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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets carried at fair value
Residential loans:
Residential loans$— $— $1,081,384 $1,081,384 $— $— $1,703,290 $1,703,290 
Consolidated SLST— — 827,582 827,582 — — 1,070,882 1,070,882 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts— — 1,616,114 1,616,114 — — 801,429 801,429 
Multi-family loans— — 87,534 87,534 — — 120,021 120,021 
Investment securities available for sale:
Non-Agency RMBS
— 68,570 — 68,570 — 128,019 — 128,019 
CMBS— 30,133 — 30,133 — 33,146 — 33,146 
ABS— 856 — 856 — 39,679 — 39,679 
Equity investments (1)
— — 179,746 179,746 — — 239,631 239,631 
Derivative assets:   
Interest rate caps (1) (2)
— 2,473 — 2,473 — — — — 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3)
— 29,418 9,010 38,428  — — — 
Total$— $131,450 $3,801,370 $3,932,820 $— $200,844 $3,935,253 $4,136,097 
Liabilities carried at fair value
        
Consolidated SLST CDOs$— $— $634,495 $634,495 $— $— $839,419 $839,419 
Total$— $— $634,495 $634,495 $— $— $839,419 $839,419 

(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(2)Included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Includes derivative assets classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $29.4 million and equity investments classified as Level 3 instruments in the amount of $9.0 million as of December 31, 2022.
Schedule of Changes in Level 3 Assets
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:
 Year Ended December 31, 2022
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsEquity investments in disposal group held for saleTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,703,290 $1,070,882 $801,429 $120,021 $239,631 $— $3,935,253 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
(111,879)(128,236)(162,518)9,531 18,884 (926)(375,144)
Transfers out (1)
(17,052)— (1,806)— — — (18,858)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(1,422,577)— 1,422,577 — — — — 
Transfer to disposal group held for sale— — — — (9,936)9,936 — 
Funding/Contributions— — — — 28,086 — 28,086 
Paydowns/Distributions(712,214)(115,064)(535,017)(42,018)(96,919)— (1,501,232)
Purchases1,641,816 — 91,449 — — — 1,733,265 
Balance at the end of period$1,081,384 $827,582 $1,616,114 $87,534 $179,746 $9,010 $3,801,370 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed four securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and business purpose loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
 Year Ended December 31, 2021
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,090,930 $1,266,785 $691,451 $163,593 $259,095 $3,471,854 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings36,844 (35,953)43,001 18,795 36,729 99,416 
Transfers out (1)
(2,080)— (2,053)— — (4,133)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(305,433)— 305,433 — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 37,678 107,465 145,143 
Paydowns/Distributions(618,790)(159,950)(239,436)(100,045)(163,658)(1,281,879)
Sales(74,751)— (2,376)— — (77,127)
Purchases1,576,570 — 5,409 — — 1,581,979 
Balance at the end of period$1,703,290 $1,070,882 $801,429 $120,021 $239,631 $3,935,253 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)In May 2021, the Company completed a securitization of certain business purpose loans. In August 2021, the Company redeemed a residential loan securitization and completed a new residential loan securitization of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
 Year Ended December 31, 2020
Residential loansMulti-family loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsPreferred equity and mezzanine loan investmentsConsolidated K-SeriesEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,429,754 $1,328,886 $— $— $17,816,746 $83,882 $20,659,268 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(9,240)27,898 31,402 20,454 41,795 26,670 138,979 
Transfers in (1)
164,279 — 46,572 182,465 — 107,477 500,793 
Transfers out (2) (3)
(6,017)— (2,492)(8,719)(237,297)— (254,525)
Transfer to securitization trust (4)
(651,911)— 651,911 — — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 14,164 — 66,336 80,500 
Paydowns/Distributions(308,600)(89,999)(35,942)(44,771)(239,796)(25,270)(744,378)
Recovery of charge-off— — — — 35 — 35 
Sales (3)
(96,892)— — — (17,381,483)— (17,478,375)
Purchases569,557 — — — — — 569,557 
Balance at the end of period$1,090,930 $1,266,785 $691,451 $163,593 $— $259,095 $3,471,854 

(1)As of January 1, 2020, the Company elected to account for all residential loans, residential loans held in securitization trusts, equity investments and preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments using the fair value option (see Note 2).
(2)Transfers out of Level 3 assets include the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned and the consolidation of a preferred equity investment into the Company's consolidated financial statements (see Note 7).
(3)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series and, as a result, de-consolidated the multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series and transferred its remaining securities owned in the Consolidated K-Series to investment securities available for sale (see Note 7).
(4)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company completed two securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
Schedule of Changes in Level 3 Liabilities
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Consolidated SLST CDOs
Balance at beginning of period$839,419 
Total gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(90,077)
Paydowns(114,847)
Balance at the end of period$634,495 
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Consolidated SLST CDOs
Balance at beginning of period$1,054,335 
Total gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(54,154)
Paydowns(160,762)
Balance at the end of period$839,419 



Year Ended December 31, 2020
Collateralized debt obligations
Consolidated K-SeriesConsolidated SLSTTotal
Balance at beginning of period$16,724,451 $1,052,829 $17,777,280 
Total losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings35,018 68,764 103,782 
Paydowns(147,376)(89,484)(236,860)
Sales (1)
(16,612,093)22,226 (16,589,867)
Balance at the end of period$— $1,054,335 $1,054,335 

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold first loss PO securities included in the Consolidated K-Series, and, as a result, de-consolidated the Consolidated K-Series CDOs (see Note 7). Also includes the Company's net sales of senior securities issued by Consolidated SLST for the year ended December 31, 2020 (see Note 7).
Schedule of Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):
December 31, 2022Fair ValueValuation Technique Unobservable InputWeighted Average Range
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
$2,578,229Discounted cash flowLifetime CPR4.4%-45.3%
Lifetime CDR0.5%-23.8%
Loss severity7.4%-96.5%
Yield8.2%6.1%-88.4%
$119,269Liquidation modelAnnual home price appreciation/(depreciation)0.1%(4.8)%-11.8%
Liquidation timeline (months)239-50
Property value$1,591,892$15,300-$13,800,000
Yield7.7%7.5%-28.5%
Consolidated SLST (3)
$827,582Liability priceN/A
Total$3,525,080
Multi-family loans (1)
$87,534Discounted cash flowDiscount rate12.4%11.0%-20.5%
Months to assumed redemption369-54
Loss severity
Equity investments (1) (2)
$152,246Discounted cash flowDiscount rate13.5%13.0%-15.5%
Months to assumed redemption212-34
Loss severity
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
$9,010Discounted cash flowDiscount rate16.0%16.0%-16.0%
Months to assumed redemption2323-23
Loss severity
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4)
$634,495Discounted cash flowYield5.3%4.7%-7.8%
Collateral prepayment rate5.7%2.5%-6.6%
Collateral default rate1.6%-11.5%
Loss severity17.1%-19.8%
(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments do not include equity ownership interests in an entity that originates residential loans. The fair value of this investment is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization of the entity.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $191.5 million.
(4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own.
Schedule of Fair Value, Measured on Recurring Basis, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Assets
Residential loans
Residential loans (1)
$(57,892)$31,222 $16,449 
Consolidated SLST (1)
(124,834)(31,128)33,479 
Residential loans held in securitization trust (1)
(219,647)35,570 17,785 
Multi-family loans (1)
(1,737)1,924 (682)
Equity investments (2)
(4,338)3,990 256 
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
(1,430)— — 
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1)
$92,431 $54,960 $(65,552)

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Schedule of Fair Value, by Balance Sheet Grouping
The following table summarizes the aggregate estimated fair value of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests associated with the initial consolidation of the joint venture entities and real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated VIE during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Cash (1)
$8,576 $27,907 $327 
Operating real estate (1) (2)
730,988 926,756 50,481 
Lease intangibles (1) (3)
41,892 51,970 1,619 
Other assets (1)
8,258 32,690 1,395 
Total assets789,714 1,039,323 53,822 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (1)
570,682 669,647 36,752 
Other liabilities (1)
4,662 15,914 1,543 
Total liabilities575,344 685,561 38,295 
Redeemable non-controlling interest (4)
— 67,096 — 
Non-controlling interests (5)
16,293 25,509 6,808 
Net assets consolidated$198,077 $261,157 $8,719 

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. See Note 9 for additional information.
(2)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, operating real estate is included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, lease intangibles are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company’s residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs of as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential Loan SecuritizationsConsolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $21,129 $21,129 
Residential loans, at fair value1,616,114 827,582 — 2,443,696 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 543,739 543,739 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 1,142,773 1,142,773 
Other assets92,906 3,168 13,686 109,760 
Total assets$1,709,020 $830,750 $1,721,327 $4,261,097 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,468,222 at amortized cost, net and $634,495 at fair value)
$1,468,222 $634,495 $— $2,102,717 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 394,707 394,707 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 883,812 883,812 
Other liabilities8,168 3,342 10,511 22,021 
Total liabilities$1,476,390 $637,837 $1,289,030 $3,403,257 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $63,803 $63,803 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $32,967 $32,967 
Net investment (6)
$232,630 $192,913 $335,527 $761,070 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2021 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:
Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential Loan SecuritizationsConsolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $29,606 $29,606 
Residential loans, at fair value801,429 1,070,882 — 1,872,311 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 927,725 927,725 
Other assets36,767 3,547 70,557 110,871 
Total assets$838,196 $1,074,429 $1,027,888 $2,940,513 
Collateralized debt obligations ($682,802 at amortized cost, net and $839,419 at fair value)
$682,802 $839,419 $— $1,522,221 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (2)
— — 672,568 672,568 
Other liabilities20,156 3,193 17,527 40,876 
Total liabilities$702,958 $842,612 $690,095 $2,235,665 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (3)
$— $— $66,392 $66,392 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $24,359 $24,359 
Net investment (5)
$135,238 $231,817 $247,042 $614,097 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(4)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(5)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$244,718 $244,718 $289,602 $289,602 
Residential loansLevel 33,525,080 3,525,080 3,575,601 3,575,601 
Multi-family loansLevel 387,534 87,534 120,021 120,021 
Investment securities available for saleLevel 299,559 99,559 200,844 200,844 
Equity investmentsLevel 3179,746 179,746 239,631 239,631 
Equity investments in disposal group held for saleLevel 39,010 9,010 — — 
Derivative assetsLevel 22,473 2,473 — — 
Derivative assets in disposal group held for saleLevel 229,418 29,418 — — 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 2737,023 737,023 554,259 554,259 
Collateralized debt obligations:
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, netLevel 31,468,222 1,383,715 682,802 686,027 
Consolidated SLSTLevel 3634,495 634,495 839,419 839,419 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 32,721 45,000 44,388 
Convertible notesLevel 2— — 137,898 138,011 
Senior unsecured notesLevel 297,384 91,104 96,704 102,215 
Mortgages payable on real estateLevel 3394,707 377,327 709,356 712,112 
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for saleLevel 3865,414 864,758 — —