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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets carried at fair value
Residential loans:
Residential loans$— $— $827,535 $827,535 $— $— $1,081,384 $1,081,384 
Consolidated SLST— — 754,860 754,860 — — 827,582 827,582 
Residential loans held in securitization trusts— — 1,501,908 1,501,908 — — 1,616,114 1,616,114 
Investment securities available for sale:
Agency RMBS— 1,989,324 — 1,989,324 — — — — 
Non-Agency RMBS
— 24,493 — 24,493 — 68,570 — 68,570 
CMBS— — — — — 30,133 — 30,133 
ABS— — — — — 856 — 856 
Multi-family loans— — 95,792 95,792 — — 87,534 87,534 
Equity investments (1)
— — 147,116 147,116 — — 179,746 179,746 
Derivative assets:   
Interest rate caps (1) (2)
— 6,510 — 6,510 — 2,473 — 2,473 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3)
— 2,960 — 2,960  29,418 9,010 38,428 
Total$— $2,023,287 $3,327,211 $5,350,498 $— $131,450 $3,801,370 $3,932,820 
Liabilities carried at fair value
        
Consolidated SLST CDOs$— $— $593,737 $593,737 $— $— $634,495 $634,495 
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps (2) (4)
— — — — — — — — 
Total$— $— $593,737 $593,737 $— $— $634,495 $634,495 

(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(2)Included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Includes derivative assets classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $3.0 million and $29.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and equity investments classified as Level 3 instruments in the amount of $9.0 million as of December 31, 2022.
(4)All of the Company’s interest rate swaps outstanding are cleared through a central clearing house. The Company exchanges variation margin for swaps based upon daily changes in fair value. Includes derivative liabilities of $40.5 million netted against derivative assets of $13.1 million and a variation margin of $27.4 million as of December 31, 2023.
Schedule of Changes in Level 3 Assets
The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Assets:
 Year Ended December 31, 2023
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsEquity investments in disposal group held for saleTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,081,384 $827,582 $1,616,114 $87,534 $179,746 $9,010 $3,801,370 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings
8,080 (10,748)72,173 11,863 21,279 (3,290)99,357 
Transfers out (1)
(26,277)— (16,208)(10,306)— — (52,791)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(282,831)— 282,831 — — — — 
Transfer from disposal group held for sale
— — — — 5,720 (5,720)— 
Funding/Contributions— — — 21,924 33,958 — 55,882 
Paydowns/Distributions(482,137)(61,974)(518,819)(15,223)(93,587)— (1,171,740)
Sales(21,165)— (3,979)— — — (25,144)
Purchases550,481 — 69,796 — — — 620,277 
Balance at the end of period$827,535 $754,860 $1,501,908 $95,792 $147,116 $— $3,327,211 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned and the consolidation of a VIE previously classified as an equity investment (see Note 7).
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company transferred certain business purpose loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
 Year Ended December 31, 2022
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsEquity investments in disposal group held for saleTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,703,290 $1,070,882 $801,429 $120,021 $239,631 $— $3,935,253 
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings(111,879)(128,236)(162,518)9,531 18,884 (926)(375,144)
Transfers out (1)
(17,052)— (1,806)— — — (18,858)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(1,422,577)— 1,422,577 — — — — 
Transfer to disposal group held for sale
— — — — (9,936)9,936 — 
Funding/Contributions— — — — 28,086 — 28,086 
Paydowns/Distributions(712,214)(115,064)(535,017)(42,018)(96,919)— (1,501,232)
Purchases1,641,816 — 91,449 — — — 1,733,265 
Balance at the end of period$1,081,384 $827,582 $1,616,114 $87,534 $179,746 $9,010 $3,801,370 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company transferred certain performing, re-performing and business purpose loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).

 Year Ended December 31, 2021
Residential loans
 Residential loansConsolidated SLSTResidential loans held in securitization trustsMulti-family loansEquity investmentsTotal
Balance at beginning of period$1,090,930 $1,266,785 $691,451 $163,593 $259,095 $3,471,854 
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings36,844 (35,953)43,001 18,795 36,729 99,416 
Transfers out (1)
(2,080)— (2,053)— — (4,133)
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2)
(305,433)— 305,433 — — — 
Funding/Contributions— — — 37,678 107,465 145,143 
Paydowns/Distributions(618,790)(159,950)(239,436)(100,045)(163,658)(1,281,879)
Sales
(74,751)— (2,376)— — (77,127)
Purchases1,576,570 — 5,409 — — 1,581,979 
Balance at the end of period$1,703,290 $1,070,882 $801,429 $120,021 $239,631 $3,935,253 

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company transferred certain business purpose loans into a residential loan securitization. The Company also redeemed a residential loan securitization and transferred certain performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans into a residential loan securitization (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
Schedule of Changes in Level 3 Liabilities
The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Level 3 Liabilities:
Consolidated SLST CDOs
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Balance at beginning of period$634,495 $839,419 $1,054,335 
Total losses/(gains) (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings5,718 (90,077)(54,154)
Paydowns(46,476)(114,847)(160,762)
Balance at the end of period$593,737 $634,495 $839,419 
Schedule of Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques
The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):

December 31, 2023Fair ValueValuation Technique Unobservable InputWeighted Average Range
Assets
Residential loans:
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1)
$2,138,811Discounted cash flowLifetime CPR4.9%-48.5%
Lifetime CDR0.7%-22.6%
Loss severity12.7%-100.0%
Yield7.5%4.7%-31.0%
$190,632Liquidation modelAnnual home price appreciation/(depreciation)0.3%-12.0%
Liquidation timeline (months)189-50
Property value$2,536,520$9,000-$13,750,000
Yield7.6%7.2%-29.2%
Consolidated SLST (3)
$754,860Liability priceN/A
Total$3,084,303
Multi-family loans (1)
$95,792Discounted cash flowDiscount rate12.6%11.0%-20.5%
Months to assumed redemption323-55
Loss severity
Equity investments (1) (2)
$109,962Discounted cash flowDiscount rate14.0%13.0%-15.5%
Months to assumed redemption247-54
Loss severity
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4)
$593,737Discounted cash flowYield5.8%5.0%-10.0%
Collateral prepayment rate6.1%2.6%-7.0%
Collateral default rate1.3%-8.4%
Loss severity21.4%17.2-63.3%

(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments do not include equity ownership interests in an entity that originates residential loans. The fair value of this investment is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization and NAV of the entity.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of investment securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $157.2 million.
(4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own.
Schedule of Fair Value, Measured on Recurring Basis, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Assets
Residential loans
Residential loans (1)
$321 $(57,892)$31,222 
Consolidated SLST (1)
(8,086)(124,834)(31,128)
Residential loans held in securitization trust (1)
56,576 (219,647)35,570 
Multi-family loans (1)
645 (1,737)1,924 
Equity investments (2)
(7,958)(4,338)3,990 
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2)
— (1,430)— 
Liabilities
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1)
$(1,930)$92,431 $54,960 

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Schedule of Fair Value, by Balance Sheet Grouping
The following table summarizes the aggregate estimated fair value of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests associated with the initial consolidation of the joint venture entities and the Changeover VIE and real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated VIE during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Cash (1)
$102 $8,576 $27,907 
Operating real estate (1) (2)
54,439 730,988 926,756 
Lease intangibles (1) (3)
2,378 41,892 51,970 
Other assets (1)
4,722 8,258 32,690 
Total assets61,641 789,714 1,039,323 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (1)
45,142 570,682 669,647 
Other liabilities (1)
2,403 4,662 15,914 
Total liabilities47,545 575,344 685,561 
Redeemable non-controlling interest (4)
— — 67,096 
Non-controlling interests (5)
3,790 16,293 25,509 
Net assets consolidated$10,306 $198,077 $261,157 

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. In December 2023, the Company suspended the marketing of nine of the 14 remaining joint venture equity investments that were reported in assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale due to unfavorable market conditions and a lack of transactional activity in the multi-family market. As such, the Company determined that these joint venture equity investments no longer met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred either the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs or its equity investment in the joint venture entity to their respective categories or equity investments, at fair value, respectively, on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023. See Note 9 for additional information.
(2)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, operating real estate is included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, lease intangibles are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company’s residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs of as of December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential Loan SecuritizationsConsolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $15,612 $15,612 
Residential loans, at fair value1,501,908 754,860 — 2,256,768 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 979,934 979,934 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 426,017 426,017 
Other assets98,451 2,960 37,035 138,446 
Total assets$1,600,359 $757,820 $1,458,598 $3,816,777 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,276,780 at amortized cost, net and $593,737 at fair value)
$1,276,780 $593,737 $— $1,870,517 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 784,421 784,421 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 386,024 386,024 
Other liabilities8,421 5,638 21,797 35,856 
Total liabilities$1,285,201 $599,375 $1,192,242 $3,076,818 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $28,061 $28,061 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $20,328 $20,328 
Net investment (6)
$315,158 $158,445 $217,967 $691,570 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential Loan SecuritizationsConsolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents
$— $— $21,129 $21,129 
Residential loans, at fair value1,616,114 827,582 — 2,443,696 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 543,739 543,739 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 1,142,773 1,142,773 
Other assets92,906 3,168 13,686 109,760 
Total assets$1,709,020 $830,750 $1,721,327 $4,261,097 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,468,222 at amortized cost, net and $634,495 at fair value)
$1,468,222 $634,495 $— $2,102,717 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 394,707 394,707 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 883,812 883,812 
Other liabilities8,168 3,342 10,511 22,021 
Total liabilities$1,476,390 $637,837 $1,289,030 $3,403,257 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $63,803 $63,803 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $32,967 $32,967 
Net investment (6)
$232,630 $192,913 $335,527 $761,070 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$187,107 $187,107 $244,718 $244,718 
Residential loansLevel 33,084,303 3,084,303 3,525,080 3,525,080 
Investment securities available for saleLevel 22,013,817 2,013,817 99,559 99,559 
Multi-family loansLevel 395,792 95,792 87,534 87,534 
Equity investmentsLevel 3147,116 147,116 179,746 179,746 
Equity investments in disposal group held for saleLevel 3— — 9,010 9,010 
Derivative assetsLevel 26,510 6,510 2,473 2,473 
Derivative assets in disposal group held for saleLevel 22,960 2,960 29,418 29,418 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 22,471,113 2,471,113 737,023 737,023 
Collateralized debt obligations:
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, netLevel 31,276,780 1,237,531 1,468,222 1,383,715 
Consolidated SLSTLevel 3593,737 593,737 634,495 634,495 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 32,137 45,000 32,721 
Senior unsecured notesLevel 298,111 94,952 97,384 91,104 
Mortgages payable on real estateLevel 3784,421 761,194 394,707 377,327 
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for saleLevel 3378,386 377,735 865,414 864,758