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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets carried at fair value
        
Residential loans:
Residential loans
$— $— $757,264 $757,264 $— $— $1,081,384 $1,081,384 
Consolidated SLST
— — 789,969 789,969 — — 827,582 827,582 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts
— — 1,589,579 1,589,579 — — 1,616,114 1,616,114 
Multi-family loans— — 97,422 97,422 — — 87,534 87,534 
Investment securities available for sale:        
Agency RMBS
— 640,133 — 640,133 — — — — 
Non-Agency RMBS
— 63,742 — 63,742 — 68,570 — 68,570 
CMBS
— 30,397 — 30,397 — 30,133 — 30,133 
ABS
— — — — — 856 — 856 
Equity investments (1)
— — 168,755 168,755 — — 179,746 179,746 
Derivative assets:      
Interest rate caps (1) (2)
— 2,454 — 2,454 — 2,473 — 2,473 
Options (2)
— 156 — 156 — — — — 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3)
— 20,779 7,695 28,474 — 29,418 9,010 38,428 
Total
$— $757,661 $3,410,684 $4,168,345 $— $131,450 $3,801,370 $3,932,820 
Liabilities carried at fair value
        
Consolidated SLST CDOs$— $— $617,168 $617,168 $— $— $634,495 $634,495 
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps (2) (4)
— — — — — — — — 
Total
$— $— $617,168 $617,168 $— $— $634,495 $634,495 
    
(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(2)Included in other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Includes derivative assets classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $20.8 million and $29.4 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and equity investments classified as Level 3 instruments in the amount of $7.7 million and $9.0 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(4)All of the Company’s interest rate swaps outstanding are cleared through a central clearing house. The Company exchanges variation margin for swaps based upon daily changes in fair value. Includes derivative assets of $14.9 million and derivative liabilities of $1.0 million netted against a variation margin of $14.0 million at June 30, 2023.
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Assets
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Residential loans
Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsEquity investments in disposal group held for saleTotal
Balance at beginning of period$921,000 $829,153 $1,624,703 $95,309 $191,148 $10,070 $3,671,383 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings772 (24,154)(5,139)3,440 5,032 (2,375)(22,424)
Transfers out (1)
(2,664)— (1,504)— — — (4,168)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(103,972)— 103,972 — — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 8,985 — — 8,985 
Paydowns/Distributions(144,017)(15,030)(152,133)(10,312)(27,425)— (348,917)
Sales— — (441)— — — (441)
Purchases86,145 — 20,121 — — — 106,266 
Balance at the end of period$757,264 $789,969 $1,589,579 $97,422 $168,755 $7,695 $3,410,684 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company transferred certain business purpose loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
Residential loans
Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,721,218 $969,853 $1,262,356 $110,208 $225,300 $4,288,935 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(28,405)(11,607)(32,206)3,040 8,840 (60,338)
Transfers out (1)
(785)— (191)— — (976)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(78,130)— 78,130 — — — 
Paydowns/Distributions(166,989)(37,468)(120,164)(6,423)(10,489)(341,533)
Sales320 — — — — 320 
Purchases746,090 — 27,170 — — 773,260 
Balance at the end of period$2,193,319 $920,778 $1,215,095 $106,825 $223,651 $4,659,668 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company transferred certain performing, re-performing and business purpose loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsEquity investments in disposal group held for saleTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,081,384 $827,582 $1,616,114 $87,534 $179,746 $9,010 $3,801,370 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings173 (9,033)27,902 6,329 8,483 (1,315)32,539 
Transfers out (1)
(2,757)— (1,737)— — — (4,494)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(190,082)— 190,082 — — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 15,405 15,528 — 30,933 
Paydowns/Distributions(285,372)(28,580)(283,044)(11,846)(35,002)— (643,844)
Sales(166)— (441)— — — (607)
Purchases154,084 — 40,703 — — — 194,787 
Balance at the end of period$757,264 $789,969 $1,589,579 $97,422 $168,755 $7,695 $3,410,684 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company transferred certain business purpose loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).

 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,703,290 $1,070,882 $801,429 $120,021 $239,631 $3,935,253 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(52,976)(79,292)(65,935)6,298 15,633 (176,272)
Transfers out (1)
(875)— (980)— — (1,855)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(676,560)— 676,560 — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — — 19,191 19,191 
Paydowns/Distributions(293,564)(70,812)(237,712)(19,494)(50,804)(672,386)
Purchases 1,514,004 — 41,733 — — 1,555,737 
Balance at the end of period$2,193,319 $920,778 $1,215,095 $106,825 $223,651 $4,659,668 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company completed two securitizations of certain performing, re-performing and business purpose loans (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Liabilities
The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:
Consolidated SLST CDOs
 Three Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
Balance at beginning of period$638,513 $754,264 
Total gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings (10,266)(6,094)
Paydowns(11,079)(37,937)
Balance at the end of period$617,168 $710,233 

Consolidated SLST CDOs
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
Balance at beginning of period$634,495 $839,419 
Total gains (realized/unrealized) 
Included in earnings 4,245 (57,532)
Paydowns(21,572)(71,654)
Balance at the end of period$617,168 $710,233 
Schedule of Quantitative Information Regarding Significant and Unobservable Inputs used in Valuation of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):

June 30, 2023Fair ValueValuation Technique Unobservable InputWeighted Average Range
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
$2,121,820Discounted cash flowLifetime CPR4.7%-36.3%
Lifetime CDR0.8%-35.5%
Loss severity13.8%-100.0%
Yield7.8%5.6%-47.8%
$225,023Liquidation modelAnnual home price appreciation/(depreciation)0.1%(1.6)%-3.7%
Liquidation timeline (months)182-54
Property value$2,329,886$15,300-$13,800,000
Yield7.6%6.9%-28.9%
Consolidated SLST (3)
$789,969Liability priceN/A
Total$3,136,812
Multi-family loans (1)
$97,422Discounted cash flowDiscount rate12.5%11.0%-20.5%
Months to assumed redemption314-58
Loss severity
Equity investments (1) (2)
$143,755Discounted cash flowDiscount rate13.6%13.0%-15.5%
Months to assumed redemption211-57
Loss severity
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
$7,695Discounted cash flowDiscount rate16.0%16.0%-16.0%
Months to assumed redemption1515-15
Loss severity
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4)
$617,168Discounted cash flowYield5.6%4.8%-10.0%
Collateral prepayment rate5.9%2.7%-6.8%
Collateral default rate1.4%-10.1%
Loss severity21.5%2.1%-26.3%

(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments do not include equity ownership interests in an entity that originates residential loans. The fair value of this investment is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization of the entity.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At June 30, 2023, the fair value of investment securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $170.0 million.
(4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own.
Schedule of Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings for Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans (1)
$(449)$(29,826)$(4,344)$(55,058)
Consolidated SLST (1)
(23,332)(10,798)(7,525)(77,443)
Residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
(8,169)(33,262)21,497 (64,729)
Multi-family loans (1)
334 181 779 358 
Equity investments (2)
(1,083)3,139 (3,675)3,593 
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
(2,375)— (1,315)— 
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1)
11,004 6,523 (2,504)57,889 

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Schedule of Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes the aggregate estimated fair value of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests associated with the initial consolidation of the joint venture entities and real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated VIE during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Cash (1)
$1,474 $8,576 
Operating real estate (1) (2)
202,220 730,988 
Lease intangibles (1) (3)
14,431 41,892 
Other assets (1)
2,706 8,836 
Total assets220,831 790,292 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (1)
156,494 566,250 
Other liabilities (1)
1,482 4,662 
Total liabilities157,976 570,912 
Non-controlling interests (4)
5,805 16,293 
Net assets consolidated$57,050 $203,087 

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional information.
(2)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, operating real estate is included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, lease intangibles are included in other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of June 30, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.
Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $9,430 $9,430 
Residential loans, at fair value1,589,579 789,969 — 2,379,548 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 543,833 543,833 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 957,904 957,904 
Other assets98,486 3,071 13,470 115,027 
Total assets$1,688,065 $793,040 $1,524,637 $4,005,742 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,369,632 at amortized cost, net and $617,168 at fair value)
$1,369,632 $617,168 $— $1,986,800 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 397,075 397,075 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 755,840 755,840 
Other liabilities8,417 4,525 10,479 23,421 
Total liabilities$1,378,049 $621,693 $1,163,394 $3,163,136 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $34,571 $34,571 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $28,280 $28,280 
Net investment (6)
$310,016 $171,347 $298,392 $779,755 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $21,129 $21,129 
Residential loans, at fair value1,616,114 827,582 — 2,443,696 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 543,739 543,739 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 1,142,773 1,142,773 
Other assets92,906 3,168 13,686 109,760 
Total assets$1,709,020 $830,750 $1,721,327 $4,261,097 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,468,222 at amortized cost, net and $634,495 at fair value)
$1,468,222 $634,495 $— $2,102,717 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 394,707 394,707 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 883,812 883,812 
Other liabilities8,168 3,342 10,511 22,021 
Total liabilities$1,476,390 $637,837 $1,289,030 $3,403,257 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $63,803 $63,803 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $32,967 $32,967 
Net investment (6)
$232,630 $192,913 $335,527 $761,070 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$232,497 $232,497 $244,718 $244,718 
Residential loansLevel 33,136,812 3,136,812 3,525,080 3,525,080 
Multi-family loansLevel 397,422 97,422 87,534 87,534 
Investment securities available for saleLevel 2734,272 734,272 99,559 99,559 
Equity investmentsLevel 3168,755 168,755 179,746 179,746 
Equity investments in disposal group held for saleLevel 37,695 7,695 9,010 9,010 
Derivative assetsLevel 22,610 2,610 2,473 2,473 
Derivative assets in disposal group held for saleLevel 220,779 20,779 29,418 29,418 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 21,145,108 1,145,108 737,023 737,023 
Collateralized debt obligations:
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, netLevel 31,369,632 1,294,577 1,468,222 1,383,715 
Consolidated SLSTLevel 3617,168 617,168 634,495 634,495 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 35,829 45,000 32,721 
Senior unsecured notesLevel 297,742 91,839 97,384 91,104 
Mortgages payable on real estateLevel 3397,075 373,616 394,707 377,327 
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for saleLevel 3734,997 733,983 865,414 864,758