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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets carried at fair value
        
Residential loans:
Residential loans
$— $— $921,000 $921,000 $— $— $1,081,384 $1,081,384 
Consolidated SLST
— — 829,153 829,153 — — 827,582 827,582 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts
— — 1,624,703 1,624,703 — — 1,616,114 1,616,114 
Multi-family loans— — 95,309 95,309 — — 87,534 87,534 
Investment securities available for sale:        
Agency RMBS
— 107,200 — 107,200 — — — — 
Non-Agency RMBS
— 64,211 — 64,211 — 68,570 — 68,570 
CMBS
— 30,668 — 30,668 — 30,133 — 30,133 
ABS
— 492 — 492 — 856 — 856 
Equity investments (1)
— — 191,148 191,148 — — 179,746 179,746 
Derivative assets:      
Interest rate caps (1) (2)
— 2,002 — 2,002 — 2,473 — 2,473 
Options (2)
— 1,120 — 1,120 — — — — 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3)
— 22,800 10,070 32,870 — 29,418 9,010 38,428 
Total
$— $228,493 $3,671,383 $3,899,876 $— $131,450 $3,801,370 $3,932,820 
Liabilities carried at fair value
        
Consolidated SLST CDOs$— $— $638,513 $638,513 $— $— $634,495 $634,495 
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps (2) (4)
— — — — — — — — 
Total
$— $— $638,513 $638,513 $— $— $634,495 $634,495 
    
(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(2)Included in other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Includes derivative assets classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $22.8 million and $29.4 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and equity investments classified as Level 3 instruments in the amount of $10.1 million and $9.0 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(4)All of the Company’s interest rate swaps outstanding are cleared through a central clearing house. The Company exchanges variation margin for swaps based upon daily changes in fair value. Includes derivative liabilities of $2.9 million and derivative assets of $0.4 million netted against a variation margin of $2.5 million at March 31, 2023.
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Assets
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsEquity investments in disposal group held for saleTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,081,384 $827,582 $1,616,114 $87,534 $179,746 $9,010 $3,801,370 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(599)15,121 33,041 2,889 3,451 1,060 54,963 
Transfers out (1)
(93)— (233)— — — (326)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(86,110)— 86,110 — — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 6,420 15,528 — 21,948 
Paydowns/Distributions(141,355)(13,550)(130,911)(1,534)(7,577)— (294,927)
Sales(166)— — — — (166)
Purchases67,939 — 20,582 — — — 88,521 
Balance at the end of period$921,000 $829,153 $1,624,703 $95,309 $191,148 $10,070 $3,671,383 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company transferred certain business purpose loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).

 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,703,290 $1,070,882 $801,429 $120,021 $239,631 $3,935,253 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(24,571)(67,685)(33,729)3,258 6,793 (115,934)
Transfers out (1)
(90)— (789)— — (879)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(598,430)— 598,430 — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — — 19,191 19,191 
Paydowns/Distributions(126,575)(33,344)(117,548)(13,071)(40,315)(330,853)
Sales(320)— — — — (320)
Purchases 767,914 — 14,563 — — 782,477 
Balance at the end of period$1,721,218 $969,853 $1,262,356 $110,208 $225,300 $4,288,935 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company completed two securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and business purpose loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Liabilities
The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:
Consolidated SLST CDOs
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Balance at beginning of period$634,495 $839,419 
Total gains (realized/unrealized) 
Included in earnings 14,511 (51,438)
Paydowns(10,493)(33,717)
Balance at the end of period$638,513 $754,264 
Schedule of Quantitative Information Regarding Significant and Unobservable Inputs used in Valuation of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):

March 31, 2023Fair ValueValuation Technique Unobservable InputWeighted Average Range
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
$2,392,768Discounted cash flowLifetime CPR4.6%-34.9%
Lifetime CDR0.7%-26.9%
Loss severity7.9%-96.6%
Yield7.9%5.3%-92.0%
$152,935Liquidation modelAnnual home price appreciation/(depreciation)0.1%(1.0)%-5.2%
Liquidation timeline (months)209-50
Property value$1,931,405$15,300-$13,800,000
Yield7.6%7.5%-29.3%
Consolidated SLST (3)
$829,153Liability priceN/A
Total$3,374,856
Multi-family loans (1)
$95,309Discounted cash flowDiscount rate12.4%11.0%-20.5%
Months to assumed redemption356-52
Loss severity
Equity investments (1) (2)
$166,148Discounted cash flowDiscount rate13.5%13.0%-15.5%
Months to assumed redemption201-59
Loss severity
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
$10,070Discounted cash flowDiscount rate16.0%16.0%-16.0%
Months to assumed redemption1818-18
Loss severity
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4)
$638,513Discounted cash flowYield5.0%4.3%-10.0%
Collateral prepayment rate5.8%2.6%-6.7%
Collateral default rate1.5%-11.5%
Loss severity22.0%2.3%-27.2%

(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments do not include equity ownership interests in an entity that originates residential loans. The fair value of this investment is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization of the entity.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At March 31, 2023, the fair value of investment securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $188.5 million.
(4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own.
Schedule of Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings for Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans (1)
$(3,320)$(25,440)
Consolidated SLST (1)
15,807 (66,645)
Residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
30,077 (32,566)
Multi-family loans (1)
453 291 
Equity investments (2)
(2,577)1,115 
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
1,060 — 
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1)
(13,508)51,366 

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Schedule of Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes the aggregate estimated fair value of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests associated with the initial consolidation of the joint venture entities and real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated VIE during the three months ended March 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Cash (1)
$7,102 
Operating real estate (1) (2)
528,768 
Lease intangibles (1) (3)
27,461 
Other assets (1)
6,130 
Total assets569,461 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (1)
409,756 
Other liabilities (1)
3,180 
Total liabilities412,936 
Non-controlling interests (4)
10,488 
Net assets consolidated$146,037 

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional information.
(2)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, operating real estate is included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, lease intangibles are included in other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of March 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.
Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $11,971 $11,971 
Residential loans, at fair value1,624,703 829,153 — 2,453,856 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 543,471 543,471 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 1,140,308 1,140,308 
Other assets96,699 3,122 9,396 109,217 
Total assets$1,721,402 $832,275 $1,705,146 $4,258,823 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,390,991 at amortized cost, net and $638,513 at fair value)
$1,390,991 $638,513 $— $2,029,504 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 397,316 397,316 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 896,983 896,983 
Other liabilities6,624 3,883 6,149 16,656 
Total liabilities$1,397,615 $642,396 $1,300,448 $3,340,459 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $54,352 $54,352 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $31,309 $31,309 
Net investment (6)
$323,787 $189,879 $319,037 $832,703 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $21,129 $21,129 
Residential loans, at fair value1,616,114 827,582 — 2,443,696 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 543,739 543,739 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 1,142,773 1,142,773 
Other assets92,906 3,168 13,686 109,760 
Total assets$1,709,020 $830,750 $1,721,327 $4,261,097 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,468,222 at amortized cost, net and $634,495 at fair value)
$1,468,222 $634,495 $— $2,102,717 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 394,707 394,707 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 883,812 883,812 
Other liabilities8,168 3,342 10,511 22,021 
Total liabilities$1,476,390 $637,837 $1,289,030 $3,403,257 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $63,803 $63,803 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $32,967 $32,967 
Net investment (6)
$232,630 $192,913 $335,527 $761,070 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$227,753 $227,753 $244,718 $244,718 
Residential loansLevel 33,374,856 3,374,856 3,525,080 3,525,080 
Multi-family loansLevel 395,309 95,309 87,534 87,534 
Investment securities available for saleLevel 2202,571 202,571 99,559 99,559 
Equity investmentsLevel 3191,148 191,148 179,746 179,746 
Equity investments in disposal group held for saleLevel 310,070 10,070 9,010 9,010 
Derivative assetsLevel 23,122 3,122 2,473 2,473 
Derivative assets in disposal group held for saleLevel 222,800 22,800 29,418 29,418 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 2787,902 787,902 737,023 737,023 
Collateralized debt obligations:
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, netLevel 31,390,991 1,321,342 1,468,222 1,383,715 
Consolidated SLSTLevel 3638,513 638,513 634,495 634,495 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 33,500 45,000 32,721 
Senior unsecured notesLevel 297,561 91,732 97,384 91,104 
Mortgages payable on real estateLevel 3397,316 374,605 394,707 377,327 
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for saleLevel 3878,060 877,360 865,414 864,758