under the bankruptcy code may make it difficult for us to recover our pledged assets in the event that a lender files for bankruptcy. Thus, the use of repurchase agreements exposes our pledged assets to risk in the event of a bankruptcy filing by either a lender or us.
Negative impacts on our business may cause us to default on certain financial covenants contained in our financing arrangements.
The repurchase agreements that finance a portion of our investment portfolio and certain of our other existing financing arrangements, including our senior unsecured notes, and those we enter into in the future, contain or may contain financial covenants. Negative impacts on our business, including those caused by significant market disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic or an economic recession, have and/or may make it more difficult to meet or satisfy these covenants, and we cannot assure you that we will remain in compliance with these covenants in the future.
If we fail to meet or satisfy any of these covenants, we would be in default under these agreements, which could result in a cross-default or cross-acceleration under other financing arrangements, and the financing counterparties could elect to declare the repurchase price or principal and interest due and payable (or such amounts may automatically become due and payable), terminate their commitments, require the posting of additional collateral and enforce their respective interests against existing collateral. A default also could significantly limit our financing alternatives, which could cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets when we otherwise would not choose to do so. As a result, a default on any of our financing agreements could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
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Hedging against interest rate, credit and market value changes as well as other risks may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Subject to compliance with the requirements to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we may engage in certain hedging transactions to limit our exposure to changes in interest rates and credit markets and therefore may expose ourselves to risks associated with such transactions. We may utilize instruments such as interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, Eurodollars and U.S. Treasury futures to seek to hedge the interest rate risk associated with our portfolio. Hedging against a decline in the values of our portfolio positions does not eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the values of such positions or prevent losses if the values of such positions decline. Such hedging transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the values of the portfolio positions should increase. Moreover, at any point in time we may choose not to hedge all or a portion of these risks, and we generally will not hedge those risks that we believe are appropriate for us to take at such time, or that we believe would be impractical or prohibitively expensive to hedge.
Even if we do choose to hedge certain risks, for a variety of reasons we generally will not seek to establish a perfect correlation between our hedging instruments and the risks being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the composition of our portfolio, our market views, and changing market conditions, including the level and volatility of interest rates. When we do choose to hedge, hedging may fail to protect or could materially adversely affect us because, among other things:
•we may fail to correctly assess the degree of correlation between the performance of the instruments used in the hedging strategy and the performance of the assets in the portfolio being hedged;
•we may fail to recalculate, re-adjust and execute hedges in an efficient and timely manner;
•the hedging transactions may actually result in poorer overall performance for us than if we had not engaged in the hedging transactions;
•interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of volatile interest rates;
•available hedges may not correspond directly with the risks for which protection is sought;
•the durations of the hedges may not match the durations of the related assets or liabilities being hedged;
•many hedges are structured as over-the-counter contracts with counterparties whose creditworthiness is not guaranteed, raising the possibility that the hedging counterparty may default on their payment obligations; and
•to the extent that the creditworthiness of a hedging counterparty deteriorates, it may be difficult or impossible to terminate or assign any hedging transactions with such counterparty.
The use of derivative instruments is also subject to an increasing number of laws and regulations, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ("Dodd-Frank") and its implementing regulations. These laws and regulations are complex, compliance with them may be costly and time consuming, and our failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations could subject us to lawsuits or government actions and damage our reputation. For these and other reasons, our hedging activity may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
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Risks Associated with Adverse Developments in the Mortgage, Real Estate, Credit and Financial Markets Generally
Difficult conditions in the mortgage, real estate and financial markets and the economy generally have caused and may cause us to experience losses in the future.
Our business is materially affected by conditions in the residential and commercial mortgage markets, the residential and commercial real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally. Furthermore, because a significant portion of our current assets and our targeted assets are credit sensitive, we believe the risks associated with our investments will be more acute during periods of economic slowdown, recession or market dislocations, especially if these periods are accompanied by declining real estate values and increasing delinquencies and defaults. In recent years, concerns about the health of the global economy generally and the residential and commercial mortgage markets specifically, as well as inflation, energy costs, changes in monetary policy, perceived or actual changes in interest rates, European sovereign debt, U.S. budget debates, geopolitical issues, global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the availability and cost of credit have contributed to increased volatility and uncertainty for the economy and mortgage, real estate and financial markets. The residential and commercial mortgage markets were materially adversely affected by changes in the lending landscape during the financial market crisis of 2008 and again by the significant market disruption in March and April 2020 resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the severity of which, in each case, was largely unanticipated by the markets, and there can be no assurance that such adverse markets will not occur in the future, particularly in light of current economic uncertainty.
In addition, an economic slowdown or general disruption in the mortgage markets may result in decreased demand for residential and commercial property, which would likely further compress homeownership rates and place pressure on home price performance, while potentially forcing commercial property owners to lower rents on properties with excess supply or experience higher vacancy rates. We believe there is a strong correlation between home price growth rates and mortgage loan delinquencies. Moreover, to the extent that a property owner has fewer tenants or receives lower rents, such property owners may generate less cash flow on their properties, which reduces the value of their property and increases significantly the likelihood that such property owners will default on their debt service obligations. If the borrowers of our mortgage loans, the loans underlying certain of our investment securities or the multi-family properties that we finance or in which we invest, default or become delinquent on their obligations, we may incur material losses on those loans or investments. Any sustained period of increased payment delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures or losses could adversely affect both our net interest income and earnings and our ability to acquire our targeted assets in the future on favorable terms or at all. In addition, the deterioration of the mortgage markets, the residential or commercial real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally may result in a decline in the market value of our assets or cause us to experience losses related thereto, which may adversely affect our results of operations or book value, the availability and cost of credit and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We cannot predict the effect that government policies, laws and interventions adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic or the current inflationary environment or the impact that future changes in the U.S. political environment, governmental policy or regulation will have on our business and the markets in which we operate.
The U.S. Government and the Federal Reserve took significant actions to support the economy and the continued functioning of the financial markets in response to the COVID-19 pandemic through multiple relief bills. More recently, the U.S. Government and the Federal Reserve have taken significant actions in response to the current inflationary environment in the U.S. Indeed, the Federal Reserve increased the target rate for the fed funds rate by 425 bps during 2022 to reduce inflation, creating a great deal of volatility in markets. There can be no assurance as to how, in the long term, these and other actions by the U.S. Government or the Federal Reserve will affect the efficiency, liquidity and stability of the financial and mortgage markets or whether they will be successful in reducing inflation to acceptable levels without creating an economic recession. There can be no assurance as to how, in the long term, these and other actions by the U.S. Government or the Federal Reserve will affect our business and the efficiency, liquidity and stability of financial and mortgage markets.
Moreover, uncertainty with respect to the actions discussed above combined with uncertainty surrounding legislation, regulation and government policy at the federal, state and local levels have introduced new and difficult-to-quantify macroeconomic and political risks with potentially far-reaching implications. There has been a corresponding meaningful increase in uncertainty with respect to interest rates, inflation, foreign exchange rates, trade volumes and trade, fiscal and monetary policy. The potential for changes in policy and regulation is heightened by the change in the U.S. administration. New legislative, regulatory or policy changes could significantly impact our business and the markets in which we operate. In addition, disagreements over the federal budget and federal debt limits have led to the shutdown of the U.S. Government for periods of time in the recent past and may recur in the future. To the extent changes in the political environment have a negative impact on our business or the financial and mortgage markets, our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be materially and adversely impacted.
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The downgrade, or perceived potential downgrade, of the credit ratings of the U.S. and the failure to resolve issues related to U.S. fiscal and debt policies may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
In August 2011, Standard & Poor's Ratings Services lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating on the U.S. from “AAA” to “AA+” due, in part, to concerns surrounding the burgeoning U.S. Government budget deficit. The impact of any further downgrades to the U.S. Government's sovereign credit rating or its perceived creditworthiness could adversely affect the U.S. and global financial markets and economic conditions and would likely impact the credit risk associated with some of the targeted assets in our portfolio or those we may seek to acquire. A downgrade of the U.S. Government's credit rating or a default by the U.S. Government to satisfy its debt obligations likely would create broader financial turmoil and uncertainty, which would weigh heavily on the global banking system and these developments could cause interest rates and borrowing costs to rise and a reduction in the availability of credit, which may negatively impact the value of the assets in our portfolio, our net income, liquidity and our ability to finance our assets on favorable terms.
The federal conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and related efforts, along with any changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae and the U.S. Government, may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.
Payments on the Agency RMBS in which we may invest are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are GSEs, but their guarantees are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. Ginnie Mae, which guarantees mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) backed by federally insured or guaranteed loans primarily consisting of loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration (the “FHA”) or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”), is part of a U.S. Government agency and its guarantees are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States.
In September 2008, in response to the deteriorating financial condition of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the U.S. Government placed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into the conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (the “FHFA”), their federal regulator. Shortly after Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were placed in federal conservatorship, the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury noted that the guarantee structure of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac required examination and that changes in the structures of the entities were necessary to reduce risk to the financial system. The future roles of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could be significantly reduced, and the nature of their guarantees could be considerably limited relative to historical measurements or even eliminated. The substantial financial assistance provided by the U.S. Government to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the mortgage-related operations of other GSEs and government agencies, such as the FHA, VA and Ginnie Mae, has stirred debate among many federal policymakers over the continued role of the U.S. Government in providing such financial support for the mortgage-related GSEs in particular, and for the mortgage and housing markets in general. To date, no definitive legislation has been enacted with respect to a possible unwinding of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or a material reduction in their roles in the U.S. mortgage market, and it is not possible at this time to predict the scope and nature of the actions, if any, that the U.S. Government will ultimately take with respect to these entities.
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae could each be dissolved, and the U.S. Government could determine to stop providing liquidity support of any kind to the mortgage market. If Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae were eliminated, or their structures were to change radically, or the U.S. Government significantly reduced its support for any or all of them which would drastically reduce the amount and type of MBS and residential loans available for purchase, we may be unable or significantly limited in our ability to acquire certain of our targeted assets, which, in turn, could negatively impact our ability to maintain our exclusion from regulation as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. Moreover, any changes to the nature of the guarantees provided by, or laws affecting, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae could materially adversely affect the credit quality of the guarantees, could increase the risk of loss on purchases of MBS issued by these GSEs and could have broad adverse market implications for the MBS they currently guarantee and the mortgage industry generally. Any action that affects the credit quality of the guarantees provided by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae could materially adversely affect the value of the MBS and other assets that we own or seek to acquire. In addition, any market uncertainty that arises from any such proposed changes, or the perception that such changes will come to fruition, could have a similar impact on us and the values of the MBS and other assets that we own.
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The planned discontinuation of LIBOR and the transition from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate may adversely impact our borrowings and assets.
Our repurchase agreements, subordinated debt, mortgage debt related to our consolidated multi-family properties, Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock and certain of our floating rate assets, particularly residential loans, are linked to LIBOR, which has been the subject of recent reform. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, the regulator of LIBOR, stopped publishing USD LIBOR for the one week and two month USD LIBOR tenors on December 31, 2021 and intends to stop publishing the remainder of USD LIBOR tenors on June 30, 2023. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”), a steering committee comprised of large U.S. financial institutions convened by the U.S. Federal Reserve, has recommended the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as a more robust reference rate alternative to USD LIBOR. SOFR is calculated based on overnight transactions under repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities, and is observed and backward looking, whereas USD LIBOR is an estimated forward-looking rate that relies, to some degree, on the expert judgment of submitting panel members. Given that SOFR is a secured rate backed by government securities, it is a rate that does not take into account bank credit risk (as is the case with LIBOR). SOFR is therefore likely to be lower than LIBOR and is less likely to correlate with the funding costs of financial institutions. It is uncertain at this time if the remaining tenors of USD LIBOR will cease to exist prior to June 30, 2023, or whether additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted, or whether alternative reference rates such as SOFR will gain market acceptance as a replacement for LIBOR.
Further, we may need to amend the debt and loan agreements that utilize LIBOR as a factor in determining the interest rate based on a new standard that is established, if any. However, these efforts may not be successful in mitigating the legal and financial risk from changing the reference rate in our legacy agreements. In addition, any resulting differences in interest rate standards among our assets and our financing arrangements may result in interest rate mismatches between our assets and the borrowings used to fund such assets. Furthermore, the transition away from LIBOR may adversely impact our ability to manage and hedge exposures to fluctuations in interest rates using derivative instruments. There is no guarantee that a transition from LIBOR to an alternative rate will not result in financial market disruptions, significant increases in benchmark rates, or borrowing costs to borrowers, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the market price of our common stock.
Risks Related To Our Organization, Our Structure and Other Risks
We may change our investment, financing, or hedging strategies and asset allocation and operational and management policies without stockholder consent, which may result in the purchase of riskier assets, the use of greater leverage or commercially unsound actions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We may change our investment strategy, financing strategy, hedging strategy and asset allocation and operational and management policies at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our purchasing assets or entering into financing or hedging transactions in which we have no or limited experience with or that are different from, and possibly riskier than the assets, financing and hedging transactions described in this report. A change in our investment strategy, financing strategy or hedging strategy may increase our exposure to real estate values, interest rates, prepayment rates, credit risk and other factors and there can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively identify, manage, monitor or mitigate these risks. A change in our asset allocation or investment guidelines could result in us purchasing assets in classes different from those described in this report. Our Board of Directors determines our operational policies and may amend or revise our policies, including those with respect to our investments, such as our investment guidelines, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions or approve transactions that deviate from these policies without a vote of, or notice to, our stockholders. Changes in our investment strategy, financing strategy, hedging strategy and asset allocation and operational and management policies could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Moreover, while our Board of Directors or a duly designated committee thereof periodically reviews our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio, our directors do not approve every individual investment that we make, leaving management with day-to-day discretion over the portfolio composition within the investment guidelines. Within those guidelines, management has discretion to significantly change the composition of the portfolio and utilize leverage. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, the directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by our management. Moreover, because our management has great latitude within our investment guidelines in determining the types and amounts of assets in which to invest and leverage to employ on our behalf, there can be no assurance that our management will not make or approve investments that result in returns that are substantially below expectations or result in losses, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
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Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.
We have conducted and intend to continue to conduct our operations so as not to become regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. We believe that there are a number of exclusions under the Investment Company Act that are applicable to us. To maintain the exclusion, the assets that we acquire are limited by the provisions of the Investment Company Act and the rules and regulations promulgated under the Investment Company Act. On August 31, 2011, the SEC published a concept release entitled “Companies Engaged in the Business of Acquiring Mortgages and Mortgage Related Instruments” (Investment Company Act Rel. No. 29778). This release suggests that the SEC may modify the exclusion relied upon by companies similar to us that invest in mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities, although no such action has been taken at this time. If the SEC acts to narrow the availability of, or if we otherwise fail to qualify for, our exclusion, we could, among other things, be required either (a) to change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company or (b) to register as an investment company, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and the market price of our common stock.
Mortgage loan modification programs and future legislative action may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, our targeted assets.
The U.S. Congress and various state and local legislatures have considered in the past, and in the future may adopt, legislation, which, among other provisions, would permit limited assignee liability for certain violations in the mortgage loan origination process, and would allow judicial modification of loan principal in certain instances. We cannot predict whether or in what form the U.S. Congress or the various state and local legislatures may enact legislation affecting our business or whether any such legislation will require us to change our practices or make changes in our portfolio in the future. Any loan modification program or future legislative or regulatory action, including possible amendments to the bankruptcy laws, which results in the modification of outstanding residential mortgage loans or changes in the requirements necessary to qualify for refinancing mortgage loans with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae, may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, our assets which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We could be subject to liability for potential violations of predatory lending laws, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Residential mortgage loan originators and servicers are required to comply with various federal, state and local laws and regulations, including anti-predatory lending laws and laws and regulations imposing certain restrictions on requirements on high cost loans. Failure of residential mortgage loan originators or servicers to comply with these laws, to the extent any of their residential mortgage loans become part of our investment portfolio, could subject us, as an assignee or purchaser of the related residential mortgage loans, to reputational harm, monetary penalties and the risk of the borrowers rescinding the affected residential mortgage loans. Lawsuits have been brought in various states making claims against assignees or purchasers of high cost loans for violations of state law. Named defendants in these cases have included numerous participants within the secondary mortgage market. Moreover, as a non-controlling equity investor in a residential loan originator, our investment in the loan originator, business and reputation could be negatively impacted if such originator fails to comply with such federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations or receives negative media or marketing attention related to its operations. If loans in our portfolio or those originated by entities in which we have or have previously made an investments are found to have been originated in violation of predatory or abusive lending laws, we could incur losses that would materially adversely affect our business.
Our business is subject to extensive regulation.
Our business and many of the assets that we invest in, particularly residential loans and mortgage-related assets, are subject to extensive regulation by federal and state governmental authorities, self-regulatory organizations and the securities exchange on which our capital stock is listed for which we incur significant ongoing compliance costs. The laws, rules and regulations comprising this regulatory framework change frequently, as can the interpretation and enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations. Some of the laws, rules and regulations to which we are subject, including the Dodd-Frank Act and various predatory lending laws, are intended primarily to safeguard and protect consumers, rather than stockholders or creditors. We are unable to predict whether United States federal, state or local authorities, or other pertinent bodies, will enact legislation, laws, rules, regulations, handbooks, guidelines or similar provisions that will affect our business or require changes in our practices in the future, and any such changes could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
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Certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws could hinder, delay or prevent a change in control which could have an adverse effect on the value of our securities.
Certain provisions of Maryland law, our charter and our bylaws may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing transactions that involve an actual or threatened change in control. These provisions include the following, among others:
•our charter provides that, subject to the rights of one or more classes or series of preferred stock to elect one or more directors, a director may be removed with or without cause only by the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of all votes entitled to be cast by our stockholders generally in the election of directors;
•under our charter, our Board of Directors has authority to issue preferred stock from time to time, in one or more series and to establish the terms, preferences and rights of any such series, all without the approval of our stockholders;
•the Maryland Business Combination Act; and
•the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act.
Although our Board of Directors has adopted a resolution exempting us from application of the Maryland Business Combination Act and our bylaws provide that we are not subject to the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act, our Board of Directors may elect to make the “business combination” statute and “control share” statute applicable to us at any time and may do so without stockholder approval.
The stock ownership limit imposed by our charter may inhibit market activity in our common stock and may restrict our business combination opportunities.
In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, not more than 50% in value of the issued and outstanding shares of our capital stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT). This test is known as the “5/50 test.” Attribution rules in the Internal Revenue Code apply to determine if any individual or entity actually or constructively owns our capital stock for purposes of this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT). To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our capital stock. Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT and provides that, unless exempted by our Board of Directors, no person may own more than 9.9% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our capital stock or more than 9.9% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of our outstanding shares of common stock. The ownership limits contained in our charter could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control of our company under circumstances that otherwise could provide our stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price for our common stock or would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
Tax Risks
Failure to qualify as a REIT would adversely affect our operations and ability to make distributions.
We have operated and intend to continue to operate so to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our ability to meet various requirements concerning, among other things, the ownership of our outstanding stock, the nature of our assets, the sources of our income, and the amount of our distributions to our stockholders. In order to satisfy these requirements, we might have to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance. Moreover, while we intend to continue to operate so to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, there can be no assurance that we will so qualify in any taxable year.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. We might be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. Our payment of income tax would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution to stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to qualify as a REIT and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would no longer be required to make distributions to stockholders. Unless our failure to qualify as a REIT were excused under the U.S. federal income tax laws, we generally would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT status.
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REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our liquidity.
In order to qualify as a REIT, we generally are required each year to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding any net capital gain and without regard to the deduction for dividends paid. To the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to corporate income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which certain distributions paid by us with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary REIT income for that year, (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for that year, and (iii) 100% of our undistributed REIT taxable income from prior years.
We have made and intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax. However, differences in timing between the recognition of REIT taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell assets or to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax.
Certain of our assets may generate substantial mismatches between REIT taxable income and available cash. Such assets could include mortgage-backed securities we hold that have been issued at a discount and require the accrual of taxable income in advance of the receipt of cash. As a result, our taxable income may exceed our cash available for distribution and the requirement to distribute a substantial portion of our net taxable income could cause us to:
•sell assets in adverse market conditions;
•borrow on unfavorable terms; or
•distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements.
Further, our lenders could require us to enter into negative covenants, including restrictions on our ability to distribute funds or to employ leverage, which could inhibit our ability to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement.
We may satisfy the 90% distribution test with taxable distributions of our stock or debt securities. Revenue Procedure 2017-45 authorized elective cash/stock dividends to be made by publicly offered REITs (i.e., REITs that are required to file annual and periodic reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act). Pursuant to Revenue Procedure 2017-45, the IRS will treat the distribution of stock pursuant to an elective cash/stock dividend as a distribution of property under Section 301 of the Internal Revenue Code (i.e., a dividend), as long as at least 20% of the total dividend is available in cash and certain other parameters detailed in the Revenue Procedure are satisfied. Although we have no current intention of paying dividends in our own stock, if in the future we choose to pay dividends in our own stock, our stockholder may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash that they receive.
Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income from regular corporations.
The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate for dividends payable to domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for the reduced rates. Rather, ordinary REIT dividends constitute “qualified business income” and thus a 20% deduction is available to individual taxpayers with respect to such dividends, resulting in a 29.6% maximum U.S. federal income tax rate (plus the 3.8% surtax on net investment income, if applicable) for individual U.S. stockholders. Without further legislative action, the 20% deduction applicable to ordinary REIT dividends will expire on January 1, 2026. However, to qualify for this deduction, the stockholder receiving such dividends must hold the dividend-paying REIT stock for at least 46 days (taking into account certain special holding period rules) of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the stock becomes ex-dividend, and cannot be under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are taxed at individual rates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our common stock.
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Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must continually satisfy various tests regarding the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our common stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution, and may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the source of income or asset diversification requirements for qualifying as a REIT. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code substantially limit our ability to hedge the RMBS in our investment portfolio. Any income that we generate from transactions intended to hedge our interest rate or currency risks will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests if (i) the instrument hedges risk of interest rate or currency fluctuations on indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to carry or acquire real estate assets, (ii) the instrument hedges risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the REIT 75% or 95% gross income tests, or (iii) the instrument was entered into to “offset” certain instruments described in clauses (i) or (ii) and certain other requirements are satisfied (including proper identification of such instrument under applicable Treasury Regulations). Income from hedging transactions that do not meet these requirements is likely to constitute nonqualifying income for purposes of both the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests. Our aggregate gross income from non-qualifying hedges, fees, and certain other non-qualifying sources cannot exceed 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. Any hedging income earned by a TRS would be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear.
The failure of certain investments subject to a repurchase agreement to qualify as real estate assets would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into repurchase agreements under which we will nominally sell certain of our investments to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to repurchase the sold investments. We believe that for U.S. federal income tax purposes these transactions will be treated as secured debt and we will be treated as the owner of the investments that are the subject of any such agreement notwithstanding that such agreement may transfer record ownership of such investments to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could successfully assert that we do not own the investments during the term of the repurchase agreement, in which case our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT could be adversely affected.
We could fail to continue to qualify as a REIT if the IRS successfully challenges our treatment of our mezzanine loans.
We currently own, and in the future may originate or acquire, mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns real property, rather than by a direct mortgage of the real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the IRS established a safe harbor under which loans secured by a first priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company owning real property will be treated as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from those loans will be treated as qualifying income for both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, provided several requirements are satisfied. Although Revenue Procedure 2003-65 provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Moreover, our mezzanine loans typically do not meet all of the requirements for reliance on the safe harbor. Consequently, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge our treatment of such loans as qualifying real estate assets, which could adversely affect our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT. We have invested, and will continue to invest, in mezzanine loans in a manner that will enable us to continue to satisfy the REIT gross income and asset tests.
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We may incur a significant tax liability as a result of selling assets that might be subject to the prohibited transactions tax if sold directly by us.
A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of assets held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. There is a risk that property held by our joint ventures or partnerships or limited liability companies in which we have a preferred equity interest, certain loans that we are treating as owned for U.S. federal income tax purposes and property received upon foreclosure of these loans will be treated as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although a safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of real property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction is available, we cannot assure you that we can comply with the safe harbor in the future or that we will be able to avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of our properties or may contribute those assets to one of our TRSs and conduct the marketing and sale of those assets through that TRS. No assurance can be given that the IRS will respect the transaction by which those assets are contributed to our TRS. Even if those contribution transactions are respected, our TRS will be subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income tax and may incur a significant tax liability as a result of those sales.
Our qualification as a REIT could be jeopardized as a result of our interests in joint ventures or preferred equity.
We own certain non-managing member interests in partnerships and limited liability companies that are joint ventures, as well as preferred equity investments treated as partnership interests for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue to invest in preferred equity investments in the future. If a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our qualification as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. In addition, it is possible that a partnership or limited liability company could take an action which could cause us to fail a gross income or asset test, or subject us to the prohibited transactions tax, and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose of our interest in the partnership or limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to qualify as a REIT unless we were able to qualify for a statutory REIT “savings” provision, which could require us to pay a significant penalty tax to maintain our REIT qualification.
Our joint ventures and the partnerships and limited liability companies in which we hold a preferred equity interest may be limited in their ability to provide services to tenants by the REIT rules or such services may have to be provided through a TRS.
As a REIT, we generally cannot provide services to tenants other than those that are customarily provided by landlords, nor can we derive income from a third party that provides such services, including with respect to tenants at properties held by a joint venture of ours or a partnership or limited liability company in which we hold a preferred equity interest. If certain noncustomary services cannot be provided to tenants, we may be at a disadvantage to competitors that are not subject to the same restrictions. However, such non-customary services may be provided to tenants, and we may share in the revenue from such services, if we do so through a TRS, though income earned by such TRS will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax.
The “taxable mortgage pool” rules may increase the taxes that we or our stockholders may incur, and may limit the manner in which we effect future securitizations.
Our securitizations have, and could in the future, result in the creation of taxable mortgage pools (“TMPs”), for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, so long as we own (or a subsidiary REIT of ours owns) 100% of the equity interests in a TMP, we generally will not be adversely affected by the characterization of the securitization as a TMP. A subsidiary REIT of ours currently owns 100% of the equity interests in a TMP created by one of our securitizations. To the extent that we (as opposed to our subsidiary REIT) own equity interests in a TMP, certain categories of stockholders, however, such as foreign stockholders eligible for treaty or other benefits, stockholders with net operating losses, and certain tax-exempt stockholders that are subject to unrelated business income tax, could be subject to increased taxes on a portion of their dividend income from us that is attributable to the TMP, known as “excess inclusion income.” In addition, to the extent that we (as opposed to our subsidiary REIT) own equity interests in a TMP, and our common stock is owned by tax-exempt “disqualified organizations,” such as certain government-related entities and charitable remainder trusts that are not subject to tax on unrelated business income, we may incur a corporate level tax on a portion of our income from such TMP. However, we believe that we have structured our securitizations such that the above taxes will not apply to us or our stockholders.
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However, because our subsidiary REIT is, in part, owned by a TRS of ours, that TRS will be subject to tax on any dividend income from our subsidiary REIT, including any excess inclusion income allocated to it.
In addition, in certain instances, we may be precluded from selling equity interests in our securitizations to outside investors, or selling any debt securities issued in connection with these securitizations that might be considered to be equity interests for U.S. federal income tax purposes. These limitations may prevent us from using certain techniques to maximize our returns from securitization transactions.
If our subsidiary REIT failed to qualify as a REIT, we could be subject to higher taxes and could fail to remain qualified as a REIT.
We indirectly own 100% of the common interests in a subsidiary that has elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Our subsidiary REIT is subject to the various REIT qualification requirements and other limitations described herein that are applicable to us. If our subsidiary REIT were to fail to qualify as a REIT, then (i) such subsidiary REIT would become subject to U.S. federal income tax and applicable state and local taxes on its taxable income at regular corporate rates and (ii) the indirect interests we hold in such subsidiary REIT would cease to be a qualifying asset for purposes of the asset tests applicable to REITs. If our subsidiary REIT were to fail to qualify as a REIT, it is possible that we would fail certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs, in which event we would fail to qualify as a REIT unless we could avail ourselves of certain relief provisions. We have made a “protective” TRS election with respect to our subsidiary REIT and may implement other protective arrangements intended to avoid such an outcome if our subsidiary REIT were not to qualify as a REIT, but there can be no assurance that such “protective” TRS elections and other arrangements will be effective to avoid the resulting adverse consequences to us.
Moreover, even if the “protective” TRS election were to be effective in the event of the failure of our subsidiary REIT to qualify as a REIT, such subsidiary REIT would be subject to U.S. federal income tax and applicable state and local taxes on its taxable income at regular corporate rates and we cannot assure you that we would not fail to satisfy the requirement that not more than 20% of the value of our total assets may be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs. In this event, we would fail to qualify as a REIT unless we or such subsidiary REIT could avail ourselves or itself of certain relief provisions.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common stock.
At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
Prospective stockholders are urged to consult with their tax advisors with respect to potential changes to the tax laws and any other regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on investment in our common stock.
General Risk Factors
We may incur losses as a result of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic, terrorist attacks, acts of violence or war, extreme weather events or other natural disasters.
The occurrence of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic, such as COVID-19, or other widespread health emergency (or concerns over the possibility of such an emergency), terrorist attacks, acts of violence or war, extreme terrestrial or solar weather events or other natural disasters, could create economic and financial disruptions, and could lead to materially adverse declines in the market values of our assets, illiquidity in our investment and financing markets and our ability to effectively conduct our business.
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We face possible risks associated with the effects of climate change and severe weather.
We cannot predict the rate at which climate change will progress. However, the physical effects of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our operations. To the extent that climate change impacts changes in weather patterns, properties in which we hold a direct or indirect interest could experience severe weather, including, without limitation, hurricanes, tornadoes, severe winter storms, and flooding due to increases in storm intensity and rising sea levels, among other effects. Over time, these conditions could result in decreased property values which in turn could negatively affect the value of the assets we hold. Relatedly, geographical concentrations in our portfolio, to include mortgages, mortgage securities, and investments in real properties, may present certain vulnerabilities to the impacts of localized weather conditions resulting from climate change, such as increased coastal flooding or prolonged droughts in arid regions. There can be no assurance that climate change and severe weather will not have a material adverse effect on our operations, the properties that we invest in or underlie our assets, the residential homes we acquire through foreclosure, or our business.
There are also increasing financial risks linked to climate change which could impact our portfolio and the availability of the assets we target for investment. With increasing attention and activism concerning the need to shift toward renewable energy sources as a result of climate change, it is possible that less capital will be allocated to originating our targeted assets or the terms for these assets may become less attractive to us in the future, which may limit and/or reduce our opportunities for investment, which, in turn, could reduce the diversification of our portfolio and adversely affect our earnings. Relatedly, to the extent that climate change impacts meteorological conditions potentially leading to damage and reductions in the value of our properties or the collateral underlying our assets, this may result in increased interest rates for mortgages paired with decreased adequate insurance coverage for the properties we choose to invest in or that underlie our assets. These climate-related financial risks could, in turn, lead to reductions in our revenues and increased rates of default or delinquency and/or decreased recovery rates on our assets, any of which could cause a decline in the market value of our common stock and negatively impact our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
Increasing attention to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) matters may impact our business.
Increasing attention to, and social expectations on businesses to address, climate change and other environmental and social impacts, alongside investor and societal explanations regarding voluntary ESG disclosures, may result in increased costs in order for us to comply and decreased access to capital. Moreover, increasing attention to climate change and its associated risks may also lead to the expectation of voluntary ESG disclosures from our industry, which may cause a reduction in the production or origination of certain of our targeted assets or changes that make the returns on these assets less attractive, including residential mortgages, MBS and/or direct or indirect investments in real properties, and could negatively impact our portfolio and our results of operations, financial condition and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
Additionally, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Such ratings are used by investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to increased negative sentiment toward us or the assets in which we invest and to the diversion of investments more in line with environmental sustainability, which could have a negative impact on our access to and costs of capital.
We are dependent on certain key personnel.
We are a small company and are substantially dependent upon the efforts of our Chief Executive Officer, Jason T. Serrano, our President, Nicholas Mah, and certain other key individuals employed by us. The sudden loss of Messrs. Serrano or Mah or any key personnel of our Company could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk.
The investments we make in accordance with our investment strategy result in a higher degree of risk or loss of principal than many alternative investment options. Our investments may be highly speculative and aggressive, and therefore, an investment in our securities may not be suitable for someone with lower risk tolerance.
The market price and trading volume of our securities may be volatile.
The market price of our securities may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our securities may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. Some of the factors that could result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our securities include, among other things: actual or anticipated changes in our current or future financial performance or capitalization; actual or anticipated changes in our current or future dividend yield; and changes in market interest rates and general market and economic conditions. We cannot assure you that the market price of our securities will not fluctuate or decline significantly.
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We have not established a minimum dividend payment level for our common stockholders and there are no assurances of our ability to pay dividends to common or preferred stockholders in the future.
We intend to pay quarterly dividends and to make distributions to our common stockholders in amounts such that all or substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other factors, should enable us to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. We have not established a minimum dividend payment level for our common stockholders and our ability to pay dividends may be harmed by the risk factors described herein. For example, due to the significant market disruption in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business, liquidity and markets, we temporarily suspended dividends on our common stock and preferred stock in March 2020. We subsequently announced in June 2020 that we were reinstating the payment of quarterly dividends on our common stock and preferred stock effective with the second quarter 2020 dividends. All distributions to our common stockholders and preferred stockholders will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status and such other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time. There are no assurances of our ability to pay dividends to our common or preferred stockholders in the future at the current rate or at all.
Future offerings of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common stock and preferred stock upon our liquidation, and future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and, in certain circumstances, our preferred stock.
We may seek to increase our capital resources by making offerings of debt or additional offerings of equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, convertible notes and classes of preferred stock or common stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our preferred stock and common stock, with holders of our preferred stock having priority over holders of our common stock. Additional offerings of equity or other securities with an equity component, such as convertible notes, may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our equity securities or other securities with an equity component, or both. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our securities bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our securities and diluting their stock holdings in us.
Your interest in us may be diluted if we issue additional shares.
Current stockholders of our company do not have preemptive rights to any common stock issued by us in the future. Therefore, our common stockholders may experience dilution of their equity investment if we sell additional common stock in the future, sell securities that are convertible into common stock or issue shares of common stock or options exercisable for shares of common stock. In addition, we could sell securities at a price less than our then-current book value per share.
An increase in interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our securities is our dividend rate (or expected future dividend rates) as a percentage of our common stock price, relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may demand a higher dividend rate on our shares or seek alternative investments paying higher dividends or interest. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the market price of our securities independent of the effects such conditions may have on our portfolio.
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Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
Item 2. PROPERTIES
The Company has residential properties (or real estate owned) that it acquires, from time to time, through or in lieu of foreclosures on mortgage loans, or in connection with its investments in single-family rental homes and consolidated multi-family properties.
See Part II, Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a discussion of consolidated multi-family properties and Part IV, Item 15. "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules—Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation" for additional information on our single-family rental homes and consolidated multi-family properties, both in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
As of December 31, 2022, our principal executive and administrative offices are located in leased space at 90 Park Avenue, Floor 23, New York, New York 10016. We also maintain offices in Charlotte, North Carolina and Woodland Hills, California.
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are at times subject to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not believe that any of our current legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant’s Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the trading symbol “NYMT”. As of December 31, 2022, we had 364,774,752 shares of common stock outstanding and there were approximately 90 registered holders of record of our common stock, which does not reflect the beneficial ownership of shares held in nominee name, which we are unable to estimate.
We intend to pay regular quarterly dividends to holders of shares of our common stock. Future distributions will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings and financial condition, capital requirements, maintenance of our REIT qualification, restrictions on making distributions under Maryland law and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2022 with respect to compensation plans under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance. The Company has no such plans that were not approved by security holders.

Plan Category |  | Number of Securities to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plan
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 7,288,253 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 28,796,097 |

Performance Graph
The following line graph sets forth, for the period from December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2022, a comparison of the percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock compared to the cumulative total return of the Russell 2000 Index and the FTSE National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts Mortgage REIT (“FTSE NAREIT Mortgage REITs”) Index. The graph assumes (i) that the value of the investment in the Company’s common stock and each of the indices was $100 as of December 31, 2017 and (ii) the reinvestment of all dividends.
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| 12/17 | 12/18 | 12/19 | 12/20 | 12/21 | 12/22
New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. | 100.00 | 108.91 | 131.03 | 83.71 | 92.63 | 73.38
Russell 2000 | 100.00 | 88.99 | 111.70 | 134.00 | 153.85 | 122.41
FTSE Nareit Mortgage REITs | 100.00 | 97.48 | 118.27 | 96.07 | 111.09 | 81.53

The foregoing graph shall not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Securities Act or under the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate this information by reference, and shall not otherwise by deemed "filed" with the SEC or deemed "soliciting material" under those acts.
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Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
In February 2022, the Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million stock repurchase program. In February 2023, the Board of Directors extended the stock repurchase program expiration from March 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. The stock repurchase program allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of common stock from time to time in open market transactions, including through block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions or pursuant to any Rule 10b-18 or 10b5-1 plan. Subject to applicable securities laws, repurchases of the Company's common stock under the stock repurchase program may be made at times and in amounts as we deem appropriate, using available cash resources. The stock repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares. The timing and extent to which we repurchase our common stock will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, the share price of the Company's common stock, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and common stock repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. The Company intends to only consider repurchasing shares of common stock when the purchase price is less than the last publicly reported book value per common share and expect to fund the share repurchases from current liquidity. Shares of the Company's common stock repurchased by us under the stock repurchase program are cancelled and, until reissued by us, are deemed to be authorized but unissued shares of the Company's common stock.
During the three months ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 8,365,473 shares of its common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $22.5 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker of approximately $0.1 million, representing an average repurchase price of $2.69 per common share. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 16,629,615 shares of its common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $44.4 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker of approximately $0.2 million, representing an average repurchase price of $2.67 per common share. As of December 31, 2022, $155.8 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of the Company's common stock under the stock repurchase program.
The following table presents information with respect to the shares of the Company's common stock that we purchased during the three months ended December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data):

Period (1) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1, 2022 - October 31, 2022 |  | 2,086,774 |  |  | $ | 2.22 |  |  | 2,086,774 |  |  | $ | 173,601 |
November 1, 2022 - November 30, 2022 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 173,601 |
December 1, 2022 - December 31, 2022 |  | 6,278,699 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |  |  | 6,278,699 |  |  | $ | 155,767 |
Total |  | 8,365,473 |  |  | $ | 2.69 |  |  | 8,365,473 |  |  | $ | 155,767 |

(1)On February 15, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million stock repurchase program that authorizes the Company to make repurchases of shares of the Company’s common stock, which was announced on February 17, 2022. The repurchase program was initially set to expire March 31, 2023. On February 20, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors extended the repurchase program's expiration to March 31, 2024. This extension was announced on February 22, 2023.
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Item 6. [RESERVED]
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
General
We are a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets. Our objective is to deliver long-term stable distributions to our stockholders over changing economic conditions through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains from a diversified investment portfolio. Our investment portfolio includes credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets.
Executive Summary
Since the significant market disruption that occurred in March 2020, we have endeavored to build out a low-levered, higher-yielding portfolio of credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets through proprietary sourcing channels while reducing our exposure to investment securities. Building scale in the portfolio and momentum in investment activity has proven challenging throughout much of the period since the March 2020 market disruption, with initial challenges driven in large part by robust demand for credit assets and elevated prepayment and redemption levels. Market opportunities in our areas of investment focus did become more abundant from the fourth quarter of 2021 through May of 2022, allowing us to expand our total investment portfolio to approximately $4.6 billion as of June 30, 2022, up from $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2021. However, the improved investment environment was short-lived, as the Federal Reserve's actions to increase the fed funds target rate by 425 bps during 2022 in an effort to curtail inflation created extreme interest rate volatility and credit spread widening, which caused us to significantly curtail our investment activity and pipeline late in the second quarter of 2022. In light of current market conditions, which includes increased volatility in interest rate, credit, mortgage and financial markets and the increasing risk of the U.S. economy experiencing a recession within the next 12 months, in the second half of 2022, we were selective in pursuing investments across the residential housing sector, choosing instead to focus on further enhancing our liquidity, strengthening our balance sheet, protecting our book value and enhancing our asset management platform. During the second half of 2022, we opportunistically disposed of assets in our portfolio generating $32.4 million of net gains and, as further discussed below, also announced a repositioning of our business through the opportunistic disposition over time of our joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties.
The mortgage industry, and the U.S. economy more generally, experienced significant headwinds throughout most of 2022, as rising bond yields, an inverted yield curve, Federal Reserve interest rate hikes and expectations for future interest rate hikes and tightening monetary policy, combined with elevated inflation data, geopolitical instability and growing concerns over the likelihood of an economic recession in the U.S. sometime in the next 12 months contributed to widening credit spreads that caused price declines for many of the residential credit assets in our portfolio. In our residential loan portfolio alone, we recorded approximately $289.7 million of unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to unrealized gains of $55.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Consistent with our efforts to further strengthen our balance sheet, we completed four securitizations of residential loans, resulting in approximately $970.0 million in net proceeds to us, which we used to repay outstanding financings related to residential loans. With the completion of these securitizations, as of December 31, 2022, only 13% of the total outstanding balance on our financing arrangements (including Company sponsored CDOs) is subject to mark-to-market margin call risk, down from 93% at December 31, 2019.
In September 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a strategic repositioning of our business pursuant to which we will opportunistically dispose of our joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties over time and, following disposition, we will reallocate the capital associated with such assets to our targeted assets. As a result, we are considering various opportunities to monetize what we believe is appreciated value within our portfolio of multi-family joint venture equity investments. We believe that through a well-navigated disposition process, we can rotate the portfolio over time to more attractive investments in a higher rate environment. We expect to continue to invest in multi-family Mezzanine Lending going forward, which remains one of our targeted assets.
We intend to focus on our core portfolio strengths of single-family and multi-family residential credit assets, which we believe will deliver better risk adjusted returns over time. Our targeted investments include (i) residential loans, including business purpose loans, (ii) structured multi-family property investments such as preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, (iii) non-Agency RMBS, (iv) Agency RMBS, (v) CMBS and (vi) certain other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets and strategic investments in companies from which we purchase, or may in the future purchase, our targeted assets.
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We expect to continue to place a greater emphasis on procuring longer-termed and non-mark-to-market financing arrangements that provide less or no exposure to fluctuations in the collateral repricing determinations of financing counterparties or rapid liquidity reductions in repurchase agreement financing markets. We still expect to utilize some level of repurchase agreement financing as we do currently, but expect repurchase agreement financing, particularly short-term agreements, to represent a smaller percentage of our financing relative to historic levels. While longer-termed and non-mark-to-market financings may incur a greater expense relative to repurchase agreement financings that exposes us to mark-to-market risks, we believe that, over time, this weighting towards longer-termed financings may better allow us to manage our liquidity risk and reduce the impact of market events like those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic during March 2020.
In light of our patient approach in this current environment, we intend to continue to pursue selective investments across the residential housing sector with a focus on acquiring assets with shorter duration, significant discount to par pricing and less price sensitivity to credit deterioration. We will also consider the opportunistic disposition of assets from our portfolio, including our joint venture equity investments, and focus on generating higher portfolio turnover while we prudently manage our liabilities. We believe these actions, combined with our strong balance sheet and cash position, will help to protect our adjusted book value per common share during the expected continued volatile periods in the near future and will better enable us to rapidly reposition our portfolio in a higher interest rate environment and position us to deploy capital and seize on superior market opportunities in the market cycles ahead. Our investment and capital allocation decisions depend on prevailing market conditions, among other factors, and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different economic and capital market environments.
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Historical Financial Information
The following tables set forth our selected historical operating and financial data. The selected historical operating and balance sheet data for the years ended and as of December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018 have been derived from our historical financial statements. Prior year information has been conformed to current year financial statement presentation.
The information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes. You should read the information below in conjunction with our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes (amounts in thousands, except per share data):
Selected Statement of Operations Data:

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest income | $ | 258,388 |  |  | $ | 206,866 |  |  | $ | 350,161 |  |  | $ | 694,614 |  |  | $ | 455,799 |
Interest expense | 129,419 |  |  | 79,284 |  |  | 223,068 |  |  | 566,750 |  |  | 377,071 |
Net interest income | 128,969 |  |  | 127,582 |  |  | 127,093 |  |  | 127,864 |  |  | 78,728 |
Non-interest (loss) income | (120,513) |  |  | 171,741 |  |  | (359,792) |  |  | 94,448 |  |  | 66,480 |
General, administrative and operating expenses | 348,563 |  |  | 108,389 |  |  | 54,563 |  |  | 49,835 |  |  | 41,470 |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders | (340,577) |  |  | 144,176 |  |  | (329,696) |  |  | 144,835 |  |  | 79,186 |
Basic (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.90) |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (0.89) |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | 0.62 |
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.90) |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (0.89) |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 0.61 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic | 377,287 |  |  | 379,232 |  |  | 371,004 |  |  | 221,380 |  |  | 127,243 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted | 377,287 |  |  | 380,968 |  |  | 371,004 |  |  | 242,596 |  |  | 147,450 |

Selected Balance Sheet Data:

| As of December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Residential loans | $ | 3,525,080 |  |  | $ | 3,575,601 |  |  | $ | 3,049,166 |  |  | $ | 2,961,396 |  |  | $ | 1,022,784 |
Multi-family loans | 87,534 |  |  | 120,021 |  |  | 163,593 |  |  | 17,996,791 |  |  | 11,845,402 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value | 99,559 |  |  | 200,844 |  |  | 724,726 |  |  | 2,006,140 |  |  | 1,512,252 |
Equity investments | 179,746 |  |  | 239,631 |  |  | 259,095 |  |  | 189,965 |  |  | 73,466 |
Real estate, net | 692,968 |  |  | 1,017,583 |  |  | 50,532 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,704 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale | 1,151,784 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets (1) | 6,240,745 |  |  | 5,658,301 |  |  | 4,655,587 |  |  | 23,843,369 |  |  | 14,737,638 |
Repurchase agreements | 737,023 |  |  | 554,259 |  |  | 405,531 |  |  | 3,105,416 |  |  | 2,131,505 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 2,102,717 |  |  | 1,522,221 |  |  | 1,623,658 |  |  | 17,817,709 |  |  | 11,117,623 |
Convertible notes | — |  |  | 137,898 |  |  | 135,327 |  |  | 132,955 |  |  | 130,762 |
Senior unsecured notes | 97,384 |  |  | 96,704 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subordinated debentures | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |
Mortgages and notes payable on real estate, net | 394,707 |  |  | 709,356 |  |  | 36,752 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,227 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale | 883,812 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total liabilities (1) | 4,376,634 |  |  | 3,226,519 |  |  | 2,348,014 |  |  | 21,278,340 |  |  | 13,557,345 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs | 63,803 |  |  | 66,392 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total equity | 1,800,308 |  |  | 2,365,390 |  |  | 2,307,573 |  |  | 2,205,029 |  |  | 1,180,293 |

(1)Our consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities of Consolidated VIEs, as the Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. Assets and liabilities of the Company's Consolidated VIEs for each of the balance sheet dates presented are included in the following table (dollar amounts in thousands):
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| As of December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Consolidated VIEs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | $ | 4,261,097 |  |  | $ | 2,940,513 |  |  | $ | 2,150,984 |  |  | $ | 19,270,384 |  |  | $ | 11,984,374 |
Liabilities | $ | 3,403,257 |  |  | $ | 2,235,665 |  |  | $ | 1,667,306 |  |  | $ | 17,878,314 |  |  | $ | 11,191,736 |

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Portfolio Update
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we pursued new single-family residential loan and multi-family investments while we opportunistically sold certain investment securities and received common equity investment repayments from sales of consolidated multi-family properties. The following table presents the activity for our investment portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2021 |  | Acquisitions(1) |  | Repayments (2) |  | Sales |  | Transfers to Disposal Group Held for Sale (3) |  | Fair Value Changes and Other (4) |  | December 31, 2022
Residential loans | $ | 2,504,719 |  |  | $ | 1,733,265 |  |  | $ | (1,247,230) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (293,256) |  |  | $ | 2,697,498 |
Preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans and equity investments | 359,652 |  |  | 28,086 |  |  | (89,105) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,936) |  |  | (21,417) |  |  | 267,280 |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CMBS | 33,146 |  |  | — |  |  | (567) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,446) |  |  | 30,133 |
Non-Agency RMBS | 128,019 |  |  | — |  |  | (24,113) |  |  | (24,374) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,962) |  |  | 68,570 |
ABS | 39,679 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36,215) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,608) |  |  | 856 |
U.S. Treasury Securities | — |  |  | 24,879 |  |  | — |  |  | (24,848) |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |
Total investment securities available for sale | 200,844 |  |  | 24,879 |  |  | (24,680) |  |  | (85,437) |  |  | — |  |  | (16,047) |  |  | 99,559 |
Consolidated SLST (5) | 230,344 |  |  | — |  |  | (652) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38,159) |  |  | 191,533 |
Total investment securities | 431,188 |  |  | 24,879 |  |  | (25,332) |  |  | (85,437) |  |  | — |  |  | (54,206) |  |  | 291,092 |
Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (6) | 261,639 |  |  | 198,802 |  |  | (50,834) |  |  | — |  |  | (237,655) |  |  | (27,217) |  |  | 144,735 |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (3) | — |  |  | 1,100 |  |  | (284) |  |  | — |  |  | 247,591 |  |  | (4,368) |  |  | 244,039 |
Single-family rental properties | 38,749 |  |  | 112,949 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,468) |  |  | 149,230 |
Total investment portfolio | $ | 3,595,947 |  |  | $ | 2,099,081 |  |  | $ | (1,412,785) |  |  | $ | (85,437) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (402,932) |  |  | $ | 3,793,874 |

(1)Includes draws funded for business purpose bridge loans and existing joint venture equity investments and capitalized costs for single-family rental properties.
(2)Includes principal repayments and return of invested capital.
(3)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2022, the assets and liabilities related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties are included in assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Primarily includes net realized gains or losses, changes in net unrealized gains or losses (including reversals of previously recognized net unrealized gains or losses on sales or redemptions), net amortization/accretion/depreciation and net loss from real estate attributable to the Company.
(5)Consolidated SLST is primarily presented on our consolidated balance sheets as residential loans, at fair value and collateralized debt obligations, at fair value. A reconciliation to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, follows (dollar amounts in thousands):
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|  |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Residential loans, at fair value |  |  | $ | 827,582 |  |  | $ | 1,070,882 |
Deferred interest (a) |  |  | (1,554) |  |  | (1,119) |
Less: Collateralized debt obligations, at fair value |  |  | (634,495) |  |  | (839,419) |
Consolidated SLST investment securities owned by NYMT |  |  | $ | 191,533 |  |  | $ | 230,344 |

(a)Included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
(6)See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
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Current Market Conditions and Commentar y
The results of our business operations are affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, and primarily depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income, the market value of our assets, which is driven by numerous factors including the supply and demand for mortgage, housing and credit assets in the marketplace, the ability of our operating partners, tenants and borrowers of our loans and those that underlie our investment securities to meet their payment obligations, the terms and availability of adequate financing and capital, general economic and real estate conditions (both on a national and local level), the impact of government actions in the real estate, mortgage, credit and financial markets, and the credit performance of our credit sensitive assets.
Financial and mortgage-related asset market conditions declined further during the fourth quarter of 2022, continuing a trend seen throughout 2022 of softening financial and mortgage-related asset market conditions. Following three quarters of declines in 2022, stocks began to move upward during the fourth quarter, although this momentum did not overcome the declines incurred earlier in the year. The Dow Jones Industrial Average finished the fourth quarter of 2022 up 15.4% but was still down 8.8% for full year 2022. The Nasdaq Composite Index realized its smallest quarterly decline of the year when it closed the fourth quarter of 2022 down 1.0% but was still down 33.1% for full year 2022. U.S. economic activity continued to be pressured in the fourth quarter by rising interest rates, concerns over tightening monetary policy, inflation and geopolitical instability. As was the case for credit-sensitive assets generally across markets, pricing for many of the assets in our investment portfolio during the fourth quarter declined.
In 2022, equity markets were challenged with investors absorbing the Federal Reserve’s combined 4.25% in interest rate hikes, taking the federal funds rate to its highest point since 2007, expected additional future rate hikes in 2023 and ongoing concerns of the potential for a U.S. economic recession within the next 12 months. Fixed-income markets were accordingly impacted with the yield on the 2-year U.S. Treasury note increasing to 4.41% on December 30, 2022 from a yield of 0.73% on December 31, 2021, an increase of 368 basis points. In December 2022, a divergence from the overall trends experienced in 2022 began to emerge with the annualized inflation rate, as measured by the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”), increasing at its slowest pace of growth since October 2021 and the Federal Reserve implementing a smaller 0.50% federal funds rate hike following a string of four straight 0.75% rate hikes. However, due to persistently high inflation, expected increases in the federal funds rate, the Federal Reserve’s reduction of its balance sheet and ongoing recession concerns, we anticipate markets, and the pricing for many of our assets, will continue to experience volatility in 2023.
The market conditions discussed below significantly influence our investment strategy and results:
Select U.S. Financial and Economic Data. The U.S. economy grew modestly in 2022 with real gross domestic product (“GDP”) increasing by 2.1% (advanced estimate) for full year 2022, down from the more robust GDP growth of 5.9% recorded for full year 2021. GDP grew at a 2.9% (advanced estimate) annualized rate in the fourth quarter of 2022 and at a 3.2% annualized rate in the third quarter of 2022 after beginning the year with two quarters of GDP contraction. As inflationary pressures appear to slightly ebb and markets attempt to anticipate how the Federal Reserve may respond to slower growth in inflation, the uncertainty created by these macroeconomic trends may limit or undermine business activity and the potential for future GDP growth. However, according to the minutes of the Federal Reserve’s December 2022 meeting, Federal Reserve policymakers expect GDP to grow modestly in 2023, although at a slower rate of growth than was seen in the second half of 2022.
The U.S. labor market remained tight throughout the fourth quarter of 2022 and did not cool to the extent that some market commentators had expected or the Federal Reserve hoped for. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. unemployment rate ticked up to begin the fourth quarter of 2022 before erasing those gains and finishing flat to the start of the quarter at 3.5%. The unemployment rate at the end of December 2022 marks a 40 basis point decrease from the unemployment rate of 3.9% at the end of December 2021. The number of unemployed persons decreased by 0.6 million year-over-year to 5.7 million as of December 2022. There continues to be a wide disparity between the number of available job openings, 11.0 million as of the end of December 2022, and the number of unemployed persons, resulting in a competitive labor market and rising wages.
The interest rate environment remained turbulent as the Federal Reserve raised interest rates again in February 2023 by 25 basis points following a total of 425 basis points in interest rate increases in 2022 in an effort to rein in inflation as the CPI maintained multi-decade highs above 6% throughout 2022. Higher interest rates may put pressure on our mortgage borrowers, rents and operating partners. These rate hikes and the anticipation of future rate hikes by the Federal Reserve contributed to the Treasury curve inverting in July 2022. On December 30, 2022, the spread between the 2-Year U.S. Treasury yield and the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield closed at negative 53 basis points, as compared to a 79 basis point spread on December 31, 2021. The 2-year and 10-year yield curve has remained inverted since July 2022 with the yield curve spread closing at negative 69 basis points as of January 31, 2023.
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As noted above, fears of an economic recession in the U.S. remain steady. The National Bureau of Economic Research defines a recession as “a significant decline in economic activity that is spread across the economy and that lasts more than a few months.” A January 2023 survey of economists by the Wall Street Journal indicated that the probability of a recession in the next twelve months is at 61%, a figure that has changed little since October 2022 but is up 43% from the recession probability indicated by the survey taken in January 2022. The economists surveyed by the Wall Street Journal attribute the likelihood of a recession in the next twelve months to persistent high inflation and the Federal Reserve’s efforts to tame inflation through interest rate hikes. An economic recession may put pressure on the ability of our operating partners, tenants and borrowers to meet their obligations to us, and would likely adversely impact the value of our assets, among other things, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Single-Family Homes and Residential Mortgage Market. The residential real estate market declined in 2022, due, at least in part, to the impacts of higher interest rates. As of December 2022, existing-home sales were down 14.6% from September 2021 and down 34.0% from December 2021.
Although there has been a decline in home sales, data released by the S&P Dow Jones Indices for their S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller National Home Price NSA Indices for November 2022 showed that, on average, home prices increased 6.8% for the 20-City Composite over November 2021, although the rate of price increases has slowed since the spring of 2022. According to the National Association of Realtors (“NAR”), the median existing-home price for all housing types in December 2022 was $366,900, up 2.3% from $358,800 in December 2021. Despite 130 consecutive months of year-over-year increases in median home prices, the longest streak on NAR’s records, the median sales price declined for the sixth month in a row in December 2022 after reaching a record high of $413,800 in June 2022, suggesting that homebuilding and pricing may be starting to moderate. According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, privately-owned housing starts for single-family homes averaged a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 862,000 and 1,010,000 for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively, as compared to 1,131,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Overall, existing home inventory for sale at the end of December amounted to 2.9 months of supply, up from 1.7 months of supply in December 2021, according to the NAR. As interest rates continue to move higher, we expect this to continue to put downward pressure on home prices and borrowers. Declining single-family housing fundamentals may adversely impact the overall credit profile and value of our existing portfolio of single-family residential credit investments and the value of our single-family rental properties, as well as the availability of certain of our targeted assets.
Rental Housing. According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, starts on multi-family homes containing five or more units averaged a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 529,000 and 529,000 for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively, as compared to 462,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Demand for new apartments will likely remain strong in the near term, particularly in the South and Southeastern U.S. where in recent years demand has outpaced supply. Nationally, rents continued to grow throughout 2022, albeit at a slower pace than seen in 2021. Weakening multi-family housing fundamentals, including, among other things, increasing interest rates, widening capitalization rates and reduced liquidity for owners of multi-family properties, may cause our operating partners to fail to meet their obligations to us and/or contribute to reduced cash flows from and/or valuation declines for multi-family properties, and in turn, many of the multi-family investments that we own.
In January 2023, the White House Domestic Policy Council and National Economic Council released a white paper entitled the “Blueprint for a Renters Bill of Rights” (the “Blueprint”). The Blueprint discusses potential tenant protections regarding leasing and management of rental properties, tenant organizing, evictions and rent increases, among other potential protections. Although the Blueprint is non-binding, several federal agencies, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, have announced actions that seek to further some of the principles set forth in the Blueprint. Policies, regulations or laws implemented to further the principles discussed in the Blueprint could lead to increased costs and reduced operational flexibility for multi-family and single-family rental properties, which could contribute to reduced cash flows from and/or valuation declines for multi-family and single-family rental properties, and in turn, many of the multi-family investments and single-family rentals that we own.
Credit Spreads. Investment grade and high-yield credit spreads widened in 2022 despite a modest narrowing of both spreads in the fourth quarter amid slowing inflation and optimism that the Federal Reserve might soften its aggressive stance regarding interest rate increases. Tightening credit spreads generally increase the value of many of our credit sensitive assets, while widening credit spreads tend to have a negative impact on the value of many of our credit sensitive assets.
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Financing Markets. The Treasury curve began 2022 with the spread between the 2-Year U.S. Treasury yield and the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield continuing to flatten before ultimately inverting near mid-year and remaining inverted through year-end and into 2023. The spread between the 2-Year U.S. Treasury yield and the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield was 79 basis points on December 31, 2021 and ended 2022 with a spread of negative 53 basis points. Inversions of this spread are generally considered to be indicators of a recession in the near term. This spread is important as it is indicative of opportunities for investing in levered assets. Increases in interest rates raise the costs of many of our liabilities, while overall interest rate volatility generally increases the costs of hedging and may place downward pressure on some of our strategies.
Monetary Policy and Recent Regulatory Developments. The Federal Reserve took a number of actions to stabilize markets during the COVID-19 pandemic. From March 2020 until March 2022, the Federal Reserve implemented an asset purchase program aimed at providing liquidity to the U.S. Treasury and Agency RMBS markets. Under the Federal Reserve’s asset purchase program, the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet grew from about $4.2 trillion in assets at the start of March 2020 to about $8.9 trillion in assets at the end of the program in March 2022. On June 1, 2022, the Federal Reserve shifted course and began shrinking its balance sheet by reducing its holdings of U.S. Treasuries and Agency RMBS by $47.5 billion per month. In September 2022, the Federal Reserve increased its efforts to reduce its balance sheet by doubling the amount of U.S. Treasuries and Agency RMBS it plans to roll off to $95 billion each month. Sales or reductions in the pace of purchasing of Agency RMBS by the Federal Reserve could create headwinds in the market for Agency RMBS where increased supply could drive prices lower and interest rates higher.
From March 2020 to March 2022, the Federal Reserve maintained a target range for the federal funds rate of 0% to 0.25% in view of the COVID-19 pandemic and to foster maximum employment and price stability. With inflation well above the 2% objective in 2022 and into 2023 and a strong labor market, the Federal Reserve approved a 0.25% increase to the target range for the federal funds rate on March 16, 2022, a 0.50% increase on May 4, 2022, a 0.75% increase on June 15, 2022, a 0.75% increase on July 27, 2022, a 0.75% increase on September 21, 2022, a 0.75% increase on November 2, 2022, a 0.50% increase on December 14, 2022 and a 0.25% increase on February 1, 2023. With additional increases to the Federal Reserve’s target range possible in 2023, some Federal Reserve officials expect the target range for the federal funds rate to reach a level between 5.25% and 5.50% by the end of 2023.
In 2017, policymakers announced that LIBOR would be replaced by 2021. The directive was spurred by the fact that banks are uncomfortable contributing to the LIBOR panel given the shortage of underlying transactions on which to base levels and the liability associated with submitting an unfounded level. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”), which was convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to help ensure a successful transition from LIBOR, proposed that the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”) would replace LIBOR. SOFR is based on overnight Treasury General Collateral repo rates.
The administrator of LIBOR, with the support of the Federal Reserve and the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, ceased publication of USD LIBOR on December 31, 2021, for only the one week and two month USD LIBOR tenors, and plans to cease publication of USD LIBOR on June 30, 2023 for all other USD LIBOR tenors. While the transition period was extended to June 2023, the Federal Reserve issued a statement advising banks to stop new USD LIBOR issuances by the end of 2021. In 2022 and thus far into 2023, the market’s adoption of SOFR appears to be strong and growing. Additionally, the federal government enacted the Adjustable Interest Rate Act in March 2022 with the intention of assisting in the transition away from LIBOR. Nevertheless, uncertainty about the transition away from LIBOR and the future of the alternative reference rate remains. We continue to monitor the emergence of this new rate carefully, as it has in many cases, and will likely become in other cases, the new benchmark for hedges and a range of interest rate investments and financing arrangements.
The scope and nature of the actions the Federal Reserve and other governmental authorities will ultimately undertake are unknown and will continue to evolve. There can be no assurance as to how, in the long term, these and other actions, as well as the negative impacts from ongoing geopolitical instability and uncertainty surrounding inflation, interest rates and the outlook for the U.S. and global economies, will affect the efficiency, liquidity and stability of the financial, credit and mortgage markets, and thus, our business. Greater uncertainty frequently leads to wider asset spreads or lower prices and higher hedging costs.
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Full Year 2022 Summary
Earnings and Return Metrics
The following table presents key earnings and return metrics for the year ended December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data):

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | (340,577) |
Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders per share (basic) | $ | (0.90) |
Undepreciated loss (1) | $ | (261,578) |
Undepreciated loss per common share (1) | $ | (0.69) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | (344,325) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to Company's common stockholders per share (basic) | $ | (0.91) |
Yield on average interest earning assets (1) (2) | 6.66 | %
Interest income | $ | 258,388 |
Interest expense | $ | 129,419 |
Net interest income | $ | 128,969 |
Net interest spread (1) (3) | 2.47 | %
Book value per common share at the end of the period | $ | 3.32 |
Adjusted book value per common share at the end of the period (1) | $ | 3.97 |
Economic return on book value (4) | (20.85) | %
Economic return on adjusted book value (5) | (7.42) | %
Dividends per common share | $ | 0.40 |

(1)Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of the Company's non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measure is included in "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" elsewhere in this section.
(2)Calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest income and our average interest earning assets and excludes all Consolidated SLST assets other than those securities owned by the Company.
(3)Our calculation of net interest spread may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies who may use a different calculation.
(4)Economic return on book value is based on the periodic change in GAAP book value per common share plus dividends declared per common share, if any, during the period.
(5)Economic return on adjusted book value is based on the periodic change in adjusted book value per common share, a non-GAAP financial measure, plus dividends declared per common share, if any, during the period.
Key Developments During Full Year 2022
Investing Activities
•Purchased approximately $1.7 billion in residential loans and $112.9 million in single-family rental properties.
•Sold investment securities for approximately $85.4 million and recognized a realized gain of approximately $18.3 million.
•Funded approximately $199.9 million of multi-family joint venture equity investments and approximately $28.1 million of Mezzanine Lending investments. Received approximately $99.1 million in proceeds from redemptions of Mezzanine Lending investments.
•Announced a repositioning of our business through the opportunistic disposition over time of our joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties.
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•A joint venture in which we held a common equity investment sold its multi-family apartment community for approximately $48.0 million. The sale generated a net gain attributable to the Company's common stockholders of approximately $14.4 million.
•Repurchased $50.0 million par value of our residential loan securitization CDOs for approximately $46.5 million.
Financing Activities
•Redeemed our Convertible Notes at maturity for $138.0 million.
•Completed four securitizations of business purpose, performing and re-performing residential loans, resulting in approximately $970.0 million in net proceeds to the Company after deducting expenses associated with the transactions. The Company utilized the net proceeds to repay approximately $793.6 million on outstanding repurchase agreement financing related to residential loans.
•Obtained approximately $1.6 billion of financing for residential loans through recourse and non-recourse repurchase agreements with new and existing counterparties.
•Repurchased 16.6 million shares of common stock pursuant to a stock repurchase program for approximately $44.4 million at an average repurchase price of $2.67 per share.
Subsequent D evelopments
•On February 22, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a one-for-four reverse stock split of our issued, outstanding and authorized shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split is expected to take effect as of 12:01 a.m., New York City time, on March 9, 2023 (the “Effective Time”). Accordingly, at the Effective Time, every four issued and outstanding shares of our common stock will be converted into one share of our common stock, with a proportionate reduction in our authorized shares of common stock, outstanding equity awards and number of shares remaining available for issuance under our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The par value of each share of common stock will remain unchanged. No fractional shares will be issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Instead, each stockholder that would hold fractional shares as a result of the Reverse Stock Split will be entitled to receive, in lieu of such fractional shares, cash in an amount based on the closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on March 8, 2023. See Note 21 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for pro forma information regarding the Reverse Stock Split.
•On February 22, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors approved an extension of the previously announced share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock. Our Board of Directors extended the stock repurchase program expiration from March 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024.
•Repurchase d $60.3 million par value of our residential loan securitization CDOs for approximately $58.7 million in February 2023.
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Capital Allocation
The following provides an overview of the allocation of our total equity as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We fund our investing and operating activities with a combination of cash flow from operations, proceeds from common and preferred equity and debt securities offerings, including convertible notes, senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures, short-term and longer-term repurchase agreements and CDOs. A detailed discussion of our liquidity and capital resources is provided in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” elsewhere in this section.
The following tables set forth our allocated capital by investment category at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands).
At December 31, 2022:

|  | Single-Family |  | Multi-Family |  |  |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Residential loans |  | $ | 3,525,080 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,525,080 |
Consolidated SLST CDOs |  | (634,495) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (634,495) |
Multi-family loans |  | — |  |  | 87,534 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 87,534 |
Investment securities available for sale |  | 68,570 |  |  | 30,133 |  |  |  |  | 856 |  |  | 99,559 |
Equity investments |  | — |  |  | 152,246 |  |  |  |  | 27,500 |  |  | 179,746 |
Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (1) |  | — |  |  | 144,735 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 144,735 |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) |  | — |  |  | 244,039 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 244,039 |
Single-family rental properties |  | 149,230 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 149,230 |
Total investment portfolio carrying value |  | 3,108,385 |  |  | 658,687 |  |  |  |  | 28,356 |  |  | 3,795,428 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements |  | (737,023) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (737,023) |
Residential loan securitization CDOs |  | (1,468,222) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,468,222) |
Senior unsecured notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (97,384) |  |  | (97,384) |
Subordinated debentures |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (45,000) |  |  | (45,000) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (3) |  | 135,401 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 224,403 |  |  | 359,804 |
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value |  | — |  |  | (44,237) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (44,237) |
Other |  | 61,063 |  |  | (2,554) |  |  |  |  | (54,659) |  |  | 3,850 |
Net Company capital allocated |  | $ | 1,099,604 |  |  | $ | 611,896 |  |  |  |  | $ | 55,716 |  |  | $ | 1,767,216 |
Company Recourse Leverage Ratio (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.3x
Portfolio Recourse Leverage Ratio (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.3x

(1)Represents the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties that are not in disposal group held for sale. See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's consolidated financial statements.
(2)Includes both unconsolidated and consolidated equity investments in multi-family properties that are held for sale in disposal group. See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's consolidated financial statements.
(3)Excludes cash in the amount of $35.1 million held in the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and consolidated equity investments in disposal group held for sale. Restricted cash is included in the Company's accompanying consolidated balance sheets in other assets.
(4)Represents the Company's total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures and senior unsecured notes divided by the Company’s total stockholders’ equity. Does not include certain repurchase agreement financing amounting to $291.2 million, Consolidated SLST CDOs amounting to $634.5 million, residential loan securitization CDOs amounting to $1.5 billion and mortgages payable on real estate amounting to $394.7 million as they are non-recourse debt.
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(5)Represents the Company's outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by the Company’s total stockholders’ equity.
At December 31, 2021:

|  |  | Single-Family |  | Multi-Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Residential loans |  |  | $ | 3,575,601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,575,601 |
Consolidated SLST CDOs |  |  | (839,419) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (839,419) |
Multi-family loans |  |  | — |  |  | 120,021 |  |  | — |  |  | 120,021 |
Investment securities available for sale |  |  | 128,019 |  |  | 33,146 |  |  | 39,679 |  |  | 200,844 |
Equity investments |  |  | — |  |  | 191,238 |  |  | 48,393 |  |  | 239,631 |
Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 261,639 |  |  | — |  |  | 261,639 |
Single-family rental properties |  |  | 38,749 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,749 |
Total investment portfolio carrying value |  |  | 2,902,950 |  |  | 606,044 |  |  | 88,072 |  |  | 3,597,066 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | (554,259) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (554,259) |
Residential loan securitization CDOs |  |  | (682,802) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (682,802) |
Convertible notes |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (137,898) |  |  | (137,898) |
Senior unsecured notes |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96,704) |  |  | (96,704) |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,000) |  |  | (45,000) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (2) |  |  | 39,366 |  |  | — |  |  | 260,279 |  |  | 299,645 |
Other |  |  | 29,612 |  |  | (13,205) |  |  | (55,424) |  |  | (39,017) |
Net Company capital allocated |  |  | $ | 1,734,867 |  |  | $ | 592,839 |  |  | $ | 13,325 |  |  | $ | 2,341,031 |
Company Recourse Leverage Ratio (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.4x
Portfolio Recourse Leverage Ratio (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2x

(1)Represents the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family apartment properties. See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties to the Company's consolidated financial statements.
(2)Excludes cash in the amount of $30.1 million and restricted cash in the amount of $8.1 million held in the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties. Restricted cash is included in the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets in other assets.
(3)Represents the Company's total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures, convertible notes and senior unsecured notes divided by the Company’s total stockholders’ equity. Does not include Consolidated SLST CDOs amounting to $839.4 million, residential loan securitization CDOs amounting to $682.8 million and mortgages payable on real estate amounting to $709.4 million as they are non-recourse debt.
(4)Represents the Company's outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by the Company’s total stockholders’ equity.
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Results of Operations
The following discussion provides information regarding our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, including a comparison of year-over-year results and related commentary. A number of the tables contain a “change” column that indicates the amount by which results from the year ended December 31, 2022 are greater or less than the results from the year ended December 31, 2021. Unless otherwise specified, references in this section to increases or decreases in 2022 refer to the change in results for the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For a discussion related to our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, please refer to Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022 and is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
The following table presents the main components of our net (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data):

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
Interest income | $ | 258,388 |  |  | $ | 206,866 |  |  | $ | 51,522 |
Interest expense | 129,419 |  |  | 79,284 |  |  | 50,135 |
Net interest income | 128,969 |  |  | 127,582 |  |  | 1,387 |
Total non-interest (loss) income | (120,513) |  |  | 171,741 |  |  | (292,254) |
General and administrative expenses | 52,440 |  |  | 48,908 |  |  | 3,532 |
Expenses related to real estate | 255,235 |  |  | 32,813 |  |  | 222,422 |
Portfolio operating expenses | 40,888 |  |  | 26,668 |  |  | 14,220 |
(Loss) income from operations before income taxes | (340,107) |  |  | 190,934 |  |  | (531,041) |
Income tax expense | 542 |  |  | 2,458 |  |  | (1,916) |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests | 42,044 |  |  | 4,724 |  |  | 37,320 |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company | (298,605) |  |  | 193,200 |  |  | (491,805) |
Preferred stock dividends | 41,972 |  |  | 42,859 |  |  | (887) |
Preferred stock redemption charge | — |  |  | 6,165 |  |  | (6,165) |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders | (340,577) |  |  | 144,176 |  |  | (484,753) |
Basic (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.90) |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (1.28) |
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.90) |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (1.28) |

Interest Income and Interest Expense
Interest income increased in 2022 primarily due to the increase in our average interest earning assets as the Company continued to invest in residential loans, particularly higher-yielding business purpose loans. This increase was offset by an increase of interest expense due to 1) increased securitization financings and borrowings on repurchase agreements and 2) an increase in cost of financing due to an increase in base interest rates.
Non-interest Income (Loss)
Realized Gains, Net
The following table presents the components of realized gains, net recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,281 |  |  | $ | 15,723 |  |  | $ | (7,442) |
Investment securities and derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,268 |  |  | 5,728 |  |  | 13,540 |
Total realized gains, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,549 |  |  | $ | 21,451 |  |  | $ | 6,098 |

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized net realized gains of $8.3 million related to our residential loan portfolio, primarily as a result of loan prepayments. The Company also recognized net realized gains of $18.3 million on the sale of ABS and non-Agency RMBS as part of our strategy to selectively and opportunistically dispose of certain of our investment securities.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized net realized gains of $15.7 million related to our residential loan portfolio primarily as a result of loan prepayments and sales activity during the year. The Company also recognized net realized gains of $5.7 million related to our investment securities, which consisted of $11.2 million of net realized gains on the sale of Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS, offset by a write-down of $5.5 million recognized on the Company's investments in non-Agency RMBS.
Unrealized (Losses) Gains, Net
The following table presents the components of unrealized (losses) gains, net recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (289,670) |  |  | $ | 55,335 |  |  | $ | (345,005) |
Consolidated SLST |  |  |  |  |  |  | (32,403) |  |  | 23,832 |  |  | (56,235) |
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,673) |  |  | 1,016 |  |  | (3,689) |
Investment securities and derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,665 |  |  | 15,466 |  |  | (11,801) |
Total unrealized (losses) gains, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (321,081) |  |  | $ | 95,649 |  |  | $ | (416,730) |

The Company recognized $321.1 million in net unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to credit spread widening and increases in interest rates that impacted the pricing of our credit assets, particularly our residential loans and investment in Consolidated SLST. Net unrealized losses on our investment securities for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a reversal of previously recognized unrealized gains amounting to $15.9 million o n ABS that were sold during the year as well as additional unrealized losses on non-Agency RMBS and CMBS due to credit spread widening. Unrealized losses on investment securities for the year ended December 31, 2022 were partially offset by unrealized gains recognized on certain non-Agency IOs during the period as a result of an increase in interest rates. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $26.3 million of unrealized gains related to interest rate cap agreements, also as a result of an increase in interest rates during the period.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $95.6 million in net unrealized gains, primarily due to improved pricing on our credit assets driven largely by tightening credit spreads, particularly our residential loans, investment in Consolidated SLST and our non-Agency RMBS.
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Income from Equity Investments
The following table presents the components of income from equity investments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
Preferred return on preferred equity investments accounted for as equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,276 |  |  | $ | 24,256 |  |  | $ | (1,980) |
Unrealized (losses) gains, net on preferred equity investments accounted for as equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,606) |  |  | 377 |  |  | (3,983) |
(Loss) income from unconsolidated joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,430) |  |  | 150 |  |  | (1,580) |
(Loss) income from entities that invest in or originate residential properties and loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,166) |  |  | 9,113 |  |  | (11,279) |
Total income from equity investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,074 |  |  | $ | 33,896 |  |  | $ | (18,822) |

Income from equity investments decreased during the year ended December 31, 2022, due in part to the redemption of a residential equity investment in the first quarter of 2022. Income from equity investments also decreased due to net unrealized losses recognized on preferred equity, unconsolidated joint venture equity and residential equity investments during the year ended December 31, 2022 due to rising interest rates that negatively impacted valuations and credit spread widening. Preferred return on preferred equity investments decreased during the period as a result of investment redemptions since December 31, 2021.
Other Income
The following table presents the components of other income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan premiums resulting from early redemption (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,950 |  |  | $ | 5,294 |  |  | $ | (1,344) |
Gain on sale of real estate held for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,132 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,132 |
Miscellaneous |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,793) |  |  | 221 |  |  | (5,014) |
Total other income |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,289 |  |  | $ | 5,515 |  |  | $ | 10,774 |

(1)Includes premiums resulting from early redemptions of preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments accounted for as loans.
The net increase in other income in 2022 is primarily due to gain recognized on the sale of a multi-family property in which we held a joint venture equity interest during the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was partially offset by impairment losses related to certain equity and joint venture equity investments recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Expenses
The following tables present the components of general, administrative and portfolio operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
General and Administrative Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries, benefits and directors’ compensation |  | $ | 39,689 |  |  | $ | 36,970 |  |  | $ | 2,719 |
Professional fees |  | 4,771 |  |  | 3,468 |  |  | 1,303 |
Other |  | 7,980 |  |  | 8,470 |  |  | (490) |
Total general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 52,440 |  |  | $ | 48,908 |  |  | $ | 3,532 |

The increase in general and administrative expenses in 2022 is primarily related to an increase in salary and stock-based compensation expenses due, in part, to an increase in employee headcount, and an increase in legal and audit fees.

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
Portfolio operating expenses |  | $ | 40,888 |  |  | $ | 26,668 |  |  | $ | 14,220 |

The increase in portfolio operating expenses in 2022 can be attributed primarily to increased servicing fees related to business purpose loans as a result of increased investment activity in those assets during the first half of 2022.
Net (Loss) Income from Real Estate
The following table presents the components of net (loss) income from real estate for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
Income from real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 141,656 |  |  | $ | 15,230 |  |  | $ | 126,426 |
Expenses related to real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  | (56,011) |  |  | (3,964) |  |  | (52,047) |
Depreciation expense on operating real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  | (47,179) |  |  | (5,662) |  |  | (41,517) |
Amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  | (79,645) |  |  | (13,588) |  |  | (66,057) |
Other expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (72,400) |  |  | (9,599) |  |  | (62,801) |
Total expenses related to real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  | (255,235) |  |  | (32,813) |  |  | (222,422) |
Net gain (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,821 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 40,664 |
Net loss from real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  | (72,758) |  |  | (17,426) |  |  | (55,332) |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42,044 |  |  | 4,724 |  |  | 37,320 |
Net loss from real estate attributable to Company |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (30,714) |  |  | $ | (12,702) |  |  | $ | (18,012) |

(1)Includes $17.1 million of gain on sale, $1.1 million of loss on extinguishment of mortgages payable on real estate and $2.4 million impairment of real estate included in other income, $0.9 million included in realized gains, net related to derivatives and $26.3 million of unrealized gains on derivatives included in unrealized gains, net in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Beginning in the second half of 2021, we significantly grew our portfolio of joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties, the assets and liabilities of which are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. The increase in net loss from real estate in 2022 was primarily related to a full year of activity from the consolidated joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties. A significant portion of the net loss is attributable to depreciation expense and amortization of lease intangibles related to the operating real estate. The Company recognized depreciation and amortization expenses totaling $47.2 million and $79.6 million, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was partially offset by unrealized gains recognized on interest rate cap agreements related to mortgages payable as a result of an increase in interest rates as well as gain recognized on the sale of real estate held for sale.
Comprehensive (Loss) Income
The main components of comprehensive (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are detailed in the following table (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change
NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (340,577) |  |  | $ | 144,176 |  |  | $ | (484,753) |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Decrease) increase in fair value of available for sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,748) |  |  | 4,663 |  |  | (8,411) |
CMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |  |  | (86) |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,748) |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | (8,497) |
Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in net (loss) income |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (3,965) |  |  | 3,965 |
TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,748) |  |  | 784 |  |  | (4,532) |
COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (344,325) |  |  | $ | 144,960 |  |  | $ | (489,285) |

The changes in other comprehensive (loss) income ("OCI") in 2022 can be attributed primarily to a decrease in the fair value of our investment securities, where the fair value option was not elected, as a result of credit spread widening in 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the net fair value of our investment securities where fair value option was not elected increased as a result of general credit spread tightening during the period. Additionally, previously recognized net unrealized gains reported in OCI were reclassified to net realized gains in relation to the sale of certain investment securities during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company’s newly purchased investment securities are presented at fair value as a result of a fair value election made at the time of acquisition pursuant to ASC 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The fair value option was elected for these investment securities to provide stockholders and others who rely on our financial statements with a more complete and accurate understanding of our economic performance. Changes in the market values of investment securities where the Company elected the fair value option are reflected in earnings instead of in OCI. As of December 31, 2022, the majority of the Company's investment securities are accounted for using the fair value option.
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Analysis of Changes in GAAP Book Value
The following table analyzes the changes in GAAP book value of our common stock for the year ended December 31, 2022 (amounts in thousands, except per share):

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Amount |  | Shares |  | Per Share(1)
Beginning Balance | $ | 1,783,906 |  |  | 379,405 |  |  | $ | 4.70 |
Common stock issuance, net (2) | 11,895 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |
Preferred stock issuance, net | 130 |  |  |  |  |
Common stock repurchase | (44,399) |  |  | (16,630) |  |  |
Balance after share activity | 1,751,532 |  |  | 364,775 |  |  | 4.80 |
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value | (44,237) |  |  |  |  | (0.12) |
Costs associated with non-controlling interest contributions | (26) |  |  |  |  | — |
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared | (152,853) |  |  |  |  | (0.42) |
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale (3) | (3,748) |  |  |  |  | (0.01) |
Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders | (340,577) |  |  |  |  | (0.93) |
Ending Balance | $ | 1,210,091 |  |  | 364,775 |  |  | $ | 3.32 |

(1)Outstanding shares used to calculate book value per common share for the year ended December 31, 2022 are 364,774,752.
(2)Includes amortization of stock based compensation.
(3)The net decrease relates to unrealized losses on our investment securities due to reductions in pricing.
The following table analyzes the changes in GAAP book value of our common stock for the year ended December 31, 2021 (amounts in thousands, except per share):

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Amount |  | Shares |  | Per Share(1)
Beginning Balance | $ | 1,779,380 |  |  | 377,744 |  |  | $ | 4.71 |
Common stock issuance, net (2) | 10,239 |  |  | 1,661 |  |  |
Preferred stock issuance, net | 210,738 |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock issuance liquidation preference | (218,750) |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock redemption charge | 6,165 |  |  |  |  |
Balance after share activity | 1,787,772 |  |  | 379,405 |  |  | 4.71 |
Redemption of non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs | 3,420 |  |  |  |  | 0.01 |
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared | (152,246) |  |  |  |  | (0.40) |
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale (3) | 784 |  |  |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to Company's common stockholders | 144,176 |  |  |  |  | 0.38 |
Ending Balance | $ | 1,783,906 |  |  | 379,405 |  |  | $ | 4.70 |

(1)Outstanding shares used to calculate book value per common share for the year ended December 31, 2021 are 379,405,240.
(2)Includes amortization of stock based compensation.
(3)The net increase relates to the reclassification of unrealized gains and losses to net income in relation to the sale of investment securities and net unrealized gains on our investment securities due to improved pricing.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the results presented in accordance with GAAP, this Annual Report on Form 10-K includes certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted interest income, adjusted interest expense, adjusted net interest income, yield on average interest earning assets, average financing cost, net interest spread, undepreciated earnings and adjusted book value per common share. Our management team believes that these non-GAAP financial measures, when considered with our GAAP financial statements, provide supplemental information useful for investors as it enables them to evaluate our current performance and trends using the metrics that management uses to operate our business. Our presentation of non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies, who may use different calculations. Because these measures are not calculated in accordance with GAAP, they should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, the financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our GAAP financial results and the reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the most directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP should be carefully evaluated.
Adjusted Net Interest Income and Net Interest Spread
Financial results for the Company during a given period include the net interest income earned on our investment portfolio of residential loans, RMBS, CMBS, ABS and preferred equity investments and mezzanine loans, where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to and accounted for as loans (collectively, our “interest earning assets”). Adjusted net interest income and net interest spread (both supplemental non-GAAP financial measures) are impacted by factors such as our cost of financing, the interest rate that our investments bear and our interest rate hedging strategies. Furthermore, the amount of premium or discount paid on purchased investments and the prepayment rates on investments will impact adjusted net interest income as such factors will be amortized over the expected term of such investments.
We provide the following non-GAAP financial measures, in total and by investment category, for the respective periods:
•adjusted interest income – calculated by reducing our GAAP interest income by the interest expense recognized on Consolidated SLST CDOs and Consolidated K-Series CDOs,
•adjusted interest expense – calculated by reducing our GAAP interest expense by the interest expense recognized on Consolidated SLST CDOs and Consolidated K-Series CDOs,
•adjusted net interest income – calculated by subtracting adjusted interest expense from adjusted interest income,
•yield on average interest earning assets – calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest income and our average interest earning assets and excludes all Consolidated SLST and Consolidated K-Series assets other than those securities owned by the Company,
•average financing cost – calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest expense and the average outstanding balance of our interest bearing liabilities, excluding Consolidated SLST CDOs, Consolidated K-Series CDOs and mortgages payable on real estate, and
•net interest spread – calculated as the difference between our yield on average interest earning assets and our average financing cost.
We provide the non-GAAP financial measures listed above because we believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors and management with additional detail and enhance their understanding of our interest earning asset yields, in total and by investment category, relative to the cost of our financing and the underlying trends within our portfolio of interest earning assets. In addition to the foregoing, our management team uses these measures to assess, among other things, the performance of our interest earning assets in total and by asset, possible cash flows from our interest earning assets in total and by asset, our ability to finance or borrow against the asset and the terms of such financing and the composition of our portfolio of interest earning assets, including acquisition and disposition determi nations. These measures remove the impact of Consolidated SLST and the Consolidated K-Series that we consolidate or consolidated in accordance with GAAP by only including the interest income earned by the Consolidated SLST and Consolidated K-Series securities that are or were actually owned by the Company, as the Company only receives or received income or absorbs or absorbed losses related to the Consolidated SLST and Consolidated K-Series securities actually owned by the Company.
Prior to the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we also reduced GAAP interest expense by the interest expense on mortgages payable on real estate. Commencing with the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we have reclassified the interest expense on mortgages payable on real estate to expenses related to real estate on our consolidated statements of operations and, as such, it is no longer included in GAAP interest expense. Prior period disclosures have been conformed to the current period presentation.
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The following tables set forth certain information about our interest earning assets by category and their related adjusted interest income, adjusted interest expense, adjusted net interest income, yield on average interest earning assets, average financing cost and net interest spread for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2022

|  |  | Single-Family (8) |  | Multi- Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Adjusted Interest Income (1) (2) |  |  | $ | 213,770 |  |  | $ | 13,499 |  |  | $ | 5,974 |  |  | $ | 233,243 |
Adjusted Interest Expense (1) |  |  | (94,664) |  |  | (152) |  |  | (9,458) |  |  | (104,274) |
Adjusted Net Interest Income (1) |  |  | $ | 119,106 |  |  | $ | 13,347 |  |  | $ | (3,484) |  |  | $ | 128,969 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (3) |  |  | $ | 3,354,923 |  |  | $ | 135,769 |  |  | $ | 13,820 |  |  | $ | 3,504,512 |
Average Interest Bearing Liabilities (4) |  |  | $ | 2,333,020 |  |  | $ | 5,520 |  |  | $ | 150,194 |  |  | $ | 2,488,734 |
Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets (1) (5) |  |  | 6.37 | % |  | 9.94 | % |  | 43.23 | % |  | 6.66 | %
Average Financing Cost (1) (6) |  |  | (4.06) | % |  | (2.75) | % |  | (6.30) | % |  | (4.19) | %
Net Interest Spread (1) (7) |  |  | 2.31 | % |  | 7.19 | % |  | 36.93 | % |  | 2.47 | %

Year Ended December 31, 2021

|  |  | Single-Family (8) |  | Multi- Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Adjusted Interest Income (1) (2) |  |  | $ | 151,931 |  |  | $ | 19,900 |  |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 178,731 |
Adjusted Interest Expense (1) |  |  | (33,787) |  |  | — |  |  | (17,362) |  |  | (51,149) |
Adjusted Net Interest Income (1) |  |  | $ | 118,144 |  |  | $ | 19,900 |  |  | $ | (10,462) |  |  | $ | 127,582 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (3) |  |  | $ | 2,559,713 |  |  | $ | 238,273 |  |  | $ | 28,025 |  |  | $ | 2,826,011 |
Average Interest Bearing Liabilities (4) |  |  | $ | 1,039,145 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 250,778 |  |  | $ | 1,289,923 |
Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets (1) (5) |  |  | 5.94 | % |  | 8.35 | % |  | 24.62 | % |  | 6.32 | %
Average Financing Cost (1) (6) |  |  | (3.25) | % |  | — |  |  | (6.92) | % |  | (3.97) | %
Net Interest Spread (1) (7) |  |  | 2.69 | % |  | 8.35 | % |  | 17.70 | % |  | 2.35 | %

Year Ended December 31, 2020

|  |  | Single-Family (8) |  | Multi- Family (9) |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Adjusted Interest Income (1) (2) |  |  | $ | 128,287 |  |  | $ | 54,708 |  |  | $ | 5,741 |  |  | $ | 188,736 |
Adjusted Interest Expense (1) |  |  | (41,109) |  |  | (7,352) |  |  | (13,182) |  |  | (61,643) |
Adjusted Net Interest Income (1) |  |  | $ | 87,178 |  |  | $ | 47,356 |  |  | $ | (7,441) |  |  | $ | 127,093 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (3) |  |  | $ | 2,595,576 |  |  | $ | 656,067 |  |  | $ | 43,855 |  |  | $ | 3,295,498 |
Average Interest Bearing Liabilities (4) |  |  | $ | 1,292,958 |  |  | $ | 227,692 |  |  | $ | 183,000 |  |  | $ | 1,703,650 |
Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets (1) (5) |  |  | 4.94 | % |  | 8.34 | % |  | 13.08 | % |  | 5.73 | %
Average Financing Cost (1) (6) |  |  | (3.14) | % |  | (3.18) | % |  | (7.10) | % |  | (3.57) | %
Net Interest Spread (1) (7) |  |  | 1.80 | % |  | 5.16 | % |  | 5.98 | % |  | 2.16 | %

(1)Represents a non-GAAP financial measure.
(2)Includes interest income earned on cash accounts held by the Company.
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(3)Average Interest Earning Assets for the respective periods include residential loans, multi-family loans and investment securities and exclude all Consolidated SLST and Consolidated K-Series assets other than those securities owned by the Company. Average Interest Earning Assets is calculated based on the daily average amortized cost for the respective periods.
(4)Average Interest Bearing Liabilities for the respective periods include repurchase agreements, residential loan securitization CDOs, Convertible Notes, senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures and exclude Consolidated SLST CDOs, Consolidated K-Series CDOs and mortgages payable on real estate as the Company does or did not directly incur interest expense on these liabilities that are consolidated for GAAP purposes. Average Interest Bearing Liabilities is calculated based on the daily average outstanding balance for the respective periods.
(5)Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets is calculated by dividing our adjusted interest income relating to our portfolio of interest earning assets by our Average Interest Earning Assets for the respective periods.
(6)Average Financing Cost is calculated by dividing our adjusted interest expense by our Average Interest Bearing Liabilities.
(7)Net Interest Spread is the difference between our Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets and our Average Financing Cost.
(8)The Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary of Consolidated SLST and has consolidated Consolidated SLST into the Company's consolidated financial statements. Our GAAP interest income includes interest income recognized on the underlying seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans held in Consolidated SLST. Our GAAP interest expense includes interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs that permanently finance the residential loans in Consolidated SLST and are not owned by the Company. We calculate adjusted interest income by reducing our GAAP interest income by the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs and adjusted interest expense by excluding the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs, thus only including the interest income earned by the SLST securities that are actually owned by the Company in adjusted net interest income.
(9)Prior to the sale of first loss POs in March 2020, the Company had determined it was the primary beneficiary of the Consolidated K-Series and had consolidated the Consolidated K-Series into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Our GAAP interest income included interest income recognized on the underlying multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series. Our GAAP interest expense included interest expense recognized on the Consolidated K-Series CDOs that permanently financed the multi-family loans in the Consolidated K-Series and were not owned by the Company. We calculate adjusted interest income by reducing our GAAP interest income by the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated K-Series CDOs and adjusted interest expense by excluding the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated K-Series CDOs, thus only including the interest income earned by the K-Series securities that were actually owned by the Company in adjusted net interest income.
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Our adjusted net interest income remained relatively flat in 2022 as compared to the prior year. Adjusted interest expense increased as a result of increased borrowings pursuant to repurchase agreements and securitization financings and an increase in the cost of financing due to base interest rate movements. Our average interest earning assets also increased in 2022, primarily due to additional investment in higher-yielding business purpose loans, which partially offset the increases in repurchase agreement financing obtained on residential loans and investment securities, securitization financings related to residential loans and the associated increased financing costs. Multi-family adjusted net interest income decreased by approximately $6.6 million in 2022 primarily as a result of multi-family loan redemptions that moved multi-family average interest earning assets lower, while a reduction in corporate/other adjusted interest expense resulting from redemption of our Convertible Notes (defined below) in the first quarter of 2022 caused corporate/other adjusted net interest income to increase by approximately $7.0 million.
Net interest spread increased during 2022, primarily due to an increase in yield on average interest earning assets resulting from our continued investment in higher-yielding business purpose loans. The increase was partially offset by an increase in the cost of financing due to base interest rate movements in 2022.
Our adjusted net interest income remained relatively flat in 2021 as compared to the prior year. Adjusted interest income decreased as a result of a decrease in average interest earning assets due to asset sales in 2020, largely in response to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic during the first half of 2020, opportunistic asset sales in 2020 and 2021 and higher prepayment speeds in 2021. In particular, we sold our entire portfolio of higher-yielding first loss POs within the Consolidated K-Series in March 2020 and continued to reduce our portfolio of remaining investment securities through the sale of non-Agency RMBS and CMBS in 2021. The decrease in adjusted interest income was partially offset by the acquisition of higher-yielding business purpose loans in 2021. Adjusted interest expense also decreased in 2021 as compared to the prior year due to a decrease in average interest bearing liabilities, which was largely driven by reduced borrowings from repurchases agreements secured by investment securities.
Net interest spread for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased from the prior year period primarily due to continued investment in higher-yielding business purpose loans. The change was partially offset by increased average borrowing costs associated with the non-mark-to-market financings (including securitizations) completed in 2020 and 2021 that replaced repurchase agreement financings that had lower interest costs.
A reconciliation of GAAP interest income to adjusted interest income, GAAP interest expense to adjusted interest expense and GAAP total net interest income to adjusted net interest income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is presented below (dollar amounts in thousands):
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| Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Single-Family |  | Multi-Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total |  | Single-Family |  | Multi-Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total |  | Single-Family |  | Multi-Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
GAAP interest income | $ | 238,915 |  |  | $ | 13,499 |  |  | $ | 5,974 |  |  | $ | 258,388 |  |  | $ | 180,066 |  |  | $ | 19,900 |  |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 206,866 |  |  | $ | 159,950 |  |  | $ | 184,470 |  |  | $ | 5,741 |  |  | $ | 350,161 |
GAAP interest expense | (119,809) |  |  | (152) |  |  | (9,458) |  |  | (129,419) |  |  | (61,922) |  |  | — |  |  | (17,362) |  |  | (79,284) |  |  | (72,772) |  |  | (137,114) |  |  | (13,182) |  |  | (223,068) |
GAAP total net interest income | $ | 119,106 |  |  | $ | 13,347 |  |  | $ | (3,484) |  |  | $ | 128,969 |  |  | $ | 118,144 |  |  | $ | 19,900 |  |  | $ | (10,462) |  |  | $ | 127,582 |  |  | $ | 87,178 |  |  | $ | 47,356 |  |  | $ | (7,441) |  |  | $ | 127,093 |
GAAP interest income | $ | 238,915 |  |  | $ | 13,499 |  |  | $ | 5,974 |  |  | $ | 258,388 |  |  | $ | 180,066 |  |  | $ | 19,900 |  |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 206,866 |  |  | $ | 159,950 |  |  | $ | 184,470 |  |  | $ | 5,741 |  |  | $ | 350,161 |
Remove interest expense from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs | (25,145) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25,145) |  |  | (28,135) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28,135) |  |  | (31,663) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,663) |
Consolidated K-Series CDOs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (129,762) |  |  | — |  |  | (129,762) |
Adjusted interest income | $ | 213,770 |  |  | $ | 13,499 |  |  | $ | 5,974 |  |  | $ | 233,243 |  |  | $ | 151,931 |  |  | $ | 19,900 |  |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 178,731 |  |  | $ | 128,287 |  |  | $ | 54,708 |  |  | $ | 5,741 |  |  | $ | 188,736 |
GAAP interest expense | $ | (119,809) |  |  | $ | (152) |  |  | $ | (9,458) |  |  | $ | (129,419) |  |  | $ | (61,922) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (17,362) |  |  | $ | (79,284) |  |  | $ | (72,772) |  |  | $ | (137,114) |  |  | $ | (13,182) |  |  | $ | (223,068) |
Remove interest expense from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs | 25,145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,145 |  |  | 28,135 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,135 |  |  | 31,663 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,663 |
Consolidated K-Series CDOs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,762 |  |  | — |  |  | 129,762 |
Adjusted interest expense | $ | (94,664) |  |  | $ | (152) |  |  | $ | (9,458) |  |  | $ | (104,274) |  |  | $ | (33,787) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (17,362) |  |  | $ | (51,149) |  |  | $ | (41,109) |  |  | $ | (7,352) |  |  | $ | (13,182) |  |  | $ | (61,643) |
Adjusted net interest income (1) | $ | 119,106 |  |  | $ | 13,347 |  |  | $ | (3,484) |  |  | $ | 128,969 |  |  | $ | 118,144 |  |  | $ | 19,900 |  |  | $ | (10,462) |  |  | $ | 127,582 |  |  | $ | 87,178 |  |  | $ | 47,356 |  |  | $ | (7,441) |  |  | $ | 127,093 |

(1)Adjusted net interest income is calculated by subtracting adjusted interest expense from adjusted interest income.
Undepreciated (Loss) Earnings
Undepreciated (loss) earnings is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure defined as GAAP net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders excluding the Company's share in depreciation expense and lease intangible amortization expense related to operating real estate, net. By excluding these non-cash adjustments from our operating results, we believe that the presentation of undepreciated (loss) earnings provides a consistent measure of our operating performance and useful information to investors to evaluate the effective net return on our portfolio. In addition, we believe that presenting undepreciated (loss) earnings enables our investors to measure, evaluate, and compare our operating performance to that of our peers.
A reconciliation of net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders to undepreciated (loss) earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is presented below (amounts in thousands, except per share data).
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| For the Years Ended December 31, |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | (340,577) |  |  | $ | 144,176 |  |  | $ | (329,696) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense on operating real estate | 28,916 |  |  | 4,381 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate | 50,083 |  |  | 11,324 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Undepreciated (loss) earnings | $ | (261,578) |  |  | $ | 159,881 |  |  | $ | (329,696) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic | 377,287 |  |  | 379,232 |  |  | 371,004 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Undepreciated (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.69) |  |  | $ | 0.42 |  |  | $ | (0.89) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Adjusted Book Value Per Common Share
Previously, we presented undepreciated book value per common share as a non-GAAP financial measure. Commencing with the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we have discontinued disclosure of undepreciated book value per common share and instead present adjusted book value per common share, also a non-GAAP financial measure.
When presented in prior periods, undepreciated book value was calculated by excluding from GAAP book value the Company's share of cumulative depreciation and lease intangible amortization expenses related to operating real estate, net held at the end of the period. Since we began disclosing undepreciated book value, we identified additional items as materially affecting our book value and believe they should also be incorporated in order to provide a more useful non-GAAP measure for investors to evaluate our current performance and trends and facilitate the comparison of our financial performance and adjusted book value per common share to that of our peers. Accordingly, we calculate adjusted book value per common share by making the following adjustments to GAAP book value: (i) exclude the Company's share of cumulative depreciation and lease intangible amortization expenses related to operating real estate, net held at the end of the period, (ii) exclude the adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interests to estimated redemption value and (iii) adjust our liabilities that finance our investment portfolio to fair value.
Our rental property portfolio includes fee simple interests in single-family rental homes and joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties owned by Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. By excluding our share of non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses, adjusted book value reflects the value of our single-family rental properties and joint venture equity investments at their undepreciated basis.
Additionally, in connection with third party ownership of certain of the non-controlling interests in certain of the Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, we record redeemable non-controlling interests as mezzanine equity on our consolidated balance sheets. The holders of the redeemable non-controlling interests may elect to sell their ownership interests to us at fair value once a year, subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations, resulting in an adjustment of the redeemable non-controlling interests to fair value that is accounted for by us as an equity transaction in accordance with GAAP. A key component of the estimation of fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interests is the estimated fair value of the multi-family apartment properties held by the applicable Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, which valuation is performed once a year by obtaining third party valuations in accordance with underlying agreements. However, because the corresponding real estate assets are not reported at fair value and thus not adjusted to reflect unrealized gains or losses in our consolidated financial statements, the adjustment of the redeemable non-controlling interests to fair value directly affects our GAAP book value. By excluding the adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interests to estimated redemption value, adjusted book value more closely aligns the accounting treatment applied to our real estate assets and reflects the value of our joint venture equity investments at their undepreciated basis.
The substantial majority of our remaining assets are financial or similar instruments that are carried at fair value in accordance with the fair value option in our consolidated financial statements. However, unlike our use of the fair value option for the assets in our investment portfolio, the CDOs issued by our residential loan securitizations, senior unsecured notes, subordinated debentures and Convertible Notes that finance our investment portfolio assets are carried at amortized cost in our consolidated financial statements. By adjusting these financing instruments to fair value, adjusted book value reflects the Company's net equity in investments on a comparable fair value basis.
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We believe that the presentation of adjusted book value per common share provides a more useful measure for investors and us than undepreciated book value as it provides a more consistent measure of our value, allows management to effectively consider our financial position and facilitates the comparison of our financial performance to that of our peers.
A reconciliation of GAAP book value to adjusted book value and calculation of adjusted book value per common share as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is presented below (amounts in thousands, except per share data).

| December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2021
Company's stockholders' equity | $ | 1,767,216 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,341,031 |
Preferred stock liquidation preference | (557,125) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (557,125) |
GAAP book value | 1,210,091 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,783,906 |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative depreciation expense on operating real estate | 31,433 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,381 |
Cumulative amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate | 59,844 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,324 |
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value | 44,237 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Adjustment of amortized cost liabilities to fair value | 103,066 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8,237) |
Adjusted book value | $ | 1,448,671 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,791,374 |
Common shares outstanding | 364,775 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 379,405 |
GAAP book value per common share (1) | $ | 3.32 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4.70 |
Adjusted book value per common share (2) | $ | 3.97 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4.72 |

(1)GAAP book value per common share is calculated using the GAAP book value and the common shares outstanding for the periods indicated.
(2)Adjusted book value per common share is calculated using the adjusted book value and the common shares outstanding for the periods indicated.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are based, in part, on our judgment and assumptions regarding various economic conditions that we believe are reasonable based on facts and circumstances existing at the time of reporting. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions utilized in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Although our estimates contemplate conditions as of December 31, 2022 and how we expect them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be different than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities and accumulated other comprehensive income at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income, expenses and other comprehensive income during the periods presented. Moreover, the uncertainty over the ultimate impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on the global economy generally, and on our business in particular, makes any estimates and assumptions inherently less certain than they would be absent the current and potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Changes in the estimates and assumptions could have a material effect on these financial statements. Accounting policies and estimates related to specific components of our consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. In accordance with SEC guidance, the estimates that we believe are most critical to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and condition and which require complex management judgment are discussed below.
Valuation of Financial Instruments
Residential Loans
The Company’s acquired residential loans are recorded at fair value, which is determined using valuations obtained from a third party that specializes in providing valuations of residential loans. For performing and re-performing loans, estimates of fair value are derived using a discounted cash flow model, where estimates of cash flows are determined from scheduled payments for each loan, adjusted using forecast prepayment rates, default rates and rates for loss upon default. For non-performing loans, asset liquidation cash flows are derived based on the estimated time to liquidate the loan, expected liquidation costs and home price appreciation. Estimated cash flows for both performing and non-performing loans are discounted at yields considered appropriate to arrive at a reasonable exit price for the asset. Indications of loan value such as actual trades, bids, offers and generic market color may be used in determining the appropriate discount yield.
The estimation of cash flows used in pricing models is inherently subjective and imprecise. Changes to cash flow model assumptions, including prepayment speeds, default rates, rates for loss upon default, liquidation costs, home price appreciation and discount rates may significantly impact the fair value estimate of residential loans, as well as unrealized gains and losses recognized on these assets.
Investment Securities Issued by Consolidated SLST
The Company invests in first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by Consolidated SLST. The investment securities that we own in Consolidated SLST are generally illiquid and trade infrequently. The fair valuation of these investment securities is determined based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant assumptions used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity, prepayment rate and current market interest rates.
The estimation of cash flows used in pricing models is inherently subjective and imprecise. Significant changes in model assumptions, including projected losses, discount rate, prepayment speeds, default rate and loss severity may significantly impact the fair value estimate of investment securities that we own in Consolidated SLST, as well as unrealized gains and losses recognized on these assets.
The Company’s valuation methodologies are described in “Note 15 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments” included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Refer to Item 7A., "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Fair Value Risk" for a quantitative interest rate sensitivity analysis of our investment portfolio.
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Revenue Recognition
Investment Securities Issued by Consolidated SLST
Interest income on first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by Consolidated SLST is recognized based on the securities' effective yield. The effective yield on these securities is based on management’s estimate of the projected cash flows from each security, which incorporates assumptions related to fluctuations in interest rates, prepayment speeds and the timing and amount of credit losses. On at least a quarterly basis, management reviews and, if appropriate, adjusts its cash flow projections based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and its judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. Changes in cash flows from those originally projected, or from those estimated at the last evaluation, may result in a prospective change in the yield (or interest income) recognized on these securities.
The estimation of cash flows used in determining effective yield is inherently subjective and imprecise. Changes in the underlying cash flow assumptions, including prepayment speeds and timing and amount of credit losses, may significantly impact the calculation of effective yield and the interest income recognized for these securities.
Variable Interest Entities and Consolidation Reporting Requirements
A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The Company consolidates a VIE when it is the primary beneficiary of such VIE.
Determining whether an entity has a controlling financial interest in a VIE requires significant judgment related to assessing the purpose and design of the VIE and determination of the activities that most significantly impact its economic performance. We must also identify explicit and implicit variable interests in the entity and consider our involvement in both the design of the VIE and its ongoing activities. To determine whether consolidation of the VIE is required, we must apply judgment to assess whether we have the power to direct the most significant activities of the VIE and whether we have either the rights to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we owned 100% of the first loss subordinated securities of Consolidated SLST. Consolidated SLST represents a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential mortgage loan securitization of which we own or owned the first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs and senior securities. We determined that Consolidated SLST was a VIE and that we are the primary beneficiary of Consolidated SLST. As a result, we are required to consolidate Consolidated SLST’s underlying residential loans including their liabilities, income and expenses in our consolidated financial statements.
The Company also invests in joint venture equity investments that own multi-family apartment communities, which the Company determined to be VIEs and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of these VIEs in the accompanying consolidated financial statements with non-controlling interests for the third-party ownership of the joint ventures' membership interests. The Company accounted for the initial consolidation of the joint venture investments as asset acquisitions, as substantially all of the fair value of the assets within the entities are concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets.
The Company records its initial investments in income-producing real estate at fair value. The purchase price of acquired properties is apportioned to the tangible and identified intangible assets and liabilities acquired at their respective estimated fair values. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes a number of sources, including independent appraisals that may be obtained in connection with the acquisition or financing of the respective real estate, its own analysis of recently-acquired and existing comparable properties, property financial results, and other market data. The Company also considers information obtained about the real estate as a result of its due diligence, including marketing and leasing activities, in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired. The Company considers the value of acquired in-place leases and utilizes an amortization period that is the average remaining term of the acquired leases.
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The estimation of fair value for purposes of allocating the purchase price of investments in real estate requires significant judgement based on the available sources. The allocation may significantly impact the carrying value of intangible assets and liabilities consolidated as asset acquisitions, as well as the amount and timing of depreciation and amortization expense recognized in relation to these assets and liabilities over time.
Real estate held for sale (including real estate in disposal group held for sale) is recorded at the lower of the net carrying amount of the assets or the estimated net fair value. The Company assesses the net fair value of real estate held for sale in each reporting period that the assets remain classified as held for sale. The Company utilizes market assumptions and a discounted cash flow analysis using property financial information and assumptions regarding market rent, revenue and expense growth, capitalization rates and return rates to estimate fair value of real estate assets.
The third-party owners of certain of the non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs have the ability to sell their ownership interests to the Company, at their election. The Company has classified these third-party ownership interests as redeemable non-controlling interest and determines the fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interest on a non-recurring basis utilizing discounted cash flows. The Company applies a discount rate to the estimated future cash flows from the multi-family apartment properties held by the applicable Consolidated VIEs that are allocable to the redeemable non-controlling interest.
The estimation of cash flows used in pricing models for real estate held for sale and redeemable non-controlling interest is inherently subjective and imprecise. The estimation of fair value requires significant judgment based on the available sources and may affect any impairment recognized on real estate in the Company's statements of operations or, with respect to redeemable non-controlling interest, the Company's book value.
A discussion of significant accounting policies is included in “Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Balance Sheet Analysis
As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $6.2 billion of total assets. Included in this amount is approximately $830.8 million of assets held in Consolidated SLST and $1.7 billion of assets related to equity investments in multi-family properties that we consolidate in accordance with GAAP. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $5.7 billion of total assets, approximately $1.1 billion of which represented Consolidated SLST and $1.0 billion of which related to equity investments in multi-family properties that we consolidate in accordance with GAAP. For a reconciliation of our actual interests in Consolidated SLST, see “Portfolio Update” above. For a reconciliation of our equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties, see “Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities” below.
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Residential Loans
The following table presents the Company’s residential loans, which include acquired residential loans held by the Company and residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Acquired residential loans | $ | 2,697,498 |  |  | $ | 2,504,719 |
Consolidated SLST | 827,582 |  |  | 1,070,882 |
Total | $ | 3,525,080 |  |  | $ | 3,575,601 |

Acquired Residential Loans
The Company’s acquired residential loans, including performing, re-performing, and non-performing residential loans and business purpose loans, are presented at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
The following table details our acquired residential loans by strategy at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022
| Number of Loans |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average FICO |  | Weighted Average LTV (1) |  | Weighted Average Coupon
Re-performing residential loan strategy | 5,001 |  |  | $ | 677,229 |  |  | $ | 610,595 |  |  | 631 |  | 62% |  | 4.9%
Performing residential loan strategy | 2,937 |  |  | 682,449 |  |  | 557,665 |  |  | 719 |  | 64% |  | 3.9%
Business purpose bridge loan strategy | 1,964 |  |  | 1,253,704 |  |  | 1,236,303 |  |  | 732 |  | 65% |  | 8.5%
Business purpose rental loan strategy | 1,163 |  |  | 329,299 |  |  | 292,935 |  |  | 748 |  | 69% |  | 5.1%
Total | 11,065 |  |  | $ | 2,942,681 |  |  | $ | 2,697,498 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| December 31, 2021
| Number of Loans |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average FICO |  | Weighted Average LTV (1) |  | Weighted Average Coupon
Re-performing residential loan strategy | 5,515 |  |  | $ | 769,779 |  |  | $ | 818,900 |  |  | 628 |  | 65% |  | 4.8%
Performing residential loan strategy | 2,807 |  |  | 616,763 |  |  | 606,711 |  |  | 722 |  | 65% |  | 4.0%
Business purpose bridge loan strategy | 2,028 |  |  | 988,963 |  |  | 992,870 |  |  | 728 |  | 65% |  | 8.7%
Business purpose rental loan strategy | 266 |  |  | 83,071 |  |  | 86,238 |  |  | 747 |  | 68% |  | 4.8%
Total | 10,616 |  |  | $ | 2,458,576 |  |  | $ | 2,504,719 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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(1)For second mortgages (included in performing residential loan strategy), the Company calculates the combined loan-to-value ("LTV"). For business purpose bridge loans, the Company calculates LTV as the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan.
Characteristics of Our Acquired Residential Loans:

Loan to Value at Purchase (1) | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
50% or less | 14.6 | % |  | 11.8 | %
>50% - 60% | 12.3 | % |  | 11.9 | %
>60% - 70% | 24.4 | % |  | 27.9 | %
>70% - 80% | 27.9 | % |  | 26.8 | %
>80% - 90% | 10.0 | % |  | 9.0 | %
>90% - 100% | 5.5 | % |  | 6.3 | %
> 100% | 5.3 | % |  | 6.3 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

(1)For second mortgages, the Company calculates the combined LTV. For business purpose bridge loans, the Company calculates LTV as the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan.

FICO Scores at Purchase | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
550 or less | 8.4 | % |  | 11.3 | %
551 to 600 | 7.3 | % |  | 10.0 | %
601 to 650 | 8.1 | % |  | 11.0 | %
651 to 700 | 16.5 | % |  | 16.1 | %
701 to 750 | 25.6 | % |  | 23.4 | %
751 to 800 | 27.3 | % |  | 22.1 | %
801 and over | 6.8 | % |  | 6.1 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Current Coupon | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
3.00% or less | 7.4 | % |  | 10.0 | %
3.01% - 4.00% | 15.8 | % |  | 15.5 | %
4.01% - 5.00% | 19.8 | % |  | 19.7 | %
5.01% - 6.00% | 7.9 | % |  | 7.5 | %
6.01% - 7.00% | 7.7 | % |  | 5.9 | %
7.01% - 8.00% | 16.4 | % |  | 13.2 | %
8.01% and over | 25.0 | % |  | 28.2 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Delinquency Status | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Current | 90.6 | % |  | 92.6 | %
31 – 60 days | 2.2 | % |  | 2.5 | %
61 – 90 days | 1.8 | % |  | 0.8 | %
90+ days | 5.4 | % |  | 4.1 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

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Origination Year | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
2007 or earlier | 20.6 | % |  | 28.2 | %
2008 - 2016 | 4.1 | % |  | 5.6 | %
2017 | 1.3 | % |  | 1.9 | %
2018 | 2.5 | % |  | 3.6 | %
2019 | 4.0 | % |  | 6.0 | %
2020 | 8.0 | % |  | 16.1 | %
2021 | 26.1 | % |  | 38.6 | %
2022 | 33.4 | % |  | — |
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the option to purchase 50% of the issued and outstanding interests of an entity that originates residential loans. After acquiring this investment in November 2021, the Company purchased $260.6 million and $94.0 million of residential loans from the entity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In February 2023, the Company exercised its option in full related to this investment.
Consolidated SLST
The Company owns first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization. In accordance with GAAP, the Company has consolidated the underlying seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans of the securitization and the CDOs issued to permanently finance these residential loans, representing Consolidated SLST.
Our investment in Consolidated SLST as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was limited to the RMBS comprised of first loss subordinated securities and IOs issued by the securitization with an aggregate net carrying value of $191.5 million and $230.3 million, respectively. For more information on investment securities held by the Company within Consolidated SLST, refer to "Investment Securities" section below.
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The following table details the loan characteristics of the underlying residential loans that back our first loss subordinated securities issued by Consolidated SLST as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands, except current average loan size):

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Current fair value | $ | 827,582 |  |  | $ | 1,070,882 |
Current unpaid principal balance | $ | 955,579 |  |  | $ | 1,071,228 |
Number of loans | 6,160 |  |  | 6,802 |
Current average loan size | $ | 155,126 |  |  | $ | 157,487 |
Weighted average original loan term (in months) at purchase | 351 |  |  | 351 |
Weighted average LTV at purchase | 68 | % |  | 67 | %
Weighted average credit score at purchase | 703 |  |  | 710 |
Current Coupon: |  |  |
3.00% or less | 3.0 | % |  | 2.8 | %
3.01% – 4.00% | 38.0 | % |  | 37.2 | %
4.01% – 5.00% | 39.3 | % |  | 39.9 | %
5.01% – 6.00% | 11.9 | % |  | 12.1 | %
6.01% and over | 7.8 | % |  | 8.0 | %
Delinquency Status: |  |  |
Current | 69.5 | % |  | 70.3 | %
31 - 60 | 11.1 | % |  | 12.3 | %
61 - 90 | 4.4 | % |  | 4.7 | %
90+ | 15.0 | % |  | 12.7 | %
Origination Year: |  |  |
2005 or earlier | 31.1 | % |  | 30.9 | %
2006 | 15.6 | % |  | 15.4 | %
2007 | 21.4 | % |  | 21.1 | %
2008 or later | 31.9 | % |  | 32.6 | %
Geographic state concentration (greater than 5.0%): |  |  |
California | 10.6 | % |  | 10.5 | %
Florida | 10.3 | % |  | 10.5 | %
New York | 9.8 | % |  | 9.8 | %
New Jersey | 7.4 | % |  | 7.3 | %
Illinois | 7.2 | % |  | 7.1 | %

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Residential Loans Financing
Repurchase Agreements
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had repurchase agreements with four third-party financial institutions to fund the purchase of residential loans. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no residential loan repurchase agreement exposure where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity.
The following table presents detailed information about these repurchase agreements and associated assets pledged as collateral at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Maximum Aggregate Uncommitted Principal Amount |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements (1) |  | Net Deferred Finance Costs (2) |  | Carrying Value of Repurchase Agreements |  | Fair Value of Loans Pledged |  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Weighted Average Months to Maturity (3)
December 31, 2022 | $ | 2,030,879 |  |  | $ | 688,487 |  |  | $ | (1,541) |  |  | $ | 686,946 |  |  | $ | 867,033 |  |  | 6.65 | % |  | 16.69
December 31, 2021 | $ | 1,252,352 |  |  | $ | 554,784 |  |  | $ | (525) |  |  | $ | 554,259 |  |  | $ | 729,649 |  |  | 2.79 | % |  | 4.38

(1)Includes non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $446.8 million, a weighted average rate of 6.77%, and weighted average months to maturity of 23.96 months as of December 31, 2022. Includes a non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement with an outstanding balance of $15.6 million, a rate of 4.00%, and months to maturity of 2.03 months as of December 31, 2021.
(2)Costs related to the repurchase agreements, which include commitment, underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees, are reflected as deferred charges. Such costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets and are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
(3)The Company expects to roll outstanding amounts under these repurchase agreements into new repurchase agreements or other financings, or to repay outstanding amounts, prior to or at maturity.
The following table details the quarterly average balance, ending balance and maximum balance at any month-end during each quarter in 2022, 2021 and 2020 for our repurchase agreements secured by residential loans (dollar amounts in thousands):

Quarter Ended |  | Quarterly Average Balance |  | End of Quarter Balance |  | Maximum Balance at any Month-End
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 833,517 |  |  | $ | 688,487 |  |  | $ | 1,076,747 |
September 30, 2022 |  | 1,324,819 |  |  | 1,163,408 |  |  | 1,554,993 |
June 30, 2022 |  | 1,386,714 |  |  | 1,566,926 |  |  | 1,566,926 |
March 31, 2022 |  | 682,867 |  |  | 783,168 |  |  | 783,168 |
December 31, 2021 |  | 397,651 |  |  | 554,784 |  |  | 554,784 |
September 30, 2021 |  | 337,295 |  |  | 335,434 |  |  | 345,620 |
June 30, 2021 |  | 401,466 |  |  | 341,791 |  |  | 506,750 |
March 31, 2021 |  | 441,006 |  |  | 538,632 |  |  | 538,632 |
December 31, 2020 |  | 415,625 |  |  | 407,213 |  |  | 425,903 |
September 30, 2020 |  | 651,384 |  |  | 673,787 |  |  | 673,787 |
June 30, 2020 |  | 892,422 |  |  | 876,923 |  |  | 905,776 |
March 31, 2020 |  | 731,245 |  |  | 715,436 |  |  | 744,522 |

Collateralized Debt Obligations
Included in our portfolio are residential loans that are pledged as collateral for CDOs issued by the Company or by Consolidated SLST. The Company had a net investment in Consolidated SLST and other residential loan securitizations of $192.9 million and $232.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.
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The following table summarizes Consolidated SLST CDOs and CDOs issued by the Company's residential loan securitizations as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Outstanding Face Amount |  | Carrying Value |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (1) |  | Stated Maturity (2)
Consolidated SLST (3) |  | $ | 699,408 |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  | 2059
Residential loan securitizations |  | $ | 1,498,198 |  |  | $ | 1,468,222 |  |  | 3.54 | % |  | 2026 - 2062

(1)Weighted average interest rate is calculated using the outstanding face amount and stated interest rate of notes issued by the securitization and not owned by the Company.
(2)The actual maturity of the Company's CDOs are primarily determined by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. The CDOs are also subject to redemption prior to the stated maturity according to the terms of the respective governing documents. As a result, the actual maturity of the CDOs may occur earlier than the stated maturity.
(3)The Company has elected the fair value option for CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST.
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Mezzanine Lending
The Company's Mezzanine Lending strategy may include preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, entities that have multi-family real estate assets. A preferred equity investment is an equity investment in the entity that owns the underlying property and mezzanine loans are secured by a pledge of the borrower’s equity ownership in the property. We evaluate our Mezzanine Lending investments for accounting treatment as loans versus equity investments. Mezzanine Lending investments for which the characteristics, facts and circumstances indicate that loan accounting treatment is appropriate are included in multi-family loans on our consolidated balance sheets.
Mezzanine Lending investments where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to an equity investment are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in equity investments on our consolidated balance sheets. The Company records its equity in earnings or losses from these Mezzanine Lending investments under the hypothetical liquidation of book value method of accounting due to the structures and the preferences it receives on the distributions from these entities pursuant to the respective agreements. Under this method, the Company recognizes income or loss in each period based on the change in liquidation proceeds it would receive from a hypothetical liquidation of its investment.
As of December 31, 2022, one preferred equity investment was greater than 90 days delinquent. This investment represents 1.9% of the total fair value of our Mezzanine Lending portfolio.
The following tables summarize our Mezzanine Lending portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022
| Count |  | Fair Value (1) (2) |  | Investment Amount (2) |  | Weighted Average Preferred Return Rate (3) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Preferred equity investments | 23 |  |  | $ | 239,780 |  |  | $ | 242,970 |  |  | 11.98 | % |  | 3.4 |

| December 31, 2021
| Count |  | Fair Value (1) (2) |  | Investment Amount (2) |  | Weighted Average Preferred Return Rate (3) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Preferred equity investments | 33 |  |  | $ | 300,819 |  |  | $ | 298,330 |  |  | 11.80 | % |  | 4.6 |

(1)Preferred equity investments in the amounts of $87.5 million and $120.0 million are included in multi-family loans on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Preferred equity investments in the amounts of $152.2 million and $180.8 million are included in equity investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2)The difference between the fair value and investment amount consists of any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or deferred expenses, and any unrealized gain or loss.
(3)Based upon investment amount and contractual preferred return rate.
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Mezzanine Lending Characteristics
The following tables present characteristics of our Mezzanine Lending portfolio summarized by geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of our total investment amount as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022
State |  | Count |  | Investment Amount |  | % Total |  | Weighted Average Coupon |  | Weighted Average LTV |  | Weighted Average DSCR (1)
Florida |  | 5 |  | $ | 82,072 |  |  | 33.8 | % |  | 12.6 | % |  | 72 | % |  | 1.35x
Texas |  | 5 |  | 43,118 |  |  | 17.7 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  | 84 | % |  | 1.27x
Alabama |  | 2 |  | 33,827 |  |  | 13.9 | % |  | 12.3 | % |  | 68 | % |  | 2.23x
Utah |  | 1 |  | 20,568 |  |  | 8.5 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 67 | % |  | N/A (2)
Tennessee |  | 1 |  | 13,731 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 11.0 | % |  | 93 | % |  | 1.30x
Other |  | 9 |  | 49,654 |  |  | 20.4 | % |  | 11.7 | % |  | 86 | % |  | 1.72x
Total |  | 23 |  | $ | 242,970 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 79 | % |  | 1.50x

|  | December 31, 2021
State |  | Count |  | Investment Amount |  | % Total |  | Weighted Average Coupon |  | Weighted Average LTV |  | Weighted Average DSCR (1)
Florida |  | 6 |  | $ | 83,786 |  |  | 28.1 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  | 72 | % |  | 2.43x
Texas |  | 9 |  | 70,523 |  |  | 23.6 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  | 84 | % |  | 2.13x
Alabama |  | 3 |  | 40,960 |  |  | 13.7 | % |  | 12.2 | % |  | 73 | % |  | 2.12x
Ohio |  | 3 |  | 28,482 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 11.6 | % |  | 88 | % |  | 2.05x
North Carolina |  | 3 |  | 19,214 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 74 | % |  | 1.50x
Other |  | 9 |  | 55,365 |  |  | 18.7 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  | 84 | % |  | 1.91x
Total |  | 33 |  | $ | 298,330 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  | 79 | % |  | 2.05x

(1)Represents the weighted average debt service coverage ratio ("DSCR") of the underlying properties.
(2)Not applicable as the underlying property is under construction.
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Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities
The Company owns joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family properties. The Company determined that these joint venture entities are VIEs and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of all but two of these VIEs, resulting in consolidation of the VIEs where we are the primary beneficiary, including their assets, liabilities, income and expenses, in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP. We receive a preferred return and/or pro rata variable distributions from these investments and, in certain cases, management fees based upon property performance. We also will participate in allocation of excess cash upon sale of the multi-family real estate assets.
As noted above, the Company owns joint venture equity investments in two entities that own multi-family properties where the Company has determined that these joint venture entities are VIEs but that the Company is not the primary beneficiary, resulting in the Company recording its equity investments at fair value. We receive variable distributions from these investments on a pro rata basis and management fees based upon property performance. We also will participate in allocation of excess cash upon sale of the multi-family real estate assets.
In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs and its unconsolidated multi-family joint venture equity investments to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale. The Company's net equity in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale totaled $388.8 million as of December 31, 2022.
The Company's net equity in consolidated multi-family properties totaled $261.6 million as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company owned a multi-family property and the Company's net equity in this entity totaled $14.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the entity completed the sale of its multi-family property.
A reconciliation of our net equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is shown below (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 21,129 |  |  | $ | 30,130 |
Real estate, net |  | 543,739 |  |  | 978,834 |
Lease intangible, net (1) |  | — |  |  | 39,769 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) |  | 1,151,784 |  |  | — |
Other assets |  | 13,686 |  |  | 31,006 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,730,338 |  |  | $ | 1,079,739 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (3) |  | $ | 394,707 |  |  | $ | 709,356 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) |  | 883,812 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities |  | 10,511 |  |  | 17,993 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 1,289,030 |  |  | $ | 727,349 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | $ | 63,803 |  |  | $ | 66,392 |
Less: Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value |  | (44,237) |  |  | — |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | 9,040 |  |  | 24,359 |
Non-controlling interest in disposal group held for sale |  | 23,928 |  |  | — |
Net equity investment (4) |  | $ | 388,774 |  |  | $ | 261,639 |

(1)Included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
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(2)See Note 9 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale.
(3)See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our mortgages payable on real estate.
(4)The Company's net equity investment as of December 31, 2022 consists of $144.7 million of net equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and $244.0 million of net equity investments in disposal group held for sale.
Equity Investments in Consolidated Multi-Family Properties not in Disposal Group Held for Sale
As of December 31, 2022, the Company's net equity investment in consolidated multi-family properties not in disposal group held for sale of $144.7 million primarily consists of two investments in one joint venture entity that do not meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale: a preferred equity investment of approximately $137.7 million earning a preferred return of 11% and a common equity investment of approximately $6.9 million. This joint venture entity also has third-party investors that have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us, at their election once a year subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations, and we are obligated to purchase, subject to certain conditions, such interests for cash, representing redeemable non-controlling interests of approximately $63.8 million.
The geographic concentrations in consolidated multi-family properties exceeding 5% of our combined common and preferred net equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties not in disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are shown below (dollar amounts in thousands):

December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State |  | Property Count |  | Total Equity Ownership Interest |  | Net Equity Investment |  | Percentage of Total Net Equity Investment
Texas |  | 5 |  | 69% |  | $ | 40,825 |  |  | 40.7 | %
Tennessee |  | 2 |  | 65% - 69% |  | $ | 15,959 |  |  | 15.9 | %
Florida |  | 1 |  | 49% |  | $ | 14,075 |  |  | 14.0 | %
South Carolina |  | 2 |  | 67% - 69% |  | $ | 11,935 |  |  | 11.9 | %
Kentucky |  | 1 |  | 69% |  | $ | 9,257 |  |  | 9.2 | %
Alabama |  | 1 |  | 69% |  | $ | 5,812 |  |  | 5.8 | %

December 31, 2021 (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State |  | Property Count |  | Total Equity Ownership Interest |  | Net Equity Investment |  | Percentage of Total Net Equity Investment
Florida |  | 6 |  | 47% - 100% |  | $ | 81,754 |  |  | 31.2 | %
Texas |  | 9 |  | 66% - 95% |  | $ | 79,527 |  |  | 30.4 | %
Alabama |  | 2 |  | 80% - 95% |  | $ | 37,162 |  |  | 14.2 | %
South Carolina |  | 2 |  | 63% - 66% |  | $ | 16,540 |  |  | 6.3 | %

(1)Information shown as of December 31, 2021 includes certain consolidated multi-family properties transferred to disposal group held for sale in September 2022.
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The following table provides summary information regarding our consolidated multi-family properties that are not in disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2022.

Market |  | Property Count |  | Occupancy % |  | Units |  | Rent per Unit (1) |  | LTV (2)
Beaufort, SC |  | 1 |  | 92.3 | % |  | 248 |  | $ | 1,421 |  |  | 69.8 | %
Collierville, TN |  | 1 |  | 94.8 | % |  | 324 |  | 1,502 |  |  | 76.7 | %
Columbia, SC |  | 1 |  | 89.9 | % |  | 276 |  | 1,060 |  |  | 72.2 | %
Dallas, TX |  | 2 |  | 91.8 | % |  | 401 |  | 1,831 |  |  | 83.4 | %
Houston, TX |  | 1 |  | 91.1 | % |  | 192 |  | 1,392 |  |  | 90.9 | %
Little Rock, AR |  | 1 |  | 95.5 | % |  | 202 |  | 1,254 |  |  | 90.2 | %
Louisville, KY |  | 1 |  | 82.7 | % |  | 300 |  | 1,336 |  |  | 85.8 | %
Memphis, TN |  | 1 |  | 86.0 | % |  | 242 |  | 1,103 |  |  | 101.3 | %
Montgomery, AL |  | 1 |  | 83.7 | % |  | 252 |  | 965 |  |  | 94.7 | %
San Antonio, TX |  | 2 |  | 90.8 | % |  | 684 |  | 1,258 |  |  | 78.5 | %
St. Petersburg, FL |  | 1 |  | 97.5 | % |  | 326 |  | 2,357 |  |  | 60.9 | %
Total Count/Average |  | 13 |  | 90.7 | % |  | 3,447 |  |  | $ | 1,441 |  |  | 79.0 | %

(1)Represents average monthly rent per unit.
(2)Represents LTV of the underlying properties.
Equity Investments in Disposal Group Held for Sale
The following table provides summary information regarding the multi-family properties in the disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2022.

Market |  | Property Count |  | Occupancy % |  | Units |  | Rent per Unit (1) |  | LTV (2)
Apopka, FL |  | 1 |  | 87.1 | % |  | 240 |  | $ | 1,553 |  |  | 80.0 | %
Birmingham, AL |  | 2 |  | 94.4 | % |  | 693 |  | 1,411 |  |  | 72.9 | %
Brandon, FL |  | 2 |  | 85.2 | % |  | 1,267 |  | 1,386 |  |  | 84.7 | %
Fort Myers, FL |  | 1 |  | 91.1 | % |  | 338 |  | 1,439 |  |  | 59.8 | %
Fort Worth, TX |  | 1 |  | 93.4 | % |  | 256 |  | 1,143 |  |  | 67.3 | %
Houston, TX |  | 1 |  | 93.0 | % |  | 200 |  | 923 |  |  | 83.5 | %
Kissimmee, FL |  | 1 |  | 90.3 | % |  | 320 |  | 1,530 |  |  | 84.3 | %
Oklahoma City, OK |  | 2 |  | 90.3 | % |  | 957 |  | 767 |  |  | 85.7 | %
Orlando, FL |  | 1 |  | 93.6 | % |  | 220 |  | 1,510 |  |  | 85.7 | %
Pearland, TX |  | 2 |  | 92.7 | % |  | 234 |  | 1,560 |  |  | 61.0 | %
Pensacola, FL |  | 1 |  | 95.0 | % |  | 240 |  | 1,461 |  |  | 84.2 | %
Plano, TX |  | 2 |  | 91.2 | % |  | 702 |  | 1,476 |  |  | 75.2 | %
Tampa, FL |  | 1 |  | 95.5 | % |  | 400 |  | 1,650 |  |  | 55.5 | %
Webster, TX |  | 1 |  | 90.4 | % |  | 366 |  | 965 |  |  | 78.1 | %
Total Count/Average |  | 19 |  | 90.7 | % |  | 6,433 |  |  | $ | 1,305 |  |  | 76.7 | %

(1)Represents average monthly rent per unit.
(2)Represents LTV of the underlying properties.
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Equity Investments in Entities that Invest in or Originate Residential Properties and Loans
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had an investment in an entity that originates residential loans. In addition, the Company's ownership interest in an entity that invested in residential loans was redeemed during the year ended December 31, 2022. The following table summarizes our ownership interests in entities that originate residential loans and invest in residential properties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Strategy |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value
Constructive Loans, LLC (1) | Residential Loans |  | — |  | $ | 27,500 |  |  | — |  | $ | 29,250 |
Morrocroft Neighborhood Stabilization Fund II, LP (2) | Single-Family Rental Properties |  | — |  | — |  |  | 11% |  | 19,143 |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,500 |  |  |  |  | $ | 48,393 |

(1)As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the option to purchase 50% of the issued and outstanding interests of an entity that originates residential loans. The Company accounts for this investment using the equity method and has elected the fair value option. In February 2023, the Company exercised its option in full related to this investment.
(2)The Company's equity investment was redeemed as a result of a sale transaction initiated by the general partner during the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Investment Securities
At December 31, 2022, our investment securities portfolio included non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and ABS, which are classified as investment securities available for sale. Our investment securities also include first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by Consolidated SLST. At December 31, 2022, we had no investment securities in a single issuer or entity that had an aggregate book value in excess of 5% of our total assets. The decrease in the carrying value of our investment securities as of December 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 is primarily due to sales and paydowns of non-Agency RMBS and ABS and a decrease in the fair value of a number of our investment securities during the year due to spread widening.
The following tables summarize our investment securities portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  | Weighted Average |  |
Investment Securities | Current Par Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Coupon (1) |  | Yield (2) |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements
Available for Sale (“AFS”) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | 2.74 | % |  | 2.89 | % |  | $ | — |
Mezzanine | 30,250 |  |  | 29,325 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,153) |  |  | 27,172 |  |  | 4.77 | % |  | 5.58 | % |  | — |
Subordinated | 39,104 |  |  | 28,108 |  |  | — |  |  | (13,282) |  |  | 14,826 |  |  | 9.38 | % |  | 8.37 | % |  | — |
IO | 524,726 |  |  | 17,100 |  |  | 9,436 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,536 |  |  | 1.44 | % |  | 20.79 | % |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 594,121 |  |  | 74,574 |  |  | 9,436 |  |  | (15,440) |  |  | 68,570 |  |  | 2.09 | % |  | 10.38 | % |  | — |
CMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mezzanine | 26,033 |  |  | 26,033 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,662) |  |  | 24,371 |  |  | 5.43 | % |  | 5.42 | % |  | — |
Subordinated | 6,000 |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (238) |  |  | 5,762 |  |  | 9.29 | % |  | 9.29 | % |  | — |
Total CMBS | 32,033 |  |  | 32,033 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,900) |  |  | 30,133 |  |  | 6.14 | % |  | 6.13 | % |  | — |
ABS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residuals | 4 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 856 |  |  | — |  |  | 30.19 | % |  | — |
Total ABS | 4 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 856 |  |  | — |  |  | 30.19 | % |  | — |
Total - AFS | $ | 626,158 |  |  | $ | 107,404 |  |  | $ | 9,495 |  |  | $ | (17,340) |  |  | $ | 99,559 |  |  | 2.45 | % |  | 9.33 | % |  | $ | — |
Consolidated SLST |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated | $ | 256,155 |  |  | $ | 210,733 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (40,182) |  |  | $ | 170,551 |  |  | 4.47 | % |  | 4.92 | % |  | $ | 50,077 |
IO | 149,873 |  |  | 21,528 |  |  | — |  |  | (546) |  |  | 20,982 |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3.01 | % |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 406,028 |  |  | 232,261 |  |  | — |  |  | (40,728) |  |  | 191,533 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.73 | % |  | 50,077 |
Total - Consolidated SLST | $ | 406,028 |  |  | $ | 232,261 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (40,728) |  |  | $ | 191,533 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.73 | % |  | $ | 50,077 |
Total Investment Securities | $ | 1,032,186 |  |  | $ | 339,665 |  |  | $ | 9,495 |  |  | $ | (58,068) |  |  | $ | 291,092 |  |  | 3.09 | % |  | 6.19 | % |  | $ | 50,077 |

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| December 31, 2021
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  | Weighted Average |  |
Investment Securities | Current Par Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Coupon (1) |  | Yield (2) |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements
Available for Sale (“AFS”) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior | $ | 14,055 |  |  | $ | 14,054 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | 14,048 |  |  | 5.97 | % |  | 5.97 | % |  | $ | — |
Mezzanine | 40,350 |  |  | 39,243 |  |  | 1,787 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 41,022 |  |  | 6.72 | % |  | 6.18 | % |  | — |
Subordinated | 63,153 |  |  | 53,386 |  |  | 374 |  |  | (2,265) |  |  | 51,495 |  |  | 4.35 | % |  | 6.12 | % |  | — |
IO | 633,530 |  |  | 21,246 |  |  | 575 |  |  | (367) |  |  | 21,454 |  |  | 1.01 | % |  | 12.08 | % |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 751,088 |  |  | 127,929 |  |  | 2,736 |  |  | (2,646) |  |  | 128,019 |  |  | 1.80 | % |  | 6.86 | % |  | — |
CMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mezzanine | 26,600 |  |  | 26,600 |  |  | 159 |  |  | (138) |  |  | 26,621 |  |  | 3.81 | % |  | 3.81 | % |  | — |
Subordinated | 6,000 |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | 525 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,525 |  |  | 7.69 | % |  | 7.69 | % |  | — |
Total CMBS | 32,600 |  |  | 32,600 |  |  | 684 |  |  | (138) |  |  | 33,146 |  |  | 4.52 | % |  | 4.52 | % |  | — |
ABS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residuals | 117 |  |  | 21,795 |  |  | 17,884 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,679 |  |  | — |  |  | 24.58 | % |  | — |
Total ABS | 117 |  |  | 21,795 |  |  | 17,884 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,679 |  |  | — |  |  | 24.58 | % |  | — |
Total - AFS | $ | 783,805 |  |  | $ | 182,324 |  |  | $ | 21,304 |  |  | $ | (2,784) |  |  | $ | 200,844 |  |  | 5.49 | % |  | 9.36 | % |  | $ | — |
Consolidated SLST |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated | $ | 256,807 |  |  | $ | 212,254 |  |  | $ | 1,514 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 213,768 |  |  | 4.57 | % |  | 4.88 | % |  | $ | — |
IO | 174,483 |  |  | 26,415 |  |  | — |  |  | (9,839) |  |  | 16,576 |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | 8.48 | % |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 431,290 |  |  | 238,669 |  |  | 1,514 |  |  | (9,839) |  |  | 230,344 |  |  | 4.11 | % |  | 5.30 | % |  | — |
Total - Consolidated SLST | $ | 431,290 |  |  | $ | 238,669 |  |  | $ | 1,514 |  |  | $ | (9,839) |  |  | $ | 230,344 |  |  | 4.11 | % |  | 5.30 | % |  | $ | — |
Total Investment Securities | $ | 1,215,095 |  |  | $ | 420,993 |  |  | $ | 22,818 |  |  | $ | (12,623) |  |  | $ | 431,188 |  |  | 4.90 | % |  | 6.97 | % |  | $ | — |

(1)Our weighted average coupon was calculated by dividing our annualized coupon income by our weighted average current par value for the respective periods.
(2)Our weighted average yield was calculated by dividing our annualized interest income by our weighted average amortized cost for the respective periods.
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Investment Securities Financing
Repurchase Agreements
In March 2020, in reaction to the market turmoil related to the COVID-19 pandemic, our investment securities repurchase agreement providers dramatically changed their risk tolerances, including reducing or eliminating availability to add or roll maturing repurchase agreements, increasing haircuts and reducing security valuations. In turn, this led to significant disruptions in our financing markets, negatively impacting the Company as well as the entire mortgage REIT industry, generally. In response, the Company completely eliminated its securities repurchase agreement exposure in 2020, which continued throughout 2021.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $50.1 million outstanding under repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions to fund a portion of its investment securities portfolio. These repurchase agreements are short-term financings that bear interest rates typically based on a spread to SOFR and are secured by the investment securities which they finance. Upon entering into a financing transaction, our counterparties negotiate a “haircut”, which is the difference expressed in percentage terms between the fair value of the collateral and the amount the counterparty will advance to us. The size of the haircut represents the counterparty’s perceived risk associated with holding the investment securities as collateral. The haircut provides counterparties with a cushion for daily market value movements that reduce the need for margin calls or margins to be returned as normal daily changes in investment security market values occur. The Company expects to roll outstanding amounts under its repurchase agreements into new repurchase agreements or other financings, or to repay outstanding amounts, prior to or at maturity.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company's only repurchase agreement exposure where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity was to Bank of America at 6.82%.
The following table details the quarterly average balance, ending balance and maximum balance at any month-end during each quarter in 2022, 2021 and 2020 for our repurchase agreements secured by investment securities (dollar amounts in thousands):

Quarter Ended |  | Quarterly Average Balance |  | End of Quarter Balance |  | Maximum Balance at any Month-End
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 50,077 |  |  | $ | 50,077 |  |  | $ | 50,077 |
September 30, 2022 |  | 53,159 |  |  | 53,159 |  |  | 53,159 |
June 30, 2022 |  | 132,712 |  |  | 129,331 |  |  | 138,301 |
March 31, 2022 |  | 116,766 |  |  | 144,852 |  |  | 144,852 |
December 31, 2021 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 30, 2021 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
June 30, 2021 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
March 31, 2021 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
December 31, 2020 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 30, 2020 |  | 29,190 |  |  | — |  |  | 87,571 |
June 30, 2020 |  | 108,529 |  |  | 87,571 |  |  | 150,445 |
March 31, 2020 |  | 1,694,933 |  |  | 713,364 |  |  | 2,237,399 |

Non-Agency RMBS Re-Securitization
In June 2020, the Company completed a re-securitization of certain non-Agency RMBS primarily for the purpose of obtaining non-recourse, longer-term financing on a portion of its non-Agency RMBS portfolio. In February 2021, the Company exercised its right to an optional redemption of its non-Agency RMBS re-securitization with an outstanding principal balance of $14.7 million at the time of redemption, returning the non-Agency RMBS held by the re-securitization trust to the Company.
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Derivative Assets and Liabilities
The Company enters into derivative instruments in connection with its risk management activities. These derivative instruments may include interest rate caps, interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, options on futures and mortgage derivatives such as forward-settling purchases and sales of Agency RMBS where the underlying pools of mortgage loans are “To-Be-Announced,” or TBAs.
The Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are required by lenders on certain repurchase agreement financing and variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate to enter into interest rate cap contracts. These interest rate cap contracts are with a counterparty that involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from the counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $26.3 million of unrealized gains and $0.9 million of realized gains related to interest rate cap agreements.
We may use interest rate swaps to hedge any variable cash flows associated with our borrowings. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company typically agrees to pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable interest rate based on one- or three-month LIBOR, or an index that it expected over time to be closely correlated to changes in one- or three-month LIBOR, or SOFR, on the notional amount of the interest rate swaps. The floating rate we receive under our swap agreements has the effect of offsetting the repricing characteristics and cash flows of our financing arrangements.
In March 2020, in response to the turmoil in the financial markets, we terminated our interest rate swaps, recognizing a realized loss of $73.1 million which was partially offset by a reversal of $29.0 million in unrealized losses, resulting in a total net loss of $44.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. We had no outstanding interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2022.
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Debt
The Company’s debt as of December 31, 2022 included senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures.
Senior Unsecured Notes
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes (the "Senior Unsecured Notes") outstanding, due on April 30, 2026. The Senior Unsecured Notes were issued at par and carry deferred charges resulting in a total cost to the Company of approximately 6.64%. The Company's Senior Unsecured Notes contain various covenants including the maintenance of a minimum net asset value, ratio of unencumbered assets to unsecured indebtedness and senior debt service coverage ratio and limit the amount of leverage the Company may utilize and its ability to transfer the Company’s assets substantially as an entirety or merge into or consolidate with another person.
Subordinated Debentures
As of December 31, 2022, certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries had trust preferred securities outstanding of $45.0 million with a weighted average interest rate of 8.43% which are due in 2035. The securities are fully guaranteed by us with respect to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation, redemption or repayment. These securities are classified as subordinated debentures in the liability section of our consolidated balance sheets.
Convertible Notes
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $138.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.25% Senior Convertible Notes (the "Convertible Notes") outstanding. The Company redeemed the Convertible Notes at maturity for $138.0 million in January 2022. None of the Convertible Notes were converted prior to maturity.
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Balance Sheet Analysis - Company’s Stockholders’ Equity
The following table provides a summary of the Company's stockholders' equity at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
8.000% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock |  | $ | 148,134 |  |  | $ | 148,134 |
7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock |  | 179,349 |  |  | 179,349 |
6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock |  | 138,650 |  |  | 138,650 |
7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock |  | 72,218 |  |  | 72,088 |
Common stock |  | 3,648 |  |  | 3,794 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 2,279,955 |  |  | 2,356,576 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (1,970) |  |  | 1,778 |
Accumulated deficit |  | (1,052,768) |  |  | (559,338) |
Company's stockholders' equity |  | $ | 1,767,216 |  |  | $ | 2,341,031 |

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
General
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements. Our short-term (the 12 months ending December 31, 2023) and long-term (beyond December 31, 2023) liquidity requirements include ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, comply with margin requirements, fund our operations, pay dividends to our stockholders and other general business needs. Generally, our short-term and long-term liquidity needs are met by our existing cash balances and our investments and assets which generate liquidity on an ongoing basis through principal and interest payments, prepayments, net earnings retained prior to payment of dividends and distributions from equity investments. In addition, we may satisfy our short-term and/or long-term liquidity needs through the sale of assets from our investment portfolio, securities offerings or the securitization or collateralized financing of our assets.
In response to the difficult conditions encountered in March and April 2020 resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, since late March 2020, we have focused on strengthening our balance sheet and long-term capital preservation primarily by focusing on assets and markets that provide compelling risk-adjusted returns through either an unlevered strategy or through residential loan repurchase agreement financing with terms of one year or more or sustainable non-mark-to-market financing arrangements, including securitizations and non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financing. By executing this strategy, as of December 31, 2022, we reduced our financings subject to mark-to-market margin call by 93% from December 31, 2019 levels, which has resulted in a portfolio recourse leverage ratio for the Company of 0.3 times. Beginning in the three months ended March 31, 2022, we re-commenced the use of short term repurchase agreement financing that is subject to mark-to-market margin calls to fund a portion of our investment securities portfolio, ending December 2022 with $50.1 million of outstanding repurchase agreement financing secured by investment securities. Subject to market conditions, we intend to employ a prudent amount of leverage to conduct our business that may be in excess of current leverage levels. However, in light of current market conditions, which includes increased volatility in interest rate, credit, mortgage and financial markets and the increasing risk of the U.S. economy experiencing a recession within the next 12 months, we currently expect to pursue selective investments across the residential housing sector and consider opportunistic dispositions. We also intend to maintain a solid position in unrestricted cash and a conservative approach to leverage based on current market conditions until we believe market conditions have sufficiently improved for the reasonable and prudent use of more substantial amounts of leverage. At December 31, 2022, we had $244.7 million of cash and cash equivalents, $120.5 million of unencumbered investment securities (including the securities we own in Consolidated SLST), $214.4 million of unencumbered residential loans and $239.8 million of unencumbered preferred equity investments in owners of multi-family properties.
We historically have endeavored to fund our investments and operations through a balanced and diverse funding mix, including proceeds from the issuance of common and preferred equity and debt securities, short-term and longer-term repurchase agreements and CDOs. The type and terms of financing used by us depends on the asset being financed and the financing available at the time of the financing. As discussed above, as a result of the severe market dislocations related to the COVID-19 pandemic and, more specifically, the unprecedented illiquidity in our short-term repurchase agreement financing and MBS markets during that time, we have placed and expect to continue to place a greater emphasis on procuring longer-termed and/or more committed financing arrangements, such as securitizations, term financings and corporate debt securities that provide less or no exposure to fluctuations in the collateral repricing determinations of financing counterparties or rapid liquidity reductions in repurchase agreement financing markets. To this end, we have completed nine non-mark-to-market securitizations and three non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financings with new and existing counterparties since March 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed three securitizations of certain performing and re-performing residential loans and a securitization of business purpose loans and received $949.9 million of proceeds from our non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with new and existing counterparties.
Based on current market conditions, our current investment portfolio, new investment initiatives, expectations to dispose of assets from time to time on terms favorable to us, leverage ratio and available and future possible financing arrangements, we believe our existing cash balances, funds available under our various financing arrangements and cash flows from operations will meet our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have explored and will continue in the near term to explore additional financing arrangements to further strengthen our balance sheet and position ourselves for future investment opportunities, including, without limitation, additional issuances of our equity and debt securities and longer-termed financing arrangements; however, no assurance can be given that we will be able to access any such financing, or the size, timing or terms thereof.
Cash Flows and Liquidity for the Year Ended December 31, 2022
During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash increased by $43.1 million.
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Cash Flows from Operating Activities
We generated net cash flows from operating activities of $91.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our cash flow provided by operating activities differs from our net income due to these primary factors: (i) differences between (a) accretion, amortization, depreciation and recognition of income and losses recorded with respect to our investments and (b) the cash received therefrom and (ii) unrealized gains and losses on our investments.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2022, our net cash flows used in investing activities were $508.8 million, primarily as a result of purchases of residential loans, the funding of multi-family joint venture and preferred equity investments and the purchases of and capital expenditures on single-family residential properties. This was partially offset by principal repayments and refinancing of residential loans, proceeds from the sale of real estate and sales of non-Agency RMBS and ABS, repayments of investment securities and preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments and returns of capital from equity investments.
Although we generally intend to hold our assets as long-term investments, we may sell certain of these assets in order to manage our interest rate risk and liquidity needs, to meet other operating objectives or to adapt to market conditions. We cannot predict the timing and impact of future sales of assets, if any.
Because a portion of our assets are financed through repurchase agreements or CDOs, a portion of the proceeds from any sales of or principal repayments on our assets may be used to repay balances under these financing sources. Accordingly, all or a significant portion of cash flows from principal repayments received from residential loans, including residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, and proceeds from sales or principal paydowns received from investment securities available for sale were used to repay CDOs issued by the respective Consolidated VIEs or repurchase agreements (included as cash used in financing activities).
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2022, our cash flows provided by financing activities were $460.1 million. The main sources of cash flows from financing activities were proceeds from the issuance of residential CDOs and proceeds from repurchase agreements related to our residential loans and investment securities. This was partially offset by the repayment of the Convertible Notes, paydowns on CDOs, dividend payments on both common and preferred stock and repurchases of shares of our common stock.
Liquidity – Financing Arrangements
As of December 31, 2022, we have outstanding short-term repurchase agreement financing on our investment securities, a form of collateralized short-term financing, with one financial institution. Repurchase agreements we have historically used to finance our investment securities, including the one repurchase agreement we currently have, are secured by certain of our investment securities and bear interest rates that move in close relationship to SOFR. Any financings under these repurchase agreements are based on the fair value of the assets that serve as collateral under these agreements. Interest rate changes and increased prepayment activity can have a negative impact on the valuation of these securities, reducing the amount we can borrow under these agreements. Moreover, these repurchase agreements allow the counterparties to determine a new market value of the collateral to reflect current market conditions and because these lines of financing are not committed, the counterparty can effectively call the loan at any time. Market value of the collateral represents the price of such collateral obtained from generally recognized sources or the most recent closing bid quotation from such source plus accrued income. If a counterparty determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, the counterparty may initiate a margin call and require us to either post additional collateral to cover such decrease or repay a portion of the outstanding amount financed in cash, on minimal notice, and repurchase may be accelerated upon an event of default under the repurchase agreements. Moreover, in the event an existing counterparty elected to not renew the outstanding balance at its maturity into a new repurchase agreement, we would be required to repay the outstanding balance with cash or proceeds received from a new counterparty or to surrender the securities that serve as collateral for the outstanding balance, or any combination thereof. If we were unable to secure financing from a new counterparty and had to surrender the collateral, we would expect to incur a loss. In addition, in the event a repurchase agreement counterparty defaults on its obligation to “re-sell” or return to us the assets that are securing the financing at the end of the term of the repurchase agreement, we would incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of “haircut” associated with the short-term repurchase agreement, which we sometimes refer to as the “amount at risk.”
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At December 31, 2022, we had longer-term repurchase agreements with terms of up to three years with four third-party financial institutions that are secured by certain of our residential loans. The outstanding financing under one of these repurchase agreements is subject to margin calls to the extent the market value of the residential loans falls below specified levels. We have entered into or amended repurchase agreements with three new or existing counterparties that are secured by certain of our residential loans and are not subject to margin calls in the event the market value of the collateral declines. S ee "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Residential Loans Financing—Repurchase Agreements" for further information. During the terms of the repurchase agreements secured by residential loans, proceeds from the residential loans will be applied to pay any price differential, if applicable, and to reduce the aggregate repurchase price of the collateral. Repurchase of the residential loans financed by the repurchase agreements may be accelerated upon an event of default. The repurchase agreements secured by residential loans contain various covenants, including among other things, the maintenance of certain amounts of liquidity and total adjusted stockholders' equity. As of December 31, 2022, we had an aggregate amount at risk under our residential loan repurchase agreements of approximately $178.5 million, which represents the difference between the fair value of the loans pledged and the outstanding balance of our repurchase agreements. Significant margin calls have had, and could in the future have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business, liquidity and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources – General” above.
As of December 31, 2022, we had assets available to be posted as margin which included liquid assets, such as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, and unencumbered investment securities that could be monetized to pay down or collateralize a liability immediately. As of December 31, 2022, we had $223.6 million included in cash and cash equivalents and $120.5 million in unencumbered investment securities available to meet additional haircuts or market valuation requirements. The unencumbered investment securities that we believe may be posted as margin as of December 31, 2022 included $89.6 million of non-Agency RMBS (including an IO security we own in Consolidated SLST), $30.1 million of CMBS and $0.9 million of ABS.
At December 31, 2022, the Company had $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Unsecured Notes outstanding. The Senior Unsecured Notes were issued at 100% of the principal amount and bear interest at a rate equal to 5.75% per year (subject to adjustment from time to time based on changes in the ratings of the Senior Unsecured Notes by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations), payable semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 30 of each year, and are expected to mature on April 30, 2026, unless earlier redeemed. The Company has the right to redeem the Senior Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, prior to maturity, subject to a "make-whole" premium or other date-dependent multiples of principal amount redeemed. No sinking fund is provided for the Senior Unsecured Notes.
At December 31, 2022, we also had other longer-term debt which includes Company-sponsored residential loan securitization CDOs with a carrying value of $1.5 billion. We had ten Company-sponsored securitizations with CDOs outstanding as of December 31, 2022. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for further discussion.
The real estate assets held by our multi-family joint venture investments are subject to mortgages payable. We have no obligation for repayment of the mortgages payable but, with respect to certain of the mortgages payable, we may execute a guaranty related to commitment of bad acts.
As of December 31, 2022, our Company recourse leverage ratio, which represents our total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures and Senior Unsecured Notes divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 0.3 to 1. Our Company recourse leverage ratio does not include outstanding non-recourse repurchase agreement financing, debt associated with CDOs or mortgages payable on real estate. As of December 31, 2022, our portfolio recourse leverage ratio, which represents our outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by our total stockholders’ equity, was approximately 0.3 to 1. We monitor all at risk or shorter-term financings to enable us to respond to market disruptions as they arise.
Liquidity – Hedging and Other Factors
Certain of our hedging instruments may also impact our liquidity. We may use interest rate caps, interest rate swaps, swaptions, TBAs or other futures contracts to hedge interest rate and market value risk associated with our investment portfolio.
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With respect to interest rate caps, the Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are required by lenders on certain repurchase agreement financing and variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate to enter into interest rate cap contracts. These interest rate cap contracts are with a counterparty that involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from the counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses.
With respect to interest rate swaps, futures contracts and TBAs, initial margin deposits, which can be comprised of either cash or securities, will be made upon entering into these contracts. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses by marking to market on a daily basis to reflect the market value of these contracts at the end of each day’s trading. We may be required to satisfy variable margin payments periodically, depending upon whether unrealized gains or losses are incurred. In addition, because delivery of TBAs extend beyond the typical settlement dates for most non-derivative investments, these transactions are more prone to market fluctuations between the trade date and the ultimate settlement date, and thereby are more vulnerable to increasing amounts at risk with the applicable counterparties. In March 2020, in response to the turmoil in the financial markets, we terminated our interest rate swaps and currently do not have interest rate swaps in place.
Liquidity — Securities Offerings
In addition to the financing arrangements described above under the caption “Liquidity—Financing Arrangements,” we also rely on follow-on equity offerings of common and preferred stock, and may utilize from time to time debt securities offerings, as a source of both short-term and long-term liquidity. We also may generate liquidity through the sale of shares of our common stock or preferred stock in “at-the-market” equity offering programs pursuant to equity distribution agreements, as well as through the sale of shares of our common stock pursuant to our Dividend Reinvestment Plan (“DRIP”), which provides for the issuance of up to $20.0 million of shares of our common stock. The Company had no securities offerings during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Stock Repurchase Program
In February 2022, the Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million stock repurchase program. In February 2023, the Board of Directors extended the stock repurchase program expiration from March 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. The stock repurchase program allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of common stock from time to time in open market transactions, including through block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions or pursuant to any Rule 10b-18 or 10b5-1 plans. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 16,629,615 shares of its common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $44.4 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker of approximately $0.2 million, representing an average repurchase price of $2.67 per common share. As of December 31, 2022, $155.8 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of the Company's common stock under the stock repurchase program.
Dividends
For information regarding the declaration and payment of dividends on our common stock and preferred stock for the periods covered by this report, please see Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.
Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate our dividend policy each quarter and will make adjustments as necessary, based on our earnings and financial condition, capital requirements, maintenance of our REIT qualification, restrictions on making distributions under Maryland law and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant. Our dividend policy does not constitute an obligation to pay dividends.
We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the various requirements to maintain our REIT status and to minimize or avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax. However, differences in timing between the recognition of REIT taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell assets or to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the REIT distribution requirements and to minimize or avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax.
In the event we fail to pay dividends on our preferred stock, the Company would become subject to certain limitations on its ability to pay dividends or redeem or repurchase its common stock or preferred stock.
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Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest
Pursuant to the operating agreement for one of our joint venture equity investments, third party investors in this joint venture have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us, at their election once a year subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations, and we are obligated to purchase, subject to certain conditions, such interests for cash. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for further discussion of redeemable non-controlling interest.
Summary of Material Contractual Obligations
The Company had the following material contractual obligations at December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Less than 1 year |  | 1 to 3 years |  | 4 to 5 years |  | More than 5 years |  | Total
Repurchase agreements (1) | $ | 331,409 |  |  | $ | 421,865 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 753,274 |
Subordinated debentures (1) | 3,927 |  |  | 7,865 |  |  | 7,854 |  |  | 74,512 |  |  | 94,158 |
Senior unsecured notes (1) | 5,750 |  |  | 11,500 |  |  | 102,875 |  |  | — |  |  | 120,125 |
Total contractual obligations (2) | $ | 341,086 |  |  | $ | 441,230 |  |  | $ | 110,729 |  |  | $ | 74,512 |  |  | $ | 967,557 |

(1)Amounts include projected interest payments during the period. Projected interest payments are based on interest rates in effect and outstanding balances as of December 31, 2022.
(2)We exclude our CDOs from the contractual obligations disclosed in the table above as this debt is non-recourse and not cross-collateralized and, therefore, must be satisfied exclusively from the proceeds of the residential loans held in securitization trusts. See Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our CDOs. We also exclude mortgages payable on real estate as they are non-recourse debt for which we have no obligation for repayment. See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our mortgages payable on real estate.
In addition, pursuant to the operating agreement for one of our joint venture equity investments, subject to certain conditions, third party investors in this joint venture have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us, at their election, and we are obligated to purchase such interests for cash. We have also entered into an agreement with certain third party investors in this joint venture to fund future joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties totaling $40.0 million, to the extent investment opportunities meet defined investment standards. The commitment expires on December 7, 2023 and we have not funded any joint venture equity investments per the agreement as of February 24, 2023.
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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
This section should be read in conjunction with “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent periodic reports filed with the SEC.
We seek to manage risks that we believe will impact our business including interest rates, liquidity, prepayments, credit quality and market value. When managing these risks we consider the impact on our assets, liabilities and derivative positions. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience. We seek to actively manage that risk, to generate risk-adjusted total returns that we believe compensate us appropriately for those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we take.
The following analysis includes forward-looking statements that assume that certain market conditions occur. Actual results may differ materially from these projections due to changes in our portfolio assets and borrowings mix and due to developments in the domestic and global financial, mortgage and real estate markets. Developments in the financial markets include the likelihood of changing interest rates and the relationship of various interest rates and their impact on our portfolio yield, cost of funds and cash flows. The analytical methods that we use to assess and mitigate these market risks should not be considered projections of future events or operating performance.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rates are sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary or tax policies, domestic and international economic conditions, including inflation and deflation, and political or regulatory matters beyond our control. Changes in interest rates affect the value of the assets we manage and hold in our investment portfolio and the variable-rate borrowings we use to finance our portfolio. Changes in interest rates also affect the interest rate swaps and caps, TBAs and other securities or instruments we may use to hedge our portfolio. As a result, our net interest income is particularly affected by changes in interest rates.
For example, we hold residential loans and RMBS, some of which may have fixed rates or interest rates that adjust on various dates that are not synchronized to the adjustment dates on our repurchase agreements. In general, the re-pricing of our repurchase agreements occurs more quickly than the re-pricing of our variable-interest rate assets. Thus, it is likely that our floating rate financing, such as our repurchase agreements, may react to interest rates before our residential loans or RMBS because the weighted average next re-pricing dates on the related financing may have shorter time periods than that of the residential loans or RMBS. Moreover, changes in interest rates can directly impact prepayment speeds, thereby affecting our net return on residential loans and RMBS. During a declining interest rate environment, the prepayment of residential loans and RMBS may accelerate (as borrowers may opt to refinance at a lower interest rate) causing the amount of liabilities that have been extended by the use of repurchase agreements to increase relative to the amount of residential loans and RMBS, possibly resulting in a decline in our net return on residential loans and RMBS, as replacement residential loans and RMBS may have a lower yield than those being prepaid. Conversely, during an increasing interest rate environment, residential loans and RMBS may prepay more slowly than expected, requiring us to finance a higher amount of residential loans and RMBS than originally forecast and at a time when interest rates may be higher, resulting in a decline in our net return on residential loans and RMBS. Accordingly, each of these scenarios can negatively impact our net interest income. In addition, when we purchase residential loans at a discount to par value, and borrowers then prepay at a slower rate than we expected, the decreased prepayments would result in a lower yield than expected on the asset and/or may result in a decline in the fair value of the residential loans.
We seek to manage interest rate risk in our portfolio by utilizing interest rate caps, interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, options on futures and U.S. Treasury securities with the goal of optimizing the earnings potential while seeking to maintain long term stable portfolio values. Certain of our consolidated multi-family properties with variable rate mortgages payable have entered into interest rate cap contracts as required by the mortgage loan agreement. The Company also has an interest rate cap contract related to a repurchase agreement for residential loans, as required by the counterparty. Besides the interest rate cap contracts, we do not have any other interest rate derivatives in place as of December 31, 2022.
We utilize a model-based risk analysis system to assist in projecting portfolio performances over a scenario of different interest rates. Based on the results of the model, the instantaneous changes in interest rates specified below would have had the following effect on adjusted net interest income for the next 12 months based on our assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):
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Changes in Interest Rates (basis points) |  | Changes in Adjusted Net Interest Income (1)
+200 |  | $ | (14,638) |
+100 |  | $ | (7,443) |
-100 |  | $ | 7,213 |

(1)Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. See Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Financial Measures" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of the Company's non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measure.
Interest rate changes may also impact our GAAP book value and adjusted book value as our assets and related hedge derivatives, if any, are marked-to-market each quarter. Generally, as interest rates increase, the value of our mortgage assets decreases, and conversely, as interest rates decrease, the value of such investments will increase. In general, we expect that, over time, decreases in the value of our portfolio attributable to interest rate changes may be offset, to the degree we are hedged, by increases in the value of our interest rate swaps or other financial instruments used for hedging purposes, and vice versa. However, the relationship between spreads on our assets and spreads on our hedging instruments may vary from time to time, resulting in a net aggregate book value increase or decline.
The interest rates for certain of our investments and our subordinated debt are either explicitly or indirectly based on LIBOR, which has been the subject of recent reform. In line with its plans to transition away from LIBOR, the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority ceased publication for the one week and two month LIBOR tenors as of December 31, 2021, and intends to stop publication for all other tenors on June 30, 2023. At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect of such change, including the establishment of potential alternative reference rates, on the economy or markets we are active in either currently or in the future, or on any of our assets or liabilities whose interest rates are based on LIBOR. We are working closely with the entities that are involved in calculating the interest rates for our RMBS, our loan servicers for our floating rate loans, and with the trustee of our subordinated debt in order to determine what changes, if any, are required to be made to existing agreements for these transactions.
Our net interest income, the fair value of our assets and our financing activities could be negatively affected by volatility in interest rates, as was the case throughout much of 2022. A prolonged period of extremely volatile and unstable market conditions would likely increase our funding costs and negatively affect market risk mitigation strategies. Higher income volatility from changes in interest rates could cause a loss of future net interest income and a decrease in current fair market values of our assets. Fluctuations in interest rates will impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities and the market value of all or substantially all of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our net income, operating results, or financial condition.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, pay dividends to our stockholders and other general business needs. The primary liquidity risk we face arises from financing long-maturity assets with shorter-term financings. We recognize the need to have funds available to operate our business. We manage and forecast our liquidity needs and sources daily to ensure that we have adequate liquidity at all times. We plan to meet liquidity through normal operations with the goal of avoiding unplanned sales of assets or emergency borrowing of funds.
We are subject to “margin call” risk on a portion of our repurchase agreements. In the event the value of our assets pledged as collateral suddenly decreases, margin calls relating to our repurchase agreements could increase, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. Additionally, if one or more of our repurchase agreement counterparties chooses not to provide ongoing funding, we may be unable to replace the financing through other lenders on favorable terms or at all.
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As discussed throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in March 2020, we observed unprecedented illiquidity in repurchase agreement financing and MBS markets which resulted in our receiving margin calls under our repurchase agreements that were well beyond historical norms. We took a number of decisive actions in response to these conditions, including the sale of assets and termination of our interest rate swaps. Since this time, we have placed and expect to continue to place a greater emphasis on procuring longer-termed and/or more committed financing arrangements, such as non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements, securitizations and other term financings, which may involve greater expense relative to repurchase agreement funding. We provide no assurance that we will be able in the future to access sources of capital that are attractive to us, that we will be able to roll over or replace our repurchase agreements or other financing instruments as they mature from time to time in the future or that we otherwise will not need to resort to unplanned sales of assets to provide liquidity in the future. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" and the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information about our liquidity and capital resource management.
Derivative financial instruments are also subject to “margin call” risk. For example, under the interest rate swaps we have utilized, typically we would pay a fixed rate to the counterparties while they would pay us a floating rate. If interest rates drop below the fixed rate we pay on an interest rate swap, we may be required to post cash margin. Given current market volatility and historically low interest rates, we do not currently have any interest rate swaps in place.
Prepayment Risk
When borrowers repay the principal on their residential loans before maturity or faster than their scheduled amortization, the effect is to shorten the period over which interest is earned, and therefore, reduce the yield for residential mortgage assets purchased at a premium to their then current balance. Conversely, residential mortgage assets purchased for less than their then current balance, such as many of our residential loans, exhibit higher yields due to faster prepayments. Furthermore, actual prepayment speeds may differ from our modeled prepayment speed projections impacting the effectiveness of any hedges we may have in place to mitigate financing and/or fair value risk. Generally, when market interest rates decline, borrowers have a tendency to refinance their mortgages, thereby increasing prepayments. Therefore, increased prepayments on our investments may accelerate the redeployment of our capital to generally lower yielding investments. Similarly, decreased prepayments are generally associated with increasing market interest rates and may slow our ability to redeploy capital to generally higher-yielding investments.
Our modeled prepayments will help determine the amount of hedging we use to off-set changes in interest rates. If actual prepayment rates are higher than modeled, the yield will be less than modeled in cases where we paid a premium for the particular residential mortgage asset. Conversely, when we have paid a premium, if actual prepayment rates experienced are slower than modeled, we would amortize the premium over a longer time period, resulting in a higher yield to maturity.
In an environment of increasing prepayment speeds, the timing difference between the actual cash receipt of principal paydowns and the announcement of the principal paydowns may result in additional margin requirements from our repurchase agreement counterparties.
We mitigate prepayment risk by constantly evaluating our residential mortgage assets relative to prepayment speeds observed for assets with similar structures, quantities and characteristics. Furthermore, we stress-test the portfolio as to prepayment speeds and interest rate risk in order to further develop or make modifications to our hedge balances. Historically, we have not hedged 100% of our liability costs due to prepayment risk.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that we will not fully collect the principal we have invested in our credit sensitive assets, including residential loans, non-Agency RMBS, ABS, multi-family CMBS, preferred equity and mezzanine loan and joint venture equity investments, due to borrower defaults or defaults by our operating partners in their payment obligations to us. In selecting the credit sensitive assets in our portfolio, we seek to identify and invest in assets with characteristics that we believe offset or limit our exposure to defaults.
We seek to manage credit risk through our pre-acquisition or pre-funding due diligence process, and by factoring projected credit losses into the purchase price we pay or loan terms we negotiate for all of our credit sensitive assets. In general, we evaluate relative valuation, supply and demand trends, prepayment rates, delinquency and default rates, vintage of collateral and macroeconomic factors as part of this process. Nevertheless, these procedures provide no assurance that we will not experience unanticipated credit losses which would materially affect our operating results.
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Concern surrounding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and certain of the actions taken to reduce its spread caused and may in the future, with respect to COVID-19 or other pandemics or global health emergencies, cause business shutdowns, limitations on commercial activity and financial transactions, labor shortages, supply chain interruptions, increased unemployment and multi-family property vacancy and lease default rates, reduced profitability and ability for property owners to make loan, mortgage and other payments, and overall economic and financial market instability, all of which may cause an increase in the credit risk of our credit sensitive assets. Similarly, current inflationary pressures have caused, and a possible economic recession in the U.S. in the next 12 months will cause, an increase in the credit risk of our credit sensitive assets. Although we did not see an increase in forbearance and delinquency rates in our portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2022, we would expect delinquencies, defaults and requests for forbearance arrangements to rise should savings, incomes and revenues of borrowers, operating partners and other businesses become increasingly constrained from inflation or a slow-down in economic activity and/or the reduction or elimination of policies intended to help keep borrowers and renters in their residences. Any future period of payment deferrals, forbearance, delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures or losses will likely adversely affect our net interest income from preferred equity investments, residential loans, mezzanine loans and our RMBS, CMBS and ABS investments and reduce the distributions we receive from our joint venture equity investments in multi-family apartment communities, the fair value of these assets, our ability to liquidate the collateral that may underlie these investments or obtain additional financing and the future profitability of our investments. Further, in the event of delinquencies, defaults and foreclosure, regulatory changes and policies designed to protect borrowers and renters may slow or prevent us from taking remediation actions.
We purchase certain residential loans at a discount to par, reflecting a perceived higher risk of default. In connection with our loan acquisitions, we or a third-party due diligence firm perform an independent review of the mortgage file to assess the state of mortgage loan files, the servicing of the mortgage loan, compliance with existing guidelines, as well as our ability to enforce the contractual rights in the mortgage. We also obtain certain representations and warranties from each seller with respect to the mortgage loans, as well as the enforceability of the lien on the mortgaged property. A seller who breaches these representations and warranties may be obligated to repurchase the loan from us. In addition, as part of our process, we focus on selecting a servicer with the appropriate expertise to mitigate losses and maximize our overall return on these residential loans. This involves, among other things, performing due diligence on the servicer prior to their engagement, assigning the appropriate servicer on each loan based on certain characteristics and monitoring each servicer's performance on an ongoing basis.
We are exposed to credit risk in our investments in non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and ABS. These investments typically consist of either the senior, mezzanine or subordinate tranches in securitizations. The underlying collateral of these securitizations may be exposed to various macroeconomic and asset-specific credit risks. These securities have varying levels of credit enhancement which provide some structural protection from losses within the securitization. We undertake an in-depth assessment of the underlying collateral and securitization structure when investing in these assets, which may include modeling defaults, prepayments and loss across different scenarios. In addition, we are exposed to credit risk in our single-family rental property investments and preferred equity, mezzanine loan and equity investments in owners of multi-family properties, including joint venture equity investments in multi-family apartment communities. The performance and value of these investments depend upon the applicable operating partner’s or borrower’s ability to effectively operate the multi-family and residential properties, that serve as the underlying collateral, to produce cash flows adequate to pay distributions, interest or principal due to us. The Company monitors the performance and credit quality of the underlying assets in which it invests or that serve as collateral for its investments. In connection with these types of investments by us in multi-family properties, the procedures for ongoing monitoring include financial statement analysis and regularly scheduled site inspections of portfolio properties to assess property physical condition, performance of on-site staff and competitive activity in the sub-market. We also formulate annual budgets and performance goals alongside our operating partners for use in measuring the ongoing investment performance and credit quality of our investments. Additionally, the Company's preferred equity and equity investments typically provide us with various rights and remedies to protect our investment.
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Fair Value Risk
Changes in interest rates, market liquidity, credit quality and other factors also expose us to market value (fair value) fluctuation on our assets, liabilities and hedges. For certain of our credit sensitive assets, fair values may only be derived or estimated for these investments using various valuation techniques, such as computing the present value of estimated future cash flows using discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. However, the determination of estimated future cash flows is inherently subjective and imprecise and extremely volatile periods or disruptions in the market, such as during the severe market disruption that occurred in 2020 or the current volatile market environment, make such estimates and assumptions inherently less certain. As a result, we believe our market value (fair value) risk has significantly increased. Minor changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these derived or estimated fair values. Our fair value estimates and assumptions are indicative of the interest rate and business environments as of December 31, 2022 and do not take into consideration the effects of subsequent changes.
The following describes the methods and assumptions we use in estimating fair values of our financial instruments:
Fair value estimates are made as of a specific point in time based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. These techniques involve uncertainties and are significantly affected by the assumptions used and the judgments made regarding risk characteristics of various financial instruments, discount rates, estimate of future cash flows, future expected loss experience and other factors.
Changes in assumptions could significantly affect these estimates and the resulting fair values. Derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in an immediate sale of the instrument. Also, because of differences in methodologies and assumptions used to estimate fair values, the fair values used by us should not be compared to those of other companies.
The table below presents the sensitivity of the fair value and net duration changes of our portfolio as of December 31, 2022, using a discounted cash flow simulation model assuming an instantaneous interest rate shift. Application of this method results in an estimation of the fair market value change of our assets, liabilities and hedging instruments per 100 basis point shift in interest rates.
This analysis also takes into consideration the value of options embedded in our mortgage assets including constraints on the re-pricing of the interest rate of assets resulting from periodic and lifetime cap features, as well as prepayment options. Assets and liabilities that are not interest rate-sensitive such as cash, payment receivables, prepaid expenses, payables and accrued expenses are excluded.
Changes in assumptions including, but not limited to, volatility, mortgage and financing spreads, prepayment behavior, credit conditions, defaults, as well as the timing and level of interest rate changes will affect the results of the model. Therefore, actual results are likely to vary from modeled results.

Changes in Interest Rates |  | Changes in Fair Value (1) |  | Net Duration (1)
(basis points) |  | (dollar amounts in thousands) |  |
+200 |  | $(164,875) |  | 2.9
+100 |  | $(86,330) |  | 3.1
Base |  |  |  | 3.2
-100 |  | $95,372 |  | 3.4

(1)Assets analyzed include residential loans, Mezzanine Lending investments, investment securities and derivatives held at fair value.
It should be noted that the model is used as a tool to identify potential risk in a changing interest rate environment but does not include any changes in portfolio composition, financing strategies, market spreads or changes in overall market liquidity.
Although market value sensitivity analysis is widely accepted in identifying interest rate risk, it does not take into consideration changes that may occur such as, but not limited to, changes in investment and financing strategies, changes in market spreads and changes in business volumes. Accordingly, we make extensive use of an earnings simulation model to further analyze our level of interest rate risk.
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Capital Market Risk
We are exposed to risks related to the equity capital markets, and our related ability to raise capital through the issuance of our common stock, preferred stock or other equity instruments. We are also exposed to risks related to the debt capital markets, and our related ability to finance our business through credit facilities or other debt instruments. As a REIT, we are required to distribute a significant portion of our taxable income annually, which constrains our ability to accumulate operating cash flow and therefore may require us to utilize debt or equity capital to finance our business. We seek to mitigate these risks by monitoring the debt and equity capital markets to inform our decisions on the amount, timing, and terms of capital we raise. Based on the currently uncertain market environment, we expect the capital markets to remain volatile and uncertain at varying levels for the near future and this may adversely affect our ability to access capital to fund our operations, meet our obligations and make distributions to our stockholders.
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Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Our financial statements and the related notes, together with the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon, as required by this Item 8, are set forth beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference.
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Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
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Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the reliability, preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) (the “COSO framework”). Based on our evaluation under the COSO framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears in Item 15(a) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference herein.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls. Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
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Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
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PART III
Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this item is included in our Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2023 Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is included in the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Except as set forth below, the information required by this item is included in the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
The information presented under the heading “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” in Item 5 of Part II of this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is included in the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item is included in the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
Item 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)Financial Statements.
See the accompanying Index to Financial Statement Schedule on Page F-1.
(b)Exhibits.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibits: The exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed below. Management contracts or compensatory plans are filed as Exhibits 10.1 through 10.28.

Exhibit |  | Description
3.1 |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Company, as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2020).
3.2 |  | Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 22, 2022).
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary designating the Company’s 7.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2013).
3.4 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,550,000 additional shares of the Series B Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2015).
3.5 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company’s 7.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2015).
3.6 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company’s 8.00% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series D Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 10, 2017).
3.7 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,460,000 additional shares of the Series C Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2019).
3.8 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,650,000 additional shares of the Series D Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2019).
3.9 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company's 7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series E Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2019).
3.10 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 3,000,000 additional shares of the Series E Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 27, 2019).

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3.11 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company’s 6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series F Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2021).
3.12 |  | Articles Supplementary reclassifying and designating 6,600,000 authorized but unissued shares of the Series C Preferred Stock as additional shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2021).
3.13 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,000,000 additional shares of the Series F Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2021).
3.14 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company’s 7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series G Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2021).
3.15 |  | Articles Supplementary reclassifying and designating 6,000,000 authorized but unissued shares of the Series B Preferred Stock as additional shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2021).
3.16 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,000,000 additional shares of the Series G Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2022).
4.1 |  | Form of Common Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-111668) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 18, 2004).
4.2 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series D Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 10, 2017).
4.3 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series E Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2019).
4.4 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series F Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2021).
4.5 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series G Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.12 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2021).
4.6 |  | Indenture, dated as of April 27, 2021, between the Company and UMB Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2021).
4.7 |  | Form of 5.75% Senior Notes due 2026 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2021).
|  | Certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of the Company and its subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, copies of any such instruments.
4.8 |  | Description of the Company’s securities under Section 12 of the Exchange Act.*

10.1 |  | The Company's 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 2017).

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10.2 |  | Amendment No. 1 to the New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 28, 2019).
10.3 |  | Amendment No. 2 to the New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 14, 2021).
10.4 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Officers (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2009).
10.5 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Directors (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2009).
10.6 |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2021, between the Company and Jason T. Serrano (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2021).
10.7 |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2022, between the Company and Kristine R. Nario-Eng (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 4, 2022).
10.8 |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2022, between the Company and Nicholas Mah (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 14, 2022).
10.9 |  | The Company’s 2018 Annual Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2018).
10.10 |  | The Company's Amended and Restated 2019 Annual Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 5, 2019).
10.11 |  | Form of 2019 Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2019).
10.12 |  | The Company’s 2020 Annual Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2020).
10.13 |  | Form of 2020 Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2020).
10.14 |  | Form of 2020 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2020).
10.15 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Employees (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2020).
10.16 |  | Form of 2021 Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2021).
10.17 |  | Form of 2021 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2021).

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10.18 |  | The Company’s 2021 Annual Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 7, 2021).
10.19 |  | Form of 2022 Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2022).
10.20 |  | Form of 2022 Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2022).
10.21 |  | Form of 2022 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2022).
10.22 |  | The Company’s 2022 Annual Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2022).
10.23 |  | Form of 2023 Restricted Stock Award Agreement.*
10.24 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 23, 2020).
10.25 |  | Form of Change in Control Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 4, 2022).

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21.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant.*
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Grant Thornton LLP).*
31.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
31.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
32.1 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
99.1 |  | Equity Distribution Agreement, dated August 10, 2021, by and between the Company and B. Riley Securities, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2021).
99.2 |  | Equity Distribution Agreement, dated March 29, 2019, by and between the Company and JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2019).
99.3 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Equity Distribution Agreement, dated November 27, 2019, by and between the Company and JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 27, 2019).
99.4 |  | Amendment No. 2 to Equity Distribution Agreement, dated August 10, 2021, by and between the Company and JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2021).
99.5 |  | Amendment No. 3 to Equity Distribution Agreement, dated March 2, 2022, by and between the Company and JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange on March 2, 2022).
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document ***
101.SCH |  | Taxonomy Extension Schema Document ***
101.CAL |  | Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document ***
101.DE XBRL |  | Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document ***
101.LAB |  | Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document ***
101.PRE |  | Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document ***
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File-the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

*Filed herewith.
**Furnished herewith. Such certification shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
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*** Submitted electronically herewith. Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020; and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
Date: | February 24, 2023 | By: | /s/ Jason T. Serrano
|  | Jason T. Serrano
|  | Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | February 24, 2023 | By: | /s/ Kristine R. Nario-Eng
|  | Kristine R. Nario-Eng
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Jason T. Serrano |  | Chief Executive Officer |  | February 24, 2023
Jason T. Serrano |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Kristine R. Nario-Eng |  | Chief Financial Officer |  | February 24, 2023
Kristine R. Nario-Eng |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Steven R. Mumma |  | Chairman of the Board |  | February 24, 2023
Steven R. Mumma |  |  |  |
/s/ Eugenia R. Cheng |  | Director |  | February 24, 2023
Eugenia R. Cheng |  |  |  |
/s/ Michael B. Clement |  | Director |  | February 24, 2023
Michael B. Clement |  |  |  |
/s/ Audrey E. Greenberg |  | Director |  | February 24, 2023
Audrey E. Greenberg |  |  |  |
/s/ Steven G. Norcutt |  | Director |  | February 24, 2023
Steven G. Norcutt |  |  |  |
/s/ Lisa A. Pendergast |  | Director |  | February 24, 2023
Lisa A. Pendergast |  |  |  |

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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AND
REPORTS OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
For Inclusion in Form 10-K
Filed with
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
December 31, 2022
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
F-1

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: | PAGE
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 248) | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity | F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-12
Note 1. Organization | F-13
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | F-14
Note 3. Residential Loans, a t Fair Value | F-25
Note 4. Multi-family Loans, a t Fair Value | F-27
Note 5. Investment Securities Available For Sale, at Fair Value | F-28
Note 6. Equity Investments, at Fair Value | F-31
Note 7. Use of Special Purpose Entities (SPE) and Variable Interest Entities (VIE) | F-36
Note 8. Real Estate, Net | F-44
Note 9. Assets and Liabilities of Disposal Group Held for Sale | F-46
Note 10. Other Assets and Other Liabilities | F-47
Note 1 1. Repurchase Agreements | F-48
Note 1 2. Collateralized Debt Obligations | F-51
Note 1 3. Debt | F-52
Note 1 4. Commitments and Contingencies | F-56
Note 1 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments | F-57
Note 1 6. Stockholders' Equity | F-67
Note 1 7. (Loss) Earnings Per Common Share | F-72
Note 1 8. Stock Based Compensation | F-73
Note 1 9. Income Taxes | F-77
Note 20. Net Interest Income | F-79
Note 2 1. Subsequent Events | F-80
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation | F-81
Schedule IV - Mortgage Loans on Real Estate | F-84

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Stockholders
New York Mortgage Trust, Inc.
Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (a Maryland corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated February 24, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion.
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical audit matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Fair value measurements of Residential Loans
As described further in Notes 2 and 3 to the financial statements, the Company holds residential loans, including performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans and business purpose loans (“Residential Loans”), which are recorded at fair value, using a fair value option election on a recurring basis. The Company determines the fair value measurement after considering valuations obtained from a third party that specializes in providing valuations of residential loans. We identified the fair value measurement of Residential Loans as a critical audit matter.
The principal considerations for our determination that the fair value measurement of Residential Loans was a critical audit matter are that the assets are priced using unobservable inputs as they trade infrequently. As such, the fair value measurement requires management to make complex judgments in order to identify and select the appropriate model and significant assumptions, which may include forecast prepayment rates, default rates, discount rates and rates for loss upon default, collateral values and collateral disposal costs. In addition, the fair value measurements of Residential Loans are highly sensitive to changes in the significant assumptions and underlying market conditions and are material to the financial statements. As a result, obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence related to the fair value measurement required significant auditor subjectivity.
F-2

Our audit procedures related to the fair value measurement of Residential Loans included the following, among others. We tested the design and operating effectiveness of relevant controls performed by management relating to the fair value measurement of Residential Loans. We also involved a valuation specialist to independently determine the fair value measurement of the Residential Loans and compared them to management’s fair value measurement for reasonableness and tested the accuracy of the inputs used by management in the fair value measurement.
Fair value measurements of certain interest only and first loss subordinated securities issued by a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization entity (“Consolidated SLST”) holding residential loans
As described further in Notes 2 and 3 to the financial statements, the Company owns investment securities, including interest only and first loss subordinated securities which are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Some of these investment securities result in the consolidation of the underlying securitization entity as required by Accounting Standards Codification 810, Consolidation. The Company has elected to account for the consolidated securitization entity as Collateralized Finance Entity (“CFE”) and has elected to measure the financial assets of its CFE using the fair value of the financial liabilities issued by that entity, which management has determined to be more observable. The interest only and first loss subordinated securities issued by Consolidated SLST, are priced individually by the Company utilizing market comparable pricing and discounted cash flow analysis valuation techniques. We identified the fair value measurement of these interest only and first loss subordinated securities in Consolidated SLST (“SLST Investments”) as a critical audit matter.
The principal considerations for our determination that the fair value measurement of the SLST Investments is a critical audit matter are that there is limited observable market data available for these SLST Investments as they trade infrequently. As such,
the fair value measurement requires management to make complex judgments in order to identify and select the significant assumptions, which may include the discount rate, prepayment rate, default rate and loss severity. In addition, the fair value measurements of the SLST Investments are highly sensitive to changes in the significant assumptions and underlying market conditions and are material to the financial statements. As a result, obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence related to the fair value measurement required significant auditor subjectivity.
Our audit procedures related to the fair value measurement of SLST Investments included the following, among others. We tested the design and operating effectiveness of relevant controls performed by management relating to the fair value measurement of the SLST Investments. We also involved a valuation specialist to independently determine the fair value measurement of the SLST Investments and compared them to management’s fair value measurement for reasonableness.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.
New York, New York
February 24, 2023
F-3

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Stockholders
New York Mortgage Trust, Inc.
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (a Maryland corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, and our report dated February 24, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
New York, New York
February 24, 2023
F-4

Table of Contents
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except share data)

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
ASSETS |  |  |
Residential loans, at fair value | $ | 3,525,080 |  |  | $ | 3,575,601 |
Multi-family loans, at fair value | 87,534 |  |  | 120,021 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value | 99,559 |  |  | 200,844 |
Equity investments, at fair value | 179,746 |  |  | 239,631 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 244,718 |  |  | 289,602 |
Real estate, net | 692,968 |  |  | 1,017,583 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale | 1,151,784 |  |  | — |
Other assets | 259,356 |  |  | 215,019 |
Total Assets (1) | $ | 6,240,745 |  |  | $ | 5,658,301 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 737,023 |  |  | $ | 554,259 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($634,495 at fair value and $1,468,222 at amortized cost, net as of December 31, 2022 and $839,419 at fair value and $682,802 at amortized cost, net as of December 31, 2021) | 2,102,717 |  |  | 1,522,221 |
Convertible notes | — |  |  | 137,898 |
Senior unsecured notes | 97,384 |  |  | 96,704 |
Subordinated debentures | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net | 394,707 |  |  | 709,356 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale | 883,812 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 115,991 |  |  | 161,081 |
Total liabilities (1) | 4,376,634 |  |  | 3,226,519 |
Commitments and Contingencies (See Note 14) |  |  |
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities | 63,803 |  |  | 66,392 |
Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, 31,500,000 and 29,500,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, 22,284,994 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 ($557,125 aggregate liquidation preference as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021) | 538,351 |  |  | 538,221 |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 800,000,000 shares authorized, 364,774,752 and 379,405,240 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively | 3,648 |  |  | 3,794 |
Additional paid-in capital | 2,279,955 |  |  | 2,356,576 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | (1,970) |  |  | 1,778 |
Accumulated deficit | (1,052,768) |  |  | (559,338) |
Company's stockholders' equity | 1,767,216 |  |  | 2,341,031 |
Non-controlling interests | 33,092 |  |  | 24,359 |
Total equity | 1,800,308 |  |  | 2,365,390 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 6,240,745 |  |  | $ | 5,658,301 |

(1)Our consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) as the Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, assets of consolidated VIEs totaled $4,261,097 and $2,940,513, respectively, and the liabilities of consolidated VIEs totaled $3,403,257 and $2,235,665, respectively. See Note 7 for further discussion.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-5

Table of Contents
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
NET INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 258,388 |  |  | $ | 206,866 |  |  | $ | 350,161 |
Interest expense | 129,419 |  |  | 79,284 |  |  | 223,068 |
Total net interest income | 128,969 |  |  | 127,582 |  |  | 127,093 |
NON-INTEREST (LOSS) INCOME: |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses), net | 27,549 |  |  | 21,451 |  |  | (148,058) |
Realized loss on de-consolidation of Consolidated K-Series | — |  |  | — |  |  | (54,118) |
Unrealized (losses) gains, net | (321,081) |  |  | 95,649 |  |  | (160,161) |
Income from equity investments | 15,074 |  |  | 33,896 |  |  | 26,670 |
Impairment of goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25,222) |
Other income | 16,289 |  |  | 5,515 |  |  | 678 |
Income from real estate |  |  |  |  |
Rental income | 126,293 |  |  | 14,303 |  |  | 408 |
Other real estate income | 15,363 |  |  | 927 |  |  | 11 |
Total income from real estate | 141,656 |  |  | 15,230 |  |  | 419 |
Total non-interest (loss) income | (120,513) |  |  | 171,741 |  |  | (359,792) |
GENERAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND OPERATING EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses | 52,440 |  |  | 48,908 |  |  | 42,228 |
Portfolio operating expenses | 40,888 |  |  | 26,668 |  |  | 11,572 |
Expenses related to real estate |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate | 56,011 |  |  | 3,964 |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 126,824 |  |  | 19,250 |  |  | 386 |
Other real estate expenses | 72,400 |  |  | 9,599 |  |  | 377 |
Total expenses related to real estate | 255,235 |  |  | 32,813 |  |  | 763 |
Total general, administrative and operating expenses | 348,563 |  |  | 108,389 |  |  | 54,563 |
(LOSS) INCOME FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | (340,107) |  |  | 190,934 |  |  | (287,262) |
Income tax expense | 542 |  |  | 2,458 |  |  | 981 |
NET (LOSS) INCOME | (340,649) |  |  | 188,476 |  |  | (288,243) |
Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests | 42,044 |  |  | 4,724 |  |  | (267) |
NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY | (298,605) |  |  | 193,200 |  |  | (288,510) |
Preferred stock dividends | (41,972) |  |  | (42,859) |  |  | (41,186) |
Preferred stock redemption charge | — |  |  | (6,165) |  |  | — |
NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | (340,577) |  |  | $ | 144,176 |  |  | $ | (329,696) |
Basic (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.90) |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (0.89) |
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.90) |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (0.89) |
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic | 377,287 |  |  | 379,232 |  |  | 371,004 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted | 377,287 |  |  | 380,968 |  |  | 371,004 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-6

Table of Contents
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Dollar amounts in thousands)

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | (340,577) |  |  | $ | 144,176 |  |  | $ | (329,696) |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME |  |  |  |  |
(Decrease) increase in fair value of available for sale securities | (3,748) |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | (31,654) |
Reclassification adjustment for net (gain) loss included in net income (loss) | — |  |  | (3,965) |  |  | 7,516 |
TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME | (3,748) |  |  | 784 |  |  | (24,138) |
COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | (344,325) |  |  | $ | 144,960 |  |  | $ | (353,834) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-7

Table of Contents
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
(Dollar amounts in thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Preferred Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Company Stockholders' Equity |  | Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIE |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2019 | $ | 2,914 |  |  | $ | 504,765 |  |  | $ | 1,821,785 |  |  | $ | (148,863) |  |  | $ | 25,132 |  |  | $ | 2,205,733 |  |  | $ | (704) |  |  | $ | 2,205,029 |
Cumulative-effect adjustment for implementation of fair value option | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,284 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,284 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,284 |
Net (loss) income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (288,510) |  |  | — |  |  | (288,510) |  |  | 267 |  |  | (288,243) |
Common stock issuance, net | 851 |  |  | — |  |  | 511,239 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 512,090 |  |  | — |  |  | 512,090 |
Stock based compensation expense, net | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,910 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,922 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,922 |
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (84,993) |  |  | — |  |  | (84,993) |  |  | — |  |  | (84,993) |
Dividends declared on preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41,186) |  |  | — |  |  | (41,186) |  |  | — |  |  | (41,186) |
Reclassification adjustment for net loss included in net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,516 |  |  | 7,516 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,516 |
Decrease in fair value of available for sale securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,654) |  |  | (31,654) |  |  | — |  |  | (31,654) |
Increase in non-controlling interest related to initial consolidation of VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,808 |  |  | 6,808 |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 3,777 |  |  | $ | 504,765 |  |  | $ | 2,342,934 |  |  | $ | (551,268) |  |  | $ | 994 |  |  | $ | 2,301,202 |  |  | $ | 6,371 |  |  | $ | 2,307,573 |
Net income (loss) ($(704) allocated to redeemable non-controlling interest) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 193,200 |  |  | — |  |  | 193,200 |  |  | (4,020) |  |  | 189,180 |
Preferred stock issuance, net | — |  |  | 210,738 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 210,738 |  |  | — |  |  | 210,738 |
Preferred stock redemption | — |  |  | (177,282) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,165) |  |  | — |  |  | (183,447) |  |  | — |  |  | (183,447) |
Stock based compensation expense, net | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,222 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,239 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,239 |
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (151,749) |  |  | — |  |  | (151,749) |  |  | — |  |  | (151,749) |
Dividends declared on preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42,859) |  |  | — |  |  | (42,859) |  |  | — |  |  | (42,859) |
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (497) |  |  | — |  |  | (497) |  |  | — |  |  | (497) |
Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,965) |  |  | (3,965) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,965) |
Increase in fair value of available for sale securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,749 |
Increase in non-controlling interest related to initial consolidation of VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,509 |  |  | 25,509 |
Decrease in non-controlling interest related to redemptions by and distributions from Consolidated VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,420 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,420 |  |  | (3,501) |  |  | (81) |

F-8

Table of Contents

Balance, December 31, 2021 | $ | 3,794 |  |  | $ | 538,221 |  |  | $ | 2,356,576 |  |  | $ | (559,338) |  |  | $ | 1,778 |  |  | $ | 2,341,031 |  |  | $ | 24,359 |  |  | $ | 2,365,390 |
Net loss ($(38,190) allocated to redeemable non-controlling interest) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (298,605) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (298,605) |  |  | $ | (3,854) |  |  | $ | (302,459) |
Preferred stock issuance, net | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |
Common stock repurchases | (166) |  |  | — |  |  | (44,233) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44,399) |  |  | — |  |  | (44,399) |
Stock based compensation expense, net | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,895 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,895 |
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (150,232) |  |  | — |  |  | (150,232) |  |  | — |  |  | (150,232) |
Dividends declared on preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41,972) |  |  | — |  |  | (41,972) |  |  | — |  |  | (41,972) |
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,621) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,621) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,621) |
Decrease in fair value of available for sale securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,748) |  |  | (3,748) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,748) |
Increase in non-controlling interest related to initial consolidation of VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,293 |  |  | 16,293 |
Contributions from non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26) |  |  | 505 |  |  | 479 |
Decrease in non-controlling interest related to distributions from Consolidated VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,211) |  |  | (4,211) |
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44,237) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44,237) |  |  | — |  |  | (44,237) |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | 3,648 |  |  | $ | 538,351 |  |  | $ | 2,279,955 |  |  | $ | (1,052,768) |  |  | $ | (1,970) |  |  | $ | 1,767,216 |  |  | $ | 33,092 |  |  | $ | 1,800,308 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-9

Table of Contents
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollar amounts in thousands)

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (340,649) |  |  | $ | 188,476 |  |  | $ | (288,243) |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net amortization | 26,137 |  |  | 32,136 |  |  | 14,358 |
Depreciation and amortization expense related to operating real estate | 126,824 |  |  | 19,250 |  |  | 386 |
Realized (gains) losses, net | (27,549) |  |  | (21,451) |  |  | 148,058 |
Realized loss on de-consolidation of Consolidated K-Series | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54,118 |
Unrealized losses (gains), net | 321,081 |  |  | (95,649) |  |  | 160,161 |
Impairment of goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,222 |
(Gain) loss on sale of real estate | (17,132) |  |  | 157 |  |  | — |
Impairment of real estate | 2,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,754 |
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of mortgages payable on real estate and collateralized debt obligations | (2,214) |  |  | 1,583 |  |  | — |
Income from preferred equity, mezzanine loan and equity investments | (30,162) |  |  | (54,507) |  |  | (48,667) |
Distributions of income from preferred equity, mezzanine loan and equity investments | 49,832 |  |  | 62,375 |  |  | 24,430 |
Stock based compensation expense, net | 11,895 |  |  | 10,239 |  |  | 9,922 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | (28,729) |  |  | (3,697) |  |  | 9,256 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 91,783 |  |  | 138,912 |  |  | 110,755 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of investment securities | 85,437 |  |  | 432,585 |  |  | 1,820,194 |
Principal paydowns received on investment securities | 24,680 |  |  | 143,996 |  |  | 189,732 |
Purchases of investment securities | (24,879) |  |  | (53,711) |  |  | (586,640) |
Principal repayments received on residential loans | 1,361,040 |  |  | 1,063,267 |  |  | 429,575 |
Proceeds from sales of residential loans | — |  |  | 77,127 |  |  | 96,892 |
Purchases of residential loans | (1,738,474) |  |  | (1,581,094) |  |  | (569,157) |
Principal repayments received on preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments | 29,050 |  |  | 78,190 |  |  | 28,179 |
Return of capital from equity investments | 60,055 |  |  | 123,138 |  |  | 17,432 |
Funding of preferred equity, mezzanine loan and equity investments | (28,086) |  |  | (145,143) |  |  | (80,500) |
Funding of joint venture investments in Consolidated VIEs | (177,570) |  |  | (261,162) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sales resulting in de-consolidation of Consolidated K-Series | — |  |  | — |  |  | 555,218 |
Principal repayments received on multi-family loans held in Consolidated K-Series | — |  |  | — |  |  | 239,796 |
Net proceeds received from (payments made on) derivative instruments settled during the period | 1,881 |  |  | — |  |  | (28,233) |
Cash received from initial consolidation of VIEs | 6,897 |  |  | 27,907 |  |  | 327 |
Net proceeds from sale of real estate | 100,666 |  |  | 8,108 |  |  | 5,751 |
Purchases of and capital expenditures on real estate | (209,372) |  |  | (46,059) |  |  | (206) |
Purchases of other assets | (100) |  |  | (98) |  |  | (477) |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (508,775) |  |  | (132,949) |  |  | 2,117,883 |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds received from (payments made on) repurchase agreements | 179,033 |  |  | 146,852 |  |  | (2,701,812) |
Proceeds from issuance of senior unsecured notes, net | — |  |  | 96,267 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of collateralized debt obligations, net | 969,986 |  |  | 433,241 |  |  | 649,357 |
Common stock issuance, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 511,924 |
Repurchases of common stock | (44,399) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Preferred stock issuance, net | — |  |  | 210,738 |  |  | — |
Redemption of preferred stock | — |  |  | (183,447) |  |  | — |
Dividends paid on common stock and dividend equivalents | (151,753) |  |  | (151,616) |  |  | (105,492) |
Dividends paid on preferred stock | (41,404) |  |  | (43,232) |  |  | (41,065) |
Repayment of convertible notes | (138,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net distributions to non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs | (10,815) |  |  | (81) |  |  | — |
Redemptions of redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIE | (2,015) |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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Payments made on and extinguishment of collateralized debt obligations | (188,914) |  |  | (323,045) |  |  | (121,812) |
Payments made on Consolidated K-Series CDOs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (147,376) |
Payments made on Consolidated SLST CDOs | (114,847) |  |  | (160,762) |  |  | (89,484) |
Net proceeds received from mortgages payable on real estate | 3,197 |  |  | 2,493 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 460,069 |  |  | 27,408 |  |  | (2,045,760) |
Net Increase in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | 43,077 |  |  | 33,371 |  |  | 182,878 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash - Beginning of Period | 337,861 |  |  | 304,490 |  |  | 121,612 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash - End of Period | $ | 380,938 |  |  | $ | 337,861 |  |  | $ | 304,490 |
Supplemental Disclosure: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 161,251 |  |  | $ | 71,913 |  |  | $ | 292,059 |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 2,674 |  |  | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 1,521 |
Non-Cash Investment Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Consolidation of real estate held in Consolidated VIEs | $ | 664,437 |  |  | $ | 926,756 |  |  | $ | 50,481 |
Consolidation of mortgages payable on real estate held in Consolidated VIEs | $ | 524,217 |  |  | $ | 669,647 |  |  | $ | 36,752 |
De-consolidation of multi-family loans held in Consolidated K-Series | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,381,483 |
De-consolidation of Consolidated K-Series CDOs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,612,093 |
Transfer from residential loans to real estate owned | $ | 18,858 |  |  | $ | 4,133 |  |  | $ | 8,509 |
Non-Cash Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Dividends declared on common stock and dividend equivalents to be paid in subsequent period | $ | 39,503 |  |  | $ | 38,404 |  |  | $ | 37,774 |
Dividends declared on preferred stock to be paid in subsequent period | $ | 10,493 |  |  | $ | 9,924 |  |  | $ | 10,297 |
Redemption of non-controlling interest by Consolidated VIE | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,420 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Reconciliation: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 244,718 |  |  | $ | 289,602 |  |  | $ | 293,183 |
Restricted cash included in other assets | 136,220 |  |  | 48,259 |  |  | 11,307 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 380,938 |  |  | $ | 337,861 |  |  | $ | 304,490 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
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1. Organization
New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (“NYMT,” “we,” “our,” or the “Company”), is a real estate investment trust ("REIT") in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets. Our objective is to deliver long-term stable distributions to our stockholders over changing economic conditions through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains from a diversified investment portfolio. Our investment portfolio includes credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets.
The Company conducts its business through the parent company, New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., and several subsidiaries, including taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”), qualified REIT subsidiaries (“QRSs”) and special purpose subsidiaries established for securitization purposes. The Company consolidates all of its subsidiaries under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
The Company is organized and conducts its operations to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As such, the Company will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on that portion of its income that is distributed to stockholders if it distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders by the due date of its federal income tax return and complies with various other requirements.
In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred either the assets and liabilities of the respective joint venture investments that are consolidated in accordance with GAAP or its equity investment in the joint venture entity to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. See Note 9 for additional information.
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2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Definitions – The following defines certain of the commonly used terms in these financial statements:
“RMBS” refers to residential mortgage-backed securities backed by adjustable-rate, hybrid adjustable-rate, or fixed-rate residential loans;
“Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS representing interests in or obligations backed by pools of residential loans guaranteed by a government sponsored enterprise (“GSE”), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), or an agency of the U.S. government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”);
“non-Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS that are not guaranteed by any agency of the U.S. Government or GSE;
“IOs” refers collectively to interest only and inverse interest only mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the interest component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
“POs” refers to mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the principal component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
“ARMs” refers to adjustable-rate residential loans;
“Agency ARMs” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS;
“Agency fixed-rate RMBS” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of fixed-rate RMBS;
“ABS” refers to debt and/or equity tranches of securitizations backed by various asset classes including, but not limited to, automobiles, aircraft, credit cards, equipment, franchises, recreational vehicles and student loans;
“CMBS” refers to commercial mortgage-backed securities comprised of commercial mortgage pass-through securities issued by a GSE, as well as PO, IO or mezzanine securities that represent the right to a specific component of the cash flow from a pool of commercial mortgage loans;
“Agency CMBS” refers to CMBS representing interests or obligations backed by pools of mortgage loans guaranteed by a GSE, such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac;
“multi-family CMBS” refers to CMBS backed by commercial mortgage loans on multi-family properties;
“CDO” refers to collateralized debt obligation and includes debt that permanently finances the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series, the Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts and a non-Agency RMBS re-securitization that we consolidate, or consolidated, in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP;
“business purpose loans” refers to (i) short-term loans that are collateralized by residential properties and are made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the residential property for a profit or (ii) loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants;
“Consolidated SLST” refers to a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization, comprised of seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans, of which we own or owned the first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs and senior securities that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP.
“Consolidated K-Series” refers to Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family loan K-Series securitizations, of which we, or one of our “special purpose entities,” or “SPEs,” owned the first loss POs, certain IOs and certain senior or mezzanine securities that we consolidated in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP prior to disposition; and
“SOFR” refers to Secured Overnight Funding Rate.
Basis of Presentation – The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management has made significant estimates in several areas, including fair valuation of its residential loans, multi-family loans, certain equity investments and Consolidated SLST CDOs. Although the Company’s estimates contemplate current conditions and how it expects those conditions to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be different than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially impact the Company’s results of operations and its financial condition.
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The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting emergency measures led to significant disruptions in the global supply chain, global capital markets, the economy of the U.S. and the economies of other countries impacted by COVID-19. Although the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic eased in 2022, uncertainty about the future of COVID-19 and variants remain. The Company believes the estimates and assumptions underlying our consolidated financial statements are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of December 31, 2022; however, uncertainty over the ultimate impact COVID-19 will have on the global economy generally, and our business in particular, makes any estimates and assumptions as of December 31, 2022 inherently less certain than they would be absent the current and potential impacts of COVID-19. Accordingly, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be different than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially impact the Company’s results of operations and its financial condition.
Reclassifications – Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified on the accompanying consolidated financial statements to conform to current period presentation. In particular, prior period disclosures have been conformed to the current period presentation of interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate. Starting in the fourth quarter of 2022, interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate is presented in expenses related to real estate on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Previously, interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate was presented in interest expense and net interest income on the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
Principles of Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities – The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of all its subsidiaries which are majority-owned, controlled by the Company or a variable interest entity (“VIE”) where the Company is the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation (see Note 7).
A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The Company consolidates a VIE in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810") when it is the primary beneficiary of such VIE, herein referred to as a “Consolidated VIE”. As primary beneficiary, the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.
The Company evaluates the initial consolidation of each Consolidated VIE, which includes a determination of whether the VIE constitutes the definition of a business in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"), by considering if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets within the VIE are concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or group of single identifiable assets. Upon consolidation, the Company recognizes the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any third-party ownership of membership interests as non-controlling interest as of the consolidation or acquisition date, measured at their relative fair values (see Note 7). Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs is adjusted prospectively for its share of the allocation of income or loss and equity contributions and distributions from each respective Consolidated VIE. The third-party owners of certain of the non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs have the ability to sell their ownership interests to the Company, at their election, subject to certain conditions. The Company has classified these third-party ownership interests as redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs in mezzanine equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See "Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs" below for further discussion of redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs.
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Residential Loans – The Company’s acquired residential loans, including performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans and business purpose loans are presented at fair value on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value are recorded in current period earnings in unrealized gains (losses), net on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company has elected the fair value option for residential loans either at the time of acquisition pursuant to ASC 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”) or following the adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief (“ASU 2019-05”), effective January 1, 2020.
Residential loans include seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans held in a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization, of which we own or have owned the first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs and senior securities issued by this securitization, and that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP (“Consolidated SLST”). Based on a number of factors, management determined that the Company was the primary beneficiary of Consolidated SLST and met the criteria for consolidation and, accordingly, has consolidated the securitization, including its assets, liabilities, income and expenses in our financial statements. The Company has elected the fair value option on each of the assets and liabilities held within Consolidated SLST, which requires that changes in valuations be reflected on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. In accordance with ASC 810, the Company measures both the financial assets and financial liabilities of a qualifying consolidated collateralized financing entity (“CFE”) using the fair value of either the CFE’s financial assets or financial liabilities, whichever is more observable. As the related securitization trust is considered a qualifying CFE, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of its residential collateralized debt obligations and the Company's investment in the securitization (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable.
Interest income is accrued and recognized as revenue when earned according to the terms of the residential loans and when, in the opinion of management, it is collectible. Residential loans are considered past due when they are 30 days past their contractual due date, and are placed on nonaccrual status when delinquent for more than 90 days or when, in management's opinion, the interest is not collectible in the normal course of business. Interest accrued but not yet collected at the time loans are placed on nonaccrual status is reversed and subsequently recognized only to the extent it is received in cash or until it qualifies for return to accrual status. Loans are restored to accrual status only when contractually current or the collection of future payments is reasonably assured.
Premiums and discounts associated with the purchase of residential loans are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the related loan using the effective interest method. Any premium amortization or discount accretion is reflected as a component of interest income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Multi-Family Loans – Multi-family loans include preferred equity investments in, and mezzanine loans to, entities that have multi-family real estate assets. A preferred equity investment is an equity investment in the entity that owns the underlying property. Preferred equity is not secured by the underlying property, but holders have priority relative to common equity holders on cash flow distributions and proceeds from capital events. In addition, preferred equity holders may be able to enhance their position and protect their equity position with covenants that limit the entity’s activities and grant the holder the exclusive right to control the property after an event of default.
Mezzanine loans are secured by a pledge of the borrower’s equity ownership in the property. Unlike a mortgage, this loan does not represent a lien on the property. Therefore, it is always junior and subordinate to any first lien as well as second liens, if applicable, on the property. These loans are senior to any preferred equity or common equity interests in the entity that owns the property.
The Company has evaluated its preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments for accounting treatment as loans versus equity investments utilizing the guidance provided by the Acquisition, Development and Construction Arrangements Subsection of ASC 310, Receivables. Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments, for which the characteristics, facts and circumstances indicate that loan accounting treatment is appropriate, are stated at fair value. The Company elected the fair value option for its preferred equity investments in and mezzanine loan investments because the Company determined that such presentation represents the underlying economics of the respective investment. Changes in fair value are recorded in current period earnings in unrealized gains (losses), net on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Interest income is accrued and recognized as revenue when earned according to the terms of the loans and when, in the opinion of management, it is collectible. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the interest is not collectible in the normal course of business, but in all cases when payment becomes greater than 90 days delinquent. Loans return to accrual status when principal and interest become current and are anticipated to be fully collectible. The Company accretes or amortizes any discounts or premiums and deferred fees and expenses over the life of the related asset utilizing the effective interest method or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
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Preferred equity investments where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to an equity investment are included in Equity Investments below.
In 2020, the Company, or one of its “special purpose entities” (“SPEs”), owned the first loss POs, certain IOs, and certain senior and mezzanine securities issued by certain Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family loan K-Series securitizations that we consolidated in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP (the “Consolidated K-Series”). Based on a number of factors, management determined that the Company was the primary beneficiary of each VIE within the Consolidated K-Series and met the criteria for consolidation and, accordingly, consolidated these securitizations, including their assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the Company's financial statements. In response to market conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the Company's intention to improve its liquidity, in March 2020, the Company sold its entire portfolio of first loss POs issued by the Consolidated K-Series which resulted in the de-consolidation of each Consolidated K-Series as of the sale date of each first loss PO (see Note 7).
The Company elected the fair value option on each of the assets and liabilities held within the Consolidated K-Series, which required that changes in valuations be reflected on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. In accordance with ASC 810, the Company measured both the financial assets and financial liabilities of a qualifying consolidated CFE using the fair value of either the CFE’s financial assets or financial liabilities, whichever was more observable. As the Consolidated K-Series were considered qualifying CFEs, the Company determined the fair value of multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series based on the fair value of the multi-family collateralized debt obligations issued by the Consolidated K-Series and the Company's investments in these securitizations (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments was more observable.
Interest income was accrued and recognized as revenue when earned according to the terms of the multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series and when, in the opinion of management, it was collectible. The accrual of interest on these loans was discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the interest was not collectible in the normal course of business.
Investment Securities Available for Sale – The Company’s investment securities, where the fair value option has not been elected and which are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in Other Comprehensive Income (“OCI”), include non-Agency RMBS (collectively, "CECL Securities"). Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company made a fair value election at the time of acquisition of newly purchased investment securities pursuant to ASC 825. The fair value option was elected for these investment securities to provide stockholders and others who rely on our financial statements with a more complete and accurate understanding of our economic performance. Changes in fair value of investment securities subject to the fair value election are recorded in current period earnings in unrealized gains (losses), net on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The Company generally intends to hold its investment securities until maturity; however, from time to time, it may sell any of its securities as part of the overall management of its business. As a result, our investment securities are classified as available for sale securities. Realized gains and losses recorded on the sale of investment securities available for sale are based on the specific identification method and included in realized gains (losses), net on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Interest income on our investment securities available for sale is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance and their contractual terms. Purchase premiums or discounts associated with Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS assessed as high credit quality at the time of purchase are amortized or accreted to interest income over the estimated life of these investment securities using the effective yield method.
Interest income on certain of our credit sensitive securities that were purchased at a premium or discount to par value, such as certain of our non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and ABS that are of less than high credit quality, is recognized based on the security’s effective yield. The effective yield on these securities is based on management’s estimate of the projected cash flows from each security, which incorporates assumptions related to fluctuations in interest rates, prepayment speeds and the timing and amount of credit losses. On at least a quarterly basis, management reviews and, if appropriate, adjusts its cash flow projections based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and its judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. Changes in cash flows from those originally projected, or from those estimated at the last evaluation, may result in a prospective change in the yield (or interest income) recognized on these securities.
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The Company accounts for investment securities that are of high credit quality (generally those rated AA or better by a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization, or NRSRO) at the date of acquisition in accordance with ASC 320-10, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities (“ASC 320-10”). The Company accounts for investment securities that are not of high credit quality (i.e., those whose risk of loss is more than remote) or securities that can be contractually prepaid such that we would not recover our initial investment at the date of acquisition in accordance with ASC 325-40, Investments - Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets (“ASC 325-40”). The Company considers credit ratings, the underlying credit risk and other market factors in determining whether the investment securities are of high credit quality; however, securities rated lower than AA or an equivalent rating are not considered of high credit quality and are accounted for in accordance with ASC 325-40. If ratings are inconsistent among NRSROs, the Company uses the lower rating in determining whether the securities are of high credit quality.
When the fair value of a CECL security is less than its amortized cost as of the reporting balance sheet date, the security is considered impaired. If the Company intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the impaired security before its anticipated recovery, the Company recognizes a loss through earnings equal to the difference between the investment’s amortized cost and its fair value and reduces the amortized cost basis to the fair value as of the balance sheet date. If the Company does not expect to sell an impaired security, it performs an analysis to determine if a portion of the impairment is a result of credit losses. The portion of the impairment related to credit losses (limited by the difference between the fair value and amortized cost basis) is recognized through earnings and a corresponding allowance for credit losses is established against the amortized cost basis. The remainder of the impairment is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and does not impact earnings. Subsequent changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded through earnings with reversals limited to the previously recorded allowance for credit losses. The determination of whether a credit loss exists, and if so, the amount considered to be a credit loss is subjective, as such determinations are based on both observable and subjective information available at the time of assessment as well as the Company's estimates of the future performance and cash flow projections. As a result, the timing and amount of credit losses may constitute material estimates that are susceptible to significant change.
In determining if a credit loss evaluation is required for securities that are impaired, the Company compares the present value of the remaining cash flows expected to be collected at the prior reporting date or purchase date, whichever is most recent, against the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected at the current financial reporting date. The Company considers information available about the past and expected future performance of underlying collateral, including timing of expected future cash flows, prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities and delinquency rates.
Equity Investments – Non-controlling, unconsolidated ownership interests in an entity may be accounted for using the equity method or the cost method. In circumstances where the Company has a non-controlling interest but either owns a significant interest or is able to exert influence over the affairs of the enterprise, the Company utilizes the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the initial investment is increased each period for additional capital contributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s earnings or preferred return and decreased for cash distributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s losses. Equity investments also include certain of the Company's multi-family preferred equity investments where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to an equity investment. The Company records its equity in earnings or losses from these multi-family preferred equity investments under the hypothetical liquidation of book value method of accounting due to the structures and the preferences it receives on the distributions from these entities pursuant to the respective agreements. Under this method, the Company recognizes income or loss in each period based on the change in liquidation proceeds it would receive from a hypothetical liquidation of its investment.
The Company has elected the fair value option for all equity investments. The Company elected the fair value option for its equity investments in entities that own interests (directly or indirectly) in multi-family or residential real estate assets or loans or entities that originate residential loans because the Company determined that such presentation represents the underlying economics of the respective investment. The Company records the change in fair value of its investment in income from equity investments on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations (see Note 6).
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Real Estate, Net – Upon the acquisition of real estate properties which do not constitute the definition of a business, the Company records its initial investments in income-producing real estate as asset acquisitions at fair value as of the acquisition date. The purchase price of acquired properties is apportioned to the tangible and identified intangible assets and liabilities acquired at their respective estimated fair values. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes a number of sources, including independent appraisals that may be obtained in connection with the acquisition or financing of the respective real estate, its own analysis of recently-acquired and existing comparable properties, property financial results, and other market data. The Company also considers information obtained about the real estate as a result of its due diligence, including marketing and leasing activities, in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired. The Company considers the value of acquired in-place leases and utilizes an amortization period that is the average remaining term of the acquired leases.
Rental revenue is recognized when earned from residents of the Company's real estate properties over the terms of the rental agreements, typically a duration of one year or less. The Company evaluates the collectability of amounts due from residents and recognizes revenue from residents when collectability is deemed probable. Other property revenues are recognized in the period earned.
Real Estate - Capitalization and Depreciation – The Company’s expenditures which directly relate to the acquisition, development, construction and improvement of properties are capitalized at cost. During the development period, which culminates once a property is substantially complete and ready for intended use, operating and carrying costs such as interest expense, real estate taxes, insurance and other direct costs are capitalized. Advertising and general administrative costs that do not relate to the development of a property are expensed as incurred.
Betterments and certain costs directly related to the improvement of real estate after the development period are capitalized. Expenditures for ordinary maintenance and repairs are expensed to operations as incurred. The Company depreciates on a straight-line basis the building component of its real estate over a 30-year estimated useful life, building and improvements over a 10-year to 30-year estimated useful life, and furniture, fixtures and equipment over a 5-year to 7.5-year estimated useful life, all of which are judgmental determinations.
Real Estate - Impairment – The Company periodically evaluates its real estate assets for indicators of impairment. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on factors such as operational performance, market conditions and legal and environmental concerns, as well as the Company’s ability and intent to hold each asset. Future events could occur which would cause the Company to conclude that impairment indicators exist and an impairment is warranted. If impairment indicators exist for long-lived assets to be held and used, and the expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, then the Company will record an impairment loss for the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying amount. If the asset is to be disposed of, then an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value of the asset, net of selling costs, and its carrying amount.
The Company evaluated the home pricing and lot values of the real estate under development that was owned by Kiawah River View Investors ("KRVI"), a Consolidated VIE (see Note 7), on a quarterly basis. Based on evaluations during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company determined that the real estate under development in KRVI was not fully recoverable and recognized a $1.8 million impairment loss which is included in other income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2020, $0.9 million of this impairment loss is included in net income attributable to non-controlling interest in consolidated variable interest entities on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, resulting in a net loss to the Company of $0.9 million. Fair value was determined based on the sales comparison approach which derives a value indication by comparing the subject property to similar properties that have been recently sold and assumes a purchaser will not pay more for a particular property than a similar substitute property. KRVI sold its remaining real estate under development in the year ended December 31, 2020.
Held for Sale Determinations – The Company considers its real estate and joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties to be held for sale when the following criteria are met: (i) management commits to a plan to sell the investments, (ii) investments are available for sale immediately, (iii) the investments are actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to their current fair value, (iv) the sale of the investments within one year is considered probable and (v) significant changes to the plan to sell are not expected.
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When real estate assets are identified as held for sale, the Company discontinues depreciating (amortizing) the assets and estimates the fair value, net of selling costs, of such assets. When joint venture investments are identified as held for sale, the Company transfers the related assets and liabilities to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale. Real estate held for sale (including real estate in disposal group held for sale) is recorded at the lower of the net carrying amount of the assets or the estimated net fair value. If the estimated net fair value of the real estate held for sale is less than the net carrying amount of the assets, an impairment charge is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations in other income with an allocation to non-controlling interest in the respective Consolidated VIEs, if any.
The Company assesses the net fair value of real estate held for sale in each reporting period that the assets remain classified as held for sale. Subsequent changes, if any, in the net fair value of the real estate assets held for sale that require an adjustment to the carrying amount are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations in other income with an allocation to non-controlling interest in the respective Consolidated VIEs, if any, unless the adjustment causes the carrying amount of the assets to exceed the net carrying amount upon initial classification as held for sale.
If circumstances arise that the Company previously considered unlikely and, as a result, the Company decides not to sell any real estate or joint venture equity investments previously classified as held for sale, the assets and liabilities are reclassified to held and used. Real estate assets that are reclassified are measured at the lower of (a) their carrying amount before they were classified as held for sale, adjusted for any depreciation (amortization) expense that would have been recognized had the assets remained in their previous classification, or (b) their fair value at the date of the subsequent decision not to sell the real estate or joint venture equity investment.
Real Estate Sales – The Company accounts for its real estate sales in accordance with ASC 360-20, Property, Plant and Equipment - Real Estate Sales. When real estate is sold, the nature of the entire real estate component being sold is considered in relation to the entire transaction to determine whether the substance of the transaction is the sale of real estate. Profit is recognized on the date of the real estate sale provided that (a) a sale is consummated, (b) the buyer’s initial and continuing investments are adequate to demonstrate commitment to pay for the property, (c) the seller’s receivable is not subject to future subordination, and (d) the seller has transferred to the buyer the usual risks and rewards of ownership and does not have a substantial continuing involvement with the sold property. Sales value is calculated based on the stated sales price plus any other proceeds that are additions to the sales price subtracting any discount needed to reduce a receivable to its present value and any services the seller commits to perform without compensation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks and overnight deposits. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in highly rated financial institutions, and at times these balances exceed insurable amounts.
Intangible Assets – Intangible assets consisting of acquired trade name, acquired technology and acquired in-place leases with useful lives ranging from 5 months to 10 years are included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The useful lives of intangible assets are evaluated on an annual basis to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining useful life. See "Real Estate, Net" for further discussion of acquired in-place lease intangible assets.
Derivative Financial Instruments – In accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), the Company records derivative financial instruments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities at fair value. Changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative instruments and whether they qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
The Company has interest rate cap contracts that limit the indexed portion of the interest rate on a repurchase agreement and certain variable-rate mortgages payable in Consolidated VIEs. The Company has also used interest rate swaps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with our variable rate borrowings. The Company has not designated any of the interest rate cap contracts or interest rate swaps as qualifying hedges and changes in fair value of the derivative financial instruments are reported on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as unrealized gains (losses), net.
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All of the Company’s interest rate swaps were cleared through a central clearing house. The Company exchanged variation margin for swaps based upon daily changes in fair value. As a result of amendments to rules governing certain central clearing activities, the exchange of variation margin is treated as a legal settlement of the exposure under the swap contract. Previously such payments were treated as cash collateral pledged against the exposure under the swap contract. Accordingly, the Company accounted for the receipt or payment of variation margin as a direct reduction to or increase in the carrying value of the interest rate swap asset or liability.
Goodwill – Goodwill represents the excess of the fair value of consideration transferred in a business combination over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests, if any, in an acquired entity, net of fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity. In May 2016, the Company acquired the outstanding membership interests in RiverBanc LLC (“RiverBanc”), RB Multifamily Investors LLC and RB Development Holding Company, LLC (“RBDHC”) that were not previously owned by the Company. These transactions were accounted for by applying the acquisition method for business acquisitions under ASC 805.
Goodwill was not amortized but was evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if the Company believed indicators of impairment existed, by initially performing a qualitative screen and, if necessary, then comparing fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit was less than the carrying value, an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeded the reporting unit’s fair value (in an amount not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit) was recognized.
The Company’s annual evaluation of goodwill in the year ended December 31, 2019 indicated no impairment. However, in response to market conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the Company's intention to improve its liquidity, in March 2020, the Company sold, among other things, its entire portfolio of first loss POs issued by the Consolidated K-Series, certain senior and mezzanine securities issued by the Consolidated K-Series, Agency CMBS and CMBS that were held by its multi-family investment reporting unit. As a result of the sales, the Company re-evaluated its goodwill balance associated with the multi-family investment reporting unit for impairment. The Company considered qualitative indicators such as macroeconomic conditions, disruptions in equity and credit markets, REIT-specific market considerations, and changes in the net assets in the multi-family investment reporting unit to determine that a quantitative assessment of the fair value of the reporting unit was necessary. The Company performed its quantitative analysis by updating its discounted cash flow projection for the multi-family investment reporting unit for the reduced investment portfolio. This analysis yielded an impairment of the entire goodwill balance reported as a $25.2 million impairment of goodwill on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Repurchase Agreements, Residential Loans – As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company financed a portion of its residential loans through repurchase agreements (see Note 11). Amounts outstanding under the repurchase agreements generally bear interest rates of a specified margin over one-month LIBOR or various tenors of SOFR or an interest rate floor, as applicable per the terms of the agreements. The repurchase agreements are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are carried at their contractual amounts, as specified in the respective agreements. Costs related to the establishment of the repurchase agreements which include underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees are reflected as deferred charges. Such costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
Repurchase Agreements, Investment Securities – The Company finances certain of its investment securities available for sale using repurchase agreements. Under a repurchase agreement, an asset is sold to a counterparty to be repurchased at a future date at a predetermined price, which represents the original sales price plus interest. The repurchase agreements are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are carried at their contractual amounts, as specified in the respective agreements. Borrowings under repurchase agreements generally bear interest rates of a specified margin over SOFR.
Collateralized Debt Obligations – The Company records collateralized debt obligations used to permanently finance the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST and the Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts as debt on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For financial reporting purposes, the loans and investment securities held as collateral for these obligations are recorded as assets of the Company.
Convertible Notes – On January 23, 2017, the Company issued its 6.25% Senior Convertible Notes due 2022 (the “Convertible Notes”) to finance the acquisition of targeted assets and for general working capital purposes. The Company evaluated the conversion features of the Convertible Notes for embedded derivatives in accordance with ASC 815 and determined that the conversion features should not be bifurcated from the notes. The Company redeemed the Convertible Notes at maturity for $138.0 million on January 15, 2022. None of the Convertible Notes were converted prior to maturity.
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Senior Unsecured Notes - On April 27, 2021, the Company issued its 5.75% Senior Notes due 2026 to originate new investments, repay outstanding indebtedness and for general corporate purposes. The Company evaluated the call option feature of the Senior Notes for embedded derivatives in accordance with ASC 815 and determined that the call option feature should not be bifurcated from the notes.
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs – The Company evaluates whether non-controlling interests are subject to redemption features outside of its control. The Company classifies non-controlling interests that are currently redeemable for cash at the option of the holders or are probable of becoming redeemable as redeemable non-controlling interest in the mezzanine equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The third-party owners of certain of the non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs have the ability to sell their ownership interests to the Company for cash, at their election, subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations. As a result, the Company has classified these third-party ownership interests as redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs. The redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs is recorded at the greater of the carrying amount, adjusted for its share of the allocation of income or loss and equity contributions and distributions, or the redemption value, which is equivalent to fair value, of such ownership interests. Adjustments to redemption value, if any, are recorded to the Company's additional paid-in capital and redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) – The Company’s comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the Company’s common stockholders includes net income, the change in fair value of its available for sale securities purchased prior to October 2019, adjusted by realized net gains (losses) reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for available for sale securities, reduced by dividends declared on the Company’s preferred stock and charges related to redemptions of the Company's preferred stock and increased (decreased) for net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest in consolidated variable interest entities. See “Investment Securities Available for Sale” for discussion of the reporting of the change in fair value of available for sale securities purchased after September 2019.
Employee Benefits Plans – The Company sponsors a defined contribution plan (the “Plan”) for all eligible domestic employees. The Plan qualifies as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”). The Company made no contributions to the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Stock Based Compensation – The Company has awarded restricted stock and other equity-based awards to eligible employees, officers and individuals who provide services to the Company as part of their compensation. Compensation expense for equity-based awards and stock issued for services are recognized over the vesting period of such awards and services based upon the fair value of the award at the grant date.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company granted Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) to the Company's executive officers and certain other employees. The awards were issued pursuant to and are consistent with the terms and conditions of the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2017 Plan”). The PSUs are subject to performance-based vesting under the 2017 Plan pursuant to a form of PSU award agreement (the “PSU Agreement”). Vesting of the PSUs will occur after a three-year period based on the Company’s relative total stockholders' return (“TSR”) percentile ranking as compared to an identified performance peer group. The feature in this award constitutes a “market condition” which impacts the amount of compensation expense recognized for these awards. The grant date fair values of PSUs were determined through Monte-Carlo simulation analysis. The PSUs awarded during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 also include dividend equivalent rights (“DERs”) which entitle the holders of vested PSUs to receive payments in an amount equal to any dividends paid by the Company in respect of the share of the Company's common stock underlying the vested PSU to which such DER relates.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company granted Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) to the Company's executive officers and certain other employees. The awards were issued pursuant to and are consistent with the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan and are subject to a service condition, vesting ratably over a three-year period. Upon vesting, each RSU represents the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock. The RSUs include DERs which entitle the holders of vested RSUs to receive payments in an amount equal to any dividends paid by the Company in respect of the share of the Company's common stock underlying the vested RSU to which such DER relates.
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Income Taxes – The Company operates in such a manner so as to qualify as a REIT under the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code. Requirements for qualification as a REIT include various restrictions on ownership of the Company’s stock, requirements concerning distribution of taxable income and certain restrictions on the nature of assets and sources of income. A REIT must distribute at least 90% of its taxable income to its stockholders, of which 85% plus any undistributed amounts from the prior year must be distributed within the taxable year in order to avoid the imposition of an excise tax. Distribution of the remaining balance may extend until timely filing of the Company’s tax return in the subsequent taxable year. Qualifying distributions of taxable income are deductible by a REIT in computing taxable income.
Certain activities of the Company are conducted through TRSs and therefore are subject to federal and various state and local income taxes. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), provides guidance for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented, and disclosed in the financial statements. ASC 740 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. In situations involving uncertain tax positions related to income tax matters, we do not recognize benefits unless it is more likely than not that they will be sustained. ASC 740 was applied to all open taxable years as of the effective date. Management’s determinations regarding ASC 740 may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, an ongoing analysis of tax laws, regulations and interpretations thereof. The Company will recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in our consolidated statements of operations.
Earnings Per Share – Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income attributable to the Company’s common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the Company.
Segment Reporting – ASC 280, Segment Reporting, is the authoritative guidance for the way public entities report information about operating segments in their annual financial statements. We are a REIT focused on the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets and currently operate in only one reportable segment.
Adoption of Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326)
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”) which requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts (“CECL”). In adopting ASU 2016-13, the Company elected to apply the fair value option in accordance with ASU 2019-05 to the Company’s residential loans, net and preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments that are accounted for as loans and preferred equity investments that are accounted for as equity investments. In adopting ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2019-05, the Company applied a modified retrospective basis by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit. Adjustments resulting from this one-time election to record the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of these assets have been reflected in our consolidated balance sheets as of January 1, 2020. Subsequent changes in fair value for these assets are recorded in unrealized gains (losses), net or income from equity investments on our consolidated statements of operations, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the prior period. As a result of the implementation of ASU 2019-05, we recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $12.3 million as an increase to stockholders’ equity as of January 1, 2020.
The following table presents the classification and balances at December 31, 2020, the transition adjustments, and the balances at January 1, 2020 for those balance sheet line items impacted by the implementation of ASU 2019-05 (dollar amounts in thousands):
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| December 31, 2020 |  | Transition Adjustment |  | January 1, 2020
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans, net | $ | 202,756 |  |  | $ | 5,715 |  |  | $ | 208,471 |
Multi-family loans | 180,045 |  |  | 2,420 |  |  | 182,465 |
Equity investments | 106,083 |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 107,477 |
Other assets | 865 |  |  | 2,755 |  |  | 3,620 |
Total Assets | $ | 489,749 |  |  | $ | 12,284 |  |  | $ | 502,033 |
Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated deficit | $ | (148,863) |  |  | $ | 12,284 |  |  | $ | (136,579) |
Total Stockholders' Equity | $ | (148,863) |  |  | $ | 12,284 |  |  | $ | (136,579) |

The Company also assessed the impact of ASU 2016-13 on the Company’s investment securities available for sale where the fair value option has not been elected and determined that the adoption of the standard did not have a material effect on our financial statements as of January 1, 2020.
Summary of Recent Accounting Pronouncements
On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity ("ASU 2020-06"). ASU 2020-06 simplifies an issuer's accounting for convertible instruments, enhances disclosure requirements for convertible instruments and modifies how particular convertible instruments and certain instruments that may be settled in cash or shares impact the diluted earnings per share computation. Entities may adopt the guidance through either a modified retrospective method of transition or a fully retrospective method of transition. The Company evaluated the applicability of this ASU with respect to its convertible instruments and contracts in the Company's own equity and determined that the adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting ("ASU 2020-04"). ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions to GAAP requirements for modifications to debt agreements, leases, derivatives and other contracts, related to the expected market transition from LIBOR, and certain other floating rate benchmark indices, or collectively, IBORs, to alternative reference rates. ASU 2020-04 generally considers contract modifications related to reference rate reform to be an event that does not require contract remeasurement at the modification date nor a reassessment of a previous accounting determination. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope ("ASU 2021-01"). ASU 2021-01 clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the "discounting transition" (i.e., changes in the interest rates used for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment for derivative instruments that are being implemented as part of the market-wide transition to new reference rates). Once ASU 2020-04 is elected, the guidance must be applied prospectively for all eligible contract modifications. The amendments in ASU 2021-01 were effective immediately and may be applied on a full retrospective basis as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020 or on a prospective basis for eligible contract modifications. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 ("ASU 2022-06"), which allows ASU 2020-04 to be adopted and applied prospectively to contract modifications made on or before December 31, 2024. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 on its financing transactions that are subject to LIBOR and may apply elections, as applicable, as the expected market transition from IBORs to alternative reference rates continues to develop.
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3. Residential Loans, at Fair Value
The Company’s acquired residential loans, including performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans, and business purpose loans, are presented at fair value on its consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents t he Company’s residential loans, at fair value, which consist of residential loans held by the Company, Consolidated SLST and other securitization trusts, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Residential loans (1) |  | Consolidated SLST (2) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts (3) |  | Total |  | Residential loans (1) |  | Consolidated SLST (2) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts (3) |  | Total
Principal | $ | 1,152,502 |  |  | $ | 955,579 |  |  | $ | 1,790,179 |  |  | $ | 3,898,260 |  |  | $ | 1,682,138 |  |  | $ | 1,071,228 |  |  | $ | 776,438 |  |  | $ | 3,529,804 |
Discount | (22,179) |  |  | (5,815) |  |  | (60,745) |  |  | (88,739) |  |  | (44,256) |  |  | (2,998) |  |  | (37,011) |  |  | (84,265) |
Unrealized (losses) gains | (48,939) |  |  | (122,182) |  |  | (113,320) |  |  | (284,441) |  |  | 65,408 |  |  | 2,652 |  |  | 62,002 |  |  | 130,062 |
Carrying value | $ | 1,081,384 |  |  | $ | 827,582 |  |  | $ | 1,616,114 |  |  | $ | 3,525,080 |  |  | $ | 1,703,290 |  |  | $ | 1,070,882 |  |  | $ | 801,429 |  |  | $ | 3,575,601 |

(1)Certain of the Company's residential loans, at fair value are pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (see Note 11).
(2)The Company invests in first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization. In accordance with GAAP, the Company has consolidated the underlying seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans held in the securitization and the CDOs issued to permanently finance these residential loans, representing Consolidated SLST. Consolidated SLST CDOs are included in collateralized debt obligations on the Company's consolidated balance sheets (see Note 12).
(3)The Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts are pledged as collateral for CDOs issued by the Company. These CDOs are accounted for as financings and included in collateralized debt obligations on the Company's consolidated balance sheets (see Note 12).
The following table presents the unrealized gains (losses), net attributable to residential loans, at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST (1) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST (1) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST (1) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts
Unrealized (losses) gains, net | $ | (115,269) |  |  | $ | (124,834) |  |  | $ | (174,401) |  |  | $ | 20,403 |  |  | $ | (31,128) |  |  | $ | 34,932 |  |  | $ | (4,440) |  |  | $ | 33,479 |  |  | $ | 29,690 |

(1)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable (see Note 15). See Note 7 for unrealized gains (losses), net recognized by the Company on its investment in Consolidated SLST, which include unrealized gains (losses) on the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST presented in the table above and unrealized gains (losses) on the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST.
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The Company recognized $10.0 million, $18.8 million and $9.7 million of net realized gains on the payoff of residential loans, at fair value during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company recognized $1.6 million of net realized gains and $18.1 million of net realized losses on the sale of residential loans, at fair value during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company did not sell any residential loans during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the unpaid principal balance of residential loans, at fair value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts
California | 24.3 | % |  | 10.6 | % |  | 19.2 | % |  | 21.7 | % |  | 10.5 | % |  | 22.0 | %
Florida | 13.2 | % |  | 10.3 | % |  | 10.2 | % |  | 10.4 | % |  | 10.5 | % |  | 8.9 | %
New York | 8.0 | % |  | 9.8 | % |  | 8.6 | % |  | 8.8 | % |  | 9.8 | % |  | 9.2 | %
Texas | 7.0 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 7.3 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 4.3 | %
New Jersey | 6.3 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 5.6 | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 7.3 | % |  | 6.4 | %
Washington | 5.7 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 3.1 | %
Illinois | 2.6 | % |  | 7.2 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  | 2.3 | %

The following table presents the fair value and aggregate unpaid principal balance of the Company’s residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts in non-accrual status as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Greater than 90 days past due |  | Less than 90 days past due |  |
| Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |
December 31, 2022 | $ | 149,076 |  |  | $ | 159,981 |  |  | $ | 8,382 |  |  | $ | 9,132 |  |  |
December 31, 2021 | 92,990 |  |  | 102,981 |  |  | 17,102 |  |  | 17,716 |  |  |

Residential loans held in Consolidated SLST with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $143.2 million and $135.9 million were 90 days or more delinquent as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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4. Multi-family Loans, at Fair Value
The Company's multi-family loans consisting of its preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, entities that have multi-family real estate assets are presented at fair value on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election. Accordingly, changes in fair value are presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Multi-family loans consist of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Investment amount | $ | 88,249 |  |  | $ | 118,307 |
Deferred loan fees, net | (428) |  |  | (672) |
Unrealized (losses) gains, net | (287) |  |  | 2,386 |
Total, at Fair Value | $ | 87,534 |  |  | $ | 120,021 |

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $2.7 million in net unrealized losses, $1.0 million in net unrealized gains and $1.5 million in net unrealized losses on preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments included in multi-family loans, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized $1.0 million, $2.5 million, and $1.1 million in premiums resulting from early redemption of preferred equity and mezzanine loans included in multi-family loans, respectively, which are included in other income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The table below presents the fair value and aggregate unpaid principal balance of the Company's multi-family loans in non-accrual status as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  |
Days Late |  |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  |
90 + |  |  | $ | 4,523 |  |  | $ | 3,363 |  |  | $ | 3,972 |  |  | $ | 3,363 |  |  |  |

The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the total multi-family loan investment amounts as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Texas | 30.1 | % |  | 28.3 | %
Tennessee | 15.6 | % |  | 11.0 | %
Florida | 10.9 | % |  | 12.2 | %
Ohio | 9.7 | % |  | 7.2 | %
Louisiana | 7.5 | % |  | 5.8 | %
Alabama | 7.1 | % |  | 5.0 | %
North Carolina | 6.1 | % |  | 7.0 | %
Indiana | 5.7 | % |  | 4.3 | %

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5. Investment Securities Available For Sale, at Fair Value
The Company accounts for certain of its investment securities available for sale using the fair value election pursuant to ASC 825 where changes in fair value are recorded in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The Company also has investment securities available for sale where the fair value option has not been elected, which we refer to as CECL Securities. CECL Securities are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) on the Company's consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The Company's investment securities available for sale consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized |  | Fair Value
|  | Gains |  | Losses |  |  |  | Gains |  | Losses |
Fair Value Option |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS | $ | 48,958 |  |  | $ | 9,436 |  |  | $ | (13,469) |  |  | $ | 44,925 |  |  | $ | 100,186 |  |  | $ | 949 |  |  | $ | (2,636) |  |  | $ | 98,499 |
CMBS | 32,033 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,900) |  |  | 30,133 |  |  | 32,600 |  |  | 684 |  |  | (138) |  |  | 33,146 |
ABS | 797 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 856 |  |  | 21,795 |  |  | 17,884 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,679 |
Total investment securities available for sale - fair value option | 81,788 |  |  | 9,495 |  |  | (15,369) |  |  | 75,914 |  |  | 154,581 |  |  | 19,517 |  |  | (2,774) |  |  | 171,324 |
CECL Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS | 25,616 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,971) |  |  | 23,645 |  |  | 27,743 |  |  | 1,787 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 29,520 |
Total investment securities available for sale - CECL Securities | 25,616 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,971) |  |  | 23,645 |  |  | 27,743 |  |  | 1,787 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 29,520 |
Total | $ | 107,404 |  |  | $ | 9,495 |  |  | $ | (17,340) |  |  | $ | 99,559 |  |  | $ | 182,324 |  |  | $ | 21,304 |  |  | $ | (2,784) |  |  | $ | 200,844 |

Accrued interest receivable for investment securities available for sale in the amount of $0.4 million and $0.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is included in other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $22.6 million in net unrealized losses, $15.5 million in net unrealized gains and $9.7 million in net unrealized losses on investment securities available for sale accounted for under the fair value option, respectively.
Realized Gain or Loss Activity
The following tables summarize our investment securities sold during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Sales Proceeds |  | Realized Gains |  | Realized Losses |  | Net Realized Gains (Losses)
Non-Agency RMBS | $ | 24,374 |  |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 374 |
ABS | 36,215 |  |  | 18,001 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,001 |
U.S. Treasury Securities | 24,848 |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | (31) |
Total | $ | 85,437 |  |  | $ | 18,375 |  |  | $ | (31) |  |  | $ | 18,344 |

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| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Sales Proceeds |  | Realized Gains |  | Realized Losses |  | Net Realized Gains (Losses)
Agency RMBS | $ | 123,622 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,480) |  |  | $ | (3,480) |
Non-Agency RMBS | 176,166 |  |  | 4,923 |  |  | (854) |  |  | 4,069 |
CMBS | 132,797 |  |  | 11,083 |  | ` | (452) |  |  | 10,631 |
Total | $ | 432,585 |  |  | $ | 16,006 |  |  | $ | (4,786) |  |  | $ | 11,220 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Sales Proceeds |  | Realized Gains |  | Realized Losses |  | Net Realized Gains (Losses)
Agency RMBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency ARMs | $ | 49,892 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | (4,157) |  |  | $ | (4,113) |
Agency Fixed-Rate (1) | 943,074 |  |  | 5,358 |  |  | (11,697) |  |  | (6,339) |
Total Agency RMBS | 992,966 |  |  | 5,402 |  |  | (15,854) |  |  | (10,452) |
Agency CMBS (2) | 145,411 |  |  | 5,666 |  |  | (209) |  |  | 5,457 |
Total Agency | 1,138,377 |  |  | 11,068 |  |  | (16,063) |  |  | (4,995) |
Non-Agency RMBS | 433,076 |  |  | 435 |  |  | (34,856) |  |  | (34,421) |
CMBS | 248,741 |  |  | 8,176 |  | ` | (30,289) |  |  | (22,113) |
Total | $ | 1,820,194 |  |  | $ | 19,679 |  |  | $ | (81,208) |  |  | $ | (61,529) |

(1)Includes Agency RMBS securities issued by Consolidated SLST (see Note 7).
(2)Includes Agency CMBS securities transferred from the Consolidated K-Series (see Note 7).
The Company recognized a write-down of fair value option non-Agency RMBS for a realized loss of $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Weighted Average Life
Actual maturities of our investment securities available for sale are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities (with contractual maturities up to 37 years), as they are affected by periodic payments and prepayments of principal on the underlying mortgages. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, based on management’s estimates, the weighted average life of the Company’s investment securities available for sale portfolio was approximately 7.6 years and 5.8 years, respectively.
The following table sets forth the weighted average lives of our investment securities available for sale as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Weighted Average Life | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
0 to 5 years | $ | 39,655 |  |  | $ | 144,266 |
Over 5 to 10 years | 46,558 |  |  | 39,306 |
10+ years | 13,346 |  |  | 17,272 |
Total | $ | 99,559 |  |  | $ | 200,844 |

Unrealized Losses in Other Comprehensive Income
The Company evaluated its CECL Securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and determined that no allowance for credit losses was necessary. The Company did not recognize credit losses for its CECL Securities through earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
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The following table presents the Company’s CECL securities in an unrealized loss position with no credit losses reported, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

December 31, 2022 | Less than 12 Months |  | Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Non-Agency RMBS | $ | 23,609 |  |  | $ | (1,966) |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 23,645 |  |  | $ | (1,971) |
Total | $ | 23,609 |  |  | $ | (1,966) |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 23,645 |  |  | $ | (1,971) |

December 31, 2021 | Less than 12 Months |  | Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Non-Agency RMBS | $ | 2,300 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 2,348 |  |  | $ | (10) |
Total | $ | 2,300 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 2,348 |  |  | $ | (10) |

At December 31, 2022, the Company did not intend to sell any of its investment securities available for sale that were in an unrealized loss position, and it was “more likely than not” that the Company would not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at their maturity.
Credit risk associated with non-Agency RMBS is regularly assessed as new information regarding the underlying collateral becomes available and based on updated estimates of cash flows generated by the underlying collateral. In performing its assessment, the Company considers past and expected future performance of the underlying collateral, including timing of expected future cash flows, prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, delinquency rates, current levels of subordination, volatility of the security's fair value, temporary declines in liquidity for the asset class and interest rate changes since purchase. Based upon the most recent evaluation, the Company does not believe that these unrealized losses are credit related but are rather a reflection of current market yields and/or marketplace bid-ask spreads.
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6. Equity Investments, at Fair Value
The Company's equity investments consist of, or have consisted of, preferred equity ownership interests in entities that invest in multi-family properties where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to an equity investment (or multi-family preferred equity ownership interests), equity ownership interests in entities that invest in single-family properties and invest in or originate residential loans (or single-family equity ownership interests) and joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties. The Company's equity investments are accounted for under the equity method and are presented at fair value on its consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election.
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T he following table presents the Company's equity investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Investment Name |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value
Multi-Family Preferred Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1122 Chicago DE, LLC |  | 53% |  | $ | 8,276 |  |  | 53% |  | $ | 7,723 |
Bighaus, LLC |  | 42% |  | 16,482 |  |  | 42% |  | 15,471 |
FF/RMI 20 Midtown, LLC |  | 51% |  | 27,079 |  |  | 51% |  | 25,499 |
Palms at Cape Coral, LLC |  | 34% |  | 5,429 |  |  | 34% |  | 5,175 |
America Walks at Port St. Lucie, LLC |  | 62% |  | 29,873 |  |  | 62% |  | 30,383 |
EHOF-NYMT Sunset Apartments Preferred, LLC |  | 57% |  | 18,139 |  |  | 57% |  | 17,213 |
Lucie at Tradition Holdings, LLC |  | 70% |  | 17,576 |  |  | 70% |  | 16,597 |
Syracuse Apartments and Townhomes, LLC |  | 58% |  | 20,115 |  |  | — |  | — |
Hudson Bridge Apartments, LLC - Series A, Briar Hill Apartments, LLC, Kings Glen Apartments, LLC, Flagstone Apartments, LLC, Brookfield Apartments II, LLC - Series B, and Silber JBSM Properties, LLC (collectively) |  | 58% |  | 9,277 |  |  | — |  | — |
DCP Gold Creek, LLC |  | — |  | — |  |  | 44% |  | 6,686 |
Rigsbee Ave Holdings, LLC |  | — |  | — |  |  | 56% |  | 11,331 |
Walnut Creek Properties Holdings, L.L.C. |  | — |  | — |  |  | 36% |  | 9,482 |
Lurin-RMI, LLC |  | — |  | — |  |  | 38% |  | 9,548 |
Somerset Deerfield Investor, LLC |  | — |  | — |  |  | 45% |  | 19,965 |
RS SWD Owner, LLC, RS SWD Mitchell Owner, LLC, RS SWD IF Owner, LLC, RS SWD Mullis Owner, LLC, RS SWD JH Mullis Owner, LLC and RS SWD Saltzman Owner, LLC (collectively) |  | — |  | — |  |  | 43% |  | 5,725 |
Total - Multi-Family Preferred Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  | 152,246 |  |  |  |  | 180,798 |
Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GWR Cedars Partners, LLC (1) |  | — |  | — |  |  | 70% |  | 3,770 |
GWR Gateway Partners, LLC (1) |  | — |  | — |  |  | 70% |  | 6,670 |
Total - Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10,440 |
Single-Family Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Constructive Loans, LLC (2) |  | — |  | 27,500 |  |  | — |  | 29,250 |
Morrocroft Neighborhood Stabilization Fund II, LP (3) |  | — |  | — |  |  | 11% |  | 19,143 |
Total - Single-Family Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  | 27,500 |  |  |  |  | 48,393 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 179,746 |  |  |  |  | $ | 239,631 |

(1)The Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties were transferred to assets of disposal group held for sale during the year ended December 31, 2022 (see Note 9).
(2)As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the option to purchase 50% of the issued and outstanding interests of an entity that originates residential loans. The Company accounts for this investment using the equity method and has elected the fair value option. After acquiring this investment in November 2021, the Company purchased $260.6 million and $94.0 million of residential loans from the entity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In February 2023, the Company exercised its option in full related to this investment.
(3)The Company's equity investment was redeemed as a result of a sale transaction initiated by the general partner during the year ended December 31, 2022.
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The following table presents income from multi-family preferred equity ownership interests for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands). Income from these investments is presented in income from equity investments in the Company's accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Income from these investments during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 includes $3.6 million of net unrealized losses and $0.4 million and $0.3 million of net unrealized gains, respectively.

|  |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
Investment Name |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Somerset Deerfield Investor, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,944 |  |  | $ | 2,295 |  |  | $ | 2,168 |
RS SWD Owner, LLC, RS SWD Mitchell Owner, LLC, RS SWD IF Owner, LLC, RS SWD Mullis Owner, LLC, RS SWD JH Mullis Owner, LLC and RS SWD Saltzman Owner, LLC (collectively) |  |  |  |  |  | 529 |  |  | 585 |  |  | 551 |
Walnut Creek Properties Holdings, L.L.C. |  |  |  |  |  | (153) |  |  | 1,240 |  |  | 928 |
DCP Gold Creek, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 254 |  |  | 780 |  |  | 701 |
1122 Chicago DE, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 959 |  |  | 908 |  |  | 835 |
Rigsbee Ave Holdings, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | (174) |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | 1,148 |
Bighaus, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 1,852 |  |  | 1,786 |  |  | 1,002 |
FF/RMI 20 Midtown, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 2,904 |  |  | 3,059 |  |  | 686 |
Lurin-RMI, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 558 |  |  | 931 |  |  | 81 |
Palms at Cape Coral, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 554 |  |  | 342 |  |  | — |
America Walks at Port St. Lucie, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 3,140 |  |  | 1,678 |  |  | — |
EHOF-NYMT Sunset Apartments Preferred, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | 661 |  |  | — |
Lucie at Tradition Holdings, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 2,008 |  |  | 484 |  |  | — |
Syracuse Apartments and Townhomes, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | 1,816 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Hudson Bridge Apartments, LLC - Series A, Briar Hill Apartments, LLC, Kings Glen Apartments, LLC, Flagstone Apartments, LLC, Brookfield Apartments II, LLC - Series B, and Silber JBSM Properties, LLC (collectively) |  |  |  |  |  | 540 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
BBA-EP320 II, L.L.C., BBA-Ten10 II, L.L.C., and Lexington on the Green Apartments, L.L.C. (collectively) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,304 |  |  | 1,260 |
Audubon Mezzanine Holdings, L.L.C. (Series A) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,251 |  |  | 1,213 |
EP 320 Growth Fund, L.L.C. (Series A) and Turnbury Park Apartments - BC, L.L.C. (Series A) (collectively) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 735 |  |  | 782 |
Towers Property Holdings, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,192 |  |  | 1,243 |
Mansions Property Holdings, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | 1,198 |
Sabina Montgomery Holdings, LLC - Series B and Oakley Shoals Apartments, LLC - Series A (collectively) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 412 |  |  | 454 |
Gen1814, LLC - Series A, Highlands - Mtg. Holdings, LLC - Series A, and Polos at Hudson Investments, LLC - Series A (collectively) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 966 |  |  | 1,044 |
Axis Apartments Holdings, LLC, Arbor-Stratford Holdings II, LLC - Series B, Highlands - Mtg. Holdings, LLC - Series B, Oakley Shoals Apartments, LLC - Series C, and Woodland Park Apartments II, LLC (collectively) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | 1,293 |
Total Income - Multi-Family Preferred Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,670 |  |  | $ | 24,633 |  |  | $ | 16,587 |

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $2.9 million and $2.8 million in premiums resulting from early redemption of multi-family preferred equity ownership interests included in equity investments, respectively, which are included in other income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized no premiums resulting from early redemption of multi-family preferred equity ownership interests included in equity investments.
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Income from single-family equity ownership interests and joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties that are accounted for under the equity method using the fair value option is presented in income from equity investments in the Company's accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents income (loss) from these investments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
Investment Name |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Single-Family Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Morrocroft Neighborhood Stabilization Fund II, LP (1) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (416) |  |  | $ | 6,378 |  |  | $ | 1,519 |
Constructive Loans, LLC (2) |  |  |  |  |  | (1,750) |  |  | 2,750 |  |  | — |
Headlands Asset Management Fund III (Cayman), LP (Headlands Flagship Opportunity Fund Series I) (3) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (15) |  |  | 9,513 |
Total (Loss) Income - Single Family Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,166) |  |  | $ | 9,113 |  |  | $ | 11,032 |
Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GWR Cedars Partners, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,050) |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | — |
GWR Gateway Partners, LLC |  |  |  |  |  | (380) |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |
The Preserve at Port Royal Venture, LLC (5) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (949) |
Total (Loss) Income - Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,430) |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | (949) |

(1)The Company's equity investment was redeemed during the year ended December 31, 2022.
(2)Includes net unrealized loss of $1.8 million and net unrealized gain of $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(3)The Company's equity investment was redeemed during the year ended December 31, 2021.
(4)Includes net unrealized losses of $1.4 million and no realized gains for the year ended December 31, 2022, net unrealized gains of $0.2 million and no realized gains for the year ended December 31, 2021 and net unrealized losses of $9.7 million and a realized gain of $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
(5)The Company's equity investment was redeemed during the year ended December 31, 2020.
Summary combined financial information for the Company’s equity investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, is shown below and includes summary financial information for the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties that are included in assets of disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Balance Sheets: |  |  |  |
Real estate, net |  | $ | 553,356 |  |  | $ | 727,963 |
Residential loans |  | 71,077 |  |  | 38,423 |
Other assets |  | 38,616 |  |  | 95,016 |
Total assets |  | $ | 663,049 |  |  | $ | 861,402 |
Notes payable, net |  | $ | 301,118 |  |  | $ | 469,120 |
Other liabilities |  | 120,850 |  |  | 80,672 |
Total liabilities |  | 421,968 |  |  | 549,792 |
Members' equity |  | 241,081 |  |  | 311,610 |
Total liabilities and members' equity |  | $ | 663,049 |  |  | $ | 861,402 |

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|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating Statements: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental revenues |  | $ | 23,237 |  |  | $ | 87,147 |  |  | $ | 80,339 |
Real estate sales |  | 399,783 |  |  | 205,000 |  |  | 54,100 |
Cost of real estate sales |  | (277,740) |  |  | (140,800) |  |  | (32,779) |
Interest income |  | — |  |  | 3,875 |  |  | 14,438 |
Realized and unrealized (losses) gains, net |  | — |  |  | (7,693) |  |  | 27,107 |
Other income |  | 27,555 |  |  | 15,046 |  |  | 7,566 |
Operating expenses |  | (43,061) |  |  | (55,799) |  |  | (54,691) |
Income before debt service and depreciation and amortization |  | 129,774 |  |  | 106,776 |  |  | 96,080 |
Interest expense |  | (7,751) |  |  | (28,849) |  |  | (36,601) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (14,779) |  |  | (37,172) |  |  | (38,112) |
Net income |  | $ | 107,244 |  |  | $ | 40,755 |  |  | $ | 21,367 |

(1)The Company records income (loss) from equity investments under either the hypothetical liquidation of book value method of accounting or the equity method using the fair value option. Accordingly, the combined net income (loss) shown above is not indicative of the income (loss) recognized by the Company from equity investments.
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7. Use of Special Purpose Entities (SPE) and Variable Interest Entities (VIE)
Financing VIEs
The Company uses SPEs to facilitate transactions that involve securitizing financial assets or re-securitizing previously securitized financial assets. The objective of such transactions may include obtaining non-recourse financing, obtaining liquidity or refinancing the underlying securitized financial assets on improved terms. Securitization involves transferring assets to an SPE to convert all or a portion of those assets into cash before they would have been realized in the normal course of business through the SPE’s issuance of debt or equity instruments. Investors in an SPE usually have recourse only to the assets in the SPE and depending on the overall structure of the transaction, may benefit from various forms of credit enhancement, such as over-collateralization in the form of excess assets in the SPE, priority with respect to receipt of cash flows relative to holders of other debt or equity instruments issued by the SPE, or a line of credit or other form of liquidity agreement that is designed with the objective of ensuring that investors receive principal and/or interest cash flow on the investment in accordance with the terms of their investment agreement.
The Company has entered into financing transactions, including residential loan securitizations and re-securitizations, which required the Company to analyze and determine whether the SPEs that were created to facilitate the transactions are VIEs in accordance with ASC 810 and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary requiring consolidation.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company evaluated its residential loan securitizations and concluded that the entities created to facilitate the financing transactions are VIEs and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs (each a "Financing VIE" and collectively, the "Financing VIEs"). Accordingly, the Company consolidated the then-outstanding Financing VIEs as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company exercised its right to an optional redemption of its non-Agency RMBS re-securitization and one of its residential loan securitizations with outstanding principal balances of $14.7 million and $203.5 million at the time of redemption, respectively, returned the assets held by the trusts to the Company and recognized $1.6 million of loss on the extinguishment of collateralized debt obligations.
Consolidated SLST
The Company invests in subordinated securities that represent the first loss position of the Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization from which they were issued, and certain IOs and senior securities issued from the securitization. The Company has evaluated its investments in this securitization trust to determine whether it is a VIE and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary requiring consolidation. The Company has determined that the Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization trust, which we refer to as Consolidated SLST, is a VIE as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE within Consolidated SLST. Accordingly, the Company has consolidated the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of such VIE in the accompanying consolidated financial statements (see Notes 2, 3 and 12). The Company has elected the fair value option on the assets and liabilities held within Consolidated SLST, which requires that changes in valuations in the assets and liabilities of Consolidated SLST be reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Consolidated SLST securities owned by the Company had a fair value of $191.5 million and $230.3 million, respectively (see Note 15). The Company’s investments that are included in Consolidated SLST were not included as collateral to any Financing VIE as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company purchased approximately $40.0 million in additional senior securities issued by Consolidated SLST and subsequently sold its entire investment in the senior securities issued by Consolidated SLST for sales proceeds of approximately $62.6 million at a realized loss of approximately $2.4 million, which is included in realized gains (losses), net on the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
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Consolidated K-Series
As of December 31, 2019, the Company invested in multi-family CMBS consisting of POs that represented the first loss position of the Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-series securitizations from which they were issued, and certain IOs and certain senior and mezzanine CMBS securities issued from those securitizations. The Company evaluated these CMBS investments in Freddie Mac-sponsored K-Series securitization trusts to determine whether they were VIEs and if so, whether the Company was the primary beneficiary requiring consolidation. The Company determined that the Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization trusts were VIEs, which we refer to as the Consolidated K-Series. The Company also determined that it was the primary beneficiary of each VIE within the Consolidated K-Series and, accordingly, consolidated its assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the accompanying consolidated financial statements (see Note 2). The Company elected the fair value option on the assets and liabilities held within the Consolidated K-Series, which required that changes in valuations in the assets and liabilities of the Consolidated K-Series be reflected in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Our investment in the Consolidated K-Series was limited to the multi-family CMBS that we owned.
In March 2020, the Company sold its first loss POs and certain mezzanine securities issued by the Consolidated K-Series which resulted in the de-consolidation of each Consolidated K-Series as of the sale date of each first loss PO. These sales, for total proceeds of approximately $555.2 million, resulted in a realized net loss of $54.1 million and reversal of previously recognized net unrealized gains of $168.5 million. The sales also resulted in the de-consolidation of $17.4 billion in multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series and $16.6 billion in Consolidated K-Series CDOs. Also in March 2020, the Company transferred its remaining IOs and mezzanine and senior securities owned in the Consolidated K-Series with a fair value of approximately $237.3 million to investment securities available for sale. The Company subsequently sold such securities in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
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Consolidated Real Estate VIEs
The Company owns joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family apartment communities, which the Company determined to be VIEs and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidates the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of these VIEs in the accompanying consolidated financial statements with non-controlling interests or redeemable non-controlling interests for the third-party ownership of the joint ventures' membership interests. The Company accounted for the initial consolidation of the joint venture equity investments and real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated VIE in accordance with asset acquisition provisions of ASC 805, as substantially all of the fair value of the assets within the entities are concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its variable interest in a VIE that owned a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company held a preferred equity investment. The Company determined that it gained the power to direct the activities, and became primary beneficiary, of the VIE and consolidated this VIE into its consolidated financial statements. Subsequently, in July 2021, the VIE redeemed its non-controlling interest which resulted in an equity transaction accounted for by the Company in accordance with ASC 810. In addition, the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its investment in the entity and determined that the entity no longer met the criteria for being characterized as a VIE and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. In March 2022, the entity completed the sale of its multi-family apartment community and redeemed the Company's preferred equity investment (see Note 8).
The following table summarizes the aggregate estimated fair value of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests associated with the initial consolidation of the joint venture entities and real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated VIE during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash (1) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,576 |  |  | $ | 27,907 |  |  | $ | 327 |
Operating real estate (1) (2) |  |  |  |  |  | 730,988 |  |  | 926,756 |  |  | 50,481 |
Lease intangibles (1) (3) |  |  |  |  |  | 41,892 |  |  | 51,970 |  |  | 1,619 |
Other assets (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 8,258 |  |  | 32,690 |  |  | 1,395 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  | 789,714 |  |  | 1,039,323 |  |  | 53,822 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 570,682 |  |  | 669,647 |  |  | 36,752 |
Other liabilities (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 4,662 |  |  | 15,914 |  |  | 1,543 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | 575,344 |  |  | 685,561 |  |  | 38,295 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest (4) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 67,096 |  |  | — |
Non-controlling interests (5) |  |  |  |  |  | 16,293 |  |  | 25,509 |  |  | 6,808 |
Net assets consolidated |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 198,077 |  |  | $ | 261,157 |  |  | $ | 8,719 |

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. See Note 9 for additional information.
(2)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, operating real estate is included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, lease intangibles are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
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In analyzing whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of the Financing VIEs, Consolidated SLST, the Consolidated K-Series and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, the Company considered its involvement in each of the VIEs, including the design and purpose of each VIE, and whether its involvement reflected a controlling financial interest that resulted in the Company being deemed the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. In determining whether the Company would be considered the primary beneficiary, the following factors were assessed:
•whether the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE; and
•whether the Company has a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company’s residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs of as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:

| Financing VIEs |  |  |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Residential Loan Securitizations |  |  |  |  |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,129 |  |  | $ | 21,129 |
Residential loans, at fair value | 1,616,114 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 827,582 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,443,696 |
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 543,739 |  |  | 543,739 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,142,773 |  |  | 1,142,773 |
Other assets | 92,906 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,168 |  |  | 13,686 |  |  | 109,760 |
Total assets | $ | 1,709,020 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 830,750 |  |  | $ | 1,721,327 |  |  | $ | 4,261,097 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,468,222 at amortized cost, net and $634,495 at fair value) | $ | 1,468,222 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,102,717 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 394,707 |  |  | 394,707 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 883,812 |  |  | 883,812 |
Other liabilities | 8,168 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,342 |  |  | 10,511 |  |  | 22,021 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,476,390 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 637,837 |  |  | $ | 1,289,030 |  |  | $ | 3,403,257 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4) | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 63,803 |  |  | $ | 63,803 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5) | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,967 |  |  | $ | 32,967 |
Net investment (6) | $ | 232,630 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 192,913 |  |  | $ | 335,527 |  |  | $ | 761,070 |

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
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The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2021 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:

| Financing VIEs |  |  |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Residential Loan Securitizations |  |  |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,606 |  |  | $ | 29,606 |
Residential loans, at fair value | 801,429 |  |  |  |  | 1,070,882 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,872,311 |
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 927,725 |  |  | 927,725 |
Other assets | 36,767 |  |  |  |  | 3,547 |  |  | 70,557 |  |  | 110,871 |
Total assets | $ | 838,196 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,074,429 |  |  | $ | 1,027,888 |  |  | $ | 2,940,513 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($682,802 at amortized cost, net and $839,419 at fair value) | $ | 682,802 |  |  |  |  | $ | 839,419 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,522,221 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (2) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 672,568 |  |  | 672,568 |
Other liabilities | 20,156 |  |  |  |  | 3,193 |  |  | 17,527 |  |  | 40,876 |
Total liabilities | $ | 702,958 |  |  |  |  | $ | 842,612 |  |  | $ | 690,095 |  |  | $ | 2,235,665 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (3) | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,392 |  |  | $ | 66,392 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4) | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,359 |  |  | $ | 24,359 |
Net investment (5) | $ | 135,238 |  |  |  |  | $ | 231,817 |  |  | $ | 247,042 |  |  | $ | 614,097 |

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(4)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(5)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following tables present condensed statements of operations for non-Company-sponsored VIEs for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands). The following tables include net (loss) income from assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale and intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  |
|  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 36,448 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,448 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | 25,145 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,145 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net interest income |  | 11,303 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,303 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains, net |  | — |  |  | 924 |  |  | 924 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (losses) gains, net |  | (32,403) |  |  | 26,306 |  |  | (6,097) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from real estate |  | — |  |  | 134,722 |  |  | 134,722 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income |  | — |  |  | 13,859 |  |  | 13,859 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest (loss) income |  | (32,403) |  |  | 175,811 |  |  | 143,408 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to real estate |  | — |  |  | 245,650 |  |  | 245,650 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | (21,100) |  |  | (69,839) |  |  | (90,939) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | — |  |  | 42,044 |  |  | 42,044 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to Company |  | $ | (21,100) |  |  | $ | (27,795) |  |  | $ | (48,895) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 40,944 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,944 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | 28,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,135 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net interest income |  | 12,809 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,809 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains, net |  | 23,832 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,832 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from real estate |  | — |  |  | 12,339 |  |  | 12,339 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest income |  | 23,832 |  |  | 12,339 |  |  | 36,171 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to real estate |  | — |  |  | 29,164 |  |  | 29,164 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | 36,641 |  |  | (16,825) |  |  | 19,816 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | — |  |  | 4,724 |  |  | 4,724 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to Company |  | $ | 36,641 |  |  | $ | (12,101) |  |  | $ | 24,540 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2020
|  | Consolidated K-Series (1) |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 151,841 |  |  | $ | 45,194 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 197,035 |
Interest expense |  | 129,762 |  |  | 31,663 |  |  | — |  |  | 161,425 |
Total net interest income |  | 22,079 |  |  | 13,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,610 |
Unrealized losses, net |  | (10,951) |  |  | (32,073) |  |  | — |  |  | (43,024) |
Income from real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 419 |  |  | 419 |
Other loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,667) |  |  | (2,667) |
Total non-interest loss |  | (10,951) |  |  | (32,073) |  |  | (2,248) |  |  | (45,272) |
Expenses related to real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 763 |  |  | 763 |
Net income (loss) |  | 11,128 |  |  | (18,542) |  |  | (3,011) |  |  | (10,425) |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (267) |  |  | (267) |
Net income (loss) attributable to Company |  | $ | 11,128 |  |  | $ | (18,542) |  |  | $ | (3,278) |  |  | $ | (10,692) |

(1)Reflects statement of operations for the Consolidated K-Series prior to the sale of first loss POs and de-consolidation of the Consolidated K-Series.
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Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs
The third-party owners of certain of the non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs have the ability to sell their ownership interests to the Company, at their election. The Company has classified these third-party ownership interests as redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs in mezzanine equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The holders of the redeemable non-controlling interests may elect to sell their ownership interests to the Company at fair value once a year and the sales are subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the maximum redeemable amount of non-controlling ownership interest was $16.9 million, of which non-controlling interest holders elected to sell $2.0 million to the Company.
The following table presents activity in redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance |  | $ | 66,392 |  |  | $ | — |
Initial consolidation of Consolidated VIEs |  | — |  |  | 67,096 |
Contributions |  | 462 |  |  | — |
Distributions |  | (7,083) |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | (38,190) |  |  | (704) |
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value (1) |  | 44,237 |  |  | — |
Redemption of redeemable non-controlling interest |  | (2,015) |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 63,803 |  |  | $ | 66,392 |

(1)The Company determines the fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interest on a non-recurring basis utilizing market assumptions and discounted cash flows. The Company applies a discount rate to the estimated future cash flows from the multi-family apartment properties held by the applicable Consolidated VIEs that are allocable to the redeemable non-controlling interest. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Significant unobservable inputs utilized in the estimation of fair value of redeemable non-controlling interest include a weighted average capitalization rate of 5.4% (ranges from 4.8% to 6.0%) and a weighted average discount rate of 14.5% (ranges from 13.6% to 15.4%).
Unconsolidated VIEs
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company evaluated its investment securities available for sale, preferred equity, mezzanine loan and other equity investments to determine whether they are VIEs and should be consolidated by the Company. Based on a number of factors, the Company determined that, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, it does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The following tables present the classification and carrying value of unconsolidated VIEs as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022
| Multi-family loans |  | Investment securities available for sale, at fair value |  | Equity investments |  | Assets of disposal group held for sale |  | Total
ABS | $ | — |  |  | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 856 |
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 29,290 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,290 |
Preferred equity investments in multi-family properties | 87,534 |  |  | — |  |  | 152,246 |  |  | — |  |  | 239,780 |
Joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,010 |  |  | 9,010 |
Maximum exposure | $ | 87,534 |  |  | $ | 30,146 |  |  | $ | 152,246 |  |  | $ | 9,010 |  |  | $ | 278,936 |

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|  |  | December 31, 2021
|  |  | Multi-family loans |  | Investment securities available for sale, at fair value |  | Equity investments |  | Total
ABS |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,679 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,679 |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  | 30,924 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,924 |
Preferred equity investments in multi-family properties |  |  | 120,021 |  |  | — |  |  | 180,798 |  |  | 300,819 |
Joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,440 |  |  | 10,440 |
Equity investments in entities that invest in residential properties |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,143 |  |  | 19,143 |
Maximum exposure |  |  | $ | 120,021 |  |  | $ | 70,603 |  |  | $ | 210,381 |  |  | $ | 401,005 |

(1)Transferred into assets of disposal group held for sale during the year ended December 31, 2022.
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8. Real Estate, Net
The following is a summary of real estate, net, collectively, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2021
Land |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 89,550 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 111,182 |
Building and improvements |  |  |  |  |  | 611,102 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 835,635 |
Furniture, fixture and equipment |  |  |  |  |  | 13,540 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23,546 |
Operating real estate |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 714,192 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 970,363 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  | (21,224) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,890) |
Operating real estate, net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 692,968 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 966,473 |
Real estate held for sale, net (1) (2) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,110 |
Real estate, net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 692,968 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,017,583 |

(1)Real estate held for sale, net is recorded at the lower of the net carrying amount of the assets or the estimated fair value, net of selling costs.
(2)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2022, the real estate, net related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties is included in assets of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional information.
Multi-family Apartment Properties
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company invested in joint venture equity investments that own multi-family apartment communities, which the Company determined to be VIEs and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the joint venture entities into its consolidated financial statements (see Note 7).
In August 2022, one of the joint ventures in which the Company held a common equity investment sold its multi-family apartment community for approximately $48.0 million, subject to certain prorations and adjustments typical in such real estate transactions and repaid the related mortgage payable in the amount of approximately $26.0 million. The sale generated a net gain of approximately $16.8 million and a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.5 million, both of which are included in other income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, resulting in a net gain attributable to the Company's common shareholders of approximately $14.4 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company was the primary beneficiary of a VIE that owned a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company held a preferred equity investment. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the VIE into its consolidated financial statements. In July 2021, the VIE redeemed its non-controlling interest, which caused the entity to no longer meet the criteria for being characterized as a VIE and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (see Note 7). In November 2021, the Company determined that the multi-family apartment community owned by the wholly-owned subsidiary met the criteria to be classified as held for sale, transferred the property held by the wholly-owned subsidiary from operating real estate to real estate held for sale and recognized a $0.2 million loss. In March 2022, the entity completed the sale of its multi-family apartment community for approximately $52.0 million, subject to certain prorations and adjustments typical in such real estate transactions, repaid the related mortgage payable in the amount of approximately $37.0 million and redeemed the Company's preferred equity investment. The sale generated a net gain of approximately $0.4 million and a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.6 million, both of which are included in other income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The multi-family apartment communities generally lease their apartment units to individual tenants at market rates for the production of rental income. These apartment units are generally leased at a fixed monthly rate with no option for the lessee to purchase the leased unit at any point.
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Single-family Rental Properties
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company owned single-family rental homes. These units are leased to individual tenants for the production of rental income and are generally leased at a fixed monthly rate with no option for the lessee to purchase the leased unit at any point.
Lease Intangibles
Intangibles related to multi-family properties consist of the value of in-place leases and are included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the components of lease intangibles, net as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Lease intangibles |  | $ | 30,094 |  |  | $ | 51,969 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (30,094) |  |  | (12,200) |
Lease intangibles, net (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,769 |

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2022, the lease intangibles, net related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties are included in assets of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional information.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation and amortization expenses related to operating real estate are included in expenses related to real estate on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents depreciation and amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Depreciation expense on operating real estate |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 47,179 |  |  | $ | 5,662 |  |  | $ | 155 |
Amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate |  |  |  |  |  | 79,645 |  |  | 13,588 |  |  | 231 |
Total depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 126,824 |  |  | $ | 19,250 |  |  | $ | 386 |

The estimated depreciation expense related to operating real estate is as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

Year Ending December 31, |  | Depreciation Expense
2023 |  | $ | 23,780 |
2024 |  | $ | 23,780 |
2025 |  | $ | 23,780 |
2026 |  | $ | 23,780 |
2027 |  | $ | 21,587 |

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9. Assets and Liabilities of Disposal Group Held for Sale
In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale, transferred either the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs or its equity investment in the joint venture entity to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and recognized no loss.
The following table presents the carrying values of the major classes of assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents (1) |  | $ | 13,944 |
Equity investments |  | 9,010 |
Real estate, net (1) |  | 1,079,942 |
Other assets (1) |  | 48,888 |
Total assets of disposal group held for sale |  | $ | 1,151,784 |
Mortgages payable on real estate |  | $ | 865,414 |
Other liabilities |  | 18,398 |
Total liabilities of disposal group held for sale (1) |  | $ | 883,812 |

(1)Certain assets and liabilities of the disposal group held for sale are in Consolidated VIEs because the Company is the primary beneficiary.
Also included in the disposal group held for sale are non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs in the amount of $23.9 million as of December 31, 2022.
Real estate, net included in assets of disposal group held for sale is recorded at the lower of the net carrying amount of the assets or the estimated fair value, net of selling costs. Fair value for real estate, net was based upon a discounted cash flow analysis using property financial information and assumptions regarding market rent, revenue and expense growth, capitalization rates and return rates. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value, net of selling costs of the multi-family property owned by one of the joint venture equity investments was less than the property's net carrying value. Accordingly, the Company recognized a $2.4 million impairment in the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 15 for descriptions of valuation methodologies utilized for other classes of assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale.
The following table presents the pretax losses of the disposal group held for sale for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Pretax loss of disposal group held for sale |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (55,243) |  |  | $ | (12,216) |
Pretax loss of disposal group attributable to non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  |  |  |  |  | 5,784 |  |  | 958 |
Pretax loss of disposal group attributable to Company's common stockholders |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (49,459) |  |  | $ | (11,258) |

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10. Other Assets and Other Liabilities
Other Assets
The following table presents the components of the Company's other assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Restricted cash (1) |  | $ | 136,220 |  |  | $ | 48,259 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 34,067 |  |  | 26,688 |
Real estate owned |  | 18,588 |  |  | 2,055 |
Collections receivable from residential loan servicers |  | 15,374 |  |  | 28,634 |
Other assets in consolidated multi-family properties |  | 13,681 |  |  | 21,668 |
Recoverable advances on residential loans |  | 13,979 |  |  | 14,143 |
Other receivables |  | 11,357 |  |  | 14,507 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 7,831 |  |  | 9,011 |
Deferred tax assets |  | 2,671 |  |  | 6,282 |
Lease intangibles, net in consolidated multi-family properties (2) |  | — |  |  | 39,769 |
Other |  | 5,588 |  |  | 4,003 |
Total |  | $ | 259,356 |  |  | $ | 215,019 |

(1)Restricted cash represents cash held by third parties, including cash held by the Company's securitization trusts and consolidated multi-family properties.
(2)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the other assets, including lease intangibles, of the respective Consolidated VIEs to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. See Note 9 for additional information.
Other Liabilities
The following table presents the components of the Company's other liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Dividends and dividend equivalents payable |  | $ | 49,996 |  |  | $ | 48,328 |
Accrued expenses |  | 15,576 |  |  | 13,408 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 10,629 |  |  | 9,051 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities in consolidated multi-family properties |  | 10,511 |  |  | 22,583 |
Advanced remittances from residential loan servicers |  | 9,098 |  |  | 16,603 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 8,383 |  |  | 9,584 |
Deferred revenue |  | 7,131 |  |  | 13,019 |
Unfunded commitments for residential loans |  | 2,950 |  |  | 21,364 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 394 |  |  | 6,681 |
Other |  | 1,323 |  |  | 460 |
Total |  | $ | 115,991 |  |  | $ | 161,081 |

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11. Repurchase Agreements
The following table presents the carrying value of the Company's repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Repurchase Agreements Secured By: |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Residential loans |  | $ | 686,946 |  |  | $ | 554,259 |
Investment securities |  | 50,077 |  |  | — |
Total carrying value |  | $ | 737,023 |  |  | $ | 554,259 |

As of December 31, 2022, the Company's only repurchase agreement exposure where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity was to Bank of America at 6.82%. The amount at risk is defined as the fair value of assets pledged as collateral to the financing arrangement in excess of the financing arrangement liability.
The financings under certain of our repurchase agreements are subject to margin calls to the extent the market value of the collateral subject to repurchase agreement falls below specified levels and repurchase may be accelerated upon an event of default under the repurchase agreements. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had assets available to be posted as margin which included liquid assets, such as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, and unencumbered securities that could be monetized to pay down or collateralize the liability immediately. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $223.6 million included in cash and cash equivalents and $120.5 million in unencumbered investment securities available to meet additional haircuts or market valuation requirements. The following table presents information about the Company's unencumbered securities at December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Unencumbered Securities | December 31, 2022 |  |
Non-Agency RMBS (1) | $ | 89,552 |  |  |
CMBS | 30,133 |  |  |
ABS | 856 |  |  |
Total | $ | 120,541 |  |  |

(1)Includes IOs in Consolidated SLST with a fair value of $21.0 million as of December 31, 2022.
The Company also had unencumbered residential loans with a fair value of $214.4 million at December 31, 2022.
Residential Loans
The Company has repurchase agreements with four financial institutions to fund the purchase of residential loans. The following table presents detailed information about the Company’s financings under these repurchase agreements and associated residential loans pledged as collateral at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Maximum Aggregate Uncommitted Principal Amount |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements (1) |  | Net Deferred Finance Costs (2) |  | Carrying Value of Repurchase Agreements |  | Fair Value of Loans Pledged |  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Weighted Average Months to Maturity (3)
December 31, 2022 | $ | 2,030,879 |  |  | $ | 688,487 |  |  | $ | (1,541) |  |  | $ | 686,946 |  |  | $ | 867,033 |  |  | 6.65 | % |  | 16.69
December 31, 2021 | $ | 1,252,352 |  |  | $ | 554,784 |  |  | $ | (525) |  |  | $ | 554,259 |  |  | $ | 729,649 |  |  | 2.79 | % |  | 4.38

(1)Includes non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $446.8 million, a weighted average rate of 6.77%, and weighted average months to maturity of 23.96 months as of December 31, 2022. Includes a non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement with an outstanding balance of $15.6 million, a rate of 4.00%, and months to maturity of 2.03 months as of December 31, 2021.
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(2)Costs related to the repurchase agreements, which include commitment, underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees, are reflected as deferred charges. Such costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets and are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
(3)The Company expects to roll outstanding amounts under these repurchase agreements into new repurchase agreements or other financings, or to repay outstanding amounts, prior to or at maturity.
During the terms of the repurchase agreements, proceeds from the residential loans will be applied to pay any price differential and to reduce the aggregate repurchase price of the collateral. The financings under the repurchase agreements with one of the counterparties with an aggregate outstanding balance of $241.7 million as of December 31, 2022 are subject to margin calls to the extent the market value of the residential loans falls below specified levels and repurchase may be accelerated upon an event of default under the repurchase agreements.
The Company, as required by a repurchase agreement with one counterparty, entered into an interest rate cap contract during the year ended December 31, 2022 that limits the indexed portion of the interest rate on the related repurchase agreement to a strike price of Term SOFR of 4.10% on the $111.0 million notional amount with an expiration date of November 17, 2024. The fair value of the interest rate cap contract of $1.5 million is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. The Company recognized unrealized losses of $0.02 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 which is included in non-interest (loss) income in the consolidated statements of operations.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company's repurchase agreements contain various covenants, including among other things, the maintenance of certain amounts of liquidity and total stockholders' equity. The Company is in compliance with such covenants as of December 31, 2022 and through the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Investment Securities
The Company has entered into repurchase agreements with financial institutions to finance its investment securities portfolio (including investment securities available for sale and securities owned in Consolidated SLST). These repurchase agreements provide short-term financing that bear interest rates typically based on a spread to SOFR and are secured by the investment securities which they finance and additional collateral pledged, if any. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had amounts outstanding under repurchase agreements with one counterparty. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had no amounts outstanding under repurchase agreements to finance investment securities.
The following table presents detailed information about the amounts outstanding under the Company’s repurchase agreements secured by investment securities and associated assets pledged as collateral at December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  |
| Outstanding Repurchase Agreements |  | Fair Value of Collateral Pledged |  | Amortized Cost of Collateral Pledged |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS (1) | $ | 50,077 |  |  | $ | 170,551 |  |  | $ | 210,733 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of the period | $ | 50,077 |  |  | $ | 170,551 |  |  | $ | 210,733 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Represents first loss subordinated securities in Consolidated SLST.
As of December 31, 2022, the outstanding balance under our repurchase agreements secured by investment securities was funded at an advance rate of 30.0% that implies a "haircut" of 70.0%.
As of December 31, 2022, the days to maturity for repurchase agreements secured by investment securities was 9 days and the interest rate was 5.28%. The Company’s accrued interest payable on outstanding repurchase agreements secured by investment securities at December 31, 2022 amounted to $0.6 million and is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
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The following table presents contractual maturity information about the Company’s outstanding repurchase agreements secured by investment securities at December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Contractual Maturity | December 31, 2022 |  |
Within 30 days | $ | 50,077 |  |  |
Over 30 day to 90 days | — |  |  |
Over 90 days | — |  |  |
Total | $ | 50,077 |  |  |

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12. Collateralized Debt Obligations
The Company's collateralized debt obligations, or CDOs, are accounted for as financings and are non-recourse debt to the Company. See Note 7 for further discussion regarding the collateral pledged for the Company's CDOs as well as the Company's net investments in the related securitizations.
The following tables present a summary of the Company's CDOs as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022
| Outstanding Face Amount |  | Carrying Value |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (1) |  | Stated Maturity (2)
Consolidated SLST (3) | $ | 699,408 |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  | 2059
Residential loan securitizations | 1,498,198 |  |  | 1,468,222 |  |  | 3.54 | % |  | 2026 - 2062
Total collateralized debt obligations | $ | 2,197,606 |  |  | $ | 2,102,717 |  |  |  |  |

| December 31, 2021
| Outstanding Face Amount |  | Carrying Value |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (1) |  | Stated Maturity (2)
Consolidated SLST (3) | $ | 814,256 |  |  | $ | 839,419 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  | 2059
Residential loan securitizations | 686,122 |  |  | 682,802 |  |  | 2.43 | % |  | 2026 - 2061
Total collateralized debt obligations | $ | 1,500,378 |  |  | $ | 1,522,221 |  |  |  |  |

(1)Weighted average interest rate is calculated using the outstanding face amount and stated interest rate of notes issued by the securitization and not owned by the Company.
(2)The actual maturity of the Company's CDOs are primarily determined by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. The CDOs are also subject to redemption prior to the stated maturity according to the terms of the respective governing documents. As a result, the actual maturity of the CDOs may occur earlier than the stated maturity.
(3)The Company has elected the fair value option for CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST (see Note 15).
The Company's CDOs as of December 31, 2022 had stated maturities as follows:

Year Ending December 31, |  | Total
2023 |  | $ | — |
2024 |  | — |
2025 |  | — |
2026 |  | 130,000 |
2027 |  | 225,000 |
Thereafter |  | 1,842,606 |
Total |  | $ | 2,197,606 |

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13. Debt
Convertible Notes
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $138.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.25% Senior Convertible Notes due 2022 outstanding. The Company redeemed the Convertible Notes at maturity for $138.0 million on January 15, 2022. None of the Convertible Notes were converted prior to maturity.
Costs related to the issuance of the Convertible Notes which included underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees, were reflected as deferred charges. The underwriter’s discount and deferred charges, net of amortization, were presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $0.1 million as of December 31, 2021. The underwriter’s discount and deferred charges were amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, resulting in a total cost to the Company of approximately 8.24%.
The Convertible Notes were issued at 96% of the principal amount, bore interest at a rate equal to 6.25% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, and matured on January 15, 2022. The Company did not have the right to redeem the Convertible Notes prior to maturity and no sinking fund was provided for the Convertible Notes. Holders of the Convertible Notes were permitted to convert their Convertible Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding January 15, 2022. The conversion rate for the Convertible Notes, which was subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events, initially equaled 142.7144 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which was equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $7.01 per share of the Company’s common stock, based on a $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes were senior unsecured obligations of the Company that ranked pari passu in right of payment with the Company's senior unsecured indebtedness and ranked senior in right of payment to the Company’s subordinated debentures and any of its other indebtedness that was expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes.
The following table presents interest expense from the Convertible Notes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Contractual interest expense |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 335 |  |  | $ | 8,625 |  |  | $ | 8,625 |
Amortization of underwriter's discount and deferred charges |  |  |  |  |  | 103 |  |  | 2,571 |  |  | 2,372 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 438 |  |  | $ | 11,196 |  |  | $ | 10,997 |

Senior Unsecured Notes
On April 27, 2021, the Company completed the issuance and sale to various qualified institutional investors of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its unregistered 5.75% Senior Notes due 2026 (the "Unregistered Notes") in a private placement offering at 100% of the principal amount. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Unregistered Notes, after deducting offering expenses, were approximately $96.3 million. Subsequent to the issuance of the Unregistered Notes, the Company conducted an exchange offer wherein the Company exchanged its registered 5.75% Senior Notes due 2026 (the "Registered Notes" and, together with the aggregate principal amount of Unregistered Notes that remain outstanding, the "Senior Unsecured Notes") for an equal principal amount of Unregistered Notes.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its Senior Unsecured Notes outstanding. Costs related to the issuance of the Senior Unsecured Notes which include underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees, are reflected as deferred charges. The deferred charges, net of amortization, are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company's accompanying consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $2.6 million and $3.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, resulting in a total cost to the Company of approximately 6.64%.
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The Senior Unsecured Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.75% per year, subject to adjustment from time to time based on changes in the ratings of the Senior Unsecured Notes by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (a “NRSRO”). The annual interest rate on the Senior Unsecured Notes will increase by (i) 0.50% per year beginning on the first day of any six-month interest period if as of such day the Senior Unsecured Notes have a rating of BB+ or below and above B+ from any NRSRO and (ii) 0.75% per year beginning on the first day of any six-month interest period if as of such day the Senior Unsecured Notes have a rating of B+ or below or no rating from any NRSRO. Interest on the Senior Unsecured Notes will be paid semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 30 of each year and the Senior Unsecured Notes will mature on April 30, 2026.
The Company has the right to redeem the Senior Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to April 30, 2023 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Unsecured Notes to be redeemed, plus the applicable "make-whole" premium, plus accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. The "make-whole" premium is equal to the present value of all interest that would have accrued between the redemption date and up to, but excluding, April 30, 2023, plus an amount equal to the principal amount of such Senior Unsecured Notes multiplied by 2.875%. On and after April 30, 2023, the Company has the right to redeem the Senior Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, at 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Unsecured Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date, plus an amount equal to the principal amount of such Senior Unsecured Notes multiplied by a date-dependent multiple as detailed in the following table:

Redemption Period |  | Multiple
April 30, 2023 - April 29, 2024 |  | 2.875 | %
April 30, 2024 - April 29, 2025 |  | 1.4375 | %
April 30, 2025 - April 29, 2026 |  | — |

No sinking fund is provided for the Senior Unsecured Notes. The Senior Unsecured Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company that that are structurally subordinated in right of payment to the Company's subordinated debentures.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company's Senior Unsecured Notes contain various covenants including the maintenance of a minimum net asset value, ratio of unencumbered assets to unsecured indebtedness and senior debt service coverage ratio and limit the amount of leverage the Company may utilize and its ability to transfer the Company’s assets substantially as an entirety or merge into or consolidate with another person. The Company is in compliance with such covenants as of December 31, 2022 and through the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Subordinated Debentures
Subordinated debentures are trust preferred securities that are fully guaranteed by the Company with respect to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation, redemption or repayment. The following table summarizes the key details of the Company’s subordinated debentures as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| NYM Preferred Trust I |  | NYM Preferred Trust II
Principal value of trust preferred securities | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 20,000 |
Interest rate | Three month LIBOR plus 3.75%, resetting quarterly |  | Three month LIBOR plus 3.95%, resetting quarterly
Scheduled maturity | March 30, 2035 |  | October 30, 2035

As of February 24, 2023, the Company has not been notified, and is not aware, of any event of default under the indenture for the subordinated debentures.
Mortgages Payable on Real Estate
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company owned joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family apartment communities, which the Company determined to be VIEs and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the joint venture entities into its consolidated financial statements (see Note 7).
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In August 2022, one of the joint ventures in which the Company held a common equity investment completed the sale of its multi-family apartment community. In conjunction with the sale, the entity repaid the related mortgage payable in the amount of approximately $26.0 million and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.5 million, which is included in other income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company was the primary beneficiary of a VIE that owned a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company held a preferred equity investment. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the VIE into its consolidated financial statements. In July 2021, the VIE redeemed its non-controlling interest and the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its investment in the entity. The Company determined that the entity no longer met the criteria for being characterized as a VIE and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (see Note 7). In March 2022, the entity completed the sale of its multi-family apartment community and redeemed the Company's preferred equity investment. In conjunction with the sale, the entity repaid the related mortgage payable in the amount of approximately $37.0 million and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.6 million, which is included in other income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The consolidated multi-family apartment communities are subject to mortgages payable collateralized by the associated real estate assets. The Company has no obligation for repayment of the mortgages payable but, with respect to certain of the mortgages payable, it may execute a guaranty related to commitment of bad acts. The following table presents detailed information for these mortgages payable on real estate as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Maximum Committed Mortgage Principal Amount |  | Outstanding Mortgage Balance |  | Net Deferred Finance Cost |  | Mortgage Payable, Net (1) |  | Stated Maturity |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (2) (3) |  |
December 31, 2022 | $ | 398,703 |  |  | $ | 397,453 |  |  | $ | (2,746) |  |  | $ | 394,707 |  |  | 2025 - 2032 |  | 4.21 | % |  |
December 31, 2021 | 745,915 |  |  | 718,717 |  |  | (9,361) |  |  | 709,356 |  |  | 2024 - 2031 |  | 3.56 | % |  |

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2022, the mortgages payable on real estate related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties are included in liabilities of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional information.
(2)Weighted average interest rate is calculated using the outstanding mortgage balance and interest rate as of the date indicated.
(3)For variable-rate mortgages payable, the joint venture entity, as required by the loan agreement, entered into an interest rate cap contract with a counterparty during the year ended December 31, 2022 that limits the indexed portion of the interest rate to a strike price of Term SOFR of 2.0% on the $29.0 million notional amount with an expiration date of April 1, 2024. The fair value of the interest rate cap contract of $1.0 million is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. The consolidated multi-family apartment communities recorded realized gains and unrealized gains on interest rate cap contracts of $0.9 million and $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively, both of which are included in non-interest (loss) income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
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Debt Maturities
As of December 31, 2022, maturities for debt on the Company's consolidated balance sheet are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

Year Ending December 31, |  | Total
2023 |  | $ | — |
2024 |  | — |
2025 |  | 27,750 |
2026 |  | 127,357 |
2027 |  | — |
Thereafter |  | 387,346 |
Total |  | $ | 542,453 |

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14. Commitments and Contingencies
Impact of COVID-19
As further discussed in Note 2, the full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy generally, and the Company's business in particular, is uncertain. As of December 31, 2022, no contingencies have been recorded on our consolidated balance sheets as a result of COVID-19; however, as COVID-19, its variants and its economic implications continue, it may have long-term impacts on the Company's operations, financial condition, liquidity or cash flows.
Outstanding Litigation
The Company is at times subject to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not believe that any of its current legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Leases
As of December 31, 2022, the Company has entered into multi-year lease agreements for office space accounted for as non-cancelable operating leases. Total property lease expense on these leases for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 amounted to $1.7 million, $1.7 million, and $1.6 million, respectively. The leases are secured by cash deposits in the amount of $0.7 million.
As of December 31, 2022, obligations under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

Year Ending December 31, |  | Total
2023 |  | $ | 1,732 |
2024 |  | 1,548 |
2025 |  | 1,604 |
2026 |  | 1,617 |
2027 |  | 1,471 |
Thereafter |  | 2,007 |
Total |  | $ | 9,979 |

Investment Commitment
On December 7, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement with certain members of its existing joint ventures to fund joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties totaling $40.0 million, to the extent investment opportunities meet defined investment standards. The commitment expires on December 7, 2023 and the Company has not funded any joint venture equity investments per the agreement as of February 24, 2023.
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15. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves.
A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
a.Residential Loans Held in Consolidated SLST and Multi-Family Loans Held in the Consolidated K-Series – Residential loans held in Consolidated SLST and multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series are carried at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of residential loans held in Consolidated SLST and multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by these securitizations and its investment in these securitizations (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable.
The investment securities (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP) that we own in these securitizations are generally illiquid and trade infrequently. As such they are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair valuation of these investment securities is determined based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity, prepayment rate and current market interest rates. Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
b.Residential Loans and Residential Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – The Company’s acquired residential loans are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value for residential loans is determined using valuations obtained from a third party that specializes in providing valuations of residential loans. The valuation approach depends on whether the residential loan is considered performing, re-performing or non-performing at the date the valuation is performed.
For performing and re-performing loans, estimates of fair value are derived using a discounted cash flow model, where estimates of cash flows are determined from scheduled payments for each loan, adjusted using forecast prepayment rates, default rates and rates for loss upon default. For non-performing loans, asset liquidation cash flows are derived based on the estimated time to liquidate the loan, expected liquidation costs and home price appreciation. Estimated cash flows for both performing and non-performing loans are discounted at yields considered appropriate to arrive at a reasonable exit price for the asset. Indications of loan value such as actual trades, bids, offers and generic market color may be used in determining the appropriate discount yield.
c.Preferred Equity and Mezzanine Loan Investments – Fair value for preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments is determined by both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flows. The discounted cash flows are based on the underlying estimated cash flows and estimated changes in market yields. The fair value also reflects consideration of changes in credit risk since the origination or time of initial investment. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
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d.Investment Securities Available for Sale – The Company determines the fair value of all of its investment securities available for sale based on discounted cash flows utilizing an internal pricing model. The methodology considers the characteristics of the particular security and its underlying collateral, which are observable inputs. These inputs include, but are not limited to, delinquency status, coupon, loan-to-value ("LTV"), historical performance, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period, seasoning, prepayment speeds and credit enhancement levels. The Company also considers several observable market data points, including prices obtained from third-party pricing services or dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments, trading activity, and dialogue with market participants. Third-party pricing services typically incorporate commonly used market pricing methods, trading activity observed in the marketplace and other data inputs similar to those used in the Company's internal pricing model. The Company has established thresholds to compare internally generated prices with independent third-party prices and any differences that exceed the thresholds are reviewed both internally and with the third-party pricing service. The Company reconciles and resolves all pricing differences in excess of the thresholds before a final price is established. The Company’s investment securities available for sale are valued based upon readily observable market parameters and are classified as Level 2 fair values.
e.Equity Investments – Fair value for equity investments is determined (i) by the valuation process for preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments as described in c. above, (ii) using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization of the entity or (iii) using the net asset value ("NAV") of the equity investment entity as a practical expedient. These fair value measurements are generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
f.Derivative Instruments – The Company's interest rate cap agreements are measured using models developed by either third-party pricing providers or the respective counterparty that use the market-standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts which would occur if floating interest rates rise above the strike rate of the caps. The floating interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the interest rate cap are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. The inputs used in the valuation of interest rate caps fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Company’s interest rate swaps were classified as Level 2 fair values and were measured using valuations reported by the clearing house, CME Group Inc., through which these instruments were cleared. The derivatives were presented net of variation margin payments pledged or received. In March 2020, in response to the turmoil in the financial markets, we terminated our interest rate swaps, recognizing a realized loss of $73.1 million which was partially offset by a reversal of $29.0 million in unrealized losses, resulting in a total net loss of $44.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company had no outstanding interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
g.Collateralized Debt Obligations – CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST and the Consolidated K-Series are classified as Level 3 fair values for which fair value is determined by considering several market data points, including prices obtained from third-party pricing services or dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The third-party pricing service or dealers incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security. They will also consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants.
Refer to a. above for a description of the fair valuation of CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST and the Consolidated K-Series that are eliminated in consolidation.
Management reviews all prices used in determining fair value to ensure they represent current market conditions. This review includes surveying similar market transactions and comparisons to interest pricing models as well as offerings of like securities by dealers. Any changes to the valuation methodology are reviewed by management to ensure the changes are appropriate. As markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more transparent, the Company continues to refine its valuation methodologies. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of each reporting date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which time price transparency may be reduced. This condition could cause the Company’s financial instruments to be reclassified from Level 2 to Level 3 in future periods.
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The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,081,384 |  |  | $ | 1,081,384 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,703,290 |  |  | $ | 1,703,290 |
Consolidated SLST | — |  |  | — |  |  | 827,582 |  |  | 827,582 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,070,882 |  |  | 1,070,882 |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,616,114 |  |  | 1,616,114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 801,429 |  |  | 801,429 |
Multi-family loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,534 |  |  | 87,534 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120,021 |  |  | 120,021 |
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 68,570 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,570 |  |  | — |  |  | 128,019 |  |  | — |  |  | 128,019 |
CMBS | — |  |  | 30,133 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,133 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,146 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,146 |
ABS | — |  |  | 856 |  |  | — |  |  | 856 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,679 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,679 |
Equity investments (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 179,746 |  |  | 179,746 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 239,631 |  |  | 239,631 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate caps (1) (2) | — |  |  | 2,473 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,473 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3) | — |  |  | 29,418 |  |  | 9,010 |  |  | 38,428 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 131,450 |  |  | $ | 3,801,370 |  |  | $ | 3,932,820 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 200,844 |  |  | $ | 3,935,253 |  |  | $ | 4,136,097 |
Liabilities carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 839,419 |  |  | $ | 839,419 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 839,419 |  |  | $ | 839,419 |

(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(2)Included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Includes derivative assets classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $29.4 million and equity investments classified as Level 3 instruments in the amount of $9.0 million as of December 31, 2022.
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The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
Level 3 Assets:

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Equity investments in disposal group held for sale |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,703,290 |  |  | $ | 1,070,882 |  |  | $ | 801,429 |  |  | $ | 120,021 |  |  | $ | 239,631 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,935,253 |
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | (111,879) |  |  | (128,236) |  |  | (162,518) |  |  | 9,531 |  |  | 18,884 |  |  | (926) |  |  | (375,144) |
Transfers out (1) | (17,052) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,806) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,858) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (1,422,577) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,422,577 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfer to disposal group held for sale | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,936) |  |  | 9,936 |  |  | — |
Funding/Contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,086 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,086 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (712,214) |  |  | (115,064) |  |  | (535,017) |  |  | (42,018) |  |  | (96,919) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,501,232) |
Purchases | 1,641,816 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,449 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,733,265 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 1,081,384 |  |  | $ | 827,582 |  |  | $ | 1,616,114 |  |  | $ | 87,534 |  |  | $ | 179,746 |  |  | $ | 9,010 |  |  | $ | 3,801,370 |

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed four securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and business purpose loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
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| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,090,930 |  |  | $ | 1,266,785 |  |  | $ | 691,451 |  |  | $ | 163,593 |  |  | $ | 259,095 |  |  | $ | 3,471,854 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 36,844 |  |  | (35,953) |  |  | 43,001 |  |  | 18,795 |  |  | 36,729 |  |  | 99,416 |
Transfers out (1) | (2,080) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,053) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,133) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (305,433) |  |  | — |  |  | 305,433 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funding/Contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,678 |  |  | 107,465 |  |  | 145,143 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (618,790) |  |  | (159,950) |  |  | (239,436) |  |  | (100,045) |  |  | (163,658) |  |  | (1,281,879) |
Sales | (74,751) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,376) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (77,127) |
Purchases | 1,576,570 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,409 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,581,979 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 1,703,290 |  |  | $ | 1,070,882 |  |  | $ | 801,429 |  |  | $ | 120,021 |  |  | $ | 239,631 |  |  | $ | 3,935,253 |

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)In May 2021, the Company completed a securitization of certain business purpose loans. In August 2021, the Company redeemed a residential loan securitization and completed a new residential loan securitization of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
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| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Residential loans |  | Multi-family loans |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments |  | Consolidated K-Series |  | Equity investments |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,429,754 |  |  | $ | 1,328,886 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,816,746 |  |  | $ | 83,882 |  |  | $ | 20,659,268 |
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | (9,240) |  |  | 27,898 |  |  | 31,402 |  |  | 20,454 |  |  | 41,795 |  |  | 26,670 |  |  | 138,979 |
Transfers in (1) | 164,279 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,572 |  |  | 182,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,477 |  |  | 500,793 |
Transfers out (2) (3) | (6,017) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,492) |  |  | (8,719) |  |  | (237,297) |  |  | — |  |  | (254,525) |
Transfer to securitization trust (4) | (651,911) |  |  | — |  |  | 651,911 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funding/Contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,164 |  |  | — |  |  | 66,336 |  |  | 80,500 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (308,600) |  |  | (89,999) |  |  | (35,942) |  |  | (44,771) |  |  | (239,796) |  |  | (25,270) |  |  | (744,378) |
Recovery of charge-off | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |
Sales (3) | (96,892) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,381,483) |  |  | — |  |  | (17,478,375) |
Purchases | 569,557 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 569,557 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 1,090,930 |  |  | $ | 1,266,785 |  |  | $ | 691,451 |  |  | $ | 163,593 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259,095 |  |  | $ | 3,471,854 |

(1)As of January 1, 2020, the Company elected to account for all residential loans, residential loans held in securitization trusts, equity investments and preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments using the fair value option (see Note 2).
(2)Transfers out of Level 3 assets include the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned and the consolidation of a preferred equity investment into the Company's consolidated financial statements (see Note 7).
(3)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series and, as a result, de-consolidated the multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series and transferred its remaining securities owned in the Consolidated K-Series to investment securities available for sale (see Note 7).
(4)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company completed two securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
Level 3 Liabilities:

|  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |
|  |  | Consolidated SLST CDOs |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 839,419 |  |  |
Total gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings |  |  | (90,077) |  |  |
Paydowns |  |  | (114,847) |  |  |
Balance at the end of period |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  |

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|  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |
|  |  | Consolidated SLST CDOs |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 1,054,335 |  |  |
Total gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings |  |  | (54,154) |  |  |
Paydowns |  |  | (160,762) |  |  |
Balance at the end of period |  |  | $ | 839,419 |  |  |

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Collateralized debt obligations |  |
| Consolidated K-Series |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 16,724,451 |  |  | $ | 1,052,829 |  |  | $ | 17,777,280 |
Total losses (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 35,018 |  |  | 68,764 |  |  | 103,782 |
Paydowns | (147,376) |  |  | (89,484) |  |  | (236,860) |
Sales (1) | (16,612,093) |  |  | 22,226 |  |  | (16,589,867) |
Balance at the end of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,054,335 |  |  | $ | 1,054,335 |

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series, and, as a result, de-consolidated the Consolidated K-Series CDOs (see Note 7). Also includes the Company's net sales of senior securities issued by Consolidated SLST for the year ended December 31, 2020 (see Note 7).
The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):
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December 31, 2022 |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Weighted Average |  | Range
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1) |  | $2,578,229 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lifetime CPR |  | 4.4% |  | — | - | 45.3%
|  |  |  |  |  | Lifetime CDR |  | 0.5% |  | — | - | 23.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 7.4% |  | — | - | 96.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 8.2% |  | 6.1% | - | 88.4%
|  | $119,269 |  | Liquidation model |  | Annual home price appreciation/(depreciation) |  | 0.1% |  | (4.8)% | - | 11.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | Liquidation timeline (months) |  | 23 |  | 9 | - | 50
|  |  |  |  |  | Property value |  | $1,591,892 |  | $15,300 | - | $13,800,000
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.7% |  | 7.5% | - | 28.5%
Consolidated SLST (3) |  | $827,582 |  |  |  | Liability price |  | N/A |  |  |  |
Total |  | $3,525,080 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family loans (1) |  | $87,534 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 12.4% |  | 11.0% | - | 20.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 36 |  | 9 | - | 54
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Equity investments (1) (2) |  | $152,246 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 13.5% |  | 13.0% | - | 15.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 21 |  | 2 | - | 34
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) |  | $9,010 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 16.0% |  | 16.0% | - | 16.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 23 |  | 23 | - | 23
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4) |  | $634,495 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Yield |  | 5.3% |  | 4.7% | - | 7.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral prepayment rate |  | 5.7% |  | 2.5% | - | 6.6%
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral default rate |  | 1.6% |  | — | - | 11.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 17.1% |  | — | - | 19.8%

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(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments do not include equity ownership interests in an entity that originates residential loans. The fair value of this investment is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization of the entity.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $191.5 million.
(4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own.
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans (1) | $ | (57,892) |  |  | $ | 31,222 |  |  | $ | 16,449 |
Consolidated SLST (1) | (124,834) |  |  | (31,128) |  |  | 33,479 |
Residential loans held in securitization trust (1) | (219,647) |  |  | 35,570 |  |  | 17,785 |
Multi-family loans (1) | (1,737) |  |  | 1,924 |  |  | (682) |
Equity investments (2) | (4,338) |  |  | 3,990 |  |  | 256 |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) | (1,430) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1) | $ | 92,431 |  |  | $ | 54,960 |  |  | $ | (65,552) |

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
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The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | Level 1 |  | $ | 244,718 |  |  | $ | 244,718 |  |  | $ | 289,602 |  |  | $ | 289,602 |
Residential loans | Level 3 |  | 3,525,080 |  |  | 3,525,080 |  |  | 3,575,601 |  |  | 3,575,601 |
Multi-family loans | Level 3 |  | 87,534 |  |  | 87,534 |  |  | 120,021 |  |  | 120,021 |
Investment securities available for sale | Level 2 |  | 99,559 |  |  | 99,559 |  |  | 200,844 |  |  | 200,844 |
Equity investments | Level 3 |  | 179,746 |  |  | 179,746 |  |  | 239,631 |  |  | 239,631 |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale | Level 3 |  | 9,010 |  |  | 9,010 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative assets | Level 2 |  | 2,473 |  |  | 2,473 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative assets in disposal group held for sale | Level 2 |  | 29,418 |  |  | 29,418 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | Level 2 |  | 737,023 |  |  | 737,023 |  |  | 554,259 |  |  | 554,259 |
Collateralized debt obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, net | Level 3 |  | 1,468,222 |  |  | 1,383,715 |  |  | 682,802 |  |  | 686,027 |
Consolidated SLST | Level 3 |  | 634,495 |  |  | 634,495 |  |  | 839,419 |  |  | 839,419 |
Subordinated debentures | Level 3 |  | 45,000 |  |  | 32,721 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | 44,388 |
Convertible notes | Level 2 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 137,898 |  |  | 138,011 |
Senior unsecured notes | Level 2 |  | 97,384 |  |  | 91,104 |  |  | 96,704 |  |  | 102,215 |
Mortgages payable on real estate | Level 3 |  | 394,707 |  |  | 377,327 |  |  | 709,356 |  |  | 712,112 |
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for sale | Level 3 |  | 865,414 |  |  | 864,758 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above:
a.Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets.
b.Repurchase agreements – The fair value of these repurchase agreements approximates cost as they are short term in nature.
c.Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, net – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations.
d.Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields.
e.Convertible notes and senior unsecured notes – The fair value is based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments.
f.Mortgages payable on operating real estate – The fair value of consolidated variable-rate mortgages payable approximates the carrying value of such liabilities. The fair value of consolidated fixed-rate mortgages payable is estimated based upon discounted cash flows at current borrowing rates.
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16. Stockholders' Equity
(a)Preferred Stock
The Company had 200,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), with 22,284,994 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company has four outstanding series of cumulative redeemable preferred stock: 8.00% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series D Preferred Stock”), 7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series E Preferred Stock”), 6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series F Preferred Stock”) and 7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series G Preferred Stock”). Each series of the Preferred Stock is senior to the Company’s common stock with respect to dividends and distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
In July 2021, the Company issued 5,750,000 shares of the Company's Series F Preferred Stock, with a par value of $0.01 per share and a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, in an underwritten public offering, for net proceeds of approximately $138.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. On August 6, 2021, the Company classified and designated an additional 2,000,000 shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued preferred stock as Series F Preferred Stock.
In July 2021, the Company redeemed all outstanding shares of its 7.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock ("Series C Preferred Stock") at an aggregate redemption price of approximately $25.08 per share, which included accumulated and unpaid dividends up to, but not including, the redemption date. The excess of the $25.00 liquidation price per share over the carrying value of the Series C Preferred Stock resulted in a charge of $3.4 million to net income attributable to Company's common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2021.
In November 2021, the Company issued 3,000,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock, with a par value of $0.01 per share and a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, in an underwritten public offering, for net proceeds of approximately $72.1 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.
In December 2021, the Company redeemed all outstanding shares of its 7.750% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock ("Series B Preferred Stock") at an aggregate redemption price of approximately $25.34 per share, which included accumulated and unpaid dividends up to, but not including, the redemption date. The excess of the $25.00 liquidation price per share over the carrying value of the Series B Preferred Stock resulted in a charge of $2.7 million to net income attributable to Company's common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The following tables summarize the Company’s Preferred Stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollar amounts in thousands):
December 31, 2022

Class of Preferred Stock |  | Shares Authorized |  | Shares Issued and Outstanding |  | Carrying Value |  | Liquidation Preference |  | Contractual Rate (1) |  | Optional Redemption Date (2) |  | Fixed-to-Floating Rate Conversion Date (1)(3) |  | Floating Annual Rate (4)
Fixed-to-Floating Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series D |  | 8,400,000 |  |  | 6,123,495 |  |  | $ | 148,134 |  |  | $ | 153,087 |  |  | 8.000 | % |  | October 15, 2027 |  | October 15, 2027 |  | 3M LIBOR + 5.695%
Series E |  | 9,900,000 |  |  | 7,411,499 |  |  | 179,349 |  |  | 185,288 |  |  | 7.875 | % |  | January 15, 2025 |  | January 15, 2025 |  | 3M LIBOR + 6.429%
Series F |  | 7,750,000 |  |  | 5,750,000 |  |  | 138,650 |  |  | 143,750 |  |  | 6.875 | % |  | October 15, 2026 |  | October 15, 2026 |  | 3M SOFR + 6.130%
Fixed Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series G |  | 5,450,000 |  |  | 3,000,000 |  |  | 72,218 |  |  | 75,000 |  |  | 7.000 | % |  | January 15, 2027 |  |  |  |
Total |  | 31,500,000 |  |  | 22,284,994 |  |  | $ | 538,351 |  |  | $ | 557,125 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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December 31, 2021

Class of Preferred Stock |  | Shares Authorized |  | Shares Issued and Outstanding |  | Carrying Value |  | Liquidation Preference |  | Contractual Rate (1) |  | Optional Redemption Date (2) |  | Fixed-to-Floating Rate Conversion Date (1)(3) |  | Floating Annual Rate (4)
Fixed-to-Floating Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series D |  | 8,400,000 |  |  | 6,123,495 |  |  | $ | 148,134 |  |  | $ | 153,087 |  |  | 8.000 | % |  | October 15, 2027 |  | October 15, 2027 |  | 3M LIBOR + 5.695%
Series E |  | 9,900,000 |  |  | 7,411,499 |  |  | 179,349 |  |  | 185,288 |  |  | 7.875 | % |  | January 15, 2025 |  | January 15, 2025 |  | 3M LIBOR + 6.429%
Series F |  | 7,750,000 |  |  | 5,750,000 |  |  | 138,650 |  |  | 143,750 |  |  | 6.875 | % |  | October 15, 2026 |  | October 15, 2026 |  | 3M SOFR + 6.130%
Fixed Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series G |  | 3,450,000 |  |  | 3,000,000 |  |  | 72,088 |  |  | 75,000 |  |  | 7.000 | % |  | January 15, 2027 |  |  |  |
Total |  | 29,500,000 |  |  | 22,284,994 |  |  | $ | 538,221 |  |  | $ | 557,125 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Each series of fixed rate preferred stock is entitled to receive a dividend at the contractual rate shown, respectively, per year on its $25 liquidation preference. Each series of fixed-to-floating rate preferred stock is entitled to receive a dividend at the contractual rate shown, respectively, per year on its $25 liquidation preference up to, but excluding, the fixed-to-floating rate conversion date.
(2)Each series of Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to the respective optional redemption date disclosed except under circumstances intended to preserve the Company’s qualification as a REIT and except upon occurrence of a Change in Control (as defined in the Articles Supplementary designating the Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock and Series G Preferred Stock, respectively).
(3)Beginning on the respective fixed-to-floating rate conversion date, each of the Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock and Series F Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend on a floating rate basis according to the terms disclosed in footnote (4) below.
(4)On and after the fixed-to-floating rate conversion date, each of the Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus the respective spread disclosed above per year on its $25 liquidation preference. On and after the fixed-to-floating rate conversion date, the Series F Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend at a floating rate equal to three-month SOFR plus the spread disclosed above per year on its $25 liquidation preference.
For each series of Preferred Stock, on or after the respective redemption date disclosed, the Company may, at its option, redeem the respective series of Preferred Stock in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price equal to $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. In addition, upon the occurrence of a change of control, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Preferred Stock in whole or in part, within 120 days after the first date on which such change of control occurred, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends.
The Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights, subject to an exception in the event the Company fails to pay dividends on such stock for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive). Under such circumstances, holders of the Preferred Stock voting together as a single class with the holders of all other classes or series of our preferred stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Preferred Stock will be entitled to vote to elect two additional directors to the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set apart for payment. In addition, certain material and adverse changes to the terms of any series of the Preferred Stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of the series of Preferred Stock whose terms are being changed.
The Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted into the Company’s common stock in connection with a change of control.
Upon the occurrence of a change of control, each holder of Preferred Stock will have the right (unless the Company has exercised its right to redeem the Preferred Stock) to convert some or all of the Preferred Stock held by such holder into a number of shares of our common stock per share of the applicable series of Preferred Stock determined by a formula, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions described in the applicable Articles Supplementary for such series.
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(b) Dividends on Preferred Stock
From the time of original issuance of the Preferred Stock through December 31, 2019, the Company declared and paid all required quarterly dividends on such series of stock. On March 23, 2020, the Company announced that it had suspended quarterly dividends on its Preferred Stock that would have been payable in April 2020 to focus on conserving capital during the difficult market conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 15, 2020, the Company reinstated the payment of dividends on its Preferred Stock and declared dividends in arrears for the quarterly period that began on January 15, 2020 and ended on April 14, 2020. The following table presents the relevant information with respect to quarterly cash dividends declared on the Preferred Stock commencing January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2022:

|  |  |  |  |  | Cash Dividend Per Share |
Declaration Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Series B Preferred Stock (1) |  | Series C Preferred Stock (1) |  | Series D Preferred Stock |  | Series E Preferred Stock |  | Series F Preferred Stock |  | Series G Preferred Stock |
December 12, 2022 |  | January 1, 2023 |  | January 15, 2023 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.4921875 |  |  | $ | 0.4296875 |  |  | $ | 0.43750 |  |
September 16, 2022 |  | October 1, 2022 |  | October 15, 2022 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.43750 |  |
June 17, 2022 |  | July 1, 2022 |  | July 15, 2022 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.43750 |  |
March 14, 2022 |  | April 1, 2022 |  | April 15, 2022 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.43750 |  |
December 13, 2021 |  | January 1, 2022 |  | January 15, 2022 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.24792 |  | (2)
September 13, 2021 |  | October 1, 2021 |  | October 15, 2021 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4679000 |  | (3) | — |  |
June 14, 2021 |  | July 1, 2021 |  | July 15, 2021 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
March 15, 2021 |  | April 1, 2021 |  | April 15, 2021 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
December 7, 2020 |  | January 1, 2021 |  | January 15, 2021 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
September 14, 2020 |  | October 1, 2020 |  | October 15, 2020 |  | 0.484375 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
June 15, 2020 |  | July 1, 2020 |  | July 15, 2020 |  | 0.968750 |  | (4) | 0.9843750 |  | (4) | 1.00 |  | (4) | 0.9843750 |  | (4) | — |  |  | — |  |

(1)Refer above for disclosure regarding the optional redemption of the Company's Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock.
(2)Cash dividend for the short initial dividend period that began on November 24, 2021 and ended on January 14, 2022.
(3)Cash dividend for the long initial dividend period that began on July 7, 2021 and ended on October 14, 2021.
(4)Preferred Stock dividends declared on June 15, 2020 included cash dividends in arrears for the quarterly period that began on January 15, 2020 and ended on April 14, 2020 and cash dividends for the quarterly period that began on April 15, 2020 and ended on July 14, 2020.
(c)Common Stock
The Company had 800,000,000 authorized shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, with 364,774,752 and 379,405,240 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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In February 2022, the Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million stock repurchase program. The program, which expires March 31, 2023, allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of common stock from time to time in open market transactions, including through block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions or pursuant to any Rule 10b-18 or 10b5-1 plans. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 16,629,615 shares of its common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $44.4 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker of approximately $0.2 million, representing an average repurchase price of $2.67 per common share. As of December 31, 2022, $155.8 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of the Company's common stock under the stock repurchase program. On February 20, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an extension of the Company’s stock repurchase program to March 31, 2024.
(d)Dividends on Common Stock
On March 23, 2020, the Company announced that it had suspended its quarterly dividend on common stock for the first quarter of 2020 to focus on conserving capital during the difficult market conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the Company did not declare a cash dividend on its common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2020. Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, the Company has declared a regular quarterly cash dividend in each quarterly period through December 31, 2022. The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its common stock with respect to the quarterly periods commencing January 1, 2020 and ended December 31, 2022:

Period |  | Declaration Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Cash Dividend Per Share
Fourth Quarter 2022 |  | December 12, 2022 |  | December 27, 2022 |  | January 26, 2023 |  | $ | 0.100 |
Third Quarter 2022 |  | September 16, 2022 |  | September 26, 2022 |  | October 26, 2022 |  | 0.100 |
Second Quarter 2022 |  | June 17, 2022 |  | June 27, 2022 |  | July 25, 2022 |  | 0.100 |
First Quarter 2022 |  | March 14, 2022 |  | March 24, 2022 |  | April 25, 2022 |  | 0.100 |
Fourth Quarter 2021 |  | December 13, 2021 |  | December 27, 2021 |  | January 25, 2022 |  | 0.100 |
Third Quarter 2021 |  | September 13, 2021 |  | September 23, 2021 |  | October 25, 2021 |  | 0.100 |
Second Quarter 2021 |  | June 14, 2021 |  | June 24, 2021 |  | July 26, 2021 |  | 0.100 |
First Quarter 2021 |  | March 15, 2021 |  | March 25, 2021 |  | April 26, 2021 |  | 0.100 |
Fourth Quarter 2020 |  | December 7, 2020 |  | December 17, 2020 |  | January 25, 2021 |  | 0.100 |
Third Quarter 2020 |  | September 14, 2020 |  | September 24, 2020 |  | October 26, 2020 |  | 0.075 |
Second Quarter 2020 |  | June 15, 2020 |  | July 1, 2020 |  | July 27, 2020 |  | 0.050 |

During 2022, aggregate dividends for our common stock were $0.40 per share. For tax reporting purposes, the 2022 dividends were classified as ordinary income and return of capital in the amounts of $0.15 and $0.25, r espectively, per share. During 2021, aggregate dividends for our common stock were $0.40 per share. For tax reporting purposes, the 2021 dividends were classified as ordinary income, capital gain distribution and return of capital in the amounts of $0.09, $0.04 and $0.27, respectively, per share. During 2020, aggregate dividends for our common stock were $0.225 per share. For tax reporting purposes, the 2020 dividends were classified as ordinary income and return of capital in the amounts of $0.180 and $0.045, respectively, per share.
(e)Public Offering of Common Stock
The following table details the Company's public offerings of common stock during the three years ended December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Share Issue Month |  | Shares Issued |  | Net Proceeds (1)
February 2020 |  | 50,600,000 |  |  | $ | 305,274 |
January 2020 |  | 34,500,000 |  |  | 206,650 |

(1) Proceeds are net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.
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(f)Equity Distribution Agreements
On August 10, 2021, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Common Equity Distribution Agreement”) with a sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having a maximum aggregate sales price of up to $100.0 million from time to time through the sales agent. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares of common stock issuable under the Common Equity Distribution Agreement and may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the Common Equity Distribution Agreement.
The Common Equity Distribution Agreement replaced the Company's prior equity distribution agreement with a sales agent dated as of August 10, 2017, as amended on September 10, 2018 (collectively, the "Prior Equity Distribution Agreement"), pursuant to which approximately $72.5 million of aggregate value of the Company's common stock remained available for issuance prior to termination.
There were no shares of the Company's common stock issued under the Common Equity Distribution Agreement and the Prior Equity Distribution Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $100.0 million of common stock remains available for issuance under the Common Equity Distribution Agreement.
On March 29, 2019, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement”) with a sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of the Company's Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock, having a maximum aggregate gross sales price of up to $50.0 million, from time to time through the sales agent. On November 27, 2019, the Company entered into an amendment to the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement that increased the maximum aggregate sales price to $131.5 million. The amendment also provided for the inclusion of sales of the Company’s Series E Preferred Stock. On August 10, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement that increased the maximum aggregate sales price to $149.1 million. The amendment also provided for the inclusion of sales of the Company's Series F Preferred Stock and the exclusion of sales of the Company's Series C Preferred Stock. On March 2, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement that provided for the inclusion of sales of the Company's Series G Preferred Stock and the exclusion of sales of the Company's Series B Preferred Stock. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares of Preferred Stock issuable under the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement and may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement.
There were no shares of Preferred Stock issued under the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $100.0 million of Preferred Stock remains available for issuance under the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement.
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17. (Loss) Earnings Per Common Share
The Company calculates basic (loss) earnings per common share by dividing net (loss) earnings attributable to the Company’s common stockholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Diluted (loss) earnings per common share takes into account the effect of dilutive instruments, such as convertible notes, performance share units and restricted stock units, and the number of incremental shares that are to be added to the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.
The Company redeemed the Convertible Notes at maturity in the amount of $138.0 million on January 15, 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company's Convertible Notes were determined to be anti-dilutive and were not included in the calculation of diluted (loss) earnings per common share.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the PSUs and RSUs awarded under the 2017 Plan were determined to be anti-dilutive and were not included in the calculation of diluted loss per common share. During the year ended December 31, 2021, certain of the PSUs and RSUs awarded under the 2017 Plan were determined to be dilutive and were included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share under the treasury stock method. Under this method, common equivalent shares are calculated assuming that target PSUs and outstanding RSUs vest according to the respective PSU and RSU agreements and unrecognized compensation cost is used to repurchase shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock at the average market price during the reported period. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the PSUs and RSUs awarded under the 2017 Plan were determined to be anti-dilutive.
The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted (loss) earnings per common share for the periods indicated (dollar and share amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Basic (Loss) Earnings per Common Share |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company |  | $ | (298,605) |  |  | $ | 193,200 |  |  | $ | (288,510) |
Less: Preferred Stock dividends |  | (41,972) |  |  | (42,859) |  |  | (41,186) |
Less: Preferred Stock redemption charge |  | — |  |  | (6,165) |  |  | — |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company’s common stockholders |  | $ | (340,577) |  |  | $ | 144,176 |  |  | $ | (329,696) |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 377,287 |  |  | 379,232 |  |  | 371,004 |
Basic (Loss) Earnings per Common Share |  | $ | (0.90) |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (0.89) |
Diluted (Loss) Earnings per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company |  | $ | (298,605) |  |  | $ | 193,200 |  |  | $ | (288,510) |
Less: Preferred Stock dividends |  | (41,972) |  |  | (42,859) |  |  | (41,186) |
Less: Preferred Stock redemption charge |  | — |  |  | (6,165) |  |  | — |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company’s common stockholders |  | $ | (340,577) |  |  | $ | 144,176 |  |  | $ | (329,696) |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 377,287 |  |  | 379,232 |  |  | 371,004 |
Net effect of assumed PSUs vested |  | — |  |  | 1,541 |  |  | — |
Net effect of assumed RSUs vested |  | — |  |  | 195 |  |  | — |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 377,287 |  |  | 380,968 |  |  | 371,004 |
Diluted (Loss) Earnings per Common Share |  | $ | (0.90) |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (0.89) |

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18. Stock Based Compensation
In May 2017, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2017 Plan, with such stockholder action resulting in the termination of the Company’s 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”). The terms of the 2017 Plan, as amended from time to time, are substantially the same as the 2010 Plan. At December 31, 2022, there were no common shares of non-vested restricted stock outstanding under the 2010 Plan.
Pursuant to the 2017 Plan, eligible employees, officers and directors of the Company and individuals who provide services to the Company are offered the opportunity to acquire the Company’s common stock through equity awards under the 2017 Plan. The maximum number of shares that may be issued under the 2017 Plan is 43,170,000.
Of the common stock authorized at December 31, 2022, 28,796,097 shares remain available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The Company’s non-employee directors have been issued 919,019 shares under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2022. The Company’s employees have been issued 3,809,403 shares of restricted stock under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, there were 2,104,568 shares of non-vested restricted stock outstanding, 6,233,373 common shares reserved for issuance in connection with outstanding PSUs under the 2017 Plan and 1,054,880 common shares reserved for issuance in connection with outstanding RSUs under the 2017 Plan.
Of the common stock authorized at December 31, 2021, 31,367,872 shares were reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The Company’s non-employee directors had been issued 687,503 shares under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2021. The Company’s employees had been issued 2,689,394 shares of restricted stock under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2021, there were 1,909,107 shares of non-vested restricted stock outstanding, 6,168,886 common shares reserved for issuance in connection with outstanding PSUs under the 2017 Plan and 1,016,252 common shares reserved for issuance in connection with outstanding RSUs under the 2017 Plan.
(a)Restricted Common Stock Awards
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized non-cash compensation expense on its restricted common stock awards of $4.6 million, $4.3 million and $3.8 million, respectively. Dividends are paid on all restricted stock issued, whether those shares have vested or not. Non-vested restricted stock is forfeited upon the recipient’s termination of employment, subject to certain exceptions.
A summary of the activity of the Company’s non-vested restricted stock collectively under the 2010 Plan and 2017 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is presented below:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Number of Non-vested Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1)
Non-vested shares as of January 1 | 1,909,107 |  |  | $ | 5.05 |  |  | 1,603,766 |  |  | $ | 6.27 |  |  | 837,123 |  |  | $ | 6.18 |
Granted | 1,217,671 |  |  | 3.59 |  |  | 1,058,211 |  |  | 3.86 |  |  | 1,054,254 |  |  | 6.33 |
Vested | (924,548) |  |  | 5.44 |  |  | (621,438) |  |  | 5.41 |  |  | (287,611) |  |  | 6.22 |
Forfeited | (97,662) |  |  | 3.92 |  |  | (131,432) |  |  | 4.92 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-vested shares as of December 31 | 2,104,568 |  |  | $ | 4.09 |  |  | 1,909,107 |  |  | $ | 5.05 |  |  | 1,603,766 |  |  | $ | 6.27 |
Restricted stock granted during the period | 1,217,671 |  |  | $ | 3.59 |  |  | 1,058,211 |  |  | $ | 3.86 |  |  | 1,054,254 |  |  | $ | 6.33 |

(1)The grant date fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date.
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At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had unrecognized compensation expense of $4.5 million and $5.1 million, respectively, related to the non-vested shares of restricted common stock under the 2017 Plan. The unrecognized compensation expense at December 31, 2022 is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. The total fair value of restricted shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $3.3 million, $2.5 million and $1.8 million, respectively. The requisite service period for restricted stock awards at issuance is three years and the restricted common stock either vests ratably over the requisite service period or at the end of the requisite service period.
(b)Performance Share Units
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company granted PSUs that had been approved by the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors. Each PSU represents an unfunded promise to receive one share of the Company’s common stock once the performance condition has been satisfied. The awards were issued pursuant to and are consistent with the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan.
The PSU awards are subject to performance-based vesting under the 2017 Plan pursuant to the PSU Agreements. Vesting of the PSUs will occur at the end of three years based on the following:
•If three-year TSR performance relative to the Company’s identified performance peer group (the “Relative TSR”) is less than the 30 th percentile, then 0% of the target PSUs will vest;
•If three-year Relative TSR performance is equal to the 30 th percentile, then the Threshold % (as defined in the individual PSU Agreements) of the target PSUs will vest;
•If three-year Relative TSR performance is equal to the 50 th percentile, then 100% of the target PSUs will vest; and
•If three-year Relative TSR performance is greater than or equal to the 80 th percentile, then the Maximum % (as defined in the individual PSU Agreements) of the target PSUs will vest.
The percentage of target PSUs that vest for performance between the 30 th, 50 th, and 80 th percentiles will be calculated using linear interpolation.
TSR for the Company and each member of the peer group will be determined by dividing (i) the sum of the cumulative amount of such entity’s dividends per share for the performance period and the arithmetic average per share volume weighted average price (the “VWAP”) of such entity’s common stock for the last thirty (30) consecutive trading days of the performance period minus the arithmetic average per share VWAP of such entity’s common stock for the last thirty (30) consecutive trading days immediately prior to the performance period by (ii) the arithmetic average per share VWAP of such entity’s common stock for the last thirty (30) consecutive trading days immediately prior to the performance period.
The grant date fair value of the PSUs was determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return and the common stock total shareholder return of its identified performance peer companies to determine the Relative TSR of the Company’s common stock over a future period of three years. For PSUs granted, the inputs used by the model to determine the fair value are (i) historical stock price volatilities of the Company and its identified performance peer companies over the most recent three year period and correlation between each company’s stock and the identified performance peer group over the same time series and (ii) a risk free rate for the period interpolated from the U.S. Treasury yield curve on grant date.
The PSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 include DERs which shall remain outstanding from the grant date until the earlier of the settlement or forfeiture of the PSU to which the DER corresponds. Each vested DER entitles the holder to receive payments in an amount equal to any dividends paid by the Company in respect of the share of the Company’s common stock underlying the PSU to which such DER relates. Upon vesting of the PSUs, the DER will also vest. DERs will be forfeited upon forfeiture of the corresponding PSUs. The DERs may be settled in cash or stock at the discretion of the Compensation Committee.
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A summary of the activity of the target PSU Awards under the 2017 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is presented below:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Number of Non-vested Target Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Target Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Target Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1)
Non-vested target PSUs as of January 1 | 3,376,740 |  |  | $ | 5.43 |  |  | 2,902,014 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |  |  | 2,018,518 |  |  | $ | 4.09 |
Granted | 844,534 |  |  | 4.87 |  |  | 1,631,661 |  |  | 5.56 |  |  | 883,496 |  |  | 7.03 |
Vested | (1,074,918) |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | (842,792) |  |  | 4.20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  | (314,143) |  |  | 5.29 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-vested target PSUs as of December 31 | 3,146,356 |  |  | $ | 5.76 |  |  | 3,376,740 |  |  | $ | 5.43 |  |  | 2,902,014 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |

(1)The grant date fair value of the PSUs was determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return and the common stock total shareholder return of its identified performance peer companies to determine the Relative TSR of the Company’s common stock over a future period of three years.
The three-year performance period for PSUs granted in 2019 ended on December 31, 2021, resulting in the vesting of 733,496 shares of common stock during the year ended December 31, 2022 with a fair value of $2.6 million on the vesting date. The number of vested shares related to PSUs granted in 2019 was less than the target PSUs of 1,074,918. The three-year performance period for PSUs granted in 2018 ended on December 31, 2020, resulting in the vesting of 974,074 shares of common stock during the year ended December 31, 2021 with a fair value o f $3.7 million o n the vesting date. The number of vested shares related to PSUs granted in 2018 exceeded the target PSUs of 842,792. Non-vested PSUs are forfeited upon the recipient's termination of employment, subject to certain exceptions.
As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there was $5.7 million, $7.6 million and $5.7 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the PSUs, respectively. The unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the PSUs at December 31, 2022 is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. Compensation expense related to the PSUs was $6.1 million, $5.5 million and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(c)Restricted Stock Units
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company granted RSUs that had been approved by the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors. Each RSU represents an unfunded promise to receive one share of the Company's common stock upon satisfaction of the vesting provisions. The awards were issued pursuant to and are consistent with the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan. The requisite service period for RSUs at issuance is three years and the RSUs vest ratably over the requisite service period.
The RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 include DERs which shall remain outstanding from the grant date until the earlier of the settlement or forfeiture of the RSU to which the DER corresponds. Each vested DER entitles the holder to receive payments in an amount equal to any dividends paid by the Company in respect of the share of the Company’s common stock underlying the RSU to which such DER relates. Upon vesting of the RSUs, the DER will also vest. DERs will be forfeited upon forfeiture of the corresponding RSUs. The DERs may be settled in cash or stock at the discretion of the Compensation Committee.
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A summary of the activity of the RSU awards under the 2017 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is presented below:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Number of Non-vested Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1)
Non-vested RSUs as of January 1 | 1,016,252 |  |  | $ | 4.36 |  |  | 441,746 |  |  | $ | 6.23 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Granted | 422,267 |  |  | 3.72 |  |  | 815,830 |  |  | 3.69 |  |  | 441,746 |  |  | 6.23 |
Vested | (383,639) |  |  | 4.58 |  |  | (147,254) |  |  | 6.23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94,070) |  |  | 4.37 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-vested RSUs as of December 31 | 1,054,880 |  |  | $ | 4.03 |  |  | 1,016,252 |  |  | $ | 4.36 |  |  | 441,746 |  |  | $ | 6.23 |

(1)The grant date fair value of RSUs is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, 383,639 shares of common stock were issued in connection with the vesting of RSUs at a fair value of $1.4 million on the vesting date. During the year ended December 31, 2021, 147,254 shares of common stock were issued in connection with the vesting of RSUs at a fair value of $0.5 million on the vesting date. Non-vested RSUs are forfeited upon the recipient's termination of employment, subject to certain exceptions.
As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 there was $2.0 million, $2.7 million and $1.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the RSUs, respectively. The unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the RSUs at December 31, 2022 is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. Compensation expense related to the RSUs was $2.3 million, $1.7 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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19. Income Taxes
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company qualified to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As long as the Company qualifies as a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on its taxable income to the extent it annually distributes at least 100% of its taxable income to stockholders and does not engage in prohibited transactions. Certain activities the Company performs may produce income that will not be qualifying income for REIT purposes. The Company has designated its TRSs to engage in these activities. The tables below reflect the taxes accrued at the TRS level and the tax attributes included in the consolidated financial statements.
The income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is comprised of the following components (dollar amounts in thousands):

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current income tax provision |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 2,355 |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 1,225 |
State | 862 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 151 |
Total current income tax provision | 3,217 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 1,376 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (1,649) |  |  | 1,339 |  |  | (244) |
State | (1,026) |  |  | 834 |  |  | (151) |
Total deferred income tax (benefit) provision | (2,675) |  |  | 2,173 |  |  | (395) |
Total income tax provision | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 2,458 |  |  | $ | 981 |

The Company’s estimated taxable income differs from the statutory U.S. federal rate as a result of state and local taxes, non-taxable REIT income, valuation allowance and other differences. A reconciliation of the statutory income tax provision to the effective income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands).

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
(Benefit) provision at statutory rate | $ | (71,422) |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 41,088 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | (60,381) |  |  | 21.0 | %
Non-taxable REIT loss (income) | 64,479 |  |  | (19.0) |  |  | (36,691) |  |  | (18.8) |  |  | 58,783 |  |  | (20.4) |
State and local tax (benefit) provision | (78) |  |  | — |  |  | 825 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (0.1) |
Other | (6,057) |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (45) |  |  | — |
Valuation allowance | 13,620 |  |  | (4.0) |  |  | (2,989) |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 2,474 |  |  | (0.9) |
Total provision | $ | 542 |  |  | (0.2) | % |  | $ | 2,458 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | $ | 981 |  |  | (0.4) | %

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Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The major sources of temporary differences included in the deferred tax assets (liabilities) and their deferred tax effect as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Deferred tax assets |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforward | $ | 3,513 |  |  | $ | 3,615 |
Capital loss carryover | 16,045 |  |  | 7,549 |
GAAP/Tax basis differences | 1,869 |  |  | 254 |
Total deferred tax assets (1) | 21,427 |  |  | 11,418 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |
GAAP/Tax basis differences | 394 |  |  | 6,681 |
Total deferred tax liabilities (2) | 394 |  |  | 6,681 |
Valuation allowance (1) | (18,756) |  |  | (5,136) |
Total net deferred tax asset (liability) | $ | 2,277 |  |  | $ | (399) |

(1)Included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company, through wholly owned TRSs, had incurred net operating losses in the aggregate amount of approximately $10.3 million. The Company’s carryforward net operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely until they are offset by future taxable income. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, the Company, through its wholly-owned TRSs, had also incurred approximately $47.1 million in capital losses. The Company’s carryforward capital losses will expire between 2025 and 2027 if they are not offset by future capital gains.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets as management does not believe that it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be realized. The change in the valuation for the current year is an increase of approximately $13.6 million. We will continue to monitor positive and negative evidence related to the utilization of the remaining deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance continues to be provided.
The Company files income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state and local jurisdictions. The Company’s federal, state and city income tax returns are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and related tax authorities generally for three years after they were filed. The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open years and concluded that there are no material uncertainties to be recognized.
Based on the Company’s evaluation, the Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements. To the extent that the Company incurs interest and accrued penalties in connection with its tax obligations, including expenses related to the Company’s evaluation of unrecognized tax positions, such amounts will be included in income tax expense.
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20. Net Interest Income
The following table details the components of the Company's interest income and interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest income |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | 113,131 |  |  | $ | 83,852 |  |  | $ | 69,170 |
Consolidated SLST | 36,448 |  |  | 40,944 |  |  | 45,194 |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts | 80,119 |  |  | 38,941 |  |  | 12,612 |
Total residential loans | 229,698 |  |  | 163,737 |  |  | 126,976 |
Multi-family loans |  |  |  |  |
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments | 11,185 |  |  | 15,321 |  |  | 20,899 |
Consolidated K-Series | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151,841 |
Total multi-family loans | 11,185 |  |  | 15,321 |  |  | 172,740 |
Investment securities available for sale | 15,825 |  |  | 27,750 |  |  | 49,925 |
Other | 1,680 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 520 |
Total interest income | 258,388 |  |  | 206,866 |  |  | 350,161 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | 51,432 |  |  | 13,844 |  |  | 37,334 |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST | 25,145 |  |  | 28,135 |  |  | 31,663 |
Consolidated K-Series | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,762 |
Residential loan securitizations | 43,384 |  |  | 19,660 |  |  | 6,967 |
Non-Agency RMBS re-securitization | — |  |  | 283 |  |  | 3,290 |
Total collateralized debt obligations | 68,529 |  |  | 48,078 |  |  | 171,682 |
Convertible notes | 438 |  |  | 11,196 |  |  | 10,997 |
Senior unsecured notes | 6,430 |  |  | 4,335 |  |  | — |
Subordinated debentures | 2,590 |  |  | 1,831 |  |  | 2,187 |
Derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | 868 |
Total interest expense | 129,419 |  |  | 79,284 |  |  | 223,068 |
Net interest income | $ | 128,969 |  |  | $ | 127,582 |  |  | $ | 127,093 |

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21. Subsequent Events
Reverse Stock Split
On February 22, 2023, the Company announced that the Board approved a one-for-four reverse stock split of the Company's common stock. The reverse stock split is expected to take effect on March 9, 2023, upon which date every four issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock will be converted into one share of the Company’s common stock, with a proportionate reduction in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, outstanding equity awards and number of shares remaining available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The par value of each share of common stock will remain unchanged.
The following table presents the Company's pro forma (loss) earnings per common share on a post-reverse split basis for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

|  | Pro Forma (Unaudited)
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net (loss) income attributable to Company’s common stockholders |  | $ | (340,577) |  |  | $ | 144,176 |  |  | $ | (329,696) |
Basic (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (3.61) |  |  | $ | 1.52 |  |  | $ | (3.55) |
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (3.61) |  |  | $ | 1.51 |  |  | $ | (3.55) |
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic |  | 94,322 |  |  | 94,808 |  |  | 92,751 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted |  | 94,322 |  |  | 95,242 |  |  | 92,751 |

Extension of Share Repurchase Program
On February 20, 2023, the Board authorized an extension of our share repurchase program through March 31, 2024.
Repurchase of Residential Loan Securitization CDOs
In February 2023, the Company repurchased $60.3 million par value of its residential loan securitization CDOs for approximately $58.7 million.
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Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
December 31, 2022

|  |  |  |  |  | Initial Cost to Company |  |  |  | Gross Amount at Close of Period (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market |  | Number of Properties |  | Encumbrances |  | Land |  | Buildings and Improvements |  | Total Adjustment to Basis (2) |  | Land |  | Buildings and Improvements |  | Total |  | Accumulated Depreciation |  | Date of Construction |  | Date Acquired |  | Depreciable Period (Years)
Operating Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-Family - Operating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beaufort, SC |  | 1 |  | $ | 24,327 |  |  | $ | 6,113 |  |  | $ | 30,894 |  |  | $ | 954 |  |  | $ | 6,113 |  |  | $ | 31,848 |  |  | $ | 37,961 |  |  | $ | (1,228) |  |  | 2001 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Dallas, TX |  | 1 |  | 30,587 |  |  | 3,616 |  |  | 40,497 |  |  | 779 |  |  | 3,616 |  |  | 41,276 |  |  | 44,892 |  |  | (1,622) |  |  | 2009 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Dallas, TX |  | 1 |  | 27,234 |  |  | 5,728 |  |  | 34,635 |  |  | 750 |  |  | 5,728 |  |  | 35,385 |  |  | 41,113 |  |  | (1,392) |  |  | 2014 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
San Antonio, TX |  | 1 |  | 35,803 |  |  | 6,827 |  |  | 43,240 |  |  | 1,424 |  |  | 6,827 |  |  | 44,664 |  |  | 51,491 |  |  | (1,633) |  |  | 2014 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
San Antonio, TX |  | 1 |  | 24,046 |  |  | 3,116 |  |  | 35,223 |  |  | 301 |  |  | 3,116 |  |  | 35,524 |  |  | 38,640 |  |  | (1,335) |  |  | 2015 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Collierville, TN |  | 1 |  | 39,510 |  |  | 3,113 |  |  | 45,616 |  |  | 1,215 |  |  | 3,113 |  |  | 46,831 |  |  | 49,944 |  |  | (1,858) |  |  | 2000 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Little Rock, AR |  | 1 |  | 25,371 |  |  | 2,366 |  |  | 27,229 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 2,366 |  |  | 27,660 |  |  | 30,026 |  |  | (1,097) |  |  | 1999 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Columbia, SC |  | 1 |  | 17,216 |  |  | 2,420 |  |  | 21,363 |  |  | 742 |  |  | 2,420 |  |  | 22,105 |  |  | 24,525 |  |  | (811) |  |  | 1986 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
St. Petersburg, FL |  | 1 |  | 56,253 |  |  | 9,823 |  |  | 74,801 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 9,823 |  |  | 75,801 |  |  | 85,624 |  |  | (2,991) |  |  | 2014 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Louisville, KY |  | 1 |  | 43,155 |  |  | 5,567 |  |  | 52,819 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 5,567 |  |  | 53,122 |  |  | 58,689 |  |  | (1,936) |  |  | 2017 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Houston, TX |  | 1 |  | 22,854 |  |  | 6,406 |  |  | 25,211 |  |  | 714 |  |  | 6,406 |  |  | 25,925 |  |  | 32,331 |  |  | (1,117) |  |  | 1993 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Montgomery, AL |  | 1 |  | 20,898 |  |  | 3,367 |  |  | 26,967 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 3,367 |  |  | 27,178 |  |  | 30,545 |  |  | (819) |  |  | 1988 - 1994 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Memphis, TN |  | 1 |  | 27,453 |  |  | 3,659 |  |  | 32,525 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 3,659 |  |  | 33,000 |  |  | 36,659 |  |  | (863) |  |  | 1968 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Total Multi-Family - Operating |  | 13 |  | $ | 394,707 |  |  | $ | 62,121 |  |  | $ | 491,020 |  |  | $ | 9,299 |  |  | $ | 62,121 |  |  | $ | 500,319 |  |  | $ | 562,440 |  |  | $ | (18,702) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-Family Rental - Operating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chicago, IL |  | 232 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,359 |  |  | $ | 50,114 |  |  | $ | 9,371 |  |  | $ | 10,359 |  |  | $ | 59,485 |  |  | $ | 69,844 |  |  | $ | (1,660) |  |  | 1890 - 2010 |  | 2021- 2022 |  | 7.5 | - | 30
Baltimore, MD |  | 132 |  | — |  |  | 10,587 |  |  | 28,062 |  |  | 4,378 |  |  | 10,587 |  |  | 32,440 |  |  | 43,027 |  |  | (362) |  |  | 1921 - 2016 |  | 2021- 2022 |  | 7.5 | - | 30
Houston, TX |  | 83 |  | — |  |  | 4,390 |  |  | 19,912 |  |  | 2,266 |  |  | 4,390 |  |  | 22,178 |  |  | 26,568 |  |  | (371) |  |  | 1953 - 2021 |  | 2021 - 2022 |  | 7.5 | - | 30
Pittsburgh, PA |  | 29 |  | — |  |  | 1,098 |  |  | 4,777 |  |  | 1,401 |  |  | 1,098 |  |  | 6,178 |  |  | 7,276 |  |  | (84) |  |  | 1900 - 2007 |  | 2022 |  | 7.5 | - | 30
Tampa, FL |  | 12 |  | — |  |  | 890 |  |  | 3,036 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 890 |  |  | 3,426 |  |  | 4,316 |  |  | (39) |  |  | 1951 - 2010 |  | 2022 |  | 7.5 | - | 30

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Bedford, OH |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 427 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 1949 - 1979 |  | 2022 |  | 7.5 | - | 30
Milwaukee, WI |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 294 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 1970 |  | 2022 |  | 7.5 | - | 30
Total Single-Family Rental - Operating |  | 491 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,429 |  |  | $ | 106,394 |  |  | $ | 17,929 |  |  | $ | 27,429 |  |  | $ | 124,323 |  |  | $ | 151,752 |  |  | $ | (2,522) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Operating Real Estate |  | 504 |  | $ | 394,707 |  |  | $ | 89,550 |  |  | $ | 597,414 |  |  | $ | 27,228 |  |  | $ | 89,550 |  |  | $ | 624,642 |  |  | $ | 714,192 |  |  | $ | (21,224) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real Estate in Disposal Group Held for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-Family - Disposal Group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fort Myers, FL |  | 1 |  | $ | 37,882 |  |  | $ | 7,546 |  |  | $ | 34,504 |  |  | $ | 4,467 |  |  | $ | 7,546 |  |  | $ | 38,971 |  |  | $ | 46,517 |  |  | $ | (1,865) |  |  | 1973 & 1979 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Fort Worth, TX |  | 1 |  | 23,176 |  |  | 3,202 |  |  | 23,614 |  |  | 2,289 |  |  | 3,202 |  |  | 25,903 |  |  | 29,105 |  |  | (1,162) |  |  | 1985 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Tampa, FL |  | 1 |  | 52,164 |  |  | 10,152 |  |  | 53,668 |  |  | 3,359 |  |  | 10,152 |  |  | 57,027 |  |  | 67,179 |  |  | (2,633) |  |  | 1971& 1972 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Birmingham, AL |  | 1 |  | 32,040 |  |  | 2,823 |  |  | 42,373 |  |  | 438 |  |  | 2,823 |  |  | 42,811 |  |  | 45,634 |  |  | (1,685) |  |  | 2013 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Pearland, TX |  | 1 |  | 6,082 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,351 |  |  | 447 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,798 |  |  | 8,798 |  |  | (326) |  |  | 2008 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Pearland, TX |  | 1 |  | 21,375 |  |  | 2,744 |  |  | 27,590 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 2,744 |  |  | 28,293 |  |  | 31,037 |  |  | (1,123) |  |  | 2011 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Orlando, FL |  | 1 |  | 37,722 |  |  | 9,012 |  |  | 36,435 |  |  | 1,876 |  |  | 9,012 |  |  | 38,311 |  |  | 47,323 |  |  | (1,273) |  |  | 1983 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Birmingham, AL |  | 1 |  | 73,547 |  |  | 5,875 |  |  | 88,029 |  |  | (1,092) |  |  | 5,719 |  |  | 87,093 |  |  | 92,812 |  |  | (2,766) |  |  | 2004 & 2017 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Brandon, FL |  | 1 |  | 42,109 |  |  | 3,884 |  |  | 48,869 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | 3,884 |  |  | 51,632 |  |  | 55,516 |  |  | (1,578) |  |  | 1974& 1981 |  | 2021 |  | 5 | - | 30
Plano, TX |  | 1 |  | 55,646 |  |  | 11,229 |  |  | 60,404 |  |  | 2,278 |  |  | 11,229 |  |  | 62,682 |  |  | 73,911 |  |  | (1,707) |  |  | 1992 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Plano, TX |  | 1 |  | 65,399 |  |  | 12,543 |  |  | 70,444 |  |  | 2,476 |  |  | 12,543 |  |  | 72,920 |  |  | 85,463 |  |  | (1,981) |  |  | 1994 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Oklahoma City, OK |  | 1 |  | 37,351 |  |  | 4,377 |  |  | 42,322 |  |  | 2,839 |  |  | 4,377 |  |  | 45,161 |  |  | 49,538 |  |  | (1,352) |  |  | 1983 - 1984 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Oklahoma City, OK |  | 1 |  | 36,593 |  |  | 4,581 |  |  | 40,885 |  |  | 2,628 |  |  | 4,581 |  |  | 43,513 |  |  | 48,094 |  |  | (1,355) |  |  | 1985 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Brandon, FL |  | 1 |  | 184,944 |  |  | 29,821 |  |  | 185,610 |  |  | 6,780 |  |  | 29,821 |  |  | 192,390 |  |  | 222,211 |  |  | (3,956) |  |  | 1990 - 2002 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Apopka, FL |  | 1 |  | 51,611 |  |  | 8,009 |  |  | 58,247 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 8,009 |  |  | 59,136 |  |  | 67,145 |  |  | (1,086) |  |  | 2000 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Kissimmee, FL |  | 1 |  | 61,560 |  |  | 10,586 |  |  | 68,003 |  |  | 988 |  |  | 10,586 |  |  | 68,991 |  |  | 79,577 |  |  | (1,266) |  |  | 1989 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Pensacola, FL |  | 1 |  | 46,211 |  |  | 2,701 |  |  | 54,675 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 2,701 |  |  | 55,424 |  |  | 58,125 |  |  | (929) |  |  | 1999 |  | 2022 |  | 5 | - | 30
Total Multi-Family - Disposal Group |  | 17 |  | $ | 865,412 |  |  | $ | 129,085 |  |  | $ | 944,023 |  |  | $ | 34,877 |  |  | $ | 128,929 |  |  | $ | 979,056 |  |  | $ | 1,107,985 |  |  | $ | (28,043) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Real Estate |  | 521 |  | $ | 1,260,119 |  |  | $ | 218,635 |  |  | $ | 1,541,437 |  |  | $ | 62,105 |  |  | $ | 218,479 |  |  | $ | 1,603,698 |  |  | $ | 1,822,177 |  |  | $ | (49,267) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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(1)The aggregate cost of consolidated real estate in the table above for federal income tax purposes was $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2022.
(2)Consists of costs capitalized subsequent to acquisition and impairment charges.
Notes to Schedule III (Dollar amounts in thousands)
1.Reconciliation of Operating Real Estate

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 970,363 |  |  | $ | 50,686 |  |  | $ | — |
Acquisitions |  | 827,882 |  |  | 963,651 |  |  | 50,480 |
Improvements |  | 49,468 |  |  | 9,219 |  |  | 206 |
Reclassification to held for sale or disposal group held for sale |  | (1,133,521) |  |  | (53,193) |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 714,192 |  |  | $ | 970,363 |  |  | $ | 50,686 |

2.Reconciliation of Accumulated Depreciation for Operating Real Estate

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (3,890) |  |  | $ | (154) |  |  | $ | — |
Depreciation |  | (47,179) |  |  | (5,662) |  |  | (154) |
Reclassification to held for sale or disposal group held for sale |  | 29,845 |  |  | 1,926 |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (21,224) |  |  | $ | (3,890) |  |  | $ | (154) |

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Schedule IV - Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
(dollar amounts in thousands)
December 31, 2022

Asset Type |  | Number of Loans |  | Interest Rate |  | Maturity Date |  | Carrying Value |  | Principal Amount of Loans Subject to Delinquent Principal or Interest
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original loan amount $0 - $99,999 |  | 333 |  | 2.00% - 14.99% |  | 09/23/2013 - 10/01/2062 |  | $ | 9,272 |  |  | $ | 462 |
Original loan amount $100,000 - $199,999 |  | 333 |  | 2.13% - 11.72% |  | 11/22/2024 - 01/01/2062 |  | 37,214 |  |  | 405 |
Original loan amount $200,000 - $299,999 |  | 270 |  | 1.88% - 7.50% |  | 02/01/2033 - 08/01/2062 |  | 49,466 |  |  | 866 |
Original loan amount over $299,999 |  | 390 |  | 1.99% - 8.50% |  | 08/01/2027 - 01/01/2061 |  | 141,546 |  |  | 648 |
Second lien loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original loan amount $0 - $99,999 |  | 187 |  | 5.75% - 8.88% |  | 06/01/2024 - 08/01/2062 |  | 6,281 |  |  | 450 |
Original loan amount $100,000 - $199,999 |  | 12 |  | 6.25% - 8.63% |  | 11/01/2032 - 04/01/2050 |  | 1,259 |  |  | — |
Original loan amount $200,000 - $299,999 |  | 4 |  | 6.75% - 7.75% |  | 03/01/2046 - 01/01/2050 |  | 714 |  |  | — |
Business purpose loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original loan amount $0 - $99,999 |  | 276 |  | 4.25% - 13.00% |  | 09/05/2020 - 09/01/2052 |  | 45,808 |  |  | 1,853 |
Original loan amount $100,000 - $199,999 |  | 255 |  | 4.25% - 13.00% |  | 01/09/2020 - 06/01/2052 |  | 50,122 |  |  | 5,023 |
Original loan amount $200,000 - $299,999 |  | 171 |  | 5.63% - 12.49% |  | 04/19/2020 - 08/01/2052 |  | 50,510 |  |  | 6,240 |
Original loan amount over $299,999 |  | 651 |  | 4.00% - 13.00% |  | 07/08/2020 - 09/01/2052 |  | 689,192 |  |  | 54,065 |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original loan amount $0 - $99,999 |  | 1,776 |  | 1.38% - 14.29% |  | 08/20/2013 - 09/01/2062 |  | 86,794 |  |  | 8,923 |
Original loan amount $100,000 - $199,999 |  | 2,236 |  | 0.00% - 11.85% |  | 04/01/2023 - 11/01/2062 |  | 227,081 |  |  | 20,136 |
Original loan amount $200,000 - $299,999 |  | 1,092 |  | 0.00% - 11.90% |  | 07/02/2025 - 10/01/2062 |  | 188,444 |  |  | 15,714 |
Original loan amount over $299,999 |  | 1,305 |  | 1.88% - 9.75% |  | 12/01/2025 - 07/01/2062 |  | 420,189 |  |  | 31,884 |
Business purpose loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original loan amount $0 - $99,999 |  | 380 |  | 4.00% - 13.00% |  | 03/01/2022 - 07/01/2052 |  | 53,978 |  |  | 1,425 |
Original loan amount $100,000 - $199,999 |  | 527 |  | 3.75% - 12.25% |  | 09/01/2022 - 09/01/2052 |  | 74,963 |  |  | 510 |
Original loan amount $200,000 - $299,999 |  | 281 |  | 3.50% - 12.00% |  | 11/01/2021 - 07/01/2052 |  | 66,168 |  |  | 1,070 |

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Original loan amount over $299,999 |  | 586 |  | 3.49% - 12.25% |  | 04/01/2022 - 07/01/2052 |  | 498,497 |  |  | 10,307 |
Consolidated SLST |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien loans |  | 6,160 |  | 1.38% - 10.50% |  | 03/01/2021 - 11/01/2062 |  | 827,582 |  |  | 143,176 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,525,080 |  |  | $ | 303,157 |

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Reconciliation of Balance Sheet Reported Amounts of Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

|  | For the year ended December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning balance |  | $ | 3,575,601 |  |  | $ | 3,049,166 |  |  | $ | 20,780,548 |
Cumulative-effect adjustment for implementation of fair value option (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,812 |
Additions during period: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases |  | 1,733,265 |  |  | 1,581,979 |  |  | 569,557 |
Accretion of purchase discount |  | 5,292 |  |  | 4,154 |  |  | 5,265 |
Change in realized and unrealized gains |  | (404,524) |  |  | 44,564 |  |  | 101,957 |
Deductions during period: |  |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of principal |  | (1,362,294) |  |  | (1,018,176) |  |  | (674,337) |
Collection of interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfer to investment securities available for sale (2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (237,297) |
Transfer to REO |  | (18,858) |  |  | (4,133) |  |  | (8,509) |
Cost of loans sold (2) |  | — |  |  | (77,127) |  |  | (17,478,478) |
Provision for loan loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of premium |  | (3,402) |  |  | (4,826) |  |  | (15,352) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 3,525,080 |  |  | $ | 3,575,601 |  |  | $ | 3,049,166 |

(1)As of January 1, 2020, the Company has elected to account for all residential loans using the fair value option (see Note 2).
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series and, as a result, de-consolidated the multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series and transferred its remaining securities owned in the Consolidated K-Series to investment securities available for sale (see Notes 2 and 7).
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