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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
19. Income Taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company qualified to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As long as the Company qualifies as a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on its taxable income to the extent it annually distributes at least 100% of its taxable income to stockholders and does not engage in prohibited transactions. Certain activities the Company performs may produce income that will not be qualifying income for REIT purposes. The Company has designated its TRSs to engage in these activities. The tables below reflect the taxes accrued at the TRS level and the tax attributes included in the consolidated financial statements.

The income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is comprised of the following components (dollar amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Current income tax provision
Federal$2,355 $280 $1,225 
State862 5 151 
Total current income tax provision3,217 285 1,376 
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision
Federal(1,649)1,339 (244)
State(1,026)834 (151)
Total deferred income tax (benefit) provision(2,675)2,173 (395)
Total income tax provision$542 $2,458 $981 

The Company’s estimated taxable income differs from the statutory U.S. federal rate as a result of state and local taxes, non-taxable REIT income, valuation allowance and other differences. A reconciliation of the statutory income tax provision to the effective income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands).
For the Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
(Benefit) provision at statutory rate$(71,422)21.0 %$41,088 21.0 %$(60,381)21.0 %
Non-taxable REIT loss (income)64,479 (19.0)(36,691)(18.8)58,783 (20.4)
State and local tax (benefit) provision(78)— 825 0.4 150 (0.1)
Other(6,057)1.8 225 0.1 (45)— 
Valuation allowance13,620 (4.0)(2,989)(1.5)2,474 (0.9)
Total provision$542 (0.2)%$2,458 1.2 %$981 (0.4)%
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The major sources of temporary differences included in the deferred tax assets (liabilities) and their deferred tax effect as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss carryforward$3,513 $3,615 
Capital loss carryover16,045 7,549 
GAAP/Tax basis differences1,869 254 
Total deferred tax assets (1)
21,427 11,418 
Deferred tax liabilities
GAAP/Tax basis differences394 6,681 
Total deferred tax liabilities (2)
394 6,681 
Valuation allowance (1)
(18,756)(5,136)
Total net deferred tax asset (liability) $2,277 $(399)

(1)Included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company, through wholly owned TRSs, had incurred net operating losses in the aggregate amount of approximately $10.3 million. The Company’s carryforward net operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely until they are offset by future taxable income. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, the Company, through its wholly-owned TRSs, had also incurred approximately $47.1 million in capital losses. The Company’s carryforward capital losses will expire between 2025 and 2027 if they are not offset by future capital gains.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets as management does not believe that it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be realized. The change in the valuation for the current year is an increase of approximately $13.6 million. We will continue to monitor positive and negative evidence related to the utilization of the remaining deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance continues to be provided.

The Company files income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state and local jurisdictions. The Company’s federal, state and city income tax returns are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and related tax authorities generally for three years after they were filed. The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open years and concluded that there are no material uncertainties to be recognized.
Based on the Company’s evaluation, the Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements. To the extent that the Company incurs interest and accrued penalties in connection with its tax obligations, including expenses related to the Company’s evaluation of unrecognized tax positions, such amounts will be included in income tax expense.