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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to ____________
Commission file number 001-32216
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Maryland | 47-0934168
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

90 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016
(Address of Principal Executive Office) (Zip Code)
(212) 792-0107
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbols |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | NYMT |  | NASDAQ | Stock Market
8.000% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference |  | NYMTN |  | NASDAQ | Stock Market
7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference |  | NYMTM |  | NASDAQ | Stock Market
6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference |  | NYMTL |  | NASDAQ | Stock Market
7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference |  | NYMTZ |  | NASDAQ | Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐

Table of Contents
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ | Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Non-Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Smaller Reporting Company | ☐ | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on April 30, 2024 was 91,227,780.

NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
FORM 10-Q

PART I. Financial Information |  |
| Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2 023 | 4 |
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 5 |
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 6 |
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 7 |
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 8 |
| Unaudited Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 10 |
| Note 1. Organization | 10 |
| Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 11 |
| Note 3. Residential Loans, at Fair Value | 14 |
| Note 4. Investment Securities Available For Sale, at Fair Value | 16 |
| Note 5. Multi-family Loans, at Fair Value | 18 |
| Note 6. Equity Investments, at Fair Value | 19 |
| Note 7. Use of Special Purpose Entities (SPE) and Variable Interest Entities (VIE) | 21 |
| Note 8. Real Estate, Net | 28 |
| Note 9. Assets and Liabilities of Disposal Group Held for Sale | 30 |
| Note 10. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | 32 |
| Note 11. Other Assets and Other Liabilities | 38 |
| Note 12. Repurchase Agreements | 39 |
| Note 13. Collateralized Debt Obligations | 42 |
| Note 14. Debt | 44 |
| Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies | 47 |
| Note 16. Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 48 |
| Note 17. Stockholders' Equity | 58 |
| Note 18. (Loss) Earnings Per Common Share | 62 |
| Note 19. Stock Based Compensation | 63 |
| Note 20. Income Taxes | 66 |
| Note 21. Net Interest Income | 68 |
| Note 22. Other (Loss) Income | 69 |
| Note 23. Subsequent Events | 70 |
| Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 71 |
| Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 124 |
| Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 130 |
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |  |
| Item 1A. Risk Factors | 131 |
| Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 131 |
| Item 6. Exhibits | 132 |
SIGNATURES | 135 |

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except share data)

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Residential loans, at fair value | $ | 3,103,105 |  |  | $ | 3,084,303 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value | 2,241,340 |  |  | 2,013,817 |
Multi-family loans, at fair value | 91,905 |  |  | 95,792 |
Equity investments, at fair value | 137,943 |  |  | 147,116 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 226,939 |  |  | 187,107 |
Real estate, net | 1,154,221 |  |  | 1,131,819 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale | 146,363 |  |  | 426,017 |
Other assets | 344,999 |  |  | 315,357 |
Total Assets (1) | $ | 7,446,815 |  |  | $ | 7,401,328 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 2,512,008 |  |  | $ | 2,471,113 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,079,768 at fair value and $1,108,594 at amortized cost, net as of March 31, 2024 and $593,737 at fair value and $1,276,780 at amortized cost, net as of December 31, 2023) | 2,188,362 |  |  | 1,870,517 |
Senior unsecured notes | 98,299 |  |  | 98,111 |
Subordinated debentures | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net | 850,743 |  |  | 784,421 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale | 122,318 |  |  | 386,024 |
Other liabilities | 110,751 |  |  | 118,016 |
Total liabilities (1) | 5,927,481 |  |  | 5,773,202 |
Commitments and Contingencies (See Note 15) |  |  |
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities | 20,128 |  |  | 28,061 |
Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, 31,500,000 shares authorized, 22,164,414 shares issued and outstanding ($554,110 aggregate liquidation preference) | 535,445 |  |  | 535,445 |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 91,231,039 and 90,675,403 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 912 |  |  | 907 |
Additional paid-in capital | 2,289,452 |  |  | 2,297,081 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | (4) |
Accumulated deficit | (1,340,553) |  |  | (1,253,817) |
Company's stockholders' equity | 1,485,256 |  |  | 1,579,612 |
Non-controlling interests | 13,950 |  |  | 20,453 |
Total equity | 1,499,206 |  |  | 1,600,065 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 7,446,815 |  |  | $ | 7,401,328 |

(1)Our condensed consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities ("VIEs") as the Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, assets of consolidated VIEs totaled $3,829,183 and $3,816,777, respectively, and the liabilities of consolidated VIEs totaled $3,192,392 and $3,076,818, respectively. See Note 7 for further discussion.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |
NET INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 83,892 |  |  | $ | 57,136 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 66,029 |  |  | 39,335 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net interest income | 17,863 |  |  | 17,801 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET LOSS FROM REAL ESTATE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income | 33,153 |  |  | 36,281 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate income | 4,923 |  |  | 5,465 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total income from real estate | 38,076 |  |  | 41,746 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate | 20,769 |  |  | 22,478 |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 12,576 |  |  | 6,039 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate expenses | 21,100 |  |  | 22,180 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total expenses related to real estate | 54,445 |  |  | 50,697 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net loss from real estate | (16,369) |  |  | (8,951) |  |  |  |  |  |
OTHER (LOSS) INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized (losses) gains, net | (10,533) |  |  | 1,081 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (losses) gains, net | (39,390) |  |  | 32,851 |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net | 49,211 |  |  | (4,362) |  |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) income from equity investments | (2,136) |  |  | 4,511 |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of real estate | (36,247) |  |  | (10,275) |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on reclassification of disposal group | (14,636) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (loss) income | (3,592) |  |  | 1,275 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total other (loss) income | (57,323) |  |  | 25,081 |  |  |  |  |  |
GENERAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND OPERATING EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses | 13,054 |  |  | 12,683 |  |  |  |  |  |
Portfolio operating expenses | 11,287 |  |  | 7,070 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total general, administrative and operating expenses | 24,341 |  |  | 19,753 |  |  |  |  |  |
(LOSS) INCOME FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | (80,170) |  |  | 14,178 |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax (benefit) expense | (111) |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET (LOSS) INCOME | (80,059) |  |  | 14,162 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests | 22,158 |  |  | 6,701 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY | (57,901) |  |  | 20,863 |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends | (10,439) |  |  | (10,484) |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on repurchase of preferred stock | — |  |  | 142 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | (68,340) |  |  | $ | 10,521 |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic | 91,117 |  |  | 91,314 |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted | 91,117 |  |  | 91,672 |  |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | (68,340) |  |  | $ | 10,521 |  |  |  |  |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in fair value of available for sale securities | — |  |  | 591 |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for net loss included in net loss | 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | 4 |  |  | 591 |  |  |  |  |
COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | (68,336) |  |  | $ | 11,112 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

For the Three Months Ended
| Common Stock |  | Preferred Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Company's Stockholders' Equity |  | Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | 535,445 |  |  | $ | 2,297,081 |  |  | $ | (1,253,817) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 1,579,612 |  |  | $ | 20,453 |  |  | $ | 1,600,065 |
Net loss ($(14,400) allocated to redeemable non-controlling interest) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (57,901) |  |  | — |  |  | (57,901) |  |  | (7,758) |  |  | (65,659) |
Stock based compensation expense (benefit), net | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,201) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,196) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,196) |
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,246) |  |  | — |  |  | (18,246) |  |  | — |  |  | (18,246) |
Dividends declared on preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,439) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,439) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,439) |
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (150) |  |  | — |  |  | (150) |  |  | — |  |  | (150) |
Reclassification adjustment for net loss included in net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Increase in non-controlling interest related to de-consolidation of VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | 1,598 |
Contributions of non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 436 |  |  | 436 |
Decrease in non-controlling interest related to distributions from Consolidated VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (779) |  |  | (779) |
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,428) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,428) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,428) |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 535,445 |  |  | $ | 2,289,452 |  |  | $ | (1,340,553) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,485,256 |  |  | $ | 13,950 |  |  | $ | 1,499,206 |

Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 538,351 |  |  | $ | 2,282,691 |  |  | $ | (1,052,768) |  |  | $ | (1,970) |  |  | $ | 1,767,216 |  |  | $ | 33,092 |  |  | $ | 1,800,308 |
Net income (loss) ($(5,501) allocated to redeemable non-controlling interest) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,863 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,863 |  |  | (1,200) |  |  | 19,663 |
Common stock repurchases | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,606) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,610) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,610) |
Preferred stock repurchases | — |  |  | (462) |  |  | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | (320) |  |  | — |  |  | (320) |
Stock based compensation expense, net | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36,562) |  |  | — |  |  | (36,562) |  |  | — |  |  | (36,562) |
Dividends declared on preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,484) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,484) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,484) |
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (238) |  |  | — |  |  | (238) |  |  | — |  |  | (238) |
Increase in fair value of available for sale securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 591 |  |  | 591 |  |  | — |  |  | 591 |
Contributions of non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |
Decrease in non-controlling interest related to distributions from Consolidated VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (758) |  |  | (758) |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 537,889 |  |  | $ | 2,279,131 |  |  | $ | (1,079,047) |  |  | $ | (1,379) |  |  | $ | 1,737,506 |  |  | $ | 31,434 |  |  | $ | 1,768,940 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (80,059) |  |  | $ | 14,162 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Net amortization | 2,311 |  |  | 7,744 |
Depreciation and amortization expense related to operating real estate | 12,576 |  |  | 6,039 |
Realized losses (gains), net | 10,533 |  |  | (1,081) |
Unrealized losses (gains), net | 39,390 |  |  | (32,851) |
(Gains) losses on derivative instruments, net | (49,211) |  |  | 4,362 |
Gain on sale of real estate | (134) |  |  | — |
Gain on de-consolidation of joint venture equity investment in Consolidated VIE | (50) |  |  | — |
Impairment of real estate | 36,247 |  |  | 10,275 |
Loss on reclassification of disposal group | 14,636 |  |  | — |
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of collateralized debt obligations and mortgages payable on real estate | 692 |  |  | (1,170) |
Income from preferred equity, mezzanine loan and equity investments | (604) |  |  | (6,948) |
Distributions of income from preferred equity, mezzanine loan and equity investments | 3,886 |  |  | 4,209 |
Stock based compensation (benefit) expense, net | (1,196) |  |  | 50 |
Cash reclassified to assets of disposal group held for sale | 3,061 |  |  | 1,708 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | (5,208) |  |  | (17,903) |
Net cash used in operating activities | (13,130) |  |  | (11,404) |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |
Principal paydowns received on investment securities | 35,842 |  |  | 3,789 |
Purchases of investment securities | (297,553) |  |  | (106,146) |
Principal repayments received on residential loans | 230,260 |  |  | 279,089 |
Proceeds from sales of residential loans | 28,912 |  |  | 166 |
Purchases of residential loans | (303,694) |  |  | (87,334) |
Return of capital from equity investments | 5,000 |  |  | 4,902 |
Funding of preferred equity, mezzanine loan and equity investments | (172) |  |  | (21,948) |
Net variation margin received (paid) for derivative instruments | 34,441 |  |  | (2,487) |
Net payments received from derivative instruments | 15,306 |  |  | 4,092 |
Net proceeds from sale of real estate | 4,772 |  |  | 1,114 |
Proceeds from sale of joint venture equity investment in Consolidated VIE | 50 |  |  | — |
Cash removed in de-consolidation of Consolidated VIE | (1,150) |  |  | — |
Purchases of and capital expenditures on real estate | (5,988) |  |  | (18,138) |
Purchases of other assets | (10) |  |  | (34) |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (253,984) |  |  | 57,065 |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |
Net proceeds received from repurchase agreements | 39,711 |  |  | 50,055 |
Proceeds from issuance of collateralized debt obligations, net | 500,543 |  |  | — |
Repurchases of common stock | — |  |  | (3,610) |
Repurchases of preferred stock | — |  |  | (320) |
Dividends paid on common stock and dividend equivalents | (20,465) |  |  | (37,659) |
Dividends paid on preferred stock | (10,420) |  |  | (10,493) |
Net distributions to non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs | (304) |  |  | (4,408) |
Payments made on and extinguishment of collateralized debt obligations | (170,085) |  |  | (80,509) |
Payments made on Consolidated SLST CDOs | (12,506) |  |  | (10,493) |
Net proceeds received from mortgages payable on real estate | 729 |  |  | 13,840 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 327,203 |  |  | (83,597) |
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | 60,089 |  |  | (37,936) |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash - Beginning of Period | 330,642 |  |  | 380,938 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash - End of Period | $ | 390,731 |  |  | $ | 343,002 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)

Supplemental Disclosure: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 75,001 |  |  | $ | 55,042 |
Cash refunds received for income taxes | $ | (145) |  |  | $ | — |
Non-Cash Investment Activities: |  |  |
De-consolidation of real estate held in Consolidated VIEs | $ | 193,168 |  |  | $ | — |
De-consolidation of mortgages payable on real estate held in Consolidated VIEs | $ | 194,256 |  |  | $ | — |
Transfer from residential loans to real estate owned | $ | 17,948 |  |  | $ | 326 |
Transfer from residential loans to real estate, net | $ | 2,640 |  |  | $ | — |
Non-Cash Financing Activities: |  |  |
Dividends declared on common stock and dividend equivalents to be paid in subsequent period | $ | 19,647 |  |  | $ | 38,644 |
Dividends declared on preferred stock to be paid in subsequent period | $ | 10,454 |  |  | $ | 10,484 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Reconciliation: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 226,939 |  |  | $ | 227,753 |
Restricted cash included in other assets | 163,792 |  |  | 115,249 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 390,731 |  |  | $ | 343,002 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31, 2024
(unaudited)
1. Organization
New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (“NYMT,” “we,” “our,” or the “Company”), is an internally-managed real estate investment trust ("REIT") in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets. Our objective is to deliver long-term stable distributions to our stockholders over changing economic conditions through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains from a diversified investment portfolio. Our investment portfolio includes credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets, as well as more traditional types of fixed-income investments that provide coupon income, such as Agency RMBS.
The Company conducts its business through the parent company, New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., and several subsidiaries, including taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”), qualified REIT subsidiaries (“QRSs”) and special purpose subsidiaries established for securitization purposes. The Company consolidates all of its subsidiaries under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
The Company is organized and conducts its operations to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As such, the Company will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on that portion of its income that is distributed to stockholders if it distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders by the due date of its federal income tax return and complies with various other requirements.
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2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Definitions – The following defines certain of the commonly used terms in these financial statements:
“RMBS” refers to residential mortgage-backed securities backed by adjustable-rate, hybrid adjustable-rate, or fixed-rate residential loans;
“Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS representing interests in or obligations backed by pools of residential loans guaranteed by a government sponsored enterprise (“GSE”), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), or an agency of the U.S. government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”);
“non-Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS that are not guaranteed by any agency of the U.S. Government or GSE;
“IOs” refers collectively to interest only and inverse interest only mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the interest component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
“POs” refers to mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the principal component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
“ARMs” refers to adjustable-rate residential loans;
“Agency ARMs” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS;
“Agency fixed-rate RMBS” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of fixed-rate RMBS;
“ABS” refers to debt and/or equity tranches of securitizations backed by various asset classes including, but not limited to, automobiles, aircraft, credit cards, equipment, franchises, recreational vehicles and student loans;
“CMBS” refers to commercial mortgage-backed securities comprised of commercial mortgage pass-through securities issued by a GSE, as well as PO, IO or mezzanine securities that represent the right to a specific component of the cash flow from a pool of commercial mortgage loans;
“CDO” refers to collateralized debt obligation and includes debt that permanently finances the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST and the Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts that we consolidate, or consolidated, in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP;
“business purpose loans” refers to (i) short-term loans that are collateralized by residential properties and are made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the residential property for a profit or (ii) loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants;
“Consolidated SLST” refers to a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization, comprised of seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans, of which we own the first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP; and
“SOFR” refers to Secured Overnight Funding Rate.
Basis of Presentation – On March 9, 2023, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of its issued, outstanding and authorized shares of common stock (the "Reverse Stock Split"). Accordingly, all common share and per common share data for all periods presented in these condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted on a retroactive basis to reflect the impact of the Reverse Stock Split.
The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 has been derived from audited financial statements. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024, the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are unaudited. In our opinion, all adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows have been made. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted in accordance with Article 10 of Regulation S-X and the instructions to Form 10-Q. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, significant accounting policies and other disclosures have been omitted since such items are disclosed in Note 2 in the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Provided in this section is a summary of additional accounting policies that are significant to, or newly adopted by, the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year.
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The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management has made significant estimates in several areas, including fair valuation of its residential loans, multi-family loans, certain equity investments, Consolidated SLST CDOs, certain residential loan CDOs, real estate held by Consolidated VIEs and redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs. Although the Company’s estimates contemplate current conditions and how it expects those conditions to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be different than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially impact the Company’s results of operations and its financial condition.
Reclassifications – Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements to conform to current period presentation. In particular, prior period disclosures have been adjusted for the aforementioned Reverse Stock Split.
Additionally, prior period disclosures have been conformed to the current period presentation of net loss from real estate. Beginning in the third quarter of 2023, the components of net loss from real estate, inclusive of rental income and other real estate income and interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate, depreciation and amortization and other real estate expenses, are presented as total net loss from real estate on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. Previously, rental income, other real estate income and total income from real estate was presented in other income (loss) and interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate, depreciation and amortization, other real estate expenses and total expenses related to real estate were presented in general, administrative and operating expenses on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Also beginning in the third quarter of 2023, unrealized gains (losses) and realized gains (losses) on derivative instruments are presented in gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. Previously, unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments were presented in unrealized gains (losses), net and realized gains (losses) on derivative instruments were presented in realized gains (losses), net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Principles of Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities – The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of all its subsidiaries which are majority-owned, controlled by the Company or a variable interest entity (“VIE”) where the Company is the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation (see Note 7).
A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The Company consolidates a VIE in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810") when it is the primary beneficiary of such VIE, herein referred to as a "Consolidated VIE". As primary beneficiary, the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.
The Company evaluates the initial consolidation of each Consolidated VIE, which includes a determination of whether the VIE constitutes the definition of a business in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"), by considering if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets within the VIE are concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or group of single identifiable assets. Upon consolidation, the Company recognizes the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any third-party ownership of membership interests as non-controlling interest as of the consolidation or acquisition date, measured at their relative fair values (see Note 7). Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs is adjusted prospectively for its share of the allocation of income or loss and equity contributions and distributions from each respective Consolidated VIE. The third-party owners of certain of the non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs have the ability to sell their ownership interests to the Company, at their election, subject to certain conditions. The Company has classified these third-party ownership interests as redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs in mezzanine equity on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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Collateralized Debt Obligations – The Company records collateralized debt obligations used to permanently finance the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST and the Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts as debt on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. For financial reporting purposes, the loans and investment securities held as collateral for these obligations are recorded as assets of the Company. The Company has elected the fair value option pursuant to ASC 825, Financial Instruments ("ASC 825") with respect to the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST and CDOs issued by the Company after January 1, 2024. Changes in fair value of CDOs subject to the fair value election are recorded in current period earnings in unrealized gains (losses), net on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Interest expense on such CDOs is recorded based on the current stated interest rate and outstanding principal balance in effect. In accordance with ASC 825, costs associated with the issuance of CDOs subject to the fair value election are recognized in earnings as they are incurred and are included in portfolio operating expense on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Summary of Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 requires enhanced disclosures in connection with an entity's effective tax rate reconciliation and additional disclosures about income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will result in additional income tax disclosures in its notes to consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. The amendments also require companies with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures required by ASU 2023-07 as well as existing segment disclosures in accordance with ASC 280. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2023-07 will result in additional disclosures in its notes to consolidated financial statements.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting ("ASU 2020-04"). ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions to GAAP requirements for modifications to debt agreements, leases, derivatives and other contracts, related to the expected market transition from LIBOR, and certain other floating rate benchmark indices, or collectively, IBORs, to alternative reference rates. ASU 2020-04 generally considers contract modifications related to reference rate reform to be an event that does not require contract remeasurement at the modification date nor a reassessment of a previous accounting determination. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 ("ASU 2022-06"), which allows ASU 2020-04 to be adopted and applied prospectively to contract modifications made on or before December 31, 2024. In light of the cessation of the publication of LIBOR after June 30, 2023, the Company’s material contracts that were indexed to LIBOR have been amended to transition to an alternative benchmark and any other unmodified agreements that incorporate LIBOR as the referenced rate have provisions in place that provide for identification of an alternative benchmark or specify an alternative benchmark, or by operation of law specify an alternative benchmark, to LIBOR upon its phase-out.
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3. Residential Loans, at Fair Value
The Company’s acquired residential loans, including performing, re-performing and non-performing residential loans, and business purpose loans, are presented at fair value on its condensed consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in unrealized (losses) gains, net on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents t he Company’s residential loans, at fair value, which consist of residential loans held by the Company, Consolidated SLST and other securitization trusts, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Residential loans (1) |  | Consolidated SLST (2) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts (3) |  | Total |  | Residential loans (1) |  | Consolidated SLST (2) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts (3) |  | Total
Principal | $ | 674,109 |  |  | $ | 875,562 |  |  | $ | 1,861,671 |  |  | $ | 3,411,342 |  |  | $ | 891,283 |  |  | $ | 892,546 |  |  | $ | 1,609,006 |  |  | $ | 3,392,835 |
Discount | (11,060) |  |  | (7,673) |  |  | (64,304) |  |  | (83,037) |  |  | (22,667) |  |  | (7,418) |  |  | (55,709) |  |  | (85,794) |
Unrealized losses | (22,320) |  |  | (129,763) |  |  | (73,117) |  |  | (225,200) |  |  | (41,081) |  |  | (130,268) |  |  | (51,389) |  |  | (222,738) |
Carrying value | $ | 640,729 |  |  | $ | 738,126 |  |  | $ | 1,724,250 |  |  | $ | 3,103,105 |  |  | $ | 827,535 |  |  | $ | 754,860 |  |  | $ | 1,501,908 |  |  | $ | 3,084,303 |

(1)Certain of the Company's residential loans, at fair value are pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (see Note 12).
(2)The Company invests in first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization. In accordance with GAAP, the Company has consolidated the underlying seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans held in the securitization and the CDOs issued to permanently finance these residential loans, representing Consolidated SLST. Consolidated SLST CDOs are included in collateralized debt obligations on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 13).
(3)The Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts are pledged as collateral for CDOs issued by the Company. These CDOs are accounted for as financings and included in collateralized debt obligations on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 13).
The following table presents the unrealized gains (losses), net attributable to residential loans, at fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| For the Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2023
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST (1) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST (1) |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts
Unrealized gains (losses), net | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | (3,251) |  |  | $ | (1,307) |  |  | $ | 15,807 |  |  | $ | 30,554 |

(1)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable (see Note 16). See Note 7 for unrealized gains (losses), net recognized by the Company on its investment in Consolidated SLST, which include unrealized gains (losses) on the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST presented in the table above and unrealized gains (losses) on the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST.
The Company recognized $0.1 million and $2.0 million of net realized gains on the payoff of residential loans, at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company also recognized $3.0 million of net realized losses on the sale of residential loans, at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company did not recognize any gain or loss on the sale of residential loans during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
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The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the unpaid principal balance of residential loans, at fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are as follows:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts
California | 20.5 | % |  | 10.7 | % |  | 19.2 | % |  | 22.4 | % |  | 10.7 | % |  | 18.4 | %
Florida | 13.9 | % |  | 10.1 | % |  | 12.8 | % |  | 15.5 | % |  | 10.3 | % |  | 11.0 | %
New York | 9.6 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  | 7.3 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  | 8.5 | %
Texas | 5.8 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 8.1 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 7.1 | %
New Jersey | 5.2 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 4.9 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 6.0 | %
Illinois | 3.1 | % |  | 7.2 | % |  | 3.4 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 7.2 | % |  | 3.5 | %

The following table presents the fair value and aggregate unpaid principal balance of the Company's residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts in non-accrual status as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Greater than 90 days past due |  | Less than 90 days past due |  |
| Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |
March 31, 2024 | $ | 181,732 |  |  | $ | 209,601 |  |  | $ | 9,632 |  |  | $ | 10,254 |  |  |
December 31, 2023 | 199,485 |  |  | 220,577 |  |  | 9,362 |  |  | 9,948 |  |  |

Formal foreclosure proceedings were in process with respect to residential loans with an aggregate fair value of $141.1 million and an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $166.4 million as of March 31, 2024.
Residential loans held in Consolidated SLST with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $83.2 million and $84.6 million were 90 days or more delinquent as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In addition, formal foreclosure proceedings were in process with respect to $33.5 million of residential loans held in Consolidated SLST as of March 31, 2024.
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4. Investment Securities Available For Sale, at Fair Value
The Company accounts for certain of its investment securities available for sale using the fair value election pursuant to ASC 825, where changes in fair value are recorded in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company also had investment securities available for sale where the fair value option had not been elected, which we refer to as CECL Securities. CECL Securities are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The Company's investment securities available for sale consisted of the following as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized |  | Fair Value
|  | Gains |  | Losses |  |  |  | Gains |  | Losses |
Fair Value Option |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fannie Mae | $ | 1,152,811 |  |  | $ | 10,475 |  |  | $ | (2,349) |  |  | $ | 1,160,937 |  |  | $ | 1,084,702 |  |  | $ | 15,902 |  |  | $ | (723) |  |  | $ | 1,099,881 |
Freddie Mac | 862,267 |  |  | 3,915 |  |  | (4,463) |  |  | 861,719 |  |  | 676,436 |  |  | 5,679 |  |  | (1,106) |  |  | 681,009 |
Total Fixed rate | 2,015,078 |  |  | 14,390 |  |  | (6,812) |  |  | 2,022,656 |  |  | 1,761,138 |  |  | 21,581 |  |  | (1,829) |  |  | 1,780,890 |
Adjustable rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fannie Mae | 108,212 |  |  | 1,301 |  |  | — |  |  | 109,513 |  |  | 110,036 |  |  | 1,299 |  |  | — |  |  | 111,335 |
Freddie Mac | 37,157 |  |  | 440 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,597 |  |  | 37,424 |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,866 |
Total Adjustable rate | 145,369 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | — |  |  | 147,110 |  |  | 147,460 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | — |  |  | 149,201 |
Interest-only |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ginnie Mae | 62,222 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,503) |  |  | 47,719 |  |  | 52,623 |  |  | 6,813 |  |  | (203) |  |  | 59,233 |
Total Interest-only | 62,222 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,503) |  |  | 47,719 |  |  | 52,623 |  |  | 6,813 |  |  | (203) |  |  | 59,233 |
Total Agency RMBS | 2,222,669 |  |  | 16,131 |  |  | (21,315) |  |  | 2,217,485 |  |  | 1,961,221 |  |  | 30,135 |  |  | (2,032) |  |  | 1,989,324 |
Non-Agency RMBS | 21,447 |  |  | 6,443 |  |  | (4,035) |  |  | 23,855 |  |  | 22,097 |  |  | 6,646 |  |  | (4,281) |  |  | 24,462 |
Total investment securities available for sale - fair value option | 2,244,116 |  |  | 22,574 |  |  | (25,350) |  |  | 2,241,340 |  |  | 1,983,318 |  |  | 36,781 |  |  | (6,313) |  |  | 2,013,786 |
CECL Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | 31 |
Total investment securities available for sale - CECL Securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | 31 |
Total | $ | 2,244,116 |  |  | $ | 22,574 |  |  | $ | (25,350) |  |  | $ | 2,241,340 |  |  | $ | 1,983,353 |  |  | $ | 36,781 |  |  | $ | (6,317) |  |  | $ | 2,013,817 |

Accrued interest receivable for investment securities available for sale in the amount of $11.0 million and $9.8 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, is included in other assets on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $33.2 million in net unrealized losses and $0.9 million in net unrealized gains on investment securities available for sale accounted for under the fair value option, respectively.
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The Company's investment securities available for sale pledged as collateral against interest rate swap agreements and repurchase agreements are included in investment securities available for sale on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets with the fair value of securities pledged disclosed in Notes 10 and 12, respectively.
Realized Gain and Loss Activity
The Company did not sell investment securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company recognized write-downs of non-Agency RMBS for a loss of $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company did not recognize any write-downs for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Weighted Average Life
Actual maturities of our investment securities available for sale are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities (with contractual maturities up to 39 years), as they are affected by periodic payments and prepayments of principal on the underlying mortgages. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, based on management’s estimates, the weighted average life of the Company’s investment securities available for sale portfolio was approximately 6.0 years and 6.9 years, respectively.
The following table sets forth the weighted average lives of our investment securities available for sale as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Weighted Average Life | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
0 to 5 years | $ | 374,823 |  |  | $ | 283,554 |
Over 5 to 10 years | 1,863,538 |  |  | 1,727,269 |
10+ years | 2,979 |  |  | 2,994 |
Total | $ | 2,241,340 |  |  | $ | 2,013,817 |

Unrealized Losses in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The Company had no CECL Securities as of March 31, 2024. The Company evaluated its CECL Securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023 and determined that no allowance for credit losses was necessary. The Company did not recognize credit losses for its CECL Securities through earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
The following table presents the Company's CECL Securities in an unrealized loss position with no credit losses reported, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

December 31, 2023 | Less than 12 months |  | Greater than 12 months |  | Total
| Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Non-Agency RMBS | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (4) |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (4) |

Credit risk associated with non-Agency RMBS is regularly assessed as new information regarding the underlying collateral becomes available and based on updated estimates of cash flows generated by the underlying collateral. In performing its assessment, the Company considers past and expected future performance of the underlying collateral, including timing of expected future cash flows, prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, delinquency rates, current levels of subordination, volatility of the security's fair value, temporary declines in liquidity for the asset class and interest rate changes since purchase.
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5. Multi-family Loans, at Fair Value
The Company's multi-family loans consisting of its preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, entities that have multi-family real estate assets are presented at fair value on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election. Accordingly, changes in fair value are presented in unrealized (losses) gains, net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. Multi-family loans consist of the following as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Investment amount | $ | 96,314 |  |  | $ | 95,434 |
Unrealized (losses) gains, net | (4,409) |  |  | 358 |
Total, at Fair Value | $ | 91,905 |  |  | 95,792 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $4.8 million in net unrealized losses and $0.5 million in net unrealized gains on multi-family loans, respectively.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized no premiums resulting from early redemption of multi-family loans.
The table below presents the fair value and aggregate unpaid principal balance of the Company's multi-family loan in non-accrual status as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Days Late |  |  | Fair Value (1) |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal Balance
90 + |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,363 |  |  | $ | 4,753 |  |  | $ | 3,363 |

(1)As of March 31, 2024, the Company reduced the fair value of the multi-family loan to zero as a result of recent developments with respect to the property, its financing and market conditions.
The geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of the total multi-family loan investment amounts as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are as follows:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Texas | 32.7 | % |  | 32.6 | %
Tennessee | 15.3 | % |  | 15.2 | %
Florida | 10.6 | % |  | 10.5 | %
Arkansas | 9.5 | % |  | 9.5 | %
Louisiana | 7.7 | % |  | 7.5 | %
Alabama | 6.7 | % |  | 6.7 | %
North Carolina | 5.8 | % |  | 5.8 | %
Indiana | 5.2 | % |  | 5.3 | %

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6. Equity Investments, at Fair Value
The Company's equity investments consist of preferred equity ownership interests in entities that invest in multi-family properties where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to an equity investment (or multi-family preferred equity ownership interests), equity ownership interests in entities that originate residential loans (or single-family equity ownership interests) and joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties. The Company's equity investments are accounted for under the equity method and are presented at fair value on its condensed consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election.
The following table presents the Company's equity investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Investment Name |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value
Multi-Family Preferred Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EHOF-NYMT Sunset Apartments Preferred, LLC |  | 57% |  | $ | 20,129 |  |  | 57% |  | $ | 19,703 |
Lucie at Tradition Holdings, LLC |  | 70% |  | 19,955 |  |  | 70% |  | 19,442 |
Syracuse Apartments and Townhomes, LLC |  | 58% |  | 22,055 |  |  | 58% |  | 21,642 |
Hudson Bridge Apartments, LLC - Series A, Briar Hill Apartments, LLC, Kings Glen Apartments, LLC, Flagstone Apartments, LLC, Brookfield Apartments II, LLC - Series B, and Silber JBSM Properties, LLC (collectively) |  | 58% |  | 10,046 |  |  | 58% |  | 9,882 |
Tides on 27th Investors, LLC |  | 54% |  | 18,577 |  |  | 54% |  | 17,937 |
Rapid City RMI JV LLC |  | 50% |  | 10,046 |  |  | 50% |  | 9,804 |
Palms at Cape Coral, LLC |  | — |  | — |  |  | 34% |  | 5,832 |
Total - Multi-Family Preferred Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  | 100,808 |  |  |  |  | 104,242 |
Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GWR Cedars Partners, LLC |  | 70% |  | 277 |  |  | 70% |  | 1,897 |
GWR Gateway Partners, LLC |  | 70% |  | 1,393 |  |  | 70% |  | 3,823 |
Total - Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties |  |  |  | 1,670 |  |  |  |  | 5,720 |
Single-Family Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Constructive Loans, LLC (1) |  | 50% |  | 35,465 |  |  | 50% |  | 37,154 |
Total - Single-Family Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  | 35,465 |  |  |  |  | 37,154 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 137,943 |  |  |  |  | $ | 147,116 |

(1)The Company purchased $40.8 million and $16.0 million of residential loans from this entity during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company records its equity in earnings or losses from its multi-family preferred equity ownership interests under the hypothetical liquidation of book value method of accounting due to the structures and the preferences it receives on the distributions from these entities pursuant to the respective agreements. Under this method, the Company recognizes income or loss in each period based on the change in liquidation proceeds it would receive from a hypothetical liquidation of its investment. Pursuant to the fair value election, changes in fair value of the Company's multi-family preferred equity ownership interests are reported in current period earnings.
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The following table presents income from multi-family preferred equity ownership interests for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands). Income from these investments is presented in (loss) income from equity investments in the Company's accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Income from these investments during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 includes $0.1 million and $0.6 million of net unrealized gains, respectively.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |
Investment Name |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |
EHOF-NYMT Sunset Apartments Preferred, LLC |  | $ | 679 |  |  | $ | 625 |  |  |  |  |  |
Lucie at Tradition Holdings, LLC |  | 757 |  |  | 684 |  |  |  |  |  |
Syracuse Apartments and Townhomes, LLC |  | 705 |  |  | 654 |  |  |  |  |  |
Hudson Bridge Apartments, LLC - Series A, Briar Hill Apartments, LLC, Kings Glen Apartments, LLC, Flagstone Apartments, LLC, Brookfield Apartments II, LLC - Series B, and Silber JBSM Properties, LLC (collectively) |  | 321 |  |  | 301 |  |  |  |  |  |
Tides on 27th Investors, LLC |  | 641 |  |  | 797 |  |  |  |  |  |
Rapid City RMI JV LLC |  | 431 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Palms at Cape Coral, LLC |  | 69 |  |  | 177 |  |  |  |  |  |
FF/RMI 20 Midtown, LLC |  | — |  |  | 799 |  |  |  |  |  |
America Walks at Port St. Lucie, LLC |  | — |  |  | 1,126 |  |  |  |  |  |
1122 Chicago DE, LLC |  | — |  |  | 251 |  |  |  |  |  |
Bighaus, LLC |  | — |  |  | 537 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Income - Multi-Family Preferred Equity Ownership Interests |  | $ | 3,603 |  |  | $ | 5,951 |  |  |  |  |  |

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 the Company recognized $0.1 million in premiums resulting from early redemption of multi-family preferred equity ownership interests included in equity investments, which are included in other (loss) income on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 the Company recognized no premiums resulting from early redemption of multi-family preferred equity ownership interests included in equity investments.
Income from single-family equity ownership interests and joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties that are accounted for under the equity method using the fair value option is presented in (loss) income from equity investments in the Company's accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents (loss) income from these investments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
Investment Name |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Single-Family Equity Ownership Interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Constructive Loans, LLC (1) |  | $ | (1,689) |  |  | $ | (2,500) |  |  |  |  |
Total Loss - Single-Family Equity Ownership Interests |  | $ | (1,689) |  |  | $ | (2,500) |  |  |  |  |
Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GWR Cedars Partners, LLC |  | $ | (1,620) |  |  | $ | 413 |  |  |  |  |
GWR Gateway Partners, LLC |  | (2,430) |  |  | 647 |  |  |  |  |
Total (Loss) Income - Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties |  | $ | (4,050) |  |  | $ | 1,060 |  |  |  |  |

(1)Includes net unrealized losses of $2.2 million and $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2)During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company determined that these joint venture equity investments no longer met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and returned its equity investments in the joint venture entities to equity investments, at fair value (see Note 9). Includes net unrealized losses of $4.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and net unrealized gains of $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
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7.Use of Special Purpose Entities (SPE) and Variable Interest Entities (VIE)
Financing VIEs
The Company uses SPEs to facilitate transactions that involve securitizing financial assets or re-securitizing previously securitized financial assets. The objective of such transactions may include obtaining non-recourse financing, obtaining liquidity or refinancing the underlying securitized financial assets on improved terms. Securitization involves transferring assets to an SPE to convert all or a portion of those assets into cash before they would have been realized in the normal course of business through the SPE’s issuance of debt or equity instruments. Investors in an SPE usually have recourse only to the assets in the SPE and depending on the overall structure of the transaction, may benefit from various forms of credit enhancement, such as over-collateralization in the form of excess assets in the SPE, priority with respect to receipt of cash flows relative to holders of other debt or equity instruments issued by the SPE, or a line of credit or other form of liquidity agreement that is designed with the objective of ensuring that investors receive principal and/or interest cash flow on the investment in accordance with the terms of their investment agreement.
The Company has entered into financing transactions, including residential loan securitizations and re-securitizations, which required the Company to analyze and determine whether the SPEs that were created to facilitate the transactions are VIEs in accordance with ASC 810 and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary requiring consolidation.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company completed two securitizations of certain residential loans for which the Company received net proceeds of approximately $497.0 million after deducting expenses associated with the securitization transactions. The Company engaged in these transactions for the purpose of obtaining non-recourse, longer-term financing on a portion of its residential loan portfolio. The residential loans serving as collateral for the financings are comprised of performing, re-performing and non-performing loans which are included in residential loans, at fair value on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company exercised its right to an optional redemption of one of its residential loan securitizations with an outstanding principal balance of $147.6 million at the time of redemption, returned the assets held by the trust to the Company and recognized $0.7 million of loss on the extinguishment of collateralized debt obligations.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company evaluated its residential loan securitizations and concluded that the entities created to facilitate each of the financing transactions are VIEs and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs (each a “Financing VIE” and collectively, the “Financing VIEs”). Accordingly, the Company consolidated the then-outstanding Financing VIEs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Consolidated SLST
The Company invests in subordinated securities that represent the first loss position of the Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization from which they were issued and certain IOs issued from the securitization. The Company has evaluated its investments in this securitization trust to determine whether it is a VIE and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary requiring consolidation. The Company has determined that the Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization trust, which we refer to as Consolidated SLST, is a VIE as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE within Consolidated SLST. Accordingly, the Company has consolidated the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of such VIE in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements (see Notes 2, 3 and 13). The Company has elected the fair value option on the assets and liabilities held within Consolidated SLST, which requires that changes in valuations in the assets and liabilities of Consolidated SLST be reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Consolidated SLST securities owned by the Company had a fair value of $151.2 million and $157.2 million, respectively (see Note 16). The Company’s investments in Consolidated SLST securities were not included as collateral to any Financing VIE as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
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Consolidated Real Estate VIEs
The Company owns joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family apartment communities, which the Company determined to be VIEs and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidates the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of these VIEs in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements with non-controlling interests or redeemable non-controlling interests for the third-party ownership of the joint ventures' membership interests.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company sold its joint venture equity investment in a multi-family property, which resulted in the de-consolidation of the joint venture equity's assets and liabilities (see Note 9).
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its variable interest in a VIE that owned a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company held a preferred equity investment. The Company determined that it gained the power to direct the activities, and became primary beneficiary, of the VIE and consolidated this VIE into its condensed consolidated financial statements.
The Company accounted for the initial consolidation of the Consolidated Real Estate VIEs in accordance with asset acquisition provisions of ASC 805, as substantially all of the fair value of the assets within the entities are concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets.
In analyzing whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of the Financing VIEs, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, the Company considered its involvement in each of the VIEs, including the design and purpose of each VIE, and whether its involvement reflected a controlling financial interest that resulted in the Company being deemed the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. In determining whether the Company would be considered the primary beneficiary, the following factors were assessed:
•whether the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE; and
•whether the Company has a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.
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The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of March 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

| Financing VIEs |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Residential Loan Securitizations |  |  |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,325 |  |  | $ | 14,325 |
Residential loans, at fair value | 1,724,250 |  |  |  |  | 738,126 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,462,376 |
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,005,161 |  |  | 1,005,161 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 146,363 |  |  | 146,363 |
Other assets | 166,374 |  |  |  |  | 2,905 |  |  | 31,679 |  |  | 200,958 |
Total assets | $ | 1,890,624 |  |  |  |  | $ | 741,031 |  |  | $ | 1,197,528 |  |  | $ | 3,829,183 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,108,594 at amortized cost, net and $1,079,768 at fair value) | $ | 1,605,735 |  |  |  |  | $ | 582,627 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,188,362 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 850,743 |  |  | 850,743 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 122,318 |  |  | 122,318 |
Other liabilities | 9,909 |  |  |  |  | 5,897 |  |  | 15,163 |  |  | 30,969 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,615,644 |  |  |  |  | $ | 588,524 |  |  | $ | 988,224 |  |  | $ | 3,192,392 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4) | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,128 |  |  | $ | 20,128 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5) | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,825 |  |  | $ | 13,825 |
Net investment (6) | $ | 274,980 |  |  |  |  | $ | 152,507 |  |  | $ | 175,351 |  |  | $ | 602,838 |

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
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The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

| Financing VIEs |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Residential Loan Securitizations |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,612 |  |  | $ | 15,612 |
Residential loans, at fair value | 1,501,908 |  |  | 754,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,256,768 |
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 979,934 |  |  | 979,934 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 426,017 |  |  | 426,017 |
Other assets | 98,451 |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | 37,035 |  |  | 138,446 |
Total assets | $ | 1,600,359 |  |  | $ | 757,820 |  |  | $ | 1,458,598 |  |  | $ | 3,816,777 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,276,780 at amortized cost, net and $593,737 at fair value) | $ | 1,276,780 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,870,517 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 784,421 |  |  | 784,421 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 386,024 |  |  | 386,024 |
Other liabilities | 8,421 |  |  | 5,638 |  |  | 21,797 |  |  | 35,856 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,285,201 |  |  | $ | 599,375 |  |  | $ | 1,192,242 |  |  | $ | 3,076,818 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,061 |  |  | $ | 28,061 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,328 |  |  | $ | 20,328 |
Net investment (6) | $ | 315,158 |  |  | $ | 158,445 |  |  | $ | 217,967 |  |  | $ | 691,570 |

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
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The following table presents condensed statements of operations for non-Company-sponsored VIEs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands). The following table includes net (loss) income from assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale and intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 8,127 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,127 |  |  | $ | 8,733 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,733 |
Interest expense |  | 5,801 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,801 |  |  | 6,315 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,315 |
Total net interest income |  | 2,326 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,326 |  |  | 2,418 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,418 |
Income from real estate |  | — |  |  | 35,093 |  |  | 35,093 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,075 |  |  | 39,075 |
Expenses related to real estate |  | — |  |  | 51,761 |  |  | 51,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 48,062 |  |  | 48,062 |
Total net loss from real estate |  | — |  |  | (16,668) |  |  | (16,668) |  |  | — |  |  | (8,987) |  |  | (8,987) |
Unrealized (losses) gains, net |  | (36) |  |  | — |  |  | (36) |  |  | 2,299 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,299 |
Gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net |  | — |  |  | 2,518 |  |  | 2,518 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,298) |  |  | (1,298) |
Impairment of real estate |  | — |  |  | (32,214) |  |  | (32,214) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,275) |  |  | (10,275) |
Loss on reclassification of disposal group |  | — |  |  | (14,636) |  |  | (14,636) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other income |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Total other (loss) income |  | (36) |  |  | (44,329) |  |  | (44,365) |  |  | 2,299 |  |  | (11,557) |  |  | (9,258) |
Net income (loss) |  | 2,290 |  |  | (60,997) |  |  | (58,707) |  |  | 4,717 |  |  | (20,544) |  |  | (15,827) |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | — |  |  | 22,158 |  |  | 22,158 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,701 |  |  | 6,701 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Company |  | $ | 2,290 |  |  | $ | (38,839) |  |  | $ | (36,549) |  |  | $ | 4,717 |  |  | $ | (13,843) |  |  | $ | (9,126) |

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Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs
The third-party owners of certain of the non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs have the ability to sell their ownership interests to the Company, at their election. The Company has classified these third-party ownership interests as redeemable non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs in mezzanine equity on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The holders of the redeemable non-controlling interests may elect to sell their ownership interests to the Company at fair value once a year and the sales are subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations.
The following table presents activity in redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 28,061 |  |  | $ | 63,803 |  |  |  |  |
Contributions | 39 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Distributions | — |  |  | (3,950) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs | (14,400) |  |  | (5,501) |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value (1) | 6,428 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ | 20,128 |  |  | $ | 54,352 |  |  |  |  |

(1)The Company determines the fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interest utilizing market assumptions and discounted cash flows. The Company applies a discount rate to the estimated future cash flows from the multi-family apartment properties held by the applicable Consolidated VIEs that are allocatable to the redeemable non-controlling interest. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Significant unobservable inputs utilized in the estimation of fair value of redeemable non-controlling interest as of March 31, 2024 include a weighted average capitalization rate of 5.8% (ranges from 5.3% to 6.8%) and a weighted average discount rate of 14.9% (ranges from 13.9% to 15.6%).
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Unconsolidated VIEs
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company evaluated its investment securities available for sale, preferred equity and other equity investments to determine whether they are VIEs and should be consolidated by the Company. Based on a number of factors, the Company determined that, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, it does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The following tables present the classification and carrying value of unconsolidated VIEs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024
| Multi-family loans |  | Investment securities available for sale, at fair value |  | Equity investments |  | Total
Non-Agency RMBS | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,855 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,855 |
Preferred equity investments in multi-family properties | 91,905 |  |  | — |  |  | 100,808 |  |  | 192,713 |
Joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,670 |  |  | 1,670 |
Maximum exposure | $ | 91,905 |  |  | $ | 23,855 |  |  | $ | 102,478 |  |  | $ | 218,238 |

| December 31, 2023
| Multi-family loans |  | Investment securities available for sale, at fair value |  | Equity investments |  | Total
Non-Agency RMBS | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,462 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,462 |
Preferred equity investments in multi-family properties | 95,792 |  |  | — |  |  | 104,242 |  |  | 200,034 |
Joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,720 |  |  | 5,720 |
Maximum exposure | $ | 95,792 |  |  | $ | 24,462 |  |  | $ | 109,962 |  |  | $ | 230,216 |

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8. Real Estate, Net
The following is a summary of real estate, net, collectively, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Land |  | $ | 133,522 |  |  | $ | 137,883 |
Building and improvements |  | 1,005,596 |  |  | 1,020,477 |
Furniture, fixture and equipment |  | 41,792 |  |  | 38,706 |
Operating real estate |  | $ | 1,180,910 |  |  | $ | 1,197,066 |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (74,229) |  |  | (65,247) |
Operating real estate, net |  | $ | 1,106,681 |  |  | $ | 1,131,819 |
Real estate held for sale, net (1) |  | $ | 47,540 |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate, net (2) |  | $ | 1,154,221 |  |  | $ | 1,131,819 |

(1)Real estate held for sale, net is recorded at the lower of the net carrying amount of the assets or the estimated fair value, net of selling costs. Includes one multi-family apartment property in a joint venture entity that owns several multi-family properties (and is not included in the repositioning referenced in (2) below) and certain single-family rental properties as of March 31, 2024.
(2)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the real estate, net related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties is included in assets of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In December 2023 and March 2024, certain of the joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties were determined to no longer meet held for sale criteria and the associated real estate, net was reclassified to real estate, net on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of the respective dates. See Note 9 for additional information.
Multi-family Apartment Properties
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company owned joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family apartment communities, which the Company determined to be VIEs and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the joint venture entities into its condensed consolidated financial statements (see Note 7). As of March 31, 2024, the Company determined that one of the multi-family apartment communities owned by an entity in which the Company holds a joint venture equity investment that is not in disposal group held for sale met the criteria to be classified as held for sale, transferred the property held by the joint venture entity from operating real estate to real estate held for sale and recognized no loss.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company became the primary beneficiary of a VIE that owns a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company holds a preferred equity investment. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the VIE into its consolidated financial statements (see Note 7).
The multi-family apartment communities generally lease their apartment units to individual tenants at market rates for the production of rental income. These apartment units are generally leased at a fixed monthly rate with no option for the lessee to purchase the leased unit at any point.
Operating real estate, net is periodically evaluated for impairment. As of March 31, 2024, the Company determined that four multi-family properties owned by joint venture equity investments were impaired. The calculation of impairment amounts utilized fair values that were estimated based upon discounted cash flow analyses using property financial information and assumptions regarding market rent, revenue and expense growth, capitalization rates and equity return rates. Accordingly, the Company recognized a $32.8 million impairment of real estate in the three months ended March 31, 2024.
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Single-family Rental Properties
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company owned single-family rental homes. These units are leased to individual tenants for the production of rental income and are generally leased at a fixed monthly rate with no option for the lessee to purchase the leased unit at any point.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company determined that certain single-family rental properties met the criteria to be classified as held for sale, transferred the properties from operating real estate to real estate held for sale and recognized a $4.0 million loss included in impairment of real estate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company sold several single-family rental properties for proceeds of approximately $0.9 million, recognizing a net gain on sale of approximately $0.1 million which is included in other (loss) income on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Lease Intangibles
Intangibles related to multi-family properties consist of the value of in-place leases and are included in other assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the components of lease intangibles, net as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Lease intangibles |  | $ | 56,656 |  |  | $ | 54,581 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (55,705) |  |  | (52,203) |
Lease intangibles, net |  | $ | 951 |  |  | $ | 2,378 |

In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the lease intangibles, net related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties are included in assets of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In December 2023 and March 2024, certain of the joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties were determined to no longer meet held for sale criteria and the associated lease intangibles, net were reclassified to other assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional information.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
The following table presents depreciation and amortization expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense on operating real estate |  | $ | 11,149 |  |  | $ | 6,039 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate |  | 1,427 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 12,576 |  |  | $ | 6,039 |  |  |  |  |

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9. Assets and Liabilities of Disposal Group Held for Sale
In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred either the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs or its equity investment in the joint venture entity to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale. In December 2023, the Company suspended the marketing of nine joint venture equity investments that were reported in assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale primarily due to unfavorable market conditions and a lack of transactional activity in the multi-family market. As such, the Company determined that these joint venture equity investments no longer met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred either the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs or its equity investment in the joint venture entity to their respective categories or equity investments, at fair value, respectively, on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023.
In March 2024, the Company suspended the marketing of one additional joint venture equity investment, determined that it no longer met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the Consolidated VIE to their respective categories on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024. As a result of this transfer, the Company adjusted the carrying value of the long-lived assets in the Consolidated VIE to the lower of the carrying amount before the assets were classified as held for sale adjusted for depreciation and amortization expense that would have been recognized had the assets been continuously classified as held and used and the fair value of the assets at the date of the transfer and recognized an approximately $14.6 million loss on reclassification of disposal group during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company sold its joint venture equity investment in a multi-family property, which resulted in the de-consolidation of the joint venture equity's assets and liabilities and a gain on de-consolidation of approximately $0.1 million, which is included in other (loss) income in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents the carrying values of the major classes of assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents (1) |  | $ | 2,615 |  |  | $ | 5,676 |
Real estate, net (1) |  | 138,984 |  |  | 407,834 |
Other assets (1) |  | 4,764 |  |  | 12,507 |
Total assets of disposal group held for sale |  | $ | 146,363 |  |  | $ | 426,017 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net |  | $ | 119,640 |  |  | $ | 378,386 |
Other liabilities |  | 2,678 |  |  | 7,638 |
Total liabilities of disposal group held for sale (1) |  | $ | 122,318 |  |  | $ | 386,024 |

(1)Certain assets and liabilities of the disposal group held for sale are in Consolidated VIEs because the Company is the primary beneficiary.
Also included in the disposal group held for sale are non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs in the amount of $1.7 million and $3.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
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Real estate, net included in assets of disposal group held for sale is recorded at the lower of the net carrying amount of the assets or the estimated fair value, net of selling costs. Fair value for real estate, net was based upon a discounted cash flow analysis using property financial information and assumptions regarding market rent, revenue and expense growth, capitalization rates and equity return rates. As of March 31, 2024, the fair value, net of selling costs of a multi-family property owned by one of the joint venture entities in which we hold an equity investment that had previously been impaired was more than the property's net carrying value. Accordingly, the Company recognized a $0.6 million recovery of value in the three months ended March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2023, the fair values, net of selling costs of multi-family properties owned by two of the joint venture entities in which we hold equity investments were less than the properties' net carrying values. Accordingly, the Company recognized an $11.1 million impairment in the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the fair value, net of selling costs of a multi-family property owned by one of the joint venture entities in which we hold an equity investment that had previously been impaired was more than the property's net carrying value. Accordingly, the Company recognized a $0.8 million recovery of value in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Impairment on real estate, net of recovery of previously impaired real estate, is included in impairment of real estate on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 16 for descriptions of valuation methodologies utilized for other classes of assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale.
The following table presents the pretax losses of the disposal group held for sale as of March 31, 2024 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Pretax income (loss) of disposal group held for sale |  | $ | 651 |  |  | $ | (11,978) |  |  |  |  |
Pretax income (loss) of disposal group attributable to non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | (30) |  |  | 670 |  |  |  |  |
Pretax income (loss) of disposal group attributable to Company's common stockholders |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | (11,308) |  |  |  |  |

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10. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company enters into derivative financial instruments in connection with its risk management activities. These derivative instruments may include interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, credit default swaps, futures and options contracts such as options on credit default swap indices, equity index options, swaptions and options on futures. The Company may also pursue forward-settling purchases or sales of Agency RMBS where the underlying pools of mortgage loans are “To-Be-Announced,” or TBAs, purchase options on U.S. Treasury futures or invest in other types of mortgage derivative securities. The Company elected not to apply hedge accounting for its derivative instruments.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
The Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are required by lenders on certain repurchase agreement financing and variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate to enter into interest rate cap contracts that limit the indexed portion of the interest rate on the respective related financing to a strike rate based upon various SOFR tenors.
The Company uses interest rate swaps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with our variable-rate borrowings. Interest rate swaps generally involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty, based on SOFR, in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in order to manage its position with regard to its liabilities, the Company may also enter into interest rate swaps which involve the receipt of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making variable-rate payments, based on SOFR, over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The variable rate the Company pays or receives under its swap agreements has the effect of offsetting the repricing characteristics and cash flows of the Company's financing arrangements.
The Company has equity index put options that give the Company the right to sell or buy the underlying index at a specified strike price, U.S. Treasury future contracts that obligate the Company to sell or buy U.S. Treasury securities for future delivery. The Company has purchased credit default swap index contracts under which a counterparty, in exchange for a premium, agrees to compensate the Company for the financial loss associated with the occurrence of a credit event in relation to a notional value of an index. The Company may also purchase credit default swap index options that allow the Company to enter into a fixed rate payor position in the underlying credit default swap index at the agreed strike level.
The following table summarizes the Company's derivative instruments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  | Fair Value
Type of Derivative Instrument |  | Consolidated Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Interest rate caps |  | Other assets |  | $ | 7,123 |  |  | $ | 6,510 |
Options |  | Other assets |  | 20 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps |  | Other assets |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | Other assets |  | — |  |  | — |
Total derivative assets (1) |  |  |  | $ | 7,143 |  |  | $ | 6,510 |
Credit default swaps |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total derivative liabilities |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1)Excludes interest rate cap contracts held by certain Consolidated VIEs included in other assets in disposal group held for sale.
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The Company elects to net the fair value of its derivative contracts by counterparty when appropriate. These contracts contain legally enforceable provisions that allow for netting or setting off of all individual derivative receivables and payables with each counterparty and therefore, the fair values of those derivative contracts are reported net by counterparty. All of the Company’s interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and U.S. Treasury futures are cleared through two central clearing houses, CME Group Inc. ("CME Clearing"), which is the parent company of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc., or the Intercontinental Exchange ("ICE"). CME Clearing and ICE serve as the counterparty to every cleared transaction, becoming the buyer to each seller and the seller to each buyer, limiting the credit risk by guaranteeing the financial performance of both parties and netting down exposures. The Company also exchanges variation margin based upon daily changes in fair value, as measured by CME Clearing and ICE. The exchange of variation margin is treated as a legal settlement of the exposure under these contracts, as opposed to pledged collateral. Accordingly, the Company accounts for the receipt or payment of variation margin as a direct reduction to or increase in the carrying value of the related asset or liability.
The following tables present a reconciliation of gross derivative assets and liabilities to net amounts presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024
| Gross Amount of Recognized Assets (Liabilities) |  | Gross Amounts Offset in Balance Sheets |  | Variation Margin |  | Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Balance Sheets
Derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate caps | $ | 7,123 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,123 |
Options | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
Interest rate swaps | 30,879 |  |  | (14,617) |  |  | (16,262) |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury futures | 26 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (23) |  |  | — |
Total derivative assets | $ | 38,048 |  |  | $ | (14,620) |  |  | $ | (16,285) |  |  | $ | 7,143 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit default swaps | $ | (9,268) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,268 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps | (14,617) |  |  | 14,617 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury futures | (3) |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total derivative liabilities | $ | (23,888) |  |  | $ | 14,620 |  |  | $ | 9,268 |  |  | $ | — |

| December 31, 2023
| Gross Amount of Recognized Assets (Liabilities) |  | Gross Amounts Offset in Balance Sheets |  | Variation Margin |  | Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Balance Sheets
Derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate caps | $ | 6,510 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,510 |
Interest rate swaps | 13,094 |  |  | (13,094) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total derivative assets | $ | 19,604 |  |  | $ | (13,094) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,510 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | (40,541) |  |  | $ | 13,094 |  |  | $ | 27,447 |  |  | $ | — |
Total derivative liabilities | $ | (40,541) |  |  | $ | 13,094 |  |  | $ | 27,447 |  |  | $ | — |

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The use of derivatives exposes the Company to counterparty credit risks in the event of a default by a counterparty. If a counterparty defaults under the applicable derivative agreement, the Company may be unable to collect payments to which it is entitled under its derivative agreements and may have difficulty collecting the assets it pledged as collateral against such derivatives.
The Company is required to post an initial margin amount for its interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, and U.S. Treasury futures determined by CME Clearing and ICE, which is generally intended to be set at a level sufficient to protect the exchange from the derivative financial instrument’s maximum estimated single-day price movement. The following table summarizes assets pledged as initial margin as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Initial Margin Collateral |  | Consolidated Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Agency RMBS |  | Investment securities available for sale, at fair value |  | $ | 35,020 |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted cash |  | Other assets |  | 31,620 |  |  | 53,458 |
Total initial margin collateral |  |  |  | $ | 66,640 |  |  | $ | 53,458 |

Margin excess related to settlement of variation margin in the amount of approximately $8.0 million and $1.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, is included in other assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Margin deficit related to settlement of variation margin in the amount of approximately $6.2 million as of March 31, 2024 is included in other liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The tables below summarize the activity of derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | Notional Amount For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Type of Derivative Instrument |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Additions |  | Terminations |  | March 31, 2024
Interest rate caps |  | $ | 550,025 |  |  | $ | 148,044 |  |  | $ | (161,165) |  |  | $ | 536,904 |
Options |  | — |  |  | 202 |  |  | (102) |  |  | 100 |
Interest rate swaps |  | 2,778,015 |  |  | 904,180 |  |  | (305,450) |  |  | 3,376,745 |
Credit default swaps |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | — |  |  | 280,750 |  |  | (255,450) |  |  | 25,300 |

|  | Notional Amount For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Type of Derivative Instrument |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Additions |  | Terminations |  | March 31, 2023
Options |  | — |  |  | 500,053 |  |  | — |  |  | 500,053 |
Interest rate swaps |  | — |  |  | 341,300 |  |  | — |  |  | 341,300 |

The following tables present the components of realized gains (losses), net and unrealized gains (losses), net related to our derivative instruments that were not designated as hedging instruments, which are included in gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
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|  | For the Three Months Ended
|  | March 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2023 |  |
Type of Derivative Instrument |  | Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  |  |  |
Interest rate caps (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,806 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,455) |  |  |  |  |
Options |  | (211) |  |  | (509) |  |  | — |  |  | (420) |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | 5,230 |  |  | 43,709 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,487) |  |  |  |  |
Credit default swaps |  | (1,011) |  |  | (995) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | 169 |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 4,177 |  |  | $ | 45,034 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,362) |  |  |  |  |

(1)Includes interest rate caps held by certain Consolidated VIEs included in other assets in disposal group held for sale.
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The following table presents information about our interest rate cap contracts related to certain repurchase agreement financing and variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate that are not included in disposal group held for sale as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands):

March 31, 2024
Financing Type |  | Weighted Average SOFR Strike Price |  | SOFR Strike Price/Range |  | Notional Amount |  | Expiration Date/Range
Repurchase agreement |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | $ | 111,000 |  |  | November 17, 2024
Mortgages payable on real estate |  | 2.43 | % |  | 1.50% - 3.22% |  | 425,904 |  |  | April 1, 2024 - January 15, 2025

December 31, 2023
Financing Type |  | Weighted Average SOFR Strike Price |  | SOFR Strike Price/Range |  | Notional Amount |  | Expiration Date/Range
Repurchase agreement |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | $ | 111,000 |  |  | November 17, 2024
Mortgages payable on real estate |  | 2.13 | % |  | 1.50% - 3.22% |  | 439,025 |  |  | January 9, 2024 - January 15, 2025

The following table presents information about our interest rate swaps whereby we receive floating rate payments in exchange for fixed rate payments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024
Swap Maturities |  | Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Fixed Interest Rate |  | Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate
2025 |  | $ | 1,426,370 |  |  | 4.62 | % |  | 5.38 | %
2026 |  | 323,985 |  |  | 4.19 | % |  | 5.36 | %
2027 |  | 218,090 |  |  | 3.96 | % |  | 5.33 | %
2028 |  | 674,804 |  |  | 4.03 | % |  | 5.39 | %
2029 |  | 105,580 |  |  | 3.80 | % |  | 5.33 | %
2033 |  | 358,806 |  |  | 4.04 | % |  | 5.38 | %
2034 |  | 46,060 |  |  | 3.79 | % |  | 5.33 | %
Total |  | $ | 3,153,695 |  |  | 4.30 | % |  | 5.38 | %

|  | December 31, 2023
Swap Maturities |  | Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Fixed Interest Rate |  | Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate
2025 |  | $ | 1,476,370 |  |  | 4.62 | % |  | 5.33 | %
2026 |  | 214,985 |  |  | 4.19 | % |  | 5.33 | %
2028 |  | 674,804 |  |  | 4.03 | % |  | 5.35 | %
2033 |  | 358,806 |  |  | 4.04 | % |  | 5.34 | %
Total |  | $ | 2,724,965 |  |  | 4.36 | % |  | 5.34 | %

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The following table presents information about our interest rate swaps whereby we receive fixed rate payments in exchange for floating rate payments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024
Swap Maturities |  | Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Fixed Interest Rate |  | Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate
2026 |  | $ | 109,000 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  | 5.34 | %
2027 |  | 61,000 |  |  | 3.79 | % |  | 5.34 | %
2028 |  | 9,550 |  |  | 3.48 | % |  | 5.35 | %
2033 |  | 43,500 |  |  | 3.64 | % |  | 5.38 | %
Total |  | $ | 223,050 |  |  | 3.89 | % |  | 5.35 | %

|  | December 31, 2023
Swap Maturities |  | Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Fixed Interest Rate |  | Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate
2028 |  | $ | 9,550 |  |  | 3.48 | % |  | 5.29 | %
2033 |  | 43,500 |  |  | 3.64 | % |  | 5.33 | %
Total |  | $ | 53,050 |  |  | 3.61 | % |  | 5.33 | %

Certain of the Company’s derivative contracts are subject to International Swaps and Derivatives Association Master Agreements or other similar agreements which may contain provisions that grant counterparties certain rights with respect to the applicable agreement upon the occurrence of certain events, including a decline in the Company's stockholders’ equity (as defined in the respective agreements) in excess of specified thresholds or dollar amounts over set periods of time, the Company’s failure to maintain its REIT status, the Company’s failure to comply with limits on the amount of leverage and the Company’s stock being delisted from Nasdaq.
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11. Other Assets and Other Liabilities
Other Assets
The following table presents the components of the Company's other assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Restricted cash (1) |  | $ | 163,792 |  |  | $ | 143,535 |
Real estate owned |  | 41,397 |  |  | 34,353 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 39,936 |  |  | 37,312 |
Other assets in consolidated multi-family properties |  | 24,321 |  |  | 28,923 |
Recoverable advances on residential loans |  | 18,093 |  |  | 18,328 |
Other receivables |  | 16,781 |  |  | 12,593 |
Collections receivable from residential loan servicers |  | 16,732 |  |  | 14,956 |
Derivative assets (2) |  | 7,143 |  |  | 6,510 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 6,308 |  |  | 6,581 |
Deferred tax assets |  | 4,162 |  |  | 4,510 |
Lease intangibles, net in consolidated multi-family properties |  | 951 |  |  | 2,378 |
Other |  | 5,383 |  |  | 5,378 |
Total |  | $ | 344,999 |  |  | $ | 315,357 |

(1)Restricted cash represents cash held by third parties, initial margin for derivative contracts and cash held by the Company's securitization trusts.
(2)Includes derivative assets held in consolidated multi-family properties.
Other Liabilities
The following table presents the components of the Company's other liabilities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Dividends and dividend equivalents payable |  | $ | 30,101 |  |  | $ | 32,151 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 27,836 |  |  | 23,653 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities in consolidated multi-family properties |  | 15,163 |  |  | 21,797 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 6,823 |  |  | 7,102 |
Accrued expenses |  | 6,303 |  |  | 11,515 |
Swap margin payable |  | 6,193 |  |  | — |
Deferred revenue |  | 5,220 |  |  | 5,469 |
Advanced remittances from residential loan servicers |  | 4,999 |  |  | 4,332 |
Unfunded commitments for residential and multi-family investments |  | 3,701 |  |  | 6,587 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 1,391 |  |  | 2,012 |
Other |  | 3,021 |  |  | 3,398 |
Total |  | $ | 110,751 |  |  | $ | 118,016 |

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12. Repurchase Agreements
The following table presents the carrying value of the Company's repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Repurchase Agreements Secured By: |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Investment securities |  | $ | 2,057,361 |  |  | $ | 1,862,063 |
Residential loans and real estate owned |  | 380,641 |  |  | 534,754 |
Single-family rental properties |  | 74,006 |  |  | 74,296 |
Total carrying value |  | $ | 2,512,008 |  |  | $ | 2,471,113 |

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had repurchase agreement exposure where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity with Atlas SP and Bank of America at 6.39% and 5.02%, respectively. The amount at risk is defined as the fair value of assets pledged as collateral to the financing arrangement in excess of the financing arrangement liability.
The financings under certain of our repurchase agreements are subject to margin calls to the extent the market value of the collateral subject to the repurchase agreement falls below specified levels and repurchase may be accelerated upon an event of default under the repurchase agreements. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had assets available to be posted as margin which included liquid assets, such as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, and unencumbered securities that could be monetized to pay down or collateralize the liability immediately. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $212.6 million included in cash and cash equivalents and $151.1 million in unencumbered investment securities available to meet additional haircuts or market valuation requirements. The following table presents information about the Company's unencumbered securities at March 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Unencumbered Securities | March 31, 2024 |  |
Agency RMBS | $ | 85,101 |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS (1) (2) | 65,972 |  |  |
Total | $ | 151,073 |  |  |

(1)Includes IOs in Consolidated SLST with a fair value of $16.2 million as of March 31, 2024. Consolidated SLST securities owned by the Company are eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP.
(2)Includes CDOs repurchased from our residential loan securitizations with a fair value of $26.0 million as of March 31, 2024. Repurchased CDOs are eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP.
The Company also had unencumbered residential loans with a fair value of $186.8 million at March 31, 2024.
Residential Loans, Real Estate Owned and Single-family Rental Properties
The Company has repurchase agreements with five financial institutions to finance residential loans, real estate owned and single-family rental properties. The following table presents detailed information about the Company’s financings under these repurchase agreements and associated assets pledged as collateral at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Maximum Aggregate Uncommitted Principal Amount |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements (1) |  | Net Deferred Finance Costs (2) |  | Carrying Value of Repurchase Agreements |  | Carrying Value of Assets Pledged (3) |  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Weighted Average Months to Maturity (4)
March 31, 2024 | $ | 2,225,000 |  |  | $ | 456,038 |  |  | $ | (1,391) |  |  | $ | 454,647 |  |  | $ | 607,904 |  |  | 7.91 | % |  | 12.82
December 31, 2023 | $ | 2,225,000 |  |  | $ | 611,055 |  |  | $ | (2,005) |  |  | $ | 609,050 |  |  | $ | 805,082 |  |  | 7.87 | % |  | 13.89

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(1)Includes non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $103.0 million, a weighted average rate of 8.12%, and weighted average months to maturity of 12 months as of March 31, 2024. Includes non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $179.1 million, a weighted average rate of 8.19%, and weighted average months to maturity of 14 months as of December 31, 2023.
(2)Costs related to the repurchase agreements, which include commitment, underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees, are reflected as deferred charges. Such costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
(3)Includes residential loans and real estate owned with an aggregate fair value of $466.5 million and single-family rental properties with a net carrying value of $141.4 million as of March 31, 2024. Includes residential loans with an aggregate fair value of $658.3 million and single-family rental properties with a net carrying value of $146.7 million as of December 31, 2023.
(4)The Company expects to roll outstanding amounts under these repurchase agreements into new repurchase agreements or other financings, or to repay outstanding amounts, prior to or at maturity.
During the terms of the repurchase agreements, proceeds from the residential loans will be applied to pay any price differential and to reduce the aggregate repurchase price of the collateral. The financings under the repurchase agreements with two of the counterparties with an aggregate outstanding balance of $353.1 million as of March 31, 2024 are subject to margin calls to the extent the market value of the collateral falls below specified levels and repurchase may be accelerated upon an event of default under the repurchase agreements.
The Company’s accrued interest payable on outstanding repurchase agreements secured by residential loans, real estate owned and single-family rental properties at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 amounted to $2.9 million and $3.7 million, respectively, and is included in other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company, as required by a repurchase agreement with one counterparty, has entered into an interest rate cap contract that limits the indexed portion of the interest rate on the related repurchase agreement to a fixed rate (see Note 10).
As of March 31, 2024, the Company's repurchase agreements contain various covenants, including among other things, the maintenance of certain amounts of liquidity and total stockholders' equity as defined in the respective agreements. The Company is in compliance with such covenants as of March 31, 2024 and through the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Investment Securities
The Company has entered into repurchase agreements with financial institutions to finance certain investment securities available for sale, securities owned in Consolidated SLST and CDOs repurchased from our residential loan securitizations. These repurchase agreements provide short-term financing that bear interest rates typically based on a spread to SOFR and are secured by the investment securities which they finance and additional collateral pledged, if any. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had amounts outstanding under repurchase agreements with seven counterparties.
The following table presents detailed information about the amounts outstanding under the Company’s repurchase agreements secured by investment securities and associated assets pledged as collateral at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
| Outstanding Repurchase Agreements |  | Fair Value of Collateral Pledged |  | Amortized Cost of Collateral Pledged |  |  |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements |  | Fair Value of Collateral Pledged |  | Amortized Cost of Collateral Pledged |  |
Agency RMBS | $ | 1,991,485 |  |  | $ | 2,097,364 |  |  | $ | 2,098,851 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,771,436 |  |  | $ | 1,894,052 |  |  | $ | 1,869,415 |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS (1) (2) | 65,876 |  |  | 141,967 |  |  | 191,810 |  |  |  |  | 90,627 |  |  | 182,383 |  |  | 232,997 |  |  |
Balance at end of the period | $ | 2,057,361 |  |  | $ | 2,239,331 |  |  | $ | 2,290,661 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,862,063 |  |  | $ | 2,076,435 |  |  | $ | 2,102,412 |  |  |

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(1)Includes first loss subordinated securities in Consolidated SLST with a fair value of $135.1 million and $140.3 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Consolidated SLST securities owned by the Company are eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP.
(2)Includes CDOs repurchased from our residential loan securitizations with a fair value of $6.9 million and $42.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Amounts included in amortized cost of collateral pledged for repurchased CDOs represent the current par value of the securities. Repurchased CDOs are eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the outstanding balances under our repurchase agreements secured by investment securities were funded at a weighted average advance rate of 93.7% and 93.4%, respectively, that implies an average "haircut" of 6.3% and 6.6%, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, the weighted average "haircut" related to our repurchase agreement financing for our Agency RMBS and non-Agency RMBS was approximately 4.7% and 56.5%, respectively.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the average days to maturity for repurchase agreements secured by investment securities were 40 days and 46 days, respectively, and the weighted average interest rates were 5.55% and 5.66%, respectively. The Company’s accrued interest payable on outstanding repurchase agreements secured by investment securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 amounted to $16.8 million and $13.6 million, respectively, and is included in other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents contractual maturity information about the Company’s outstanding repurchase agreements secured by investment securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Contractual Maturity | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Within 30 days | $ | 667,429 |  |  | $ | 505,446 |
Over 30 days to 90 days | 1,389,932 |  |  | 1,263,000 |
Over 90 days | — |  |  | 93,617 |
Total | $ | 2,057,361 |  |  | $ | 1,862,063 |

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13. Collateralized Debt Obligations
The Company's collateralized debt obligations, or CDOs, are accounted for as financings and are non-recourse debt to the Company. See Note 7 for further discussion regarding the collateral pledged for the Company's CDOs as well as the Company's net investments in the related securitizations.
The following tables present a summary of the Company's CDOs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024
| Outstanding Face Amount |  | Carrying Value |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (1) (2) |  |  |  | Stated Maturity (3)
Consolidated SLST at fair value (4) | $ | 640,426 |  |  | $ | 582,627 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  |  |  | 2059
Residential loan securitizations at fair value (4) | 528,534 |  |  | 497,141 |  |  | 5.28 | % |  |  |  | 2029 - 2068
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost | 1,123,696 |  |  | 1,108,594 |  |  | 3.73 | % |  |  |  | 2026 - 2062
Total collateralized debt obligations | $ | 2,292,656 |  |  | $ | 2,188,362 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| December 31, 2023
| Outstanding Face Amount |  | Carrying Value |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (1) |  |  |  | Stated Maturity (3)
Consolidated SLST at fair value (4) | $ | 652,933 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  |  |  | 2059
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost | 1,292,015 |  |  | 1,276,780 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  |  | 2026 - 2062
Total collateralized debt obligations | $ | 1,944,948 |  |  | $ | 1,870,517 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Weighted average interest rate is calculated using the outstanding face amount and stated interest rate of notes issued by the securitization and not owned by the Company.
(2)Certain of the Company's CDOs contain interest rate step-up features whereby the interest rate increases if the outstanding notes are not redeemed by expected redemption dates, as defined in the respective governing documents. The following table presents a summary of CDO interest rate step-up features as of March 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Outstanding Balance |  | Step-Up |  | Step-Up Date |  | Additional Step-Up |  |  |  | Additional Step-Up Date
$ | 389,685 |  |  | 3.00% |  | August 2024 - July 2025 |  | 1.00% |  |  |  | August 2025 - July 2026
$ | 721,455 |  |  | 1.00%, 1.50%, or 2.00% |  | May 2024 - December 2026 |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A

(3)The actual maturity of the Company's CDOs are primarily determined by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. The CDOs are also subject to redemption prior to the stated maturity according to the terms of the respective governing documents. As a result, the actual maturity of the CDOs may occur earlier than the stated maturity.
(4)The Company has elected the fair value option for CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST and issued by residential loan securitizations completed after January 1, 2024 (see Note 16).
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The Company's CDOs as of March 31, 2024 had stated maturities as follows:

Year ending December 31, |  | Total
2024 |  | $ | — |
2025 |  | — |
2026 |  | 45,738 |
2027 |  | 222,888 |
2028 |  | — |
Thereafter |  | 2,024,030 |
Total |  | $ | 2,292,656 |

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14. Debt
Senior Unsecured Notes
On April 27, 2021, the Company completed the issuance and sale to various qualified institutional investors of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its unregistered 5.75% Senior Notes due 2026 (the "Unregistered Notes") in a private placement offering at 100% of the principal amount. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Unregistered Notes, after deducting offering expenses, were approximately $96.3 million. Subsequent to the issuance of the Unregistered Notes, the Company conducted an exchange offer wherein the Company exchanged its registered 5.75% Senior Notes due 2026 (the "Registered Notes" and, together with the aggregate principal amount of Unregistered Notes that remain outstanding, the "Senior Unsecured Notes") for an equal principal amount of Unregistered Notes.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its Senior Unsecured Notes outstanding. Costs related to the issuance of the Senior Unsecured Notes which include underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees, are reflected as deferred charges. The deferred charges, net of amortization, are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company's accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $1.7 million and $1.9 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, resulting in a total cost to the Company of approximately 6.64%.
The Senior Unsecured Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.75% per year, subject to adjustment from time to time based on changes in the ratings of the Senior Unsecured Notes by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (a “NRSRO”). The annual interest rate on the Senior Unsecured Notes will increase by (i) 0.50% per year beginning on the first day of any six-month interest period if as of such day the Senior Unsecured Notes have a rating of BB+ or below and above B+ from any NRSRO and (ii) 0.75% per year beginning on the first day of any six-month interest period if as of such day the Senior Unsecured Notes have a rating of B+ or below or no rating from any NRSRO. Interest on the Senior Unsecured Notes is paid semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 30 of each year and the Senior Unsecured Notes will mature on April 30, 2026.
The Company had the right to redeem the Senior Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to April 30, 2023 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Unsecured Notes to be redeemed, plus the applicable "make-whole" premium, plus accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. The "make-whole" premium was equal to the present value of all interest that would have accrued between the redemption date and up to, but excluding, April 30, 2023, plus an amount equal to the principal amount of such Senior Unsecured Notes multiplied by 2.875%. After April 30, 2023, the Company has the right to redeem the Senior Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, at 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Unsecured Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date, plus an amount equal to the principal amount of such Senior Unsecured Notes multiplied by a date-dependent multiple as detailed in the following table:

Redemption Period |  | Multiple
April 30, 2023 - April 29, 2024 |  | 2.875 | %
April 30, 2024 - April 29, 2025 |  | 1.4375 | %
April 30, 2025 - April 29, 2026 |  | — |

The Company did not exercise its redemption right prior to April 30, 2024. No sinking fund is provided for the Senior Unsecured Notes. The Senior Unsecured Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company that are structurally subordinated in right of payment to the Company's subordinated debentures.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company's Senior Unsecured Notes contain various covenants including the maintenance of a minimum net asset value, ratio of unencumbered assets to unsecured indebtedness and senior debt service coverage ratio and limit the amount of leverage the Company may utilize and its ability to transfer the Company’s assets substantially as an entirety or merge into or consolidate with another person. The Company is in compliance with such covenants as of March 31, 2024 and through the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Subordinated Debentures
Subordinated debentures are trust preferred securities that are fully guaranteed by the Company with respect to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation, redemption or repayment. Prior to July 2023, each of the Company's subordinated debentures incurred interest at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus an applicable spread, resetting quarterly. In light of the cessation of the publication of three-month LIBOR after June 30, 2023, and pursuant to the terms of each of the Company's subordinated debentures, as of March 31, 2024, the floating rate for each of the Company's subordinated debentures is equal to three-month CME Term SOFR plus both a tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161% per annum and the applicable spread.
The following table summarizes the key details of the Company’s subordinated debentures as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | NYM Preferred Trust I |  | NYM Preferred Trust II
Principal value of trust preferred securities |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 20,000 |
Interest rate |  | Three-month CME Term SOFR plus tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161% plus 3.75%, resetting quarterly |  | Three-month CME Term SOFR plus tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161% plus 3.95%, resetting quarterly
Scheduled maturity |  | March 30, 2035 |  | October 30, 2035

As of May 3, 2024, the Company has not been notified, and is not aware, of any event of default under the indenture for the subordinated debentures.
Mortgages Payable on Real Estate
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company owned joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family apartment communities, which the Company determined to be VIEs and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company also owned a preferred equity investment in a VIE that owns a multi-family apartment community and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the respective VIEs into its condensed consolidated financial statements (see Note 7).
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, one joint venture equity investment entered into a debt restructuring agreement with the senior lender for its mortgage payable. As part of the agreement, the required strike price of the interest rate cap agreement related to the mortgage payable increased and a portion of interest payments will be deferred until the maturity date. The restructuring did not result in a change in the carrying amount of the mortgage payable and no gain was recorded.
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The consolidated multi-family apartment communities are subject to mortgages payable collateralized by the associated real estate assets. The Company has no obligation for repayment of the mortgages payable but, with respect to certain of the mortgages payable, it may execute a guaranty related to commitment of bad acts. The following table presents detailed information for these mortgages payable on real estate as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Maximum Committed Mortgage Principal Amount |  | Outstanding Mortgage Balance |  | Net Deferred Finance Cost |  | Mortgage Payable, Net (1) |  | Stated Maturity |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (2) (3) |  |
March 31, 2024 | $ | 879,354 |  |  | $ | 855,217 |  |  | $ | (4,474) |  |  | $ | 850,743 |  |  | 2024 - 2032 |  | 6.57 | % |  |
December 31, 2023 | 810,047 |  |  | 789,053 |  |  | (4,632) |  |  | 784,421 |  |  | 2024 - 2032 |  | 6.41 | % |  |

(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, mortgages payable on real estate related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties are included in liabilities of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In December 2023 and March 2024, certain of the joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties were determined to no longer meet held for sale criteria and the associated mortgages payable on real estate are included in mortgages payable on real estate, net on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of the respective dates. See Note 9 for additional information.
(2)Weighted average interest rate is calculated using the outstanding mortgage balance and interest rate as of the date indicated.
(3)For variable-rate mortgages payable, the applicable entities, as required by loan agreements, entered into interest rate cap contracts with counterparties that limit the indexed portion of the interest rate to a fixed rate. See Note 10 for additional information.
Debt Maturities
As of March 31, 2024, maturities for debt on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

Year Ending December 31, |  | Outstanding Balance
2024 |  | $ | 53,615 |
2025 |  | 386,175 |
2026 |  | 126,595 |
2027 |  | — |
2028 |  | — |
2029 |  | 244,796 |
Thereafter |  | 189,036 |
|  | $ | 1,000,217 |

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15. Commitments and Contingencies
Outstanding Litigation
The Company is at times subject to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2024, the Company does not believe that any of its current legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations, financial condition or cash flows.
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16. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves.
A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
a.Residential Loans Held in Consolidated SLST – Residential loans held in Consolidated SLST are carried at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by the securitization and its investment in the securitization (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable.
The investment securities (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP) that we own in the securitization are generally illiquid and trade infrequently. As such, they are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair valuation of these investment securities is determined based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity, prepayment rate and current market interest rates. Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
b.Residential Loans and Residential Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – The Company’s acquired residential loans are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value for residential loans is determined using valuations obtained from a third party that specializes in providing valuations of residential loans. The valuation approach depends on whether the residential loan is considered performing, re-performing or non-performing at the date the valuation is performed.
For performing and re-performing loans, estimates of fair value are derived using a discounted cash flow model, where estimates of cash flows are determined from scheduled payments for each loan, adjusted using forecast prepayment rates, default rates and rates for loss upon default. For non-performing loans, asset liquidation cash flows are derived based on the estimated time to liquidate the loan, expected liquidation costs and home price appreciation. Estimated cash flows for both performing and non-performing loans are discounted at yields considered appropriate to arrive at a reasonable exit price for the asset. Indications of loan value such as actual trades, bids, offers and generic market color may be used in determining the appropriate discount yield.
The Company independently calculates valuations for residential loans based on discounted cash flows using an internal pricing model to validate all third party valuations of residential loans. The Company has established thresholds to compare internally generated prices with independent third-party prices and any differences that exceed the thresholds are reviewed both internally and with the third-party pricing service. The Company reconciles and resolves all pricing differences in excess of the thresholds before a final price is established.
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c.Preferred Equity and Mezzanine Loan Investments – Fair value for preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments is determined by both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flows. The discounted cash flows are based on the underlying estimated cash flows and estimated changes in market yields. The fair value also reflects consideration of changes in credit risk since origination or time of initial investment. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
d.Investment Securities Available for Sale – The Company determines the fair value of all of its investment securities available for sale based on discounted cash flows utilizing an internal pricing model. The methodology considers the characteristics of the particular security and its underlying collateral, which are observable inputs. These inputs include, but are not limited to, delinquency status, coupon, loan-to-value ("LTV"), historical performance, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period, seasoning, prepayment speeds and credit enhancement levels. The Company also considers several observable market data points, including prices obtained from third-party pricing services or dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments, trading activity, and dialogue with market participants. Third-party pricing services typically incorporate commonly used market pricing methods, trading activity observed in the marketplace and other data inputs similar to those used in the Company's internal pricing model. The Company has established thresholds to compare internally generated prices with independent third-party prices and any differences that exceed the thresholds are reviewed both internally and with the third-party pricing service. The Company reconciles and resolves all pricing differences in excess of the thresholds before a final price is established. The Company’s investment securities available for sale are valued based upon readily observable market parameters and are classified as Level 2 fair values.
e.Equity Investments – Fair value for equity investments is determined (i) by the valuation process for preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments as described in c. above or (ii) using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization of the entity and the net asset value ("NAV") of the equity investment entity. These fair value measurements are generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
f.Derivative Instruments – The fair values of the Company's interest rate cap agreements are measured using models developed by either third-party pricing providers or the respective counterparty that use the market-standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts which would occur if floating interest rates rise above the strike rate of the caps. The floating interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the interest rate caps are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. The inputs used in the valuation of interest rate caps fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Company's interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and U.S. Treasury futures are classified as Level 2 fair values and are measured using valuations reported by the respective central clearing houses. The derivatives are presented net of variation margin payments pledged or received.
The Company's options are classified as Level 2 fair values and are measured using prices obtained from the counterparty.
The Company obtains additional third-party valuations for interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, U.S. Treasury futures, interest rate cap agreements and option contracts. The Company has established thresholds to compare different independent third-party prices and any differences that exceed the thresholds are reviewed both internally and with the third-party pricing services. The Company reconciles and resolves all pricing differences in excess of the thresholds before a final price is established.
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g.Collateralized Debt Obligations – CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST are classified as Level 3 fair values for which fair value is determined by considering several market data points, including prices obtained from third-party pricing services or dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The third-party pricing service or dealers incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security. They will also consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants.
Refer to a. above for a description of the fair valuation of CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST that are eliminated in consolidation.
Fair value for CDOs issued by the Company's residential loan securitizations is determined by the valuation process for investment securities available for sale as described in d. above and, as such, are classified as Level 2 fair values.
Management reviews all prices used in determining fair value to ensure they represent current market conditions. This review includes surveying similar market transactions and comparisons to interest pricing models as well as offerings of like securities by dealers. Any changes to the valuation methodology are reviewed by management to ensure the changes are appropriate. As markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more transparent, the Company continues to refine its valuation methodologies. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of each reporting date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which time price transparency may be reduced. This condition could cause the Company’s financial instruments to be reclassified from Level 2 to Level 3 in future periods.
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
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| Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 640,729 |  |  | $ | 640,729 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 827,535 |  |  | $ | 827,535 |
Consolidated SLST | — |  |  | — |  |  | 738,126 |  |  | 738,126 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 754,860 |  |  | 754,860 |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,724,250 |  |  | 1,724,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,501,908 |  |  | 1,501,908 |
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 2,217,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,217,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,989,324 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,989,324 |
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 23,855 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,855 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,493 |
Multi-family loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91,905 |  |  | 91,905 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,792 |  |  | 95,792 |
Equity investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 137,943 |  |  | 137,943 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147,116 |  |  | 147,116 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate caps (1) (2) | — |  |  | 7,123 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,123 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,510 |
Options (2) | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury futures (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3) | — |  |  | 740 |  |  | — |  |  | 740 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,960 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,249,223 |  |  | $ | 3,332,953 |  |  | $ | 5,582,176 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,023,287 |  |  | $ | 3,327,211 |  |  | $ | 5,350,498 |
Liabilities carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CDOs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 582,627 |  |  | $ | 582,627 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |
Residential loan securitizations | — |  |  | 497,141 |  |  | — |  |  | 497,141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit default swaps (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 497,141 |  |  | $ | 582,627 |  |  | $ | 1,079,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |

(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(2)Included in other assets or other liabilities, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Includes derivative assets classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $0.7 million and $3.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(4)All of the Company’s interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and U.S. Treasury futures outstanding are cleared through central clearing houses. The Company exchanges variation margin for the derivative instruments based upon daily changes in fair value. Includes derivative assets of $30.9 million and derivative liabilities of $23.9 million netted against a net variation margin of $7.0 million as of March 31, 2024. Includes derivative liabilities of $40.5 million netted against derivative assets of $13.1 million and a variation margin of $27.4 million as of December 31, 2023. See Note 10 for additional information.
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The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
Level 3 Assets:

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 827,535 |  |  | $ | 754,860 |  |  | $ | 1,501,908 |  |  | $ | 95,792 |  |  | $ | 147,116 |  |  | $ | 3,327,211 |
Total losses (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | (2,924) |  |  | (138) |  |  | (1,773) |  |  | (2,137) |  |  | (2,037) |  |  | (9,009) |
Transfers out (1) | (18,180) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,886) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,066) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (370,804) |  |  | — |  |  | 370,804 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns/Distributions | (62,718) |  |  | (16,596) |  |  | (152,806) |  |  | (1,750) |  |  | (7,136) |  |  | (241,006) |
Sales | (22,204) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,708) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28,912) |
Purchases | 290,024 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,711 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 305,735 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 640,729 |  |  | $ | 738,126 |  |  | $ | 1,724,250 |  |  | $ | 91,905 |  |  | $ | 137,943 |  |  | $ | 3,332,953 |

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned, single-family rental properties and other assets.
(2)During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Equity investments in disposal group held for sale |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,081,384 |  |  | $ | 827,582 |  |  | $ | 1,616,114 |  |  | $ | 87,534 |  |  | $ | 179,746 |  |  | $ | 9,010 |  |  | $ | 3,801,370 |
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | (599) |  |  | 15,121 |  |  | 33,041 |  |  | 2,889 |  |  | 3,451 |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | 54,963 |
Transfers out (1) | (93) |  |  | — |  |  | (233) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (326) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (86,110) |  |  | — |  |  | 86,110 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funding/Contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,420 |  |  | 15,528 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,948 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (141,355) |  |  | (13,550) |  |  | (130,911) |  |  | (1,534) |  |  | (7,577) |  |  | — |  |  | (294,927) |
Sales | (166) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (166) |
Purchases | 67,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,582 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88,521 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 921,000 |  |  | $ | 829,153 |  |  | $ | 1,624,703 |  |  | $ | 95,309 |  |  | $ | 191,148 |  |  | $ | 10,070 |  |  | $ | 3,671,383 |

(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned.
(2)During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
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The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
Level 3 Liabilities:

| Consolidated SLST CDOs
| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 634,495 |
Total gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |
Included in earnings | 1,396 |  |  | 14,511 |
Paydowns | (12,506) |  |  | (10,493) |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 582,627 |  |  | $ | 638,513 |

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The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):

March 31, 2024 |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Weighted Average |  | Range
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1) |  | $2,164,114 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lifetime CPR |  | 4.8% |  | — | - | 56.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Lifetime CDR |  | 0.7% |  | — | - | 22.1%
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 11.9% |  | — | - | 100.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.6% |  | 5.1% | - | 43.2%
|  | $200,865 |  | Liquidation model |  | Annual home price appreciation/(depreciation) |  | 0.2% |  | — | - | 13.6%
|  |  |  |  |  | Liquidation timeline (months) |  | 18 |  | 9 | - | 50
|  |  |  |  |  | Property value |  | $2,064,802 |  | $14,000 | - | $12,750,000
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.5% |  | 7.5% | - | 26.9%
Consolidated SLST (3) |  | $738,126 |  |  |  | Liability price |  | N/A |  |  |  |
Total |  | $3,103,105 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family loans (1) |  | $91,905 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 12.2% |  | 11.0% | - | 20.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 31 |  | 2 | - | 54
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Equity investments (1) (2) |  | $102,478 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 14.0% |  | 13.0% | - | 15.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 20 |  | 5 | - | 52
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4) |  | $582,627 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Yield |  | 5.9% |  | 5.0% | - | 10.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral prepayment rate |  | 6.1% |  | 2.6% | - | 7.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral default rate |  | 1.3% |  | — | - | 8.6%
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 21.1% |  | 10.8% | - | 51.3%

(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets.
(2)Equity investments do not include equity ownership interests in an entity that originates residential loans. The fair value of this investment is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization and NAV of the entity.
(3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At March 31, 2024, the fair value of investment securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $151.2 million.
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(4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own.
The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans (1) | $ | (8,303) |  |  | $ | (3,320) |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST (1) | 506 |  |  | 15,807 |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts (1) | (4,362) |  |  | 30,077 |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family loans (1) | (4,777) |  |  | 453 |  |  |  |  |
Equity investments (2) | (6,161) |  |  | (2,577) |  |  |  |  |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  | 1,060 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1) | (542) |  |  | (13,508) |  |  |  |  |

(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Presented in (loss) income from equity investments on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | Level 1 |  | $ | 226,939 |  |  | $ | 226,939 |  |  | $ | 187,107 |  |  | $ | 187,107 |
Residential loans | Level 3 |  | 3,103,105 |  |  | 3,103,105 |  |  | 3,084,303 |  |  | 3,084,303 |
Investment securities available for sale | Level 2 |  | 2,241,340 |  |  | 2,241,340 |  |  | 2,013,817 |  |  | 2,013,817 |
Multi-family loans | Level 3 |  | 91,905 |  |  | 91,905 |  |  | 95,792 |  |  | 95,792 |
Equity investments | Level 3 |  | 137,943 |  |  | 137,943 |  |  | 147,116 |  |  | 147,116 |
Derivative assets | Level 2 |  | 7,143 |  |  | 7,143 |  |  | 6,510 |  |  | 6,510 |
Derivative assets in disposal group held for sale | Level 2 |  | 740 |  |  | 740 |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | 2,960 |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | Level 2 |  | 2,512,008 |  |  | 2,512,008 |  |  | 2,471,113 |  |  | 2,471,113 |
Collateralized debt obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, net | Level 3 |  | 1,108,594 |  |  | 1,082,924 |  |  | 1,276,780 |  |  | 1,237,531 |
Residential loan securitizations at fair value | Level 2 |  | 497,141 |  |  | 497,141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consolidated SLST | Level 3 |  | 582,627 |  |  | 582,627 |  |  | 593,737 |  |  | 593,737 |
Subordinated debentures | Level 3 |  | 45,000 |  |  | 28,518 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | 32,137 |
Senior unsecured notes | Level 2 |  | 98,299 |  |  | 95,861 |  |  | 98,111 |  |  | 94,952 |
Mortgages payable on real estate | Level 3 |  | 850,743 |  |  | 825,042 |  |  | 784,421 |  |  | 761,194 |
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for sale | Level 3 |  | 119,640 |  |  | 118,669 |  |  | 378,386 |  |  | 377,735 |

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In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above:
a.Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets.
b.Repurchase agreements – The fair value of these repurchase agreements approximates cost as they are short term in nature.
c.Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, net – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations.
d.Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields.
e.Senior unsecured notes – The fair value is based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments.
f.Mortgages payable on real estate – The fair value of consolidated variable-rate mortgages payable approximates the carrying value of such liabilities. The fair value of consolidated fixed-rate mortgages payable is estimated based upon discounted cash flows at current borrowing rates.
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17. Stockholders' Equity
(a) Preferred Stock
The Company had 200,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share (the "Preferred Stock"), with 22,164,414 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company has four outstanding series of cumulative redeemable preferred stock: 8.00% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series D Preferred Stock”), 7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series E Preferred Stock”), 6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series F Preferred Stock”) and 7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series G Preferred Stock”). Each series of the Preferred Stock is senior to the Company’s common stock with respect to dividends and distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
In March 2023, the Board of Directors approved a $100.0 million preferred stock repurchase program. The program, which expires March 31, 2025, allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of Preferred Stock, from time to time, in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its preferred stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 19,177 shares of Series G Preferred Stock pursuant to the preferred stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $0.3 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker, representing an average repurchase price of $16.64 per preferred share. The difference between the consideration transferred and the carrying value of the preferred stock resulted in a gain attributable to common stockholders of approximately $0.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024, $97.6 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of Preferred Stock under the preferred stock repurchase program.
The following table summarizes the Company’s Preferred Stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Class of Preferred Stock |  | Shares Authorized |  | Shares Issued and Outstanding |  | Carrying Value |  | Liquidation Preference |  | Contractual Rate (1) |  | Optional Redemption Date (2) |  | Fixed-to-Floating Rate Conversion Date (1)(3) |  | Floating Annual Rate (4) (5)
Fixed-to-Floating Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series D |  | 8,400,000 |  |  | 6,107,318 |  |  | $ | 147,745 |  |  | $ | 152,683 |  |  | 8.000 | % |  | October 15, 2027 |  | October 15, 2027 |  | 3M LIBOR + 5.695%
Series E |  | 9,900,000 |  |  | 7,343,151 |  |  | 177,697 |  |  | 183,579 |  |  | 7.875 | % |  | January 15, 2025 |  | January 15, 2025 |  | 3M LIBOR + 6.429%
Series F |  | 7,750,000 |  |  | 5,740,209 |  |  | 138,418 |  |  | 143,505 |  |  | 6.875 | % |  | October 15, 2026 |  | October 15, 2026 |  | 3M SOFR + 6.130%
Fixed Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series G |  | 5,450,000 |  |  | 2,973,736 |  |  | 71,585 |  |  | 74,343 |  |  | 7.000 | % |  | January 15, 2027 |  |  |  |
Total |  | 31,500,000 |  |  | 22,164,414 |  |  | $ | 535,445 |  |  | $ | 554,110 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)The Company's fixed rate preferred stock is entitled to receive a dividend at the contractual rate shown, per year on its $25 liquidation preference. Each series of fixed-to-floating rate preferred stock is entitled to receive a dividend at the contractual rate shown, respectively, per year on its $25 liquidation preference up to, but excluding, the fixed-to-floating rate conversion date.
(2)Each series of Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to the respective optional redemption date disclosed except under circumstances intended to preserve the Company’s qualification as a REIT and except upon occurrence of a Change in Control (as defined in the Articles Supplementary designating the Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock and Series G Preferred Stock, respectively).
(3)Beginning on the respective fixed-to-floating rate conversion date, each of the Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock and Series F Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend on a floating rate basis according to the terms disclosed in footnotes (4) and (5) below.
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(4)Prior to July 2023, on and after the fixed-to-floating rate conversion date, each of the Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock were entitled to receive a dividend at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus the respective spread disclosed above per year on its $25 liquidation preference. In light of the cessation of the publication of three-month LIBOR after June 30, 2023, and pursuant to the Articles Supplementary for each of the Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock and the applicability of the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act of 2021 to the Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock, given all of the information available to the Company to date, the Company believes that three-month CME Term SOFR plus the applicable tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161% per annum will automatically replace three-month LIBOR as the reference rate for calculations of the dividend rate payable on the Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock for dividend periods from and after the respective fixed-to-floating rate conversion date.
(5)On and after the fixed-to-floating rate conversion date, the Series F Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend at a floating rate equal to three-month SOFR plus the spread disclosed above per year on its $25 liquidation preference.
For each series of Preferred Stock, on or after the respective optional redemption date disclosed, the Company may, at its option, redeem the respective series of Preferred Stock in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price equal to $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. In addition, upon the occurrence of a change of control, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Preferred Stock in whole or in part, within 120 days after the first date on which such change of control occurred, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends.
The Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights, subject to an exception in the event the Company fails to pay dividends on such stock for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive). Under such circumstances, holders of the Preferred Stock voting together as a single class with the holders of all other classes or series of our preferred stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Preferred Stock will be entitled to vote to elect two additional directors to the Company’s Board of Directors until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set apart for payment. In addition, certain material and adverse changes to the terms of any series of the Preferred Stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of the series of Preferred Stock whose terms are being changed.
The Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted into the Company’s common stock in connection with a change of control.
Upon the occurrence of a change of control, each holder of Preferred Stock will have the right (unless the Company has exercised its right to redeem the Preferred Stock) to convert some or all of the Preferred Stock held by such holder into a number of shares of our common stock per share of the applicable series of Preferred Stock determined by a formula, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions described in the applicable Articles Supplementary for such series.
(b) Dividends on Preferred Stock
The following table presents the relevant information with respect to quarterly cash dividends declared on the Preferred Stock commencing January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2024:

|  |  |  |  |  | Cash Dividend Per Share |
Declaration Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Series D Preferred Stock |  | Series E Preferred Stock |  | Series F Preferred Stock |  | Series G Preferred Stock |
March 13, 2024 |  | April 1, 2024 |  | April 15, 2024 |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.4921875 |  |  | $ | 0.4296875 |  |  | $ | 0.43750 |  |
December 14, 2023 |  | January 1, 2024 |  | January 15, 2024 |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.43750 |  |
September 11, 2023 |  | October 1, 2023 |  | October 15, 2023 |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.43750 |  |
June 6, 2023 |  | July 1, 2023 |  | July 15, 2023 |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.43750 |  |
March 9, 2023 |  | April 1, 2023 |  | April 15, 2023 |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.4921875 |  |  | 0.4296875 |  |  | 0.43750 |  |

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(c) Common Stock
The Company had 200,000,000 authorized shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, with 91,231,039 and 90,675,403 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
On February 22, 2023, the Company announced that the Board of Directors approved the Reverse Stock Split. The Reverse Stock Split was effected as of 12:01 a.m., New York City time, on March 9, 2023 (the “Effective Time”). Accordingly, at the Effective Time, every four issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock were converted into one share of the Company’s common stock, with a proportionate reduction in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, outstanding equity awards and number of shares remaining available for issuance under the Company's 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended, the "2017 Plan"). In connection with the reverse stock split, the number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock was also reduced on a one-for-four basis, from 800,000,000 to 200,000,000. The par value of each share of common stock remained unchanged. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Instead, each stockholder holding fractional shares as a result of the Reverse Stock Split was entitled to receive, in lieu of such fractional shares, cash in an amount based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on March 8, 2023. The Reverse Stock Split applied to all of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock and therefore did not affect any stockholder’s ownership percentage of shares of the Company’s common stock, except for de minimis changes resulting from the payment of cash in lieu of fractional shares. A ll common share and per common share data included in these condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted on a retroactive basis to reflect the impact of the Reverse Stock Split.
In February 2022, the Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million common stock repurchase program. In March 2023, the Board of Directors approved an upsize of the common stock repurchase program to $246.0 million. The program, which expires March 31, 2025, allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of common stock, from time to time, in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 377,508 shares of its common stock pursuant to the common stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $3.6 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker, representing an average repurchase price of $9.56 per common share.
As of March 31, 2024, $193.2 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of the Company's common stock under the common stock repurchase program.
(d) Dividends on Common Stock
The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its common stock with respect to the quarterly periods commencing January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2024:

Period |  | Declaration Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Cash Dividend Per Share
First Quarter 2024 |  | March 13, 2024 |  | March 25, 2024 |  | April 25, 2024 |  | $ | 0.20 |
Fourth Quarter 2023 |  | December 14, 2023 |  | December 26, 2023 |  | January 26, 2024 |  | 0.20 |
Third Quarter 2023 |  | September 11, 2023 |  | September 21, 2023 |  | October 26, 2023 |  | 0.30 |
Second Quarter 2023 |  | June 6, 2023 |  | June 16, 2023 |  | July 26, 2023 |  | 0.30 |
First Quarter 2023 |  | March 9, 2023 |  | March 20, 2023 |  | April 26, 2023 |  | 0.40 |

(e) Equity Distribution Agreements
On August 10, 2021, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Common Equity Distribution Agreement”) with a sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having a maximum aggregate sales price of up to $100.0 million from time to time through the sales agent. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares of common stock issuable under the Common Equity Distribution Agreement and may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the Common Equity Distribution Agreement.
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There were no shares of the Company's common stock issued under the Common Equity Distribution Agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. As of March 31, 2024, approximately $100.0 million of common stock remains available for issuance under the Common Equity Distribution Agreement.
On March 29, 2019, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the "Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement"), most recently amended on March 2, 2022, with a sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its Preferred Stock, having a maximum aggregate gross sales price of up to $149.1 million from time to time through the sales agent. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares of Preferred Stock issuable under the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement and may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement.
There were no shares of Preferred Stock issued under the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. As of March 31, 2024, approximately $100.0 million of Preferred Stock remains available for issuance under the Preferred Equity Distribution Agreement.
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18. (Loss) Earnings Per Common Share
The Company calculates basic (loss) earnings per common share by dividing net (loss) income attributable to the Company's common stockholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Diluted (loss) earnings per common share takes into account the effect of dilutive instruments, such as performance share units ("PSUs") and restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and the number of incremental shares that are to be added to the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024 the PSUs and RSUs awarded under the 2017 Plan were determined to be anti-dilutive and were not included in the calculation of diluted loss per common share. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, certain of the PSUs awarded under the 2017 Plan were determined to be dilutive and were included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share under the treasury stock method. Under this method, common equivalent shares are calculated assuming that target PSUs and outstanding RSUs vest according to the respective PSU and RSU agreements and unrecognized compensation cost is used to repurchase shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock at the average market price during the reported period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the RSUs awarded under the 2017 Plan were determined to be anti-dilutive and were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share.
The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted (loss) earnings per common share for the periods indicated (dollar and share amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Basic (Loss) Earnings per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company | $ | (57,901) |  |  | $ | 20,863 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Preferred Stock dividends | (10,439) |  |  | (10,484) |  |  |  |  |
Plus: Gain on repurchase of Preferred Stock | — |  |  | 142 |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | (68,340) |  |  | $ | 10,521 |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding | 91,117 |  |  | 91,314 |  |  |  |  |
Basic (Loss) Earnings per Common Share | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted (Loss) Earnings per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company | $ | (57,901) |  |  | $ | 20,863 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Preferred Stock dividends | (10,439) |  |  | (10,484) |  |  |  |  |
Plus: Gain on repurchase of Preferred Stock | — |  |  | 142 |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | (68,340) |  |  | $ | 10,521 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 91,117 |  |  | 91,314 |  |  |  |  |
Net effect of assumed PSUs vested | — |  |  | 358 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding | 91,117 |  |  | 91,672 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted (Loss) Earnings per Common Share | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  |  |  |

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19. Stock Based Compensation
Pursuant to the 2017 Plan, as approved by the Company's stockholders, eligible employees, officers and directors of the Company and individuals who provide services to the Company are offered the opportunity to acquire the Company's common stock through equity awards under the 2017 Plan. The maximum number of shares that may be issued under the 2017 Plan is 10,792,500.
Of the common stock authorized at March 31, 2024, 6,161,318 shares remain available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The Company’s non-employee directors have been issued 301,472 shares under the 2017 Plan as of March 31, 2024. The Company’s employees have been issued 1,543,880 shares of restricted stock under the 2017 Plan as of March 31, 2024. At March 31, 2024, there were 616,752 shares of non-vested restricted stock outstanding, 1,109,884 common shares reserved for issuance in connection with outstanding PSUs under the 2017 Plan and 194,211 common shares reserved for issuance in connection with outstanding RSUs under the 2017 Plan.
Of the common stock authorized at December 31, 2023, 6,249,922 shares were reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The Company's non-employee directors had been issued 301,472 shares under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2023. The Company’s employees had been issued 1,204,781 shares of restricted stock under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, there were 524,570 shares of non-vested restricted stock outstanding, 1,802,352 common shares reserved for issuance in connection with outstanding PSUs under the 2017 Plan and 351,974 common shares reserved for issuance in connection with outstanding RSUs under the 2017 Plan.
(a) Restricted Common Stock Awards
During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized non-cash compensation expense on its restricted common stock awards of $0.9 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Dividends are paid on all restricted stock issued, whether those shares have vested or not. Non-vested restricted stock is forfeited upon the recipient's termination of employment, subject to certain exceptions.
A summary of the activity of the Company's non-vested restricted stock under the 2017 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is presented below:

| 2024 |  | 2023
| Number of Non-vested Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1)
Non-vested shares as of January 1 | 524,570 |  |  | $ | 13.57 |  |  | 526,074 |  |  | $ | 16.34 |
Granted | 342,628 |  |  | 8.23 |  |  | 275,248 |  |  | 12.36 |
Vested | (246,917) |  |  | 13.90 |  |  | (244,015) |  |  | 18.18 |
Forfeited | (3,529) |  |  | 11.33 |  |  | (6,771) |  |  | 13.04 |
Non-vested shares as of March 31 | 616,752 |  |  | $ | 10.45 |  |  | 550,536 |  |  | $ | 13.57 |
Restricted stock granted during the period | 342,628 |  |  | $ | 8.23 |  |  | 275,248 |  |  | $ | 12.36 |

(1)The grant date fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date.
At March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had unrecognized compensation expense of $5.8 million and $6.8 million, respectively, related to the non-vested shares of restricted common stock under the 2017 Plan. The unrecognized compensation expense at March 31, 2024 is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. The total fair value of restricted shares vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $2.1 million and $3.0 million, respectively. The requisite service period for restricted stock awards at issuance is three years and the restricted common stock vests ratably over the requisite service period.
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(b) Performance Share Units
Under the 2017 Plan, PSUs are instruments that provide the holder the right to receive one share of the Company's common stock once a performance condition has been satisfied. The awards were issued pursuant to and are consistent with the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan.
The grant date fair value of the PSUs was determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return and the common stock total shareholder return of its identified performance peer companies to determine the relative total shareholder return of the Company’s common stock over a future period of three years. For PSUs granted, the inputs used by the model to determine the fair value are (i) historical stock price volatilities of the Company and its identified performance peer companies over the most recent three-year period and correlation between each company's stock and the identified performance peer group over the same time series and (ii) a risk free rate for the period interpolated from the U.S. Treasury yield curve on grant date.
The PSUs include dividend equivalent rights ("DERs") which shall remain outstanding from the grant date until the earlier of the settlement or forfeiture of the PSU to which the DER corresponds. Each vested DER entitles the holder to receive payments in an amount equal to any dividends paid by the Company in respect of the share of the Company’s common stock underlying the PSU to which such DER relates. Upon vesting of the PSUs, the DER will also vest. DERs will be forfeited upon forfeiture of the corresponding PSUs. The DERs may be settled in cash or stock at the discretion of the Compensation Committee. The DERs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were settled in cash.
A summary of the activity of the target PSU awards under the 2017 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is presented below:

| 2024 |  | 2023
| Number of Non-vested Target Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Target Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1)
Non-vested target PSUs as of January 1 | 905,825 |  |  | $ | 18.12 |  |  | 786,577 |  |  | $ | 23.06 |
Vested | (350,886) |  |  | 22.31 |  |  | (201,978) |  |  | 28.18 |
Non-vested target PSUs as of March 31 | 554,939 |  |  | $ | 15.47 |  |  | 584,599 |  |  | $ | 21.29 |

(1)The grant date fair value of the PSUs was determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return and the common stock total shareholder return of its identified performance peer companies to determine the relative total shareholder return of the Company’s common stock over a future period of three years.
The three-year performance period for PSUs granted in 2021 ended on December 31, 2023, resulting in the vesting of 441,973 shares of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024 with a fair value of $3.6 million on the vesting date. The number of vested shares related to PSUs granted in 2021 was greater than the target PSUs of 350,886. The three-year performance period for PSUs granted in 2020 ended on December 31, 2022, resulting in the vesting of 161,577 shares of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023 with a fair value of $2.0 million on the vesting date. The number of vested shares related to PSUs granted in 2020 was less than the target PSUs of 201,978. Non-vested PSUs are forfeited upon the recipient's termination of employment, subject to certain exceptions.
As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $4.1 million and $4.6 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the PSUs, respectively. The unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the PSUs at March 31, 2024 is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. Compensation expense related to the PSUs was $0.8 million and $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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(c) Restricted Stock Units
Under the 2017 Plan, each RSU represents an unfunded promise to receive one share of the Company's common stock upon satisfaction of the vesting provisions. The awards were issued pursuant to and are consistent with the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan. The requisite service period for RSUs at issuance is three years and the RSUs vest ratably over the requisite service period.
The RSUs include DERs which shall remain outstanding from the grant date until the earlier of the settlement or forfeiture of the RSU to which the DER corresponds. Each vested DER entitles the holder to receive payments in an amount equal to any dividends paid by the Company in respect of the share of the Company’s common stock underlying the RSU to which such DER relates. Upon vesting of the RSUs, the DER will also vest. DERs will be forfeited upon forfeiture of the corresponding RSUs. The DERs may be settled in cash or stock at the discretion of the Compensation Committee. The DERs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were settled in cash.
A summary of the activity of the RSU awards under the 2017 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is presented below:

|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  | Number of Non-vested Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  | Number of Non-vested Shares |  | Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value (1) |  |  |  |
Non-vested RSUs as of January 1 |  | 351,974 |  |  | $ | 11.65 |  |  | 263,708 |  |  | $ | 16.11 |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | (157,763) |  |  | 12.45 |  |  | (131,094) |  |  | 17.40 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,550) |  |  | 14.76 |  |  |  |  |
Non-vested RSUs as of March 31 |  | 194,211 |  |  | $ | 10.99 |  |  | 119,064 |  |  | $ | 14.83 |  |  |  |  |

(1)The grant date fair value of RSUs is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 157,763 shares of common stock were issued in connection with the vesting of RSUs at a fair value of $1.3 million on the vesting date. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, 131,094 shares of common stock were issued in connection with the vesting of RSUs at a fair value of $1.4 million on the vesting date. Non-vested RSUs are forfeited upon the recipient's termination of employment, subject to certain exceptions.
As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $1.8 million and $1.5 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the RSUs, respectively. The unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of the RSUs at March 31, 2024 is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. Compensation expense related to the RSUs was $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
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20. Income Taxes
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company qualified to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As long as the Company qualifies as a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on its taxable income to the extent it annually distributes at least 100% of its taxable income to stockholders and does not engage in prohibited transactions. Certain activities the Company performs may produce income that will not be qualifying income for REIT purposes. The Company has designated its TRSs to engage in these activities. The tables below reflect the taxes accrued at the TRS level and the tax attributes included in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
The income tax (benefit) expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is comprised of the following components (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Current income tax expense | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income tax benefit | (274) |  |  | (171) |  |  |  |  |
Total income tax (benefit) expense | $ | (111) |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  |  |  |

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The major sources of temporary differences included in the deferred tax assets (liabilities) and their deferred tax effect as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Deferred tax assets |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforward | $ | 8,777 |  |  | $ | 7,128 |
Capital loss carryover | 25,397 |  |  | 19,597 |
GAAP/Tax basis differences | 6,275 |  |  | 2,989 |
Deferred tax assets | 40,449 |  |  | 29,714 |
Less: Valuation allowance | (36,287) |  |  | (25,204) |
Net deferred tax assets (1) | 4,162 |  |  | 4,510 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |
GAAP/Tax basis differences | 1,391 |  |  | 2,012 |
Deferred tax liabilities (2) | 1,391 |  |  | 2,012 |
Total net deferred tax asset | $ | 2,771 |  |  | $ | 2,498 |

(1)Included in other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company, through wholly-owned TRSs, had incurred net operating losses in the aggregate amount of approximately $25.8 million. The Company’s carryforward net operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely until they are offset by future taxable income. Additionally, as of March 31, 2024, the Company, through its wholly-owned TRSs, had also incurred approximately $74.5 million in capital losses. The Company's carryforward capital losses will expire between 2025 and 2029 if they are not offset by future capital gains.
At March 31, 2024, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets as management does not believe that it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be realized. The change in the valuation for the current year is an increase of approximately $11.1 million. We will continue to monitor positive and negative evidence related to the utilization of the remaining deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance continues to be provided.
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The Company files income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state and local jurisdictions. The Company's federal, state and city income tax returns are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and related tax authorities generally for three years after they were filed. The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open years and concluded that there are no material uncertainties to be recognized.
Based on the Company’s evaluation, the Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements. To the extent that the Company incurs interest and accrued penalties in connection with its tax obligations, including expenses related to the Company’s evaluation of unrecognized tax positions, such amounts will be included in income tax expense.
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21. Net Interest Income
The following table details the components of the Company's interest income and interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | 11,689 |  |  | $ | 16,954 |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST | 8,127 |  |  | 8,733 |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts | 26,931 |  |  | 24,721 |  |  |  |  |
Total residential loans | 46,747 |  |  | 50,408 |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale | 32,903 |  |  | 3,169 |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family loans | 2,642 |  |  | 2,436 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 1,600 |  |  | 1,123 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest income | 83,892 |  |  | 57,136 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | 39,153 |  |  | 13,068 |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST | 5,801 |  |  | 6,315 |  |  |  |  |
Residential loan securitizations | 18,376 |  |  | 17,376 |  |  |  |  |
Total collateralized debt obligations | 24,177 |  |  | 23,691 |  |  |  |  |
Senior unsecured notes | 1,626 |  |  | 1,614 |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated debentures | 1,073 |  |  | 962 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense | 66,029 |  |  | 39,335 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 17,863 |  |  | $ | 17,801 |  |  |  |  |

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22. Other (Loss) Income
The following table details the components of the Company's other (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan premiums resulting from early redemption | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of real estate | 134 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Gain on de-consolidation of joint venture equity investment in Consolidated VIE | 50 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) gain on extinguishment of collateralized debt obligations and mortgages payable on real estate | (692) |  |  | 1,170 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for uncollectible accounts receivable (1) | (3,207) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Miscellaneous income | 25 |  |  | 105 |  |  |  |  |
Total other (loss) income | $ | (3,592) |  |  | $ | 1,275 |  |  |  |  |

(1)As of March 31, 2024, the Company recorded a provision for uncollectible accounts receivable for asset management expenses incurred related to a non-accrual multi-family loan that are in excess of anticipated redemption proceeds (see Note 5).
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23. Subsequent Events
In April 2024, the Company exercised its right to an optional redemption of one of its residential loan securitizations with an outstanding principal balance of $45.7 million at the time of redemption and returned the assets held by the trust to the Company.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in future filings with the SEC or in press releases or other written or oral communications issued or made by us, statements which are not historical in nature, including those containing words such as “will,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “may,” or similar expressions, are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and, as such, may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions.
Forward-looking statements are based on estimates, projections, beliefs and assumptions of management of the Company at the time of such statements and are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties in predicting future results and conditions. Actual results and outcomes could differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation:
•changes in our business and investment strategy;
•inflation and changes in interest rates and the fair market value of our assets, including negative changes resulting in margin calls relating to the financing of our assets;
•changes in credit spreads;
•changes in the long-term credit ratings of the U.S., Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae;
•general volatility of the markets in which we invest;
•changes in prepayment rates on the loans we own or that underlie our investment securities;
•increased rates of default, delinquency or vacancy and/or decreased recovery rates on or at our assets;
•our ability to identify and acquire our targeted assets, including assets in our investment pipeline;
•our ability to dispose of assets from time to time on terms favorable to us, including the disposition over time of our joint venture equity investments;
•changes in our relationships with our financing counterparties and our ability to borrow to finance our assets and the terms thereof;
•changes in our relationships with and/or the performance of our operating partners;
•our ability to predict and control costs;
•changes in laws, regulations or policies affecting our business;
•our ability to make distributions to our stockholders in the future;
•our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal tax purposes;
•our ability to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”);
•impairments in the value of the collateral underlying our investments;
•our ability to manage or hedge credit risk, interest rate risk, and other financial and operational risks;
•our exposure to liquidity risk, risks associated with the use of leverage, and market risks; and
•risks associated with investing in real estate assets, including changes in business conditions and the general economy, the availability of investment opportunities and the conditions in the market for Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, ABS and CMBS securities, residential loans, structured multi-family investments and other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets.
These and other risks, uncertainties and factors, including the risk factors described in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as updated by those risks described in our subsequent filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act, could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements we make. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Defined Terms
In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q we refer to New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, as “we,” “us,” “Company,” or “our,” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context indicates otherwise, and we refer to our wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiaries as “TRSs” and our wholly-owned qualified REIT subsidiaries as “QRSs.” In addition, the following defines certain of the commonly used terms in this report:
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•“ABS” refers to debt and/or equity tranches of securitizations backed by various asset classes including, but not limited to, automobiles, aircraft, credit cards, equipment, franchises, recreational vehicles and student loans;
•“Agency ARMs” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS;
•“Agency fixed-rate RMBS” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of fixed-rate RMBS;
•“Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS representing interests in or obligations backed by pools of residential loans guaranteed by the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), or an agency of the U.S. government, such as the Governmental National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”);
•“ARMs” refers to adjustable-rate residential loans;
•“business purpose loans” refers to (i) short-term loans that are collateralized by residential properties and are made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the residential property for a profit or (ii) loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants;
•“CDO” refers to collateralized debt obligation and includes debt that permanently finances the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST and the Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts that we consolidate, or consolidated, in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP;
•“CMBS” refers to commercial mortgage-backed securities comprised of commercial mortgage pass-through securities issued by a government sponsored enterprise ("GSE"), as well as PO, IO or mezzanine securities that represent the right to a specific component of the cash flow from a pool of commercial mortgage loans;
•“Consolidated SLST” refers to a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization, comprised of seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans, of which we own the first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP;
•“Consolidated Real Estate VIEs” refers to Consolidated VIEs that own multi-family properties;
•“Consolidated VIEs” refers to VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, as it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE and that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP;
•“excess mortgage servicing spread” or “excess MSR” refers to the difference between the contractual servicing fee with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae and the base servicing fee that is retained as compensation for servicing or subservicing the related mortgage loans pursuant to the applicable servicing contract;
•“GAAP” refers to generally accepted accounting principles within the United States;
•“IOs” refers collectively to interest only and inverse interest only mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the interest component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
•“MBS” refers to mortgage-backed securities;
•"Mezzanine Lending" refers, collectively, to preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments;
•“multi-family CMBS” refers to CMBS backed by commercial mortgage loans on multi-family properties;
•“non-Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS that are not guaranteed by any agency of the U.S. Government or GSE;
•“POs” refers to mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the principal component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans;
•“RMBS” refers to residential mortgage-backed securities backed by adjustable-rate, hybrid adjustable-rate or fixed-rate residential loans;
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•“second mortgages” refers to liens on residential properties that are subordinate to more senior mortgages or loans; and
•“Variable Interest Entity” or “VIE” refers to an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties.
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Portfolio Update
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we continued to purchase Agency RMBS and selectively pursue new single-family residential loans. Our investment activity was offset primarily by prepayments, redemptions and distributions. The following table presents the activity for our investment portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| December 31, 2023 |  | Acquisitions (1) |  | Repayments (2) |  | Sales |  | Transfers from Disposal Group Held for Sale (3) |  | Fair Value Changes and Other (4) |  | March 31, 2024
Residential loans | $ | 2,329,443 |  |  | $ | 305,735 |  |  | $ | (215,524) |  |  | $ | (28,912) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25,763) |  |  | $ | 2,364,979 |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS | 1,989,324 |  |  | 297,553 |  |  | (35,841) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,551) |  |  | 2,217,485 |
Non-Agency RMBS | 24,493 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (638) |  |  | 23,855 |
Total investment securities available for sale | 2,013,817 |  |  | 297,553 |  |  | (35,841) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34,189) |  |  | 2,241,340 |
Consolidated SLST (5) | 157,154 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,380) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,535) |  |  | 151,239 |
Total investment securities | 2,170,971 |  |  | 297,553 |  |  | (40,221) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,724) |  |  | 2,392,579 |
Preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans and equity investments | 242,908 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,060) |  |  | 229,848 |
Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (6) | 211,214 |  |  | 4,453 |  |  | (320) |  |  | — |  |  | (658) |  |  | (25,159) |  |  | 189,530 |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (3) | 36,815 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,166) |  |  | (50) |  |  | 658 |  |  | (13,947) |  |  | 22,310 |
Single-family rental properties | 151,885 |  |  | 433 |  |  | — |  |  | (757) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,501) |  |  | 149,060 |
Total investment portfolio | $ | 5,143,236 |  |  | $ | 608,174 |  |  | $ | (262,231) |  |  | $ | (29,719) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (111,154) |  |  | $ | 5,348,306 |

(1)Includes draws funded for business purpose bridge loans and existing joint venture equity investments and capitalized costs for single-family rental properties.
(2)Includes principal repayments and return of invested capital.
(3)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. As of March 31, 2024, the assets and liabilities related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties are included in assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In March 2024 and December 2023, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments that were previously reported in assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale no longer met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred either the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs or its equity investment in the joint venture entity to equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties or equity investments, at fair value, respectively. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Primarily includes net realized gains or losses, changes in net unrealized gains or losses (including reversals of previously recognized net unrealized gains or losses on sales or redemptions), net amortization/accretion/depreciation, transfers within investment categories and net loss from real estate attributable to the Company.
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(5)Consolidated SLST is primarily presented on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as residential loans, at fair value and collateralized debt obligations, at fair value. A reconciliation to our condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Residential loans, at fair value | $ | 738,126 |  |  | $ | 754,860 |
Deferred interest (a) | (4,260) |  |  | (3,969) |
Less: Collateralized debt obligations, at fair value | (582,627) |  |  | (593,737) |
Consolidated SLST investment securities owned by NYMT | $ | 151,239 |  |  | $ | 157,154 |

(a)Included in other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(6)See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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General
We are an internally-managed REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets. Our objective is to deliver long-term stable distributions to our stockholders over changing economic conditions through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains from a diversified investment portfolio. Our current investment portfolio includes credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets, as well as more traditional types of fixed-income investments that provide coupon income, such as Agency RMBS.
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and have complied, and intend to continue to comply, with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), with respect thereto. Accordingly, we do not expect to be subject to federal income tax on our REIT taxable income that we currently distribute to our stockholders if certain asset, income, distribution and ownership tests and record keeping requirements are fulfilled. Even if we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we expect to be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on income generated in our TRSs.
Executive Summary
Since the significant market disruption that occurred in March 2020, we have sought to build out a low-levered, higher-yielding portfolio of credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets through our proprietary sourcing channels. Building scale in the portfolio and momentum in investment activity was challenging in the months following the March 2020 market disruption, in large part due to the market’s increasing demand for credit assets coupled with our portfolio’s elevated prepayment and redemption activity. We managed to capitalize on more opportunities in our areas of investment focus from the fourth quarter of 2021 through May of 2022, allowing us to expand our total investment portfolio to approximately $4.6 billion as of June 30, 2022, up from $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2021. However, the improved investment environment was short-lived, as the markets entered into a period of heightened interest rate volatility and credit spread widening due to the Federal Reserve's actions to attempt to subdue inflation. The Federal Reserve ultimately increased the federal funds target rate by a combined 525 bps during 2022 through July of 2023, which was the fastest pace of increases in history. In response, we chose to significantly curtail our investment activity and pipeline late in the second quarter of 2022 shortly after the Federal Reserve's first rate hike of this cycle, allowing a significant portion of our portfolio to run-off through the first quarter of 2023. By adopting this approach, we endeavored to conserve capital, preserve liquidity and limit what we believed was material credit risk from investments underwritten to peak real estate valuations in 2022. Beginning in the second quarter of 2023, we began stabilizing our investment portfolio holdings through greater investment activity, particularly in assets with less price sensitivity to credit deterioration that could expand our interest income levels, like Agency RMBS. We believe that Agency RMBS is a compelling asset class to invest in over the near term, as the sector is trading at historically wide spread levels resulting from volatility in interest rates and reduced demand from regional banks and the Federal Reserve. Recognizing that a recession call was premature, but still concerned about market liquidity due to, among other things, growing commercial real estate risks, we also remained selective in adding credit-related assets in our portfolio. Over the course of the past four quarters, we have experienced solid momentum in our portfolio acquisition activities and increased adjusted interest income, a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure, by more than 50% as compared to the same period last year. On a net basis, our investment portfolio increased by approximately $1.3 billion during 2023 and $205.1 million in the first quarter of 2024, with repayments received from our short-duration business purpose loans, opportunistic sales of residential loans and investment securities and impairments offsetting some of our investment activity.
In September 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a strategic repositioning of our business through the opportunistic disposition over time of our joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of the returned capital from such investments to our targeted assets. In 2023, joint venture entities in which we held a common equity interest sold five multi-family properties, representing total net equity investments of $43.2 million and recognizing a net gain attributable to the Company totaling $1.7 million. Throughout most of 2023, certain of the multi-family properties held by our joint venture equity investments experienced declines in estimated fair value primarily due to widening cap rates and lower net operating income driven, in large part, by higher interest and operating expenses at the properties. In December 2023, we suspended the marketing of nine joint venture equity investments that were held for sale primarily due to unfavorable market conditions and a lack of transactional activity in the multi-family market. In the first quarter of 2024, we exited one additional joint venture equity investment and suspended the marketing of one joint venture equity investment. As of March 31, 2024, we continue to market for sale our joint venture equity investments in three multi-family properties. We can provide no assurance of the timing or success of our ultimate exit from our joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties or that the value of our interests in joint ventures will not decline further.
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We intend to focus on our core portfolio strengths of single-family and multi-family residential assets, which we believe will deliver better risk adjusted returns over time. Our targeted investments include (i) residential loans, including business purpose loans, (ii) structured multi-family property investments such as preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, (iii) Agency RMBS, (iv) non-Agency RMBS, (v) CMBS and (vi) certain other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets and strategic investments in companies from which we purchase, or may in the future purchase, our targeted assets. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and the maintenance of our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we also may opportunistically acquire and manage various other types of mortgage-, residential housing- and other credit-related or alternative investments that we believe will compensate us appropriately for the risks associated with them, including, without limitation, collateralized mortgage obligations, mortgage servicing rights, excess mortgage servicing spreads, securities issued by newly originated securitizations, including credit sensitive securities from these securitizations, ABS and debt or equity investments in alternative assets or businesses.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s Recourse Leverage Ratio and Portfolio Recourse Leverage Ratio (as defined in footnotes 4 and 5 to the table under "— Capital Allocation") increased to 1.7x and 1.6x, respectively, from 1.6x and 1.5x, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. While our recourse financing leverage remains low relative to historical levels, the increase is primarily due to the financing of our highly liquid Agency RMBS. As of March 31, 2024, 56% of our debt, excluding mortgages payable on real estate and Consolidated SLST CDOs, is subject to mark-to-market margin calls, with 46% of that debt collateralized by Agency RMBS and 10% collateralized by residential credit assets. The remaining 44% has no exposure to collateral repricing by our counterparties. Although we expect our leverage to move higher as we expand our holding of Agency RMBS, we intend to continue to focus on procuring longer-term and non-mark-to-market financing arrangements for certain parts of our credit portfolio. We believe that this will allow us to better manage our liquidity risk and better insulate our business from extreme market dislocations. To this end, we completed two new, non-recourse securitizations of residential loans and redeemed an existing residential loan securitization during the quarter, reducing our debt subject to mark-to-market margin calls from 58% at the end of 2023 to 56% at the end of the first quarter of 2024.
We expect to continue to opportunistically dispose of assets from our portfolio, including our joint venture equity investments, and generate higher portfolio turnover in order to pursue investments across the residential housing sector with a focus on acquiring assets capable of rebuilding our interest income that have less price sensitivity to credit deterioration, such as Agency RMBS. We expect to remain selective in acquiring single-family and multi-family residential credit assets in anticipation of near-term market dislocation that may lead to superior total return opportunities and remain committed to prudently managing our liabilities. We believe these actions, combined with our strong balance sheet and cash position, will better position us to deploy capital in the market cycles ahead. Our investment and capital allocation decisions depend on prevailing market conditions, among other factors, and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different economic and capital market environments.
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Current Market Conditions and Commentar y
The results of our business operations are affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, and primarily depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income, the market value of our assets, which is driven by numerous factors including changes in interest rates and the supply and demand for mortgage, housing and credit assets in the marketplace, our ability to identify and acquire assets on favorable terms, our ability to dispose of assets from time to time on favorable terms, the ability of our operating partners, tenants and borrowers of our loans and those that underlie our investment securities to meet their payment obligations, the terms and availability of adequate financing and capital, general economic and real estate conditions (both on a national and local level), the impact of government actions in the real estate, mortgage, credit and financial markets, and the credit performance of our credit sensitive assets.
Financial markets experienced continued positive performance while mortgage-related asset markets were challenged by inflation data, among other factors, during the first quarter of 2024. The Dow Jones Industrial Average grew 5.6% in the first quarter of 2024, and the Nasdaq Composite Index grew 9.1% in the first quarter of 2024. However, interest rate and monetary policy uncertainty, inflation and geopolitical instability cautioned some economic outlooks. We anticipate that due to uncertainty related to persistent inflation, interest rates, monetary policy and the upcoming U.S. presidential election in November 2024, markets and the pricing for many of our assets will continue to experience volatility in the remainder of 2024.
The market conditions discussed below significantly influence our investment strategy and results:
Select U.S. Financial and Economic Data. The U.S. economy grew modestly in the first quarter of 2024 with real gross domestic product (“GDP”) increasing by 1.6% (advanced estimate) annualized rate, as compared to the annualized 3.4% GDP growth in the fourth quarter of 2023 and annualized 2.2% GDP growth in the first quarter of 2023. The first quarter 2024 GDP increase marks seven straight quarters of GDP growth. As GDP growth continued in early 2024 and inflation remains persistently above the Federal Reserve’s target of two percent, uncertainty about how the Federal Reserve may adjust its monetary policy or the target range for the federal funds rate in response to such macroeconomic trends may limit or undermine business activity and the potential for future GDP growth, which could negatively impact the value of credit investments.
The U.S. labor market remained tight and fluctuated little throughout the first quarter of 2024. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.8% at the end of March 2024, finishing slightly up from the unemployment rate of 3.7% as of the end of December 2023. The number of unemployed persons increased by 0.4 million year-over-year to 6.4 million as of March 2024. There continues to be a wide disparity between the number of available job openings, 8.8 million as of the end of February 2024, and the number of unemployed persons, resulting in a competitive labor market and rising wages. As of March 2024, average hourly earnings for all employees on non-farm payrolls rose 4.1% year-over-year.
Changing expectations with respect to the Federal Reserve’s actions regarding the target range for the federal funds rate have driven interest rates higher and contributed to an uncertain interest rate environment. From March 2022 through July 2023, the Federal Reserve raised the target range for the federal funds rate a total of 5.25%, bringing the target range for the federal funds rate to its highest level in over 22 years and where it stands as of April 24, 2024. The Federal Reserve raised interest rates in an effort to rein in inflation as the Consumer Price Index (the “CPI”) maintained multi-decade highs above 6% throughout 2022 and into February of 2023. A trend of decelerating inflation emerged at the end of 2022, and a 3.0% rise in the CPI from June 2022 to June 2023 marked the smallest increase in inflation since March 2021. However, since June 2023, the deceleration in inflation appears to have stalled with the CPI rising between 3.1% and 3.7% in each month from July 2023 to March 2024, year-over-year. Despite such trends in inflation, the pricing of federal funds futures at the start of 2024 indicated that financial markets expected several cuts to the target range for the federal funds rate in 2024. Nevertheless, the pricing of such federal funds futures as of first quarter-end indicated that financial markets now expect fewer rate cuts in 2024. Additionally, statements from the Federal Reserve contributed to dampened expectations of the number of rate cuts, if any, in 2024. In March 2024, the Federal Reserve reaffirmed that its monetary policy seeks to achieve inflation that averages two percent over time and stated that it does not expect rate cuts to the federal funds target range will be appropriate until inflation is moving “sustainably toward two percent.” Higher interest rates may put pressure on our investments, mortgage borrowers, tenants, our operating partners and economic growth generally.
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The fears of an economic recession in the U.S. that were prevalent last year have receded in connection with the consistent U.S. GDP growth seen in 2023, although some economists and market commentators have expressed lower expectations for U.S. GDP growth in 2024. The National Bureau of Economic Research defines a recession as “a significant decline in economic activity that is spread across the economy and that lasts more than a few months.” An April 2024 survey of economists by the Wall Street Journal indicated that the respondents believed that the probability of a recession in the next twelve months is at 29%, the lowest probability indicated by the Wall Street Journal’s survey since April 2022. The economists surveyed by the Wall Street Journal attribute the diminished likelihood of a recession in the next twelve months to productivity growth and the economy’s ability to withstand higher interest rates, as indicated by the GDP growth seen in 2023 despite the Federal Reserve’s raises to the target range for the federal funds rate. However, some economists surveyed by the Wall Street Journal indicated that, while they believed a recession was less likely in the coming year, they are concerned that economic growth could stagnate due to elevated inflation and the Federal Reserve’s actions to control such inflation. An economic recession or stagnating economic growth may put pressure on the ability of our operating partners, joint ventures, tenants and borrowers to meet their obligations to us, and would likely adversely impact the value of our assets, among other things, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Single-Family Homes and Residential Mortgage Market. Over the course of the first quarter of 2024, the residential real estate market remained competitive for home buyers. Data released by the S&P Dow Jones Indices for their S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller National Home Price NSA Indices for January 2024 showed that, on average, home prices increased 6.6% for the 20-City Composite over January 2023. Additionally, according to the National Association of Realtors (“NAR”), existing home sales in March 2024 were down 4.3% month-over-month and 3.7% year-over-year. NAR also reported that the median existing-home sales price for all housing types in March 2024 was $393,500, up 4.8% from $375,300 in March 2023. According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, privately-owned housing starts for single-family homes averaged a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1,069,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to 943,083 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Overall, existing home inventory for sale at the end of March 2024 amounted to 3.2 months of supply, up from 2.9 months of supply in February 2024, according to the NAR. According to Freddie Mac, the weekly average 30-year fixed-rate mortgage was up 0.71% year-over-year to 7.1% as of April 18, 2024. Declining single-family housing fundamentals may adversely impact the overall credit profile and value of our existing portfolio of single-family residential credit investments and the value of our single-family rental properties, as well as the availability of certain of our targeted assets.
Rental Housing. According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, starts on multi-family homes containing five or more units averaged a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 331,667 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to 458,583 for the year ended December 31, 2023. According to RealPage Analytics (“RealPage”), rents for professionally managed apartments grew modestly in the first quarter of 2024 with rents growing 30 basis points in January and 20 basis points in each of February and March. RealPage noted that, while apartment demand remains high, asking rents were likely dampened by the increased supply from the completion of approximately 136,000 apartment units in the first quarter of 2024, which, according to RealPage, is the largest volume of apartment unit completions the U.S. has ever received in a single quarter. Weakening multi-family housing fundamentals, including, among other things, increasing supply of apartments and declining rents in the markets or submarkets in which we invest, increasing interest rates, widening capitalization rates and reduced liquidity for owners of multi-family properties, may cause our operating partners to fail to meet their obligations to us and/or contribute to reduced cash flows from and/or valuation declines for multi-family properties, and in turn, many of the multi-family investments that we own.
Additionally, multi-family investments face growing regulatory and political headwinds. In January 2023, the White House Domestic Policy Council and National Economic Council released a white paper entitled the “Blueprint for a Renters Bill of Rights” (the “Blueprint”). The Blueprint discusses potential tenant protections regarding leasing and management of rental properties, tenant organizing, evictions and rent increases, among other potential protections. Although the Blueprint is non-binding, several federal agencies, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, have announced actions that seek to further some of the principles set forth in the Blueprint. In July 2023, President Biden announced an initiative to promote disclosure and reduction of rental housing fees such as application fees, payment fees, and other mandatory fees. Further, in August 2023, the White House announced a series of initiatives to build on the Blueprint such as providing funding to support tenant organizing efforts. Policies, regulations or laws implemented to further the principles discussed in the Blueprint or reduce or limit fees could lead to increased costs and reduced operational flexibility for multi-family and single-family rental properties, which could contribute to reduced cash flows from and/or valuation declines for multi-family and single-family rental properties, and in turn, many of the multi-family investments and single-family rentals that we own.
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Credit Spreads. Investment grade and high-yield credit spreads both tightened over the course of the first quarter of 2024 with investment grade spreads finishing 10 basis points lower than the start of the first quarter of 2024 and high-yield spreads finishing 24 basis points lower than the start of the first quarter of 2024. Tightening credit spreads generally increase the value of many of our credit sensitive assets, while widening credit spreads tend to have a negative impact on the value of many of our credit sensitive assets.
Financing Markets. Driven in part by the Federal Reserve’s increases to the federal funds rate and speculation about the Federal Reserve’s strategy with regard to future rate hikes, the Treasury curve inverted in July 2022 and has remained inverted ever since. On March 28, 2024, the spread between the 2-Year U.S. Treasury yield and the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield closed at negative 39 basis points, as compared to a negative 35 basis point spread on December 29, 2023. Inversions of this spread are generally considered to be indicators of a recession in the near term. This spread is important as it is indicative of opportunities for investing in levered assets. Increases in interest rates raise the costs of many of our liabilities, while overall interest rate volatility generally increases the costs of hedging and may place downward pressure on some of our strategies.
Monetary Policy and Recent Regulatory Developments. The Federal Reserve took a number of actions to stabilize markets during the COVID-19 pandemic. From March 2020 until March 2022, the Federal Reserve implemented an asset purchase program aimed at providing liquidity to the U.S. Treasury and Agency RMBS markets. Under the Federal Reserve’s asset purchase program, the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet grew from about $4.2 trillion in assets at the start of March 2020 to about $8.9 trillion in assets at the end of the program in March 2022. On June 1, 2022, the Federal Reserve shifted course and began shrinking its balance sheet by reducing its holdings of U.S. Treasuries and Agency RMBS by $47.5 billion per month. In September 2022, the Federal Reserve increased its efforts to reduce its balance sheet by doubling the amount of U.S. Treasuries and Agency RMBS it rolls off its balance sheet to $95 billion each month. As of April 17, 2024, the Federal Reserve held about $7.4 trillion in assets. Sales or reductions in the pace of purchasing of Agency RMBS by the Federal Reserve could create headwinds in the market for Agency RMBS where increased supply could drive prices lower and interest rates higher.
From March 2020 to March 2022, the Federal Reserve maintained a target range for the federal funds rate of 0% to 0.25% in view of the COVID-19 pandemic and to foster maximum employment and price stability. Then, from March 2022 through July 2023, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds rate eleven times to bring the target range for the federal funds rate to 5.25% to 5.50% where it remained as of April 24, 2024. In March 2024, the Federal Reserve stated that it remains highly attentive to inflation risks as it evaluates its monetary policy, including any potential changes to the target range for the federal funds range. There is a lack of consensus among market commentators regarding whether they expect the Federal Reserve to cut the target range for the federal funds rate in 2024 or whether they expect the Federal Reserve to hold the target range for the federal funds rate higher for longer. However, as reflected on the “dot plot” included in the projection materials from the Federal Reserve’s March 2024 meeting, most Federal Reserve officials expect the target range for the federal funds rate to be lowered below its current level by the end of 2024, with many of the officials expecting the target range to reach a level between 4.50% and 4.75% by the end of 2024. But, this plotting of the Federal Reserve officials’ expected target range for the federal funds rate as of March 2024 indicates divided thoughts among Federal Reserve officials as to how many, if any, decreases to the target range are appropriate.
The scope and nature of the actions the Federal Reserve and other governmental authorities will ultimately undertake are unknown and will continue to evolve. There can be no assurance as to how, in the long term, these and other actions, as well as the negative impacts from ongoing geopolitical instability and uncertainty surrounding inflation, interest rates and the outlook for the U.S. and global economies, will affect the efficiency, liquidity and stability of the financial, credit and mortgage markets, and thus, our business. Greater uncertainty frequently leads to wider asset spreads or lower prices and higher hedging costs.
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First Quarter 2024 Summary
Earnings and Return Metrics
The following table presents key earnings and return metrics for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |
Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | (68,340) |  |  |
Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders per share (basic) | $ | (0.75) |  |  |
Undepreciated loss (1) | $ | (62,014) |  |  |
Undepreciated loss per common share (1) | $ | (0.68) |  |  |
Comprehensive loss attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | (68,336) |  |  |
Comprehensive loss attributable to Company's common stockholders per share (basic) | $ | (0.75) |  |  |
Yield on average interest earning assets (1) (2) | 6.38 | % |  |
Interest income | $ | 83,892 |  |  |
Interest expense | $ | 66,029 |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 17,863 |  |  |
Net interest spread (1) (3) | 1.31 | % |  |
Book value per common share at the end of the period | $ | 10.21 |  |  |
Adjusted book value per common share at the end of the period (1) | $ | 11.51 |  |  |
Economic return on book value (4) | (7.96) | % |  |
Economic return on adjusted book value (5) | (7.50) | % |  |
Dividends per common share | $ | 0.20 |  |  |

(1)Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of the Company's non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measure is included in "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" elsewhere in this section.
(2)Calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest income and our average interest earning assets and excludes all Consolidated SLST assets other than those securities owned by the Company.
(3)Our calculation of net interest spread may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies who may use a different calculation.
(4)Economic return on book value is based on the periodic change in GAAP book value per common share plus dividends declared per common share, if any, during the period.
(5)Economic return on adjusted book value is based on the periodic change in adjusted book value per common share, a non-GAAP financial measure, plus dividends declared per common share, if any, during the period.
Key Developments During First Quarter 2024
Investing Activities
•Purchased approximately $297.6 million of Agency RMBS with an average coupon of 5.8%.
•Purchased approximately $305.7 million in residential loans with an average gross coupon of 10.7%.
Financing Activities
•Completed a securitization of business purpose loans, resulting in approximately $223.2 million in net proceeds to us after deducting expenses associated with the transaction. We utilized a portion of the net proceeds to repay approximately $136.6 million on outstanding repurchase agreements related to residential loans.
•Redeemed a residential loan securitization with an outstanding balance of approximately $147.6 million at the time of redemption and completed a new securitization of residential loans, resulting in approximately $273.7 million of net proceeds to us after deducting expenses associated with the transaction. We also utilized a portion of the net proceeds to repay approximately $60.3 million on outstanding repurchase agreements related to residential loans.
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Capital Allocation
The following provides an overview of the allocation of our total equity as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We fund our investing and operating activities with a combination of cash flow from operations, proceeds from common and preferred equity and debt securities offerings, including senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures, short-term and longer-term repurchase agreements and CDOs. A detailed discussion of our liquidity and capital resources is provided in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” elsewhere in this section.
The following tables set forth our allocated capital by investment category at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands).
At March 31, 2024:

|  |  | Single-Family |  | Multi- Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Residential loans |  |  | $ | 3,103,105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,103,105 |
Consolidated SLST CDOs |  |  | (582,627) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (582,627) |
Investment securities available for sale |  |  | 2,241,340 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,241,340 |
Multi-family loans |  |  | — |  |  | 91,905 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,905 |
Equity investments |  |  | — |  |  | 102,478 |  |  | 35,465 |  |  | 137,943 |
Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 189,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 189,530 |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 22,310 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,310 |
Single-family rental properties |  |  | 149,060 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 149,060 |
Total investment portfolio carrying value |  |  | 4,910,878 |  |  | 406,223 |  |  | 35,465 |  |  | 5,352,566 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | (2,512,008) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,512,008) |
Residential loan securitization CDOs |  |  | (1,605,735) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,605,735) |
Senior unsecured notes |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (98,299) |  |  | (98,299) |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,000) |  |  | (45,000) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (3) |  |  | 156,560 |  |  | — |  |  | 219,846 |  |  | 376,406 |
Cumulative adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value |  |  | — |  |  | (36,489) |  |  | — |  |  | (36,489) |
Other |  |  | 93,454 |  |  | (3,642) |  |  | (35,997) |  |  | 53,815 |
Net Company capital allocated |  |  | $ | 1,043,149 |  |  | $ | 366,092 |  |  | $ | 76,015 |  |  | $ | 1,485,256 |
Company Recourse Leverage Ratio (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.7x
Portfolio Recourse Leverage Ratio (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6x

(1)Represents the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties that are not in disposal group held for sale. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.
(2)Represents the Company's equity investments in consolidated equity investments in multi-family properties that are held for sale in disposal group. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.
(3)Excludes cash in the amount of $16.9 million held in the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties in disposal group held for sale. Restricted cash of $163.8 million is included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in other assets.
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(4)Represents the Company's total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures and senior unsecured notes divided by the Company's total stockholders' equity. Does not include non-recourse repurchase agreement financing amounting to $90.7 million, Consolidated SLST CDOs amounting to $582.6 million, residential loan securitization CDOs amounting to $1.6 billion and mortgages payable on real estate, including mortgages payable on real estate of disposal group held for sale, totaling $970.4 million as they are non-recourse debt.
(5)Represents the Company's outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by the Company's total stockholders' equity.
At December 31, 2023:

| Single-Family |  | Multi- Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Residential loans | $ | 3,084,303 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,084,303 |
Consolidated SLST CDOs | (593,737) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (593,737) |
Investment securities available for sale | 2,013,817 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,013,817 |
Multi-family loans | — |  |  | 95,792 |  |  | — |  |  | 95,792 |
Equity investments | — |  |  | 109,962 |  |  | 37,154 |  |  | 147,116 |
Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (1) | — |  |  | 211,214 |  |  | — |  |  | 211,214 |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  | 36,815 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,815 |
Single-family rental properties | 151,885 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151,885 |
Total investment portfolio carrying value | 4,656,268 |  |  | 453,783 |  |  | 37,154 |  |  | 5,147,205 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | (2,471,113) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,471,113) |
Residential loan securitization CDOs | (1,276,780) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,276,780) |
Senior unsecured notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | (98,111) |  |  | (98,111) |
Subordinated debentures | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,000) |  |  | (45,000) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (3) | 139,562 |  |  | — |  |  | 175,468 |  |  | 315,030 |
Cumulative adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value | — |  |  | (30,062) |  |  | — |  |  | (30,062) |
Other | 74,716 |  |  | (1,352) |  |  | (34,921) |  |  | 38,443 |
Net Company capital allocated | $ | 1,122,653 |  |  | $ | 422,369 |  |  | $ | 34,590 |  |  | $ | 1,579,612 |
Company Recourse Leverage Ratio (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6x
Portfolio Recourse Leverage Ratio (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.5x

(1)Represents the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties that are not in disposal group held for sale. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.
(2)Represents the Company's equity investments in consolidated equity investments in multi-family properties that are held for sale in disposal group. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.
(3)Excludes cash in the amount of $21.3 million held in the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties in disposal group held for sale. Restricted cash of $143.5 million is included in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in other assets.
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(4)Represents the Company's total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures and senior unsecured notes divided by the Company's total stockholders' equity. Does not include non-recourse repurchase agreement financing amounting to $149.7 million, Consolidated SLST CDOs amounting to $593.7 million, residential loan securitization CDOs amounting to $1.3 billion and mortgages payable on real estate, including mortgages payable on real estate of disposal group held for sale, totaling to $1.2 billion as they are non-recourse debt.
(5)Represents the Company's outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by the Company's total stockholders' equity.
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Results of Operations
The following discussion provides information regarding our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, including a comparison of year-over-year results and related commentary. A number of the tables contain a “change” column that indicates the amount by which results from the three months ended March 31, 2024 are greater or less than the results from the respective period in 2023. Unless otherwise specified, references in this section to increases or decreases in 2024 refer to the change in results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 when compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The following table presents the main components of our net (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 83,892 |  |  | $ | 57,136 |  |  | $ | 26,756 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 66,029 |  |  | 39,335 |  |  | 26,694 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 17,863 |  |  | 17,801 |  |  | 62 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss from real estate | (16,369) |  |  | (8,951) |  |  | (7,418) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total other (loss) income | (57,323) |  |  | 25,081 |  |  | (82,404) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses | 13,054 |  |  | 12,683 |  |  | 371 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Portfolio operating expenses | 11,287 |  |  | 7,070 |  |  | 4,217 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) income from operations before income taxes | (80,170) |  |  | 14,178 |  |  | (94,348) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax (benefit) expense | (111) |  |  | 16 |  |  | (127) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests | 22,158 |  |  | 6,701 |  |  | 15,457 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company | (57,901) |  |  | 20,863 |  |  | (78,764) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends | (10,439) |  |  | (10,484) |  |  | 45 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on repurchase of preferred stock | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | (142) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders | (68,340) |  |  | 10,521 |  |  | (78,861) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic (loss) income per common share | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | (0.87) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted (loss) income per common share | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | (0.86) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Interest Income and Interest Expense
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, interest income increased primarily due t o increased investment in Agency RMBS, partially offset by a decrease in interest income from business purpose loans due to paydowns. The increase in interest expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was due primarily to an increase in repurchase agreement financing of our Agency RMBS portfolio and additional securitization financings completed in 2024.
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Net Loss from Real Estate
The following table presents the components of net loss from real estate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from real estate | $ | 38,076 |  |  | $ | 41,746 |  |  | $ | (3,670) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate | (20,769) |  |  | (22,478) |  |  | 1,709 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense on operating real estate | (11,149) |  |  | (6,039) |  |  | (5,110) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate | (1,427) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,427) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate expenses | (21,100) |  |  | (22,180) |  |  | 1,080 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total expenses related to real estate | (54,445) |  |  | (50,697) |  |  | (3,748) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss from real estate | $ | (16,369) |  |  | $ | (8,951) |  |  | $ | (7,418) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The increase in net loss from real estate in 2024 was primarily due to 1) an increase in depreciation expense related to operating real estate as a result of the reclassification of multi-family real estate assets owned by entities in which we have joint venture equity investments from held for sale to held and used in the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2) a decrease in rental income as a result of the sale or de-consolidation of six multi-family real estate assets owned by entities in which we had joint venture equity investments since March 31, 2023. The increase in net loss was partially offset by a decrease in interest expense on mortgages payable and a decrease in operating expenses due to aforementioned sales or de-consolidation of multi-family real estate assets.
Other (Loss) Income
Realized (Losses) Gains, Net
The following table presents the components of realized (losses) gains, net recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans and real estate owned | $ | (10,164) |  |  | $ | 1,081 |  |  | $ | (11,245) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | (369) |  |  | — |  |  | (369) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total realized (losses) gains, net | $ | (10,533) |  |  | $ | 1,081 |  |  | $ | (11,614) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recognized $10.2 million of net realized losses primarily related to losses incurred on foreclosed properties and losses recognized on the sale of certain performing and non-performing residential loans. The Company also recognized net realized losses of $0.4 million on write-downs of non-Agency RMBS. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized $1.1 million of net realized gains related to our residential loan portfolio, primarily as a result of loan prepayments.
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Unrealized (Losses) Gains, Net
The following table presents the components of unrealized (losses) gains, net recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | (2,968) |  |  | $ | 29,247 |  |  | $ | (32,215) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST | (36) |  |  | 2,299 |  |  | (2,335) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CDOs at fair value | 1,637 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,637 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments | (4,777) |  |  | 452 |  |  | (5,229) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | (33,246) |  |  | 853 |  |  | (34,099) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total unrealized (losses) gains, net | $ | (39,390) |  |  | $ | 32,851 |  |  | $ | (72,241) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

We recognized $39.4 million in net unrealized losses for the three months ended March 31, 2024, largely due to increases in interest rates, which primarily impacted the pricing of our Agency RMBS. The Company recognized $32.9 million in net unrealized gains for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to yield tightening that impacted the pricing of our credit assets, particularly our residential loans and first loss subordinated securities we own in Consolidated SLST.
Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments, Net
The following table presents the components of gains (losses) on derivative investments, net for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments | $ | 45,034 |  |  | $ | (4,362) |  |  | $ | 49,396 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains on derivative instruments | 4,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,177 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net | $ | 49,211 |  |  | $ | (4,362) |  |  | $ | 53,573 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

We recognized $45.0 million of unrealized gains on derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to an increase in interest rates, which resulted in higher valuations of our interest rate swaps and interest rate caps. The Company also recognized $4.2 million in realized gains on the termination of interest rate swaps and net coupon payments received on interest rate swaps during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
We recognized $4.4 million of unrealized losses on derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to lower valuations of our interest rate swaps and interest rate caps.
(Loss) Income from Equity Investments
The following table presents the components of (loss) income from equity investments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred return on preferred equity investments accounted for as equity | $ | 3,517 |  |  | $ | 5,313 |  |  | $ | (1,796) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains on preferred equity investments accounted for as equity | 86 |  |  | 638 |  |  | (552) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) income from unconsolidated joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties | (4,050) |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | (5,110) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss from entity that originates residential loans | (1,689) |  |  | (2,500) |  |  | 811 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total (loss) income from equity investments | $ | (2,136) |  |  | $ | 4,511 |  |  | $ | (6,647) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Income from equity investments decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to decreases in the fair value of unconsolidated joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and a decrease in preferred return on preferred equity investments as a result of redemptions since March 31, 2023.
Impairment of Real Estate
The following table presents impairment of real estate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of real estate | $ | (36,247) |  |  | $ | (10,275) |  |  | $ | (25,972) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized impairment losses on certain multi-family real estate assets due to lower valuations driven by a decrease in net operating income estimates and wider cap rates. We also recognized impairment losses on certain single-family rental properties transferred to held for sale during the quarter as a result of the remeasurement of those assets to estimated fair value less costs to sell.
Loss on Reclassification of Disposal Group
The following table presents loss on reclassification of disposal group for the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on reclassification of disposal group | $ | (14,636) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (14,636) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

In March 2024, we suspended the marketing of one joint venture equity investment, determined that it no longer met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the Consolidated VIE to their respective categories on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024. As a result of this transfer, we adjusted the carrying value of the long-lived assets in the Consolidated VIE to the lower of the carrying amount before the assets were classified as held for sale adjusted for depreciation and amortization expense that would have been recognized had the assets been continuously classified as held and used and the fair value of the assets at the date of the transfer and recognized an approximately $14.6 million loss on reclassification of disposal group during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Other (Loss) Income
The following table presents the components of other (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred equity and mezzanine loan premiums resulting from early redemption | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of real estate | 134 |  |  | — |  |  | 134 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on de-consolidation of joint venture equity investment in Consolidated VIE | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) gain on extinguishment of collateralized debt obligations and mortgages payable on real estate | (692) |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | (1,862) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for uncollectible accounts receivable | (3,207) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,207) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Miscellaneous income | 25 |  |  | 105 |  |  | (80) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total other (loss) income | $ | (3,592) |  |  | $ | 1,275 |  |  | $ | (4,867) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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The net decrease in other income in 2024 is primarily due 1) the recording of a provision for uncollectible accounts receivable for asset management expenses incurred related to a non-accrual multi-family loan that are in excess of anticipated redemption proceeds and 2) loss recognized on the extinguishment of collateralized debt obligations related to the redemption of a residential loan securitization during the period.
Expenses
The following tables present the components of general, administrative and portfolio operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
General and Administrative Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries, benefits and directors’ compensation | $ | 9,273 |  |  | $ | 9,367 |  |  | $ | (94) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional fees | 1,624 |  |  | 1,251 |  |  | 373 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 2,157 |  |  | 2,065 |  |  | 92 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total general and administrative expenses | $ | 13,054 |  |  | $ | 12,683 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The increase in general and administrative expenses in 2024 is primarily related to an increase in non-recurring professional fees and consulting fees.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Portfolio operating expenses | $ | 7,742 |  |  | $ | 7,070 |  |  | $ | 672 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loan securitization transaction costs | 3,545 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,545 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total portfolio operating expenses | $ | 11,287 |  |  | $ | 7,070 |  |  | $ | 4,217 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The increase in portfolio operating expenses in 2024 can primarily be attributed to debt issuance costs related to residential loan securitization CDOs issued during the quarter that are expensed as incurred as a result of the fair value option election.
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Comprehensive (Loss) Income
The main components of comprehensive (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are detailed in the following table (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ Change |  |  |  |  |  |
NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | (68,340) |  |  | $ | 10,521 |  |  | $ | (78,861) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in fair value of available for sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 591 |  |  | (591) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | — |  |  | 591 |  |  | (591) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for net loss included in net loss | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | 4 |  |  | 591 |  |  | (587) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | (68,336) |  |  | $ | 11,112 |  |  | $ | (79,448) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company’s newly purchased investment securities are presented at fair value as a result of a fair value election made at the time of acquisition pursuant to ASC 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The fair value option was elected for these investment securities to provide stockholders and others who rely on our financial statements with a more complete and accurate understanding of our economic performance. Changes in the market values of investment securities where the Company elected the fair value option are reflected in earnings instead of in OCI. As of March 31, 2024, all of the Company's investment securities are accounted for using the fair value option.
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Analysis of Changes in GAAP Book Value
The following table analyzes the changes in GAAP book value of our common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |
| Amount |  | Shares |  | Per Share (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance | $ | 1,025,502 |  |  | 90,675 |  |  | $ | 11.31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock issuance, net (2) | (1,196) |  |  | 556 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance after share activity | 1,024,306 |  |  | 91,231 |  |  | 11.23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value | (6,428) |  |  |  |  | (0.07) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared | (18,396) |  |  |  |  | (0.20) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale (3) | 4 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders | (68,340) |  |  |  |  | (0.75) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Balance | $ | 931,146 |  |  | 91,231 |  |  | $ | 10.21 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Outstanding shares used to calculate book value per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are 91,231,039.
(2)Includes amortization of stock based compensation.
(3)The net increase relates to the reclassification of unrealized loss to net loss during the period.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the results presented in accordance with GAAP, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted interest income, adjusted interest expense, adjusted net interest income, yield on average interest earning assets, average financing cost, net interest spread, undepreciated (loss) earnings and adjusted book value per common share. Our management team believes that these non-GAAP financial measures, when considered with our GAAP financial statements, provide supplemental information useful for investors as it enables them to evaluate our current performance and trends using the metrics that management uses to operate our business. Our presentation of non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies, who may use different calculations. Because these measures are not calculated in accordance with GAAP, they should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, the financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our GAAP financial results and the reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the most directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP should be carefully evaluated.
Adjusted Net Interest Income and Net Interest Spread
Financial results for the Company during a given period include the net interest income earned on our investment portfolio of residential loans, RMBS, CMBS, ABS and preferred equity investments and mezzanine loans, where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to and accounted for as loans (collectively, our “interest earning assets”). Adjusted net interest income and net interest spread (both supplemental non-GAAP financial measures) are impacted by factors such as our cost of financing, including our hedging costs, and the interest rate that our investments bear. Furthermore, the amount of premium or discount paid on purchased investments and the prepayment rates on investments will impact adjusted net interest income as such factors will be amortized over the expected term of such investments.
We provide the following non-GAAP financial measures, in total and by investment category, for the respective periods:
•adjusted interest income – calculated as our GAAP interest income reduced by the interest expense recognized on Consolidated SLST CDOs,
•adjusted interest expense – calculated as our GAAP interest expense reduced by the interest expense recognized on Consolidated SLST CDOs and adjusted to include the net interest component of interest rate swaps,
•adjusted net interest income – calculated by subtracting adjusted interest expense from adjusted interest income,
•yield on average interest earning assets – calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest income and our average interest earning assets and excludes all Consolidated SLST assets other than those securities owned by the Company,
•average financing cost – calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest expense and the average outstanding balance of our interest bearing liabilities, excluding Consolidated SLST CDOs and mortgages payable on real estate, and
•net interest spread – calculated as the difference between our yield on average interest earning assets and our average financing cost.
These measures remove the impact of Consolidated SLST that we consolidate in accordance with GAAP and include the net interest component of interest rate swaps utilized to hedge the variable cash flows associated with our variable-rate borrowings, which is included in gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. With respect to Consolidated SLST, we only include the interest income earned by the Consolidated SLST securities that are actually owned by the Company as the Company only receives income or absorbs losses related to the Consolidated SLST securities actually owned by the Company. We include the net interest component of interest rate swaps in these measures to more fully represent the cost of our financing strategy.
We provide the non-GAAP financial measures listed above because we believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors and management with additional detail and enhance their understanding of our interest earning asset yields, in total and by investment category, relative to the cost of our financing and the underlying trends within our portfolio of interest earning assets. In addition to the foregoing, our management team uses these measures to assess, among other things, the performance of our interest earning assets in total and by asset, possible cash flows from our interest earning assets in total and by asset, our ability to finance or borrow against the asset and the terms of such financing and the composition of our portfolio of interest earning assets, including acquisition and disposition determi nations.
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The following tables set forth certain information about our interest earning assets by category and their related adjusted interest income, adjusted interest expense, adjusted net interest income, yield on average interest earning assets, average financing cost and net interest spread for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

|  |  | Single-Family (8) |  | Multi- Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Adjusted Interest Income (1) (2) |  |  | $ | 75,426 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,091 |
Adjusted Interest Expense (1) |  |  | (48,762) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,134) |  |  | (51,896) |
Adjusted Net Interest Income (Loss) (1) |  |  | $ | 26,664 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |  |  | $ | (3,134) |  |  | $ | 26,195 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (3) |  |  | $ | 4,798,871 |  |  | $ | 95,382 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 4,895,253 |
Average Interest Bearing Liabilities (4) |  |  | $ | 3,895,156 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 219,298 |  |  | $ | 4,114,454 |
Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets (1) (5) |  |  | 6.29 | % |  | 11.18 | % |  | — |  |  | 6.38 | %
Average Financing Cost (1) (6) |  |  | (5.03) | % |  | — |  |  | (5.75) | % |  | (5.07) | %
Net Interest Spread (1) (7) |  |  | 1.26 | % |  | 11.18 | % |  | (5.75) | % |  | 1.31 | %

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

|  |  | Single-Family (8) |  | Multi- Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Adjusted Interest Income (1) (2) |  |  | $ | 47,204 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 50,821 |
Adjusted Interest Expense (1) |  |  | (30,407) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,547) |  |  | (32,954) |
Adjusted Net Interest Income (Loss) (1) |  |  | $ | 16,797 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | (2,499) |  |  | $ | 17,867 |
Average Interest Earning Assets (3) |  |  | $ | 3,132,910 |  |  | $ | 123,671 |  |  | $ | 1,806 |  |  | $ | 3,258,387 |
Average Interest Bearing Liabilities (4) |  |  | $ | 2,150,130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 145,000 |  |  | $ | 2,295,130 |
Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets (1) (5) |  |  | 6.03 | % |  | 11.54 | % |  | 10.63 | % |  | 6.24 | %
Average Financing Cost (1) (6) |  |  | (5.74) | % |  | — |  |  | (7.20) | % |  | (5.83) | %
Net Interest Spread (1) (7) |  |  | 0.29 | % |  | 11.54 | % |  | 3.43 | % |  | 0.41 | %

(1)Represents a non-GAAP financial measure.
(2)Includes interest income earned on cash accounts held by the Company.
(3)Average Interest Earning Assets for the respective periods include residential loans, multi-family loans and investment securities and exclude all Consolidated SLST assets other than those securities owned by the Company. Average Interest Earning Assets is calculated based on the daily average amortized cost for the respective periods.
(4)Average Interest Bearing Liabilities for the respective periods include repurchase agreements, residential loan securitization CDOs, senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures and exclude Consolidated SLST CDOs and mortgages payable on real estate as the Company does not directly incur interest expense on these liabilities that are consolidated for GAAP purposes. Average Interest Bearing Liabilities is calculated based on the daily average outstanding balance for the respective periods.
(5)Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets is calculated by dividing our annualized adjusted interest income relating to our portfolio of interest earning assets by our Average Interest Earning Assets for the respective periods.
(6)Average Financing Cost is calculated by dividing our annualized adjusted interest expense by our Average Interest Bearing Liabilities.
(7)Net Interest Spread is the difference between our Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets and our Average Financing Cost.
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(8)The Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary of Consolidated SLST and has consolidated Consolidated SLST into the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements. Our GAAP interest income includes interest income recognized on the underlying seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans held in Consolidated SLST. Our GAAP interest expense includes interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs that permanently finance the residential loans in Consolidated SLST and are not owned by the Company. We calculate adjusted interest income by reducing our GAAP interest income by the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs and adjusted interest expense by excluding, among other things, the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs, thus only including the interest income earned by the SLST securities that are actually owned by the Company in adjusted net interest income.
A djusted interest income increased by approximately $27.3 million from the prior period, primarily due to an increase in average interest earnings assets driven by increased investment in Agency RMBS since March 31, 2023. Yield on average interest earnings assets also increased, primarily due to an increase in the average coupon rate of business purpose loans acquired since the end of the prior period.
Adjusted interest expense increased from the prior period as a result of increased repurchase agreement financing obtained on Agency RMBS. Average financing cost decreased in 2024 however, primarily due to the benefit of our in-the-money interest rate swaps in the current period.
A reconciliation of GAAP interest income to adjusted interest income, GAAP interest expense to adjusted interest expense and GAAP total net interest income to adjusted net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is presented below (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| Single-Family |  | Multi-Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total |  | Single-Family |  | Multi-Family |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
GAAP interest income | $ | 81,227 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,892 |  |  | $ | 53,519 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 57,136 |
GAAP interest expense | (61,740) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,289) |  |  | (66,029) |  |  | (36,759) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,576) |  |  | (39,335) |
GAAP total net interest income (loss) | $ | 19,487 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |  |  | $ | (4,289) |  |  | $ | 17,863 |  |  | $ | 16,760 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | (2,528) |  |  | $ | 17,801 |
GAAP interest income | $ | 81,227 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,892 |  |  | $ | 53,519 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 57,136 |
Adjusted for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDO interest expense | (5,801) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,801) |  |  | (6,315) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,315) |
Adjusted interest income | $ | 75,426 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,091 |  |  | $ | 47,204 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 50,821 |
GAAP interest expense | $ | (61,740) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,289) |  |  | $ | (66,029) |  |  | $ | (36,759) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,576) |  |  | $ | (39,335) |
Adjusted for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDO interest expense | 5,801 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,801 |  |  | 6,315 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,315 |
Net interest benefit of interest rate swaps | 7,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 8,332 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 66 |
Adjusted interest expense | $ | (48,762) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,134) |  |  | $ | (51,896) |  |  | $ | (30,407) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,547) |  |  | $ | (32,954) |
Adjusted net interest income (loss) (1) | $ | 26,664 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |  |  | $ | (3,134) |  |  | $ | 26,195 |  |  | $ | 16,797 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | (2,499) |  |  | $ | 17,867 |

(1)Adjusted net interest income is calculated by subtracting adjusted interest expense from adjusted interest income.
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Undepreciated (Loss) Earnings
Undepreciated (loss) earnings is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure defined as GAAP net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders excluding the Company's share in depreciation expense and lease intangible amortization expense, if any, related to operating real estate, net for which an impairment has not been recognized. By excluding these non-cash adjustments from our operating results, we believe that the presentation of undepreciated (loss) earnings provides a consistent measure of our operating performance and useful information to investors to evaluate the effective net return on our portfolio. In addition, we believe that presenting undepreciated (loss) earnings enables our investors to measure, evaluate, and compare our operating performance to that of our peers.
A reconciliation of net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders to undepreciated (loss) earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is presented below (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders | $ | (68,340) |  |  | $ | 10,521 |  |  |  |  |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense on operating real estate | 6,326 |  |  | 2,120 |  |  |  |  |
Undepreciated (loss) earnings | $ | (62,014) |  |  | $ | 12,641 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic | 91,117 |  |  | 91,314 |  |  |  |  |
Undepreciated (loss) earnings per common share | $ | (0.68) |  |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  |  |  |

Adjusted Book Value Per Common Share
Adjusted book value per common share is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure calculated by making the following adjustments to GAAP book value: (i) exclude the Company's share of cumulative depreciation and lease intangible amortization expenses related to real estate held at the end of the period for which an impairment has not been recognized, (ii) exclude the cumulative adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interests to estimated redemption value and (iii) adjust our amortized cost liabilities that finance our investment portfolio to fair value.
Our rental property portfolio includes fee simple interests in single-family rental homes and joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties owned by Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. By excluding our share of cumulative non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses related to real estate held at the end of the period for which an impairment has not been recognized, adjusted book value reflects the value, at their undepreciated basis, of our single-family rental properties and joint venture equity investments that the Company has determined to be recoverable at the end of the period.
Additionally, in connection with third party ownership of certain of the non-controlling interests in certain of the Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, we record redeemable non-controlling interests as mezzanine equity on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The holders of the redeemable non-controlling interests may elect to sell their ownership interests to us at fair value once a year, subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations, resulting in an adjustment of the redeemable non-controlling interests to fair value that is accounted for by us as an equity transaction in accordance with GAAP. A key component of the estimation of fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interests is the estimated fair value of the multi-family apartment properties held by the applicable Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. However, because the corresponding real estate assets are not reported at fair value and thus not adjusted to reflect unrealized gains or losses in our condensed consolidated financial statements, the cumulative adjustment of the redeemable non-controlling interests to fair value directly affects our GAAP book value. By excluding the cumulative adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interests to estimated redemption value, adjusted book value more closely aligns the accounting treatment applied to these real estate assets and reflects our joint venture equity investment at its undepreciated basis.
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The substantial majority of our remaining assets are financial or similar instruments that are carried at fair value in accordance with the fair value option in our condensed consolidated financial statements. However, unlike our use of the fair value option for the assets in our investment portfolio, certain CDOs issued by our residential loan securitizations, senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures that finance our investment portfolio assets are carried at amortized cost in our condensed consolidated financial statements. By adjusting these financing instruments to fair value, adjusted book value reflects the Company's net equity in investments on a comparable fair value basis.
We believe that the presentation of adjusted book value per common share provides a useful measure for investors and us as it provides a consistent measure of our value, allows management to effectively consider our financial position and facilitates the comparison of our financial performance to that of our peers.
A reconciliation of GAAP book value to adjusted book value and calculation of adjusted book value per common share as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, is presented below (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

| March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
Company's stockholders' equity | $ | 1,485,256 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,579,612 |
Preferred stock liquidation preference | (554,110) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (554,110) |
GAAP book value | 931,146 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,025,502 |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative depreciation expense on real estate (1) | 24,451 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,801 |
Cumulative amortization of lease intangibles related to real estate (1) | 13,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,897 |
Cumulative adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value | 36,489 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,062 |
Adjustment of amortized cost liabilities to fair value | 44,590 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 55,271 |
Adjusted book value | $ | 1,049,676 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,147,533 |
Common shares outstanding | 91,231 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90,675 |
GAAP book value per common share (2) | $ | 10.21 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11.31 |
Adjusted book value per common share (3) | $ | 11.51 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12.66 |

(1)Represents cumulative adjustments for the Company's share of depreciation expense and amortization of lease intangibles related to real estate held as of the end of the period presented for which an impairment has not been recognized.
(2)GAAP book value per common share is calculated using the GAAP book value and the common shares outstanding for the periods indicated.
(3)Adjusted book value per common share is calculated using the adjusted book value and the common shares outstanding for the periods indicated.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are based, in part, on our judgment and assumptions regarding various economic conditions that we believe are reasonable based on facts and circumstances existing at the time of reporting. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions utilized in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Although our estimates contemplate conditions as of March 31, 2024 and how we expect them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be different than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income, expenses and other comprehensive income (loss) during the periods presented.
Changes in the estimates and assumptions could have a material effect on these consolidated financial statements. Accounting policies and estimates related to specific components of our consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates as previously described under Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. For a discussion of our critical accounting estimates and the possible effects of changes in estimates on our consolidated financial statements, please see Part II., Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and the possible effects on our consolidated financial statements is included in “Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Balance Sheet Analysis
As of March 31, 2024, we had approximately $7.4 billion of total assets. Included in this amount is approximately $741.0 million of assets held in Consolidated SLST and $1.2 billion of assets related to Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, both of which we consolidate in accordance with GAAP. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $7.4 billion of total assets. Included in this amount is approximately $757.8 million of assets held in Consolidated SLST and $1.5 billion of assets related to Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, both of which we consolidate in accordance with GAAP. For a reconciliation of our actual interests in Consolidated SLST, see “Portfolio Update” above. For a reconciliation of our investments in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, see “Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities” below.
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Residential Loans
The following table presents t he Company’s residential loans, which include acquired residential loans held by the Company and residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Acquired residential loans | $ | 2,364,979 |  |  | $ | 2,329,443 |
Consolidated SLST | 738,126 |  |  | 754,860 |
Total | $ | 3,103,105 |  |  | $ | 3,084,303 |

Acquired Residential Loans
The Company’s acquired residential loans, including performing, re-performing, and non-performing residential loans and business purpose loans, are presented at fair value on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The following tables detail our acquired residential loans by strategy at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024
| Number of Loans |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average FICO |  | Weighted Average LTV (1) |  | Weighted Average Coupon
Re-performing residential loan strategy | 4,591 |  |  | $ | 614,765 |  |  | $ | 588,062 |  |  | 634 |  | 54% |  | 5.1%
Performing residential loan strategy | 2,707 |  |  | 617,479 |  |  | 531,369 |  |  | 716 |  | 59% |  | 4.0%
Business purpose bridge loan strategy | 1,831 |  |  | 971,218 |  |  | 940,623 |  |  | 736 |  | 64% |  | 10.0%
Business purpose rental loan strategy | 1,247 |  |  | 332,318 |  |  | 304,925 |  |  | 748 |  | 69% |  | 5.3%
Total | 10,376 |  |  | $ | 2,535,780 |  |  | $ | 2,364,979 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| December 31, 2023
| Number of Loans |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average FICO |  | Weighted Average LTV (1) |  | Weighted Average Coupon
Re-performing residential loan strategy | 4,687 |  |  | $ | 626,316 |  |  | $ | 601,239 |  |  | 630 |  | 60% |  | 5.1%
Performing residential loan strategy | 2,803 |  |  | 642,320 |  |  | 548,736 |  |  | 717 |  | 62% |  | 4.0%
Business purpose bridge loan strategy | 1,720 |  |  | 919,990 |  |  | 896,988 |  |  | 735 |  | 65% |  | 9.6%
Business purpose rental loan strategy | 1,111 |  |  | 311,663 |  |  | 282,480 |  |  | 749 |  | 68% |  | 5.1%
Total | 10,321 |  |  | $ | 2,500,289 |  |  | $ | 2,329,443 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)For second mortgages (included in performing residential loan strategy), the Company calculates the combined loan-to-value ("LTV"). For business purpose bridge loans, the Company calculates LTV as the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan.
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Characteristics of Our Acquired Residential Loans:

Loan to Value at Purchase (1) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
50% or less | 12.3 | % |  | 13.6 | %
>50% - 60% | 10.7 | % |  | 10.9 | %
>60% - 70% | 22.2 | % |  | 22.4 | %
>70% - 80% | 31.1 | % |  | 29.5 | %
>80% - 90% | 12.5 | % |  | 11.8 | %
>90% - 100% | 5.7 | % |  | 6.0 | %
>100% | 5.5 | % |  | 5.8 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

(1)For second mortgages, the Company calculates the combined LTV. For business purpose bridge loans, the Company calculates LTV as the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan.

FICO Scores at Purchase | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
550 or less | 8.8 | % |  | 9.1 | %
551 to 600 | 7.6 | % |  | 7.9 | %
601 to 650 | 7.9 | % |  | 8.3 | %
651 to 700 | 15.6 | % |  | 15.6 | %
701 to 750 | 24.7 | % |  | 24.0 | %
751 to 800 | 28.2 | % |  | 28.0 | %
801 and over | 7.2 | % |  | 7.1 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Current Coupon | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
3.00% or less | 7.2 | % |  | 7.6 | %
3.01% - 4.00% | 15.7 | % |  | 16.5 | %
4.01% - 5.00% | 19.9 | % |  | 20.9 | %
5.01% - 6.00% | 8.7 | % |  | 9.3 | %
6.01% - 7.00% | 7.2 | % |  | 7.2 | %
7.01% - 8.00% | 7.0 | % |  | 8.1 | %
8.01% and over | 34.3 | % |  | 30.4 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Delinquency Status | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Current | 87.5 | % |  | 88.0 | %
31 – 60 days | 2.5 | % |  | 2.2 | %
61 – 90 days | 1.7 | % |  | 1.0 | %
90+ days | 8.3 | % |  | 8.8 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

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Origination Year | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
2007 or earlier | 21.7 | % |  | 22.4 | %
2008 - 2016 | 4.3 | % |  | 4.4 | %
2017 - 2020 | 14.8 | % |  | 15.7 | %
2021 | 16.3 | % |  | 19.3 | %
2022 | 18.6 | % |  | 21.4 | %
2023 | 16.1 | % |  | 16.8 | %
2024 | 8.2 | % |  | — | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, The Company had an investment in an entity that originates residential loans. The Company purchased $40.8 million and $16.0 million of residential loans from the entity during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Consolidated SLST
The Company owns first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization. In accordance with GAAP, the Company has consolidated the underlying seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans of the securitization and the CDOs issued to permanently finance these residential loans, representing Consolidated SLST.
Our investment in Consolidated SLST as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was limited to the RMBS comprised of first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by the securitization with an aggregate net carrying value of $151.2 million and $157.2 million, respectively. For more information on investment securities held by the Company within Consolidated SLST, refer to the "Investment Securities" section below.
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The following table details the loan characteristics of the underlying residential loans that back our first loss subordinated securities issued by Consolidated SLST as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands, except current average loan size):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Current fair value | $ | 738,126 |  |  | $ | 754,860 |
Current unpaid principal balance | $ | 875,562 |  |  | $ | 892,546 |
Number of loans | 5,733 |  |  | 5,813 |
Current average loan size | $ | 152,723 |  |  | $ | 153,543 |
Weighted average original loan term (in months) at purchase | 352 |  |  | 352 |
Weighted average LTV at purchase | 68 | % |  | 68 | %
Weighted average credit score at purchase | 702 |  |  | 701 |
Current Coupon: |  |  |
3.00% or less | 2.5 | % |  | 2.5 | %
3.01% – 4.00% | 38.4 | % |  | 38.5 | %
4.01% – 5.00% | 39.5 | % |  | 39.5 | %
5.01% – 6.00% | 11.9 | % |  | 11.8 | %
6.01% and over | 7.7 | % |  | 7.7 | %
Delinquency Status: |  |  |
Current | 72.4 | % |  | 72.6 | %
31 - 60 | 12.7 | % |  | 12.9 | %
61 - 90 | 5.4 | % |  | 5.0 | %
90+ | 9.5 | % |  | 9.5 | %
Origination Year: |  |  |
2005 or earlier | 31.1 | % |  | 31.1 | %
2006 | 15.6 | % |  | 15.7 | %
2007 | 21.6 | % |  | 21.5 | %
2008 or later | 31.7 | % |  | 31.7 | %
Geographic state concentration (greater than 5.0%): |  |  |
California | 10.7 | % |  | 10.7 | %
Florida | 10.1 | % |  | 10.3 | %
New York | 10.0 | % |  | 10.0 | %
New Jersey | 7.6 | % |  | 7.6 | %
Illinois | 7.2 | % |  | 7.2 | %

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Residential Loans, Real Estate Owned and Single-Family Rental Property Financing
Repurchase Agreements
As of March 31, 2024, the Company had repurchase agreements with five third-party financial institutions to finance residential loans, real estate owned and single-family rental properties. As of March 31, 2024, the Company's only repurchase agreement exposure where the amount of collateral at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity was to Atlas SP at 6.39%. The amount at risk is defined as the fair value of assets pledged as collateral to the financing arrangement in excess of the financing arrangement liability.
The following table presents detailed information about these repurchase agreements and associated assets pledged as collateral at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| Maximum Aggregate Uncommitted Principal Amount |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements (1) |  | Net Deferred Finance Costs (2) |  | Carrying Value of Repurchase Agreements |  | Carrying Value of Assets Pledged (3) |  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Weighted Average Months to Maturity (4)
March 31, 2024 | $ | 2,225,000 |  |  | $ | 456,038 |  |  | $ | (1,391) |  |  | $ | 454,647 |  |  | $ | 607,904 |  |  | 7.91 | % |  | 12.82
December 31, 2023 | $ | 2,225,000 |  |  | $ | 611,055 |  |  | $ | (2,005) |  |  | $ | 609,050 |  |  | $ | 805,082 |  |  | 7.87 | % |  | 13.89

(1)Includes non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $103.0 million, a weighted average rate of 8.12%, and weighted average months to maturity of 12 months as of March 31, 2024. Includes non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $179.1 million, a weighted average rate of 8.19%, and weighted average months to maturity of 14 months as of December 31, 2023.
(2)Costs related to the repurchase agreements which include commitment, underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees are reflected as deferred charges. Such costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different.
(3)Includes residential loans and real estate owned with an aggregate fair value of $466.5 million and single-family rental properties with a net carrying value of $141.4 million as of March 31, 2024. Includes residential loans with an aggregate fair value of $658.3 million and single-family rental properties with a net carrying value of $146.7 million as of December 31, 2023.
(4)The Company expects to roll outstanding amounts under these repurchase agreements into new repurchase agreements or other financings, or to repay outstanding amounts, prior to or at maturity.
The following table details the quarterly average balance, ending balance and maximum balance at any month-end during each quarter in 2024, 2023 and 2022 for our repurchase agreements secured by residential loans and single-family rental properties (dollar amounts in thousands):

Quarter Ended |  | Quarterly Average Balance |  | End of Quarter Balance |  | Maximum Balance at any Month-End
March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 437,826 |  |  | $ | 456,038 |  |  | $ | 456,038 |
December 31, 2023 |  | 559,118 |  |  | 611,055 |  |  | 611,055 |
September 30, 2023 |  | 469,393 |  |  | 505,477 |  |  | 505,477 |
June 30, 2023 |  | 524,264 |  |  | 481,947 |  |  | 579,475 |
March 31, 2023 |  | 579,271 |  |  | 562,371 |  |  | 609,885 |
December 31, 2022 |  | 833,517 |  |  | 688,487 |  |  | 1,076,747 |
September 30, 2022 |  | 1,324,819 |  |  | 1,163,408 |  |  | 1,554,993 |
June 30, 2022 |  | 1,386,714 |  |  | 1,566,926 |  |  | 1,566,926 |
March 31, 2022 |  | 682,867 |  |  | 783,168 |  |  | 783,168 |

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Collateralized Debt Obligations
Included in our portfolio are residential loans that are pledged as collateral for CDOs issued by the Company or by Consolidated SLST. The Company had a net investment in Consolidated SLST and other residential loan securitizations of $152.5 million and $275.0 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had a net investment in Consolidated SLST and other residential loan securitizations of $158.4 million and $315.2 million, respectively.
The following tables present a summary of Consolidated SLST CDOs and CDOs issued by the Company's residential loan securitizations as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024
|  | Outstanding Face Amount |  | Carrying Value |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (1)(2) |  | Stated Maturity (3)
Consolidated SLST (4) |  | $ | 640,426 |  |  | $ | 582,627 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  | 2059
Residential loan securitizations at fair value (4) |  | $ | 528,534 |  |  | $ | 497,141 |  |  | 5.28 | % |  | 2029 - 2068
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost |  | $ | 1,123,696 |  |  | $ | 1,108,594 |  |  | 3.73 | % |  | 2026 - 2062

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Outstanding Face Amount |  | Carrying Value |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate (1) |  | Stated Maturity (3)
Consolidated SLST (4) |  | $ | 652,933 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  | 2059
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost |  | $ | 1,292,015 |  |  | $ | 1,276,780 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 2026 - 2062

(1)Weighted average interest rate is calculated using the outstanding face amount and stated interest rate of notes issued by the securitization and not owned by the Company.
(2)Certain of the Company's CDOs contain interest rate step-up features whereby the interest rate increases if the outstanding notes are not redeemed by expected redemption dates, as defined in the respective governing documents. The following table presents a summary of CDO interest rate step-up features as of March 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Outstanding Balance |  | Step-Up |  | Step-Up Date |  | Additional Step-Up |  |  |  | Additional Step-Up Date
$ | 389,685 |  |  | 3.00% |  | August 2024 - July 2025 |  | 1.00% |  |  |  | August 2025 - July 2026
$ | 721,455 |  |  | 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00% |  | May 2024 - December 2026 |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A

(3)The actual maturity of the Company's CDOs are primarily determined by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. The CDOs are also subject to redemption prior to the stated maturity according to the terms of the respective governing documents. As a result, the actual maturity of the CDOs may occur earlier than the stated maturity.
(4)The Company has elected the fair value option for CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST and issued by residential loan securitizations completed after January 1, 2024.
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Investment Securities
At March 31, 2024, our investment securities portfolio included Agency RMBS and non-Agency RMBS, which are classified as investment securities available for sale. Our investment securities also include first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by Consolidated SLST. At March 31, 2024, we had no investment securities in a single issuer or entity that had an aggregate book value in excess of 5% of our total assets. The increase in the carrying value of our investment securities as of March 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023 is primarily due to purchases of Agency RMBS during the period partially offset by a decrease in the fair value of Agency RMBS due to increases in interest rates.
The following tables summarize our investment securities portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  | Weighted Average |  |
Investment Securities | Current Par Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Coupon (1) |  | Yield (2) |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements (3)
Available for Sale (“AFS”) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate | $ | 2,008,771 |  |  | $ | 2,015,078 |  |  | $ | 14,390 |  |  | $ | (6,812) |  |  | $ | 2,022,656 |  |  | 5.86 | % |  | 5.78 | % |  | $ | 1,820,331 |
Adjustable rate | 146,980 |  |  | 145,369 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | — |  |  | 147,110 |  |  | 5.47 | % |  | 5.46 | % |  | 137,819 |
IO | 1,204,503 |  |  | 62,222 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,503) |  |  | 47,719 |  |  | 0.72 | % |  | 13.90 | % |  | 33,335 |
Total Agency RMBS | 3,360,254 |  |  | 2,222,669 |  |  | 16,131 |  |  | (21,315) |  |  | 2,217,485 |  |  | 3.94 | % |  | 5.98 | % |  | 1,991,485 |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated | 7,830 |  |  | 7,198 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,035) |  |  | 3,163 |  |  | 3.92 | % |  | 4.53 | % |  | — |
IO | 368,390 |  |  | 14,249 |  |  | 6,443 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,692 |  |  | 1.47 | % |  | 28.86 | % |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 376,220 |  |  | 21,447 |  |  | 6,443 |  |  | (4,035) |  |  | 23,855 |  |  | 1.52 | % |  | 20.67 | % |  | — |
Total - AFS | $ | 3,736,474 |  |  | $ | 2,244,116 |  |  | $ | 22,574 |  |  | $ | (25,350) |  |  | $ | 2,241,340 |  |  | 3.69 | % |  | 6.13 | % |  | $ | 1,991,485 |
Consolidated SLST |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated | $ | 233,636 |  |  | $ | 184,929 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (49,843) |  |  | $ | 135,086 |  |  | 4.46 | % |  | 4.18 | % |  | $ | 60,457 |
IO | 137,234 |  |  | 17,091 |  |  | — |  |  | (938) |  |  | 16,153 |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | 8.22 | % |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 370,870 |  |  | 202,020 |  |  | — |  |  | (50,781) |  |  | 151,239 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.53 | % |  | 60,457 |
Total - Consolidated SLST | $ | 370,870 |  |  | $ | 202,020 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (50,781) |  |  | $ | 151,239 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.53 | % |  | $ | 60,457 |
Total Investment Securities | $ | 4,107,344 |  |  | $ | 2,446,136 |  |  | $ | 22,574 |  |  | $ | (76,131) |  |  | $ | 2,392,579 |  |  | 3.73 | % |  | 5.99 | % |  | $ | 2,051,942 |

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| December 31, 2023 |  |
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  | Weighted Average |  |
Investment Securities | Current Par Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Coupon (1) |  | Yield (2) |  | Outstanding Repurchase Agreements (3)
Available for Sale (“AFS”) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate | $ | 1,756,343 |  |  | $ | 1,761,138 |  |  | $ | 21,581 |  |  | $ | (1,829) |  |  | $ | 1,780,890 |  |  | 5.74 | % |  | 5.64 | % |  | $ | 1,602,695 |
Adjustable rate | 149,052 |  |  | 147,460 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | — |  |  | 149,201 |  |  | 5.48 | % |  | 5.35 | % |  | 137,084 |
IO | 1,139,828 |  |  | 52,623 |  |  | 6,813 |  |  | (203) |  |  | 59,233 |  |  | 0.76 | % |  | 14.81 | % |  | 31,657 |
Total Agency RMBS | 3,045,223 |  |  | 1,961,221 |  |  | 30,135 |  |  | (2,032) |  |  | 1,989,324 |  |  | 4.34 | % |  | 5.79 | % |  | 1,771,436 |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior | 35 |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | 31 |  |  | 3.65 | % |  | 3.60 | % |  | — |
Subordinated | 8,164 |  |  | 7,526 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,281) |  |  | 3,245 |  |  | 4.61 | % |  | 7.39 | % |  | — |
IO | 375,563 |  |  | 14,571 |  |  | 6,646 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,217 |  |  | 1.63 | % |  | 27.42 | % |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 383,762 |  |  | 22,132 |  |  | 6,646 |  |  | (4,285) |  |  | 24,493 |  |  | 1.70 | % |  | 20.27 | % |  | — |
Total - AFS | $ | 3,428,985 |  |  | $ | 1,983,353 |  |  | $ | 36,781 |  |  | $ | (6,317) |  |  | $ | 2,013,817 |  |  | 3.64 | % |  | 6.20 | % |  | $ | 1,771,436 |
Consolidated SLST |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Agency RMBS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated | $ | 238,017 |  |  | $ | 189,962 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (49,684) |  |  | $ | 140,278 |  |  | 4.44 | % |  | 4.01 | % |  | $ | 55,881 |
IO | 139,914 |  |  | 17,937 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,061) |  |  | 16,876 |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | 7.43 | % |  | — |
Total Non-Agency RMBS | 377,931 |  |  | 207,899 |  |  | — |  |  | (50,745) |  |  | 157,154 |  |  | 4.09 | % |  | 4.32 | % |  | 55,881 |
Total - Consolidated SLST | $ | 377,931 |  |  | $ | 207,899 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (50,745) |  |  | $ | 157,154 |  |  | 4.09 | % |  | 4.32 | % |  | $ | 55,881 |
Total Investment Securities | $ | 3,806,916 |  |  | $ | 2,191,252 |  |  | $ | 36,781 |  |  | $ | (57,062) |  |  | $ | 2,170,971 |  |  | 3.74 | % |  | 5.80 | % |  | $ | 1,827,317 |

(1)Our weighted average coupon was calculated by dividing our annualized coupon income by our weighted average current par value for the respective periods.
(2)Our weighted average yield was calculated by dividing our annualized interest income by our weighted average amortized cost for the respective periods.
(3)Outstanding repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 do not include $5.4 million and $34.7 million, respectively, of repurchase agreement financing for CDOs repurchased from our residential loan securitizations. Repurchased CDOs are eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP.
As of March 31, 2024, Agency RMBS with a fair value of $35.0 million were pledged as initial margin for outstanding interest rate swaps.
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Investment Securities Financing
Repurchase Agreements
As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $2.1 billion outstanding under repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions to fund a portion of its investment securities available for sale, securities owned in Consolidated SLST and CDOs repurchased from our residential loan securitizations. These repurchase agreements are short-term financings that bear interest rates typically based on a spread to SOFR and are secured by the investment securities which they finance. Upon entering into a financing transaction, our counterparties negotiate a “haircut”, which is the difference expressed in percentage terms between the fair value of the collateral and the amount the counterparty will advance to us. The size of the haircut represents the counterparty’s perceived risk associated with holding the investment securities as collateral. The haircut provides counterparties with a cushion for daily market value movements that reduce the need for margin calls or margins to be returned as normal daily changes in investment security market values occur. The Company expects to roll outstanding amounts under its repurchase agreements into new repurchase agreements or other financings, or to repay outstanding amounts, prior to or at maturity.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company's only repurchase agreement exposure where the amount of investment securities at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity was to Bank of America at 5.02%. As of March 31, 2024, the weighted average interest rate for repurchase agreements secured by investment securities was 5.55%.
The following table details the quarterly average balance, ending balance and maximum balance at any month-end during each quarter in 2024, 2023 and 2022 for our repurchase agreements secured by investment securities (dollar amounts in thousands):

Quarter Ended |  | Quarterly Average Balance |  | End of Quarter Balance |  | Maximum Balance at any Month-End
March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 2,078,041 |  |  | $ | 2,057,361 |  |  | $ | 2,126,993 |
December 31, 2023 |  | 1,851,577 |  |  | 1,862,063 |  |  | 1,870,941 |
September 30, 2023 |  | 1,184,714 |  |  | 1,490,996 |  |  | 1,490,996 |
June 30, 2023 |  | 492,473 |  |  | 664,459 |  |  | 664,459 |
March 31, 2023 |  | 131,174 |  |  | 226,778 |  |  | 226,778 |
December 31, 2022 |  | 50,077 |  |  | 50,077 |  |  | 50,077 |
September 30, 2022 |  | 53,159 |  |  | 53,159 |  |  | 53,159 |
June 30, 2022 |  | 132,712 |  |  | 129,331 |  |  | 138,301 |
March 31, 2022 |  | 116,766 |  |  | 144,852 |  |  | 144,852 |

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Mezzanine Lending
The Company's Mezzanine Lending strategy may include preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, entities that have multi-family real estate assets. A preferred equity investment is an equity investment in the entity that owns the underlying property and mezzanine loans are secured by a pledge of the borrower’s equity ownership in the property. We evaluate our Mezzanine Lending investments for accounting treatment as loans versus equity investments. Mezzanine Lending investments for which the characteristics, facts and circumstances indicate that loan accounting treatment is appropriate are included in multi-family loans on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Mezzanine Lending investments where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to an equity investment are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in equity investments on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company records its equity in earnings or losses from these Mezzanine Lending investments under the hypothetical liquidation of book value method of accounting due to the structures and the preferences it receives on the distributions from these entities pursuant to the respective agreements. Under this method, the Company recognizes income or loss in each period based on the change in liquidation proceeds it would receive from a hypothetical liquidation of its investment.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reconsidered its evaluation of its variable interest in a VIE that owned a multi-family apartment community and in which the Company holds a preferred equity investment. The Company determined that it gained the power to direct the activities, and became primary beneficiary, of the VIE and consolidated the VIE into its consolidated financial statements.
As of March 31, 2024, one preferred equity investment was greater than 90 days delinquent. In response to recent developments with respect to the property, its financing and market conditions, the Company reduced the fair value of this investment to zero as of March 31, 2024. This investment represents 1.6% of the total investment amount of the Mezzanine Lending portfolio.
The following tables summarize our Mezzanine Lending portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

| March 31, 2024
| Count |  | Fair Value (1) (2) |  | Investment Amount (2) |  | Weighted Average Preferred Return Rate (3) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Preferred equity investments | 20 |  |  | $ | 192,713 |  |  | $ | 197,975 |  |  | 12.42 | % |  | 4.0 |
Preferred equity investment in Consolidated VIE (4) | 1 |  |  | 14,103 |  |  | 14,128 |  |  | 13.50 | % |  | 7.8 |
Total | 21 |  |  | $ | 206,816 |  |  | $ | 212,103 |  |  | 12.50 | % |  | 4.3 |

| December 31, 2023
| Count |  | Fair Value (1) (2) |  | Investment Amount (2) |  | Weighted Average Preferred Return Rate (3) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Preferred equity investments | 21 |  |  | $ | 200,034 |  |  | $ | 200,690 |  |  | 12.40 | % |  | 4.2 |
Preferred equity investment in Consolidated VIE (4) | 1 |  |  | 11,706 |  |  | 11,732 |  |  | 13.50 | % |  | 8.0 |
Total | 22 |  |  | $ | 211,740 |  |  | $ | 212,422 |  |  | 12.46 | % |  | 4.4 |

(1)Preferred equity investments in the amounts of $91.9 million and $95.8 million are included in multi-family loans on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Preferred equity investments in the amounts of $100.8 million and $104.2 million are included in equity investments on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(2)The difference between the fair value and investment amount consists of any unrealized gain or loss.
(3)Based upon investment amount and contractual preferred return rate.
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(4)Represents the Company's preferred equity investment in a Consolidated VIE that owns a multi-family apartment community. A reconciliation of our preferred equity investment in the Consolidated VIE to our condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, is shown below (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,600 |  |  | $ | 1,300 |
Real estate, net |  | 54,003 |  |  | 54,439 |
Lease intangible, net (a) |  | 951 |  |  | 2,378 |
Other assets |  | 4,893 |  |  | 4,722 |
Total assets |  | 61,447 |  |  | 62,839 |
Mortgage payable on real estate, net |  | 45,112 |  |  | 45,142 |
Other liabilities |  | 1,531 |  |  | 2,403 |
Total liabilities |  | 46,643 |  |  | 47,545 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIE |  | 701 |  |  | 3,588 |
Preferred equity investment in Consolidated VIE |  | $ | 14,103 |  |  | $ | 11,706 |

(1)Included in other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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Mezzanine Lending Characteristics:
The following tables present characteristics of our Mezzanine Lending portfolio summarized by geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of our total investment amount as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |
State |  | Count |  | Investment Amount |  | % Total |  | Weighted Average Coupon |  | Weighted Average LTV (1) |  | Weighted Average DSCR (2) |
Florida |  | 3 |  | $ | 50,901 |  |  | 24.0 | % |  | 13.1 | % |  | 82 | % |  | 1.08x |
Texas |  | 6 |  | 45,625 |  |  | 21.5 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 93 | % |  | 1.30x |
Utah |  | 1 |  | 22,347 |  |  | 10.5 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 69 | % |  | N/A | (3)
Arizona |  | 1 |  | 18,449 |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | 14.0 | % |  | 86 | % |  | 1.22x |
Tennessee |  | 1 |  | 14,736 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | 11.0 | % |  | 90 | % |  | 1.07x |
Other |  | 9 |  | 60,045 |  |  | 28.3 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  | 83 | % |  | 1.31x |
Total |  | 21 |  | $ | 212,103 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  | 84 | % |  | 1.26x |

|  | December 31, 2023 |
State |  | Count |  | Investment Amount |  | % Total |  | Weighted Average Coupon |  | Weighted Average LTV (1) |  | Weighted Average DSCR (2) |
Florida |  | 4 |  | $ | 55,753 |  |  | 26.3 | % |  | 13.0 | % |  | 77 | % |  | 1.27x |
Texas |  | 6 |  | 42,854 |  |  | 20.2 | % |  | 11.9 | % |  | 92 | % |  | 1.21x |
Utah |  | 1 |  | 21,970 |  |  | 10.3 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 68 | % |  | N/A | (3)
Arizona |  | 1 |  | 17,811 |  |  | 8.4 | % |  | 14.0 | % |  | 85 | % |  | 0.45x | (4)
Tennessee |  | 1 |  | 14,525 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 11.0 | % |  | 90 | % |  | 1.27x |
Other |  | 9 |  | 59,509 |  |  | 28.0 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  | 83 | % |  | 1.36x |
Total |  | 22 |  | $ | 212,422 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  | 83 | % |  | 1.24x |

(1)Represents the weighted average LTV utilizing combined senior and mezzanine loans and combined origination appraisal and capital expenditure budget.
(2)Represents the weighted average debt service coverage ratio ("DSCR") of the underlying properties and excludes properties that are subject to a senior construction loan agreement.
(3)Not applicable as the underlying property is under construction.
(4)DSCR for this property affected by low occupancy.
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Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities
The Company owns joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family properties. The Company determined that these joint venture entities are VIEs and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of all but two of these VIEs, resulting in consolidation of the VIEs where we are the primary beneficiary, including their assets, liabilities, income and expenses, in our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. We receive a preferred return and/or pro rata variable distributions from these investments and, in certain cases, management fees based upon property performance. We also will participate in allocation of excess cash upon sale of the multi-family real estate assets.
In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of the returned capital from such investments to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs and its unconsolidated multi-family joint venture equity investments to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale.
In December 2023 and March 2024, certain of the joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties were determined to no longer meet held for sale criteria and either the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs or its equity investment in the joint venture entity were transferred to their respective categories or equity investments, at fair value, respectively, on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional information. The Company's net equity in consolidated joint venture equity investments ("Consolidated JVs") and disposal group held for sale totaled $197.7 million and $236.3 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
A reconciliation of our net equity investments in Consolidated JVs and disposal group held for sale, including one preferred equity investment in a Consolidated VIE, to our condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, is shown below (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 14,325 |  |  | $ | 15,612 |
Real estate, net (1) |  | 1,005,161 |  |  | 979,934 |
Lease intangible, net (2) |  | 951 |  |  | 2,378 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3) |  | 146,363 |  |  | 426,017 |
Other assets |  | 30,728 |  |  | 34,657 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,197,528 |  |  | $ | 1,458,598 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (4) |  | $ | 850,743 |  |  | $ | 784,421 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (3) |  | 122,318 |  |  | 386,024 |
Other liabilities |  | 15,163 |  |  | 21,797 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 988,224 |  |  | $ | 1,192,242 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | $ | 20,128 |  |  | $ | 28,061 |
Less: Cumulative adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value |  | (36,489) |  |  | (30,062) |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs |  | 12,089 |  |  | 17,150 |
Non-controlling interest in disposal group held for sale |  | 1,736 |  |  | 3,178 |
Net equity investment (5) |  | $ | 211,840 |  |  | $ | 248,029 |
Less: Net equity in preferred equity investment in Consolidated VIE (6) |  | (14,103) |  |  | (11,706) |
Net equity investment in Consolidated JVs and disposal group held for sale |  | $ | 197,737 |  |  | $ | 236,323 |

(1)Includes real estate held for sale in the amount of $36.2 million as of March 31, 2024.
(2)Included in other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)See Note 9 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale.
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(4)See Note 14 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our mortgages payable on real estate.
(5)The Company's net equity investment as of March 31, 2024 consists of $189.5 million of net equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (including its preferred equity investment in a Consolidated VIE) and $22.3 million of net equity investments in disposal group held for sale. The Company's net equity investment as of December 31, 2023 consists of $211.2 million of net equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (including its preferred equity investment in a Consolidated VIE) and $36.8 million of net equity investments in disposal group held for sale.
(6)See "Mezzanine Lending" above for description of preferred equity investment in Consolidated VIE.
Unconsolidated Multi-Family Joint Venture Equity Investments
The Company owns equity interests in two additional joint venture entities that own multi-family apartment communities. The Company determined that these joint venture entities are VIEs but that the Company is not the primary beneficiary, resulting in the Company recording its equity investments at fair value. We receive variable distributions from these investments on a pro rata basis and management fees based upon property performance. We also will participate in allocation of excess cash upon sale of the multi-family real estate assets. The following tables summarize our unconsolidated multi-family joint venture equity investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
State |  | Property Count |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value
Texas |  | 2 |  | 70% |  | $ | 1,670 |

December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
State |  | Property Count |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value
Texas |  | 2 |  | 70% |  | $ | 5,720 |

Joint Venture Equity Investments in Consolidated Multi-Family Properties not in Disposal Group Held for Sale
As of March 31, 2024, the Company's net joint venture equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties not in disposal group held for sale of $175.4 million consists of ten joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and a combined preferred equity and common equity investment in one joint venture entity that do not meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. One of the joint venture entities has third-party investors that have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us, at their election once a year subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations, and we are obligated to purchase, subject to certain conditions, such interests for cash, representing redeemable non-controlling interests of approximately $20.1 million as of March 31, 2024.
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The geographic concentrations in joint venture equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties exceeding 5% of our joint venture equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties not in disposal group held for sale as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are shown below (dollar amounts in thousands):

March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State |  | Property Count |  | Total Equity Ownership Interest |  | Net Equity Investment (1) |  | Percentage of Total Net Equity Investment
Texas |  | 5 |  | 70% |  | $ | 51,241 |  |  | 36.9 | %
Florida |  | 6 |  | 50% - 95% |  | $ | 34,010 |  |  | 24.5 | %
South Carolina |  | 2 |  | 67% - 70% |  | $ | 14,290 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Alabama |  | 2 |  | 70% - 80% |  | $ | 12,291 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Kentucky |  | 1 |  | 70% |  | $ | 11,692 |  |  | 8.4 | %
Tennessee |  | 2 |  | 65% - 70% |  | $ | 7,707 |  |  | 5.6 | %

December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State |  | Property Count |  | Total Equity Ownership Interest |  | Net Equity Investment (1) |  | Percentage of Total Net Equity Investment
Florida |  | 5 |  | 50% - 95% |  | $ | 56,607 |  |  | 33.4 | %
Texas |  | 5 |  | 70% |  | $ | 49,727 |  |  | 29.4 | %
Tennessee |  | 2 |  | 65% - 70% |  | $ | 18,131 |  |  | 10.7 | %
South Carolina |  | 2 |  | 67% - 70% |  | $ | 13,561 |  |  | 8.0 | %
Alabama |  | 2 |  | 70% - 80% |  | $ | 11,737 |  |  | 6.9 | %
Kentucky |  | 1 |  | 70% |  | $ | 10,979 |  |  | 6.5 | %

(1)Represents our joint venture equity investment in consolidated multi-family properties net of redeemable non-controlling interest at its estimated redemption value.
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Property Data for Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties not in Disposal Group Held for Sale
The following table provides summary information regarding our joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties that are not in disposal group held for sale as of March 31, 2024.

Market |  | Property Count |  | Occupancy % |  | Units |  | Rent per Unit (1) |  | LTV (2)
Apopka, FL |  | 1 |  | 91.7 | % |  | 240 |  | $ | 1,740 |  |  | 77.5 | %
Beaufort, SC |  | 1 |  | 93.1 | % |  | 248 |  | 1,558 |  |  | 71.8 | %
Birmingham, AL |  | 1 |  | 93.7 | % |  | 429 |  | 1,333 |  |  | 75.9 | %
Brandon, FL |  | 1 |  | 82.8 | % |  | 285 |  | 1,613 |  |  | 77.8 | %
Collierville, TN |  | 1 |  | 85.8 | % |  | 324 |  | 1,514 |  |  | 87.5 | %
Columbia, SC |  | 1 |  | 93.5 | % |  | 276 |  | 1,184 |  |  | 83.3 | %
Dallas, TX |  | 2 |  | 92.8 | % |  | 401 |  | 1,888 |  |  | 83.4 | %
Houston, TX |  | 2 |  | 93.6 | % |  | 392 |  | 1,181 |  |  | 77.6 | %
Kissimmee, FL |  | 1 |  | 89.1 | % |  | 320 |  | 1,785 |  |  | 77.7 | %
Little Rock, AR |  | 1 |  | 95.0 | % |  | 202 |  | 1,326 |  |  | 87.9 | %
Louisville, KY |  | 1 |  | 93.7 | % |  | 300 |  | 1,397 |  |  | 82.6 | %
Memphis, TN |  | 1 |  | 66.5 | % | (3) | 242 |  | 1,087 |  |  | 75.0 | %
Montgomery, AL |  | 1 |  | 89.7 | % |  | 252 |  | 1,004 |  |  | 77.0 | %
Oklahoma City, OK |  | 2 |  | 87.5 | % |  | 957 |  | 776 |  |  | 76.0 | %
Orlando, FL |  | 1 |  | 93.6 | % |  | 220 |  | 1,579 |  |  | 76.4 | %
San Antonio, TX |  | 2 |  | 91.2 | % |  | 684 |  | 1,278 |  |  | 85.9 | %
St. Petersburg, FL |  | 1 |  | 96.6 | % |  | 326 |  | 2,467 |  |  | 71.9 | %
Tampa, FL |  | 1 |  | 80.8 | % |  | 400 |  | 1,701 |  |  | 77.6 | %
Webster, TX |  | 1 |  | 90.2 | % |  | 366 |  | 961 |  |  | 78.2 | %
Total Count/Average |  | 23 |  | 89.5 | % |  | 6,864 |  |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | 78.8 | %

(1)Represents average monthly rent per unit.
(2)Represents the weighted average LTV of the underlying properties utilizing combined maximum senior committed mortgage amount and preferred equity balances, if any, and the most recent appraisal.
(3)Property incurred a loss due to fire, affecting occupancy until units are returned to service.
Property Data for Joint Venture Equity Investments in Multi-Family Properties in Disposal Group Held for Sale
The following table provides summary information regarding the multi-family properties in the disposal group held for sale as of March 31, 2024.

Market |  | Property Count |  | Occupancy % |  | Units |  | Rent per Unit (1) |  | LTV (2)
Birmingham, AL |  | 1 |  | 92.4 | % |  | 264 |  | $ | 1,703 |  |  | 66.6 | %
Fort Myers, FL |  | 1 |  | 91.1 | % |  | 338 |  | 1,534 |  |  | 78.1 | %
Pensacola, FL |  | 1 |  | 88.3 | % |  | 240 |  | 1,419 |  |  | 76.2 | %
Total Count/Average |  | 3 |  | 90.7 | % |  | 842 |  |  | $ | 1,556 |  |  | 74.0 | %

(1)Represents average monthly rent per unit.
(2)Represents the weighted average LTV of the underlying properties utilizing maximum senior committed mortgage amount and combined origination appraisal and capital expenditure budget.
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Equity Investment in Entity that Originates Residential Loans
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had an investment in an entity that originates residential loans. The Company accounts for this investment using the equity method and has elected the fair value option. The following table summarizes our ownership interest in the entity that originates residential loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Strategy |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value |  | Ownership Interest |  | Fair Value
Constructive Loans, LLC |  | Residential Loans |  | 50% |  | $ | 35,465 |  |  | 50% |  | $ | 37,154 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 35,465 |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,154 |

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Derivative Assets and Liabilities
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company enters into derivative financial instruments in connection with its risk management activities. These derivative instruments may include interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, credit default swaps, futures and options contracts such as options on credit default swap indices, equity index options, swaptions and options on futures. The Company may also pursue forward-settling purchases or sales of Agency RMBS where the underlying pools of mortgage loans are “To-Be-Announced,” or TBAs, purchase options on U.S. Treasury futures or invest in other types of mortgage derivative securities. The Company elected not to apply hedge accounting for its derivative instruments.
The Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are required by lenders on certain repurchase agreement financing and variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate to enter into interest rate cap contracts. These interest rate cap contracts are with a counterparty that involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from the counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as gains or losses on derivative instruments.
The Company uses interest rate swaps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with our variable-rate borrowings. Interest rate swaps generally involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty, based on SOFR, in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in order to manage its position with regard to its liabilities, the Company may also enter into interest rate swaps which involve the receipt of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making variable-rate payments, based on SOFR, over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The variable rate we pay or receive under our swap agreements has the effect of offsetting the repricing characteristics and cash flows of the Company's financing arrangements.
The Company has equity index put options that give the Company the right to sell or buy the underlying index at a specified strike price, U.S. Treasury future contracts that obligate the Company to sell or buy U.S. Treasury securities for future delivery. The Company has purchased credit default swap index contracts under which a counterparty, in exchange for a premium, agrees to compensate the Company for the financial loss associated with the occurrence of a credit event in relation to a notional value of an index. The Company may also purchase credit default swap index options that allow the Company to enter into a fixed rate payor position in the underlying credit default swap index at the agreed strike level.
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Debt
The Company's debt as of March 31, 2024 included senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures.
Senior Unsecured Notes
As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes (the "Senior Unsecured Notes") outstanding, due on April 30, 2026. The Senior Unsecured Notes were issued at par and carry deferred charges resulting in a total cost to the Company of approximately 6.64%. The Company's Senior Unsecured Notes contain various covenants including the maintenance of a minimum net asset value, ratio of unencumbered assets to unsecured indebtedness and senior debt service coverage ratio and limit the amount of leverage the Company may utilize and its ability to transfer the Company’s assets substantially as an entirety or merge into or consolidate with another person.
Subordinated Debentures
As of March 31, 2024, certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries had trust preferred securities outstanding of $45.0 million with a weighted average interest rate of 9.41% which are due in 2035. The securities are fully guaranteed by us with respect to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation, redemption or repayment. These securities are classified as subordinated debentures in the liability section of our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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Balance Sheet Analysis - Company's Stockholders’ Equity
The following table provides a summary of the Company's stockholders' equity at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
8.000% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock |  | $ | 147,745 |  |  | $ | 147,745 |
7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock |  | 177,697 |  |  | 177,697 |
6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock |  | 138,418 |  |  | 138,418 |
7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock |  | 71,585 |  |  | 71,585 |
Common stock |  | 912 |  |  | 907 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 2,289,452 |  |  | 2,297,081 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | (4) |
Accumulated deficit |  | (1,340,553) |  |  | (1,253,817) |
Company's stockholders' equity |  | $ | 1,485,256 |  |  | $ | 1,579,612 |

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
General
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements. Our short-term (the 12 months ending March 31, 2025) and long-term (beyond March 31, 2025) liquidity requirements include ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, comply with margin requirements, fund our operations, pay dividends to our stockholders and other general business needs. Generally, our short-term and long-term liquidity needs are met by our existing cash balances and our investments and assets which generate liquidity on an ongoing basis through principal and interest payments, prepayments, net earnings retained prior to payment of dividends and distributions from equity investments. In addition, we may satisfy our short-term and/or long-term liquidity needs through the sale of assets from our investment portfolio, securities offerings or the securitization or collateralized financing of our assets.
Since late March 2020, we have focused on strengthening our balance sheet and long-term capital preservation primarily by focusing on assets and markets that provide compelling risk-adjusted returns through either an unlevered strategy or through residential loan repurchase agreement financing with terms of one year or more or sustainable non-mark-to-market financing arrangements, including securitizations and non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financing. Beginning in the year ended December 31, 2023, we have been expanding our holdings of Agency RMBS, which is more liquid than many if not all of the investments in our portfolio of credit investments, and have utilized mark-to-market repurchase agreement financing to fund that expansion. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s portfolio recourse leverage ratio of 1.6x, remains low relative to historical levels. As of March 31, 2024, 56% of our debt, excluding mortgages payable on real estate and Consolidated SLST CDOs, is subject to mark-to-market margin calls, with 46% collateralized by Agency RMBS and 10% collateralized by residential credit assets. The remaining 44% has no exposure to collateral repricing by our counterparties.
We expect to continue to opportunistically dispose of assets from our portfolio, including our joint venture equity investments, and generate higher portfolio turnover in order to pursue investments across the residential housing sector with a focus on acquiring assets with less price sensitivity to credit deterioration that are capable of expanding our interest income, like Agency RMBS. We also intend to maintain a solid position in unrestricted cash and remain committed to prudently managing our liabilities. At March 31, 2024, we had $212.6 million of available cash and cash equivalents (excluding cash and cash equivalents held by Consolidated Real Estate VIEs), $151.1 million of unencumbered investment securities (including the securities we own in Consolidated SLST and CDOs repurchased from our residential loan securitizations), and $186.8 million of unencumbered residential loans.
We historically have endeavored to fund our investments and operations through a balanced and diverse funding mix, including proceeds from the issuance of common and preferred equity and debt securities, short-term and longer-term repurchase agreements and CDOs. With respect to the multi-family properties in which we hold joint venture equity investments, the properties are encumbered by a senior mortgage loan. The type and terms of the ultimate financing used by us depends on the asset being financed and the financing available at the time of the financing. As a result of the severe market dislocations related to the COVID-19 pandemic and, more specifically, the unprecedented illiquidity in our short-term repurchase agreement financing and MBS markets during that time, we have placed a greater emphasis on procuring longer-termed and/or more committed financing arrangements for our credit investments, such as securitizations, term financings and corporate debt securities that provide less or no exposure to fluctuations in the collateral repricing determinations of financing counterparties or rapid liquidity reductions in repurchase agreement financing markets. Although we expect our leverage to move higher as we expand our holding of Agency RMBS with the aid of short-term mark-to-market repurchase agreement financing, we intend to continue to focus on procuring longer-term and non-mark-to-market financing arrangements for certain parts of our credit portfolio.
Based on current market conditions, our current investment portfolio, new investment initiatives, expectations to dispose of assets from time to time on terms favorable to us, leverage ratio and available and future possible financing arrangements, we believe our existing cash balances, funds available under our various financing arrangements and cash flows from operations will meet our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months. We will continue to explore additional financing arrangements to further strengthen our balance sheet and position ourselves for future investment opportunities, including, without limitation, additional issuances of our equity and debt securities and longer-termed financing arrangements; however, no assurance can be given that we will be able to access any such financing, or the size, timing or terms thereof.
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Cash Flows and Liquidity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash increased by $60.1 million.
Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities
We used net cash flows in operating activities totaling $13.1 million du ring the three months ended March 31, 2024. Our cash flow used in operating activities differs from our net income due to these primary factors: (i) differences between (a) accretion, amortization, depreciation and recognition of income and losses recorded with respect to our investments and (b) the cash received therefrom and (ii) unrealized gains and losses on our investments (including impairment of real estate and loss on reclassification of disposal group).
Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, our net cash flows used in investing activities were $254.0 million, primarily as a result of purchases of investment securities and residential loans and capital expenditures on real estate. This was partially offset by principal repayments received on residential loans and investment securities, net proceeds from the sale of residential loans and real estate, return of capital from equity investments, net variation margin received for derivative instruments and net payments received from derivative instruments.
Although we generally intend to hold our assets as long-term investments, we may sell certain of these assets in order to manage our interest rate risk and liquidity needs, to meet other operating objectives or to adapt to market conditions. We cannot predict the timing and impact of future sales of assets, if any.
Because a portion of our assets are financed through repurchase agreements or CDOs, a portion of the proceeds from any sales of or principal repayments on our assets may be used to repay balances under these financing sources. Accordingly, all or a significant portion of cash flows from principal repayments received from residential loans, including residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, and proceeds from sales or principal paydowns received from investment securities available for sale were used to repay CDOs issued by the respective Consolidated VIEs or repurchase agreements (included as cash used in financing activities). Additionally, a significant portion of cash flows from the sale of real estate held in Consolidated VIEs, if any, were used to repay outstanding mortgages payable on real estate held in Consolidated VIEs.
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, our net cash flows provided by financing activities were $327.2 million. The main sources of cash flows from financing activities were proceeds from issuance of CDOs and proceeds from repurchase agreements related to our investment securities. This was partially offset by paydowns on and extinguishment of CDOs and dividend payments on both common and preferred stock.
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Liquidity – Financing Arrangements
As of March 31, 2024, we have outstanding short-term repurchase agreement financing on our investment securities, a form of collateralized short-term financing, with multiple financial institutions. The repurchase agreements we use to finance our investment securities are secured by certain of our investment securities and bear interest rates that move in close relationship to SOFR. Any financings under these repurchase agreements are based on the fair value of the assets that serve as collateral under these agreements. Interest rate changes and increased prepayment activity can have a negative impact on the valuation of these securities, reducing the amount we can borrow under these agreements. Moreover, these repurchase agreements allow the counterparties to determine a new market value of the collateral to reflect current market conditions and because these lines of financing are not committed, the counterparty can effectively call the loan at any time. Market value of the collateral represents the price of such collateral obtained from generally recognized sources or the most recent closing bid quotation from such source plus accrued income. If a counterparty determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, the counterparty may initiate a margin call and require us to either post additional collateral to cover such decrease or repay a portion of the outstanding amount financed in cash, on minimal notice, and repurchase may be accelerated upon an event of default under the repurchase agreements. Moreover, in the event an existing counterparty elected to not renew the outstanding balance at its maturity into a new repurchase agreement, we would be required to repay the outstanding balance with cash or proceeds received from a new counterparty or to surrender the securities that serve as collateral for the outstanding balance, or any combination thereof. If we were unable to secure financing from a new counterparty and had to surrender the collateral, we would expect to incur a loss. In addition, in the event a repurchase agreement counterparty defaults on its obligation to “re-sell” or return to us the assets that are securing the financing at the end of the term of the repurchase agreement, we would incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of “haircut” associated with the short-term repurchase agreement, which we sometimes refer to as the “amount at risk.”
At March 31, 2024, we had longer-term repurchase agreements with initial terms of up to two years with multiple third-party financial institutions that are secured by certain of our residential loans, real estate owned and single-family rental properties. The outstanding financing under three of these repurchase agreements are subject to margin calls to the extent the market value of the collateral falls below specified levels. We have entered into or amended repurchase agreements with three n ew and existing counterparties that are secured by certain of our residential loans and are not subject to margin calls in the event the market value of the collateral declines. S ee "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Residential Loans, Real Estate Owned and Single-Family Rental Property Financing—Repurchase Agreements" for further information. During the terms of the repurchase agreements secured by residential loans, proceeds from the residential loans will be applied to pay any price differential, if applicable, and to reduce the aggregate repurchase price of the collateral. Repurchase of the residential loans, real estate owned and single-family rental properties financed by the repurchase agreements may be accelerated upon an event of default. The repurchase agreements secured by residential loans, real estate owned and single-family rental properties contain various covenants, including among other things, the maintenance of certain amounts of liquidity and stockholders' equity (as defined in the respective agreements). As of March 31, 2024, we had an aggregate amount at risk under repurchase agreements secured by residential loans, real estate owned and single-family rental properties of approximately $151.9 million, which represents the difference between the carrying value of the collateral pledged and the outstanding balance of our repurchase agreements. Significant margin calls have had, and could in the future have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business, liquidity and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources – General” above.
As of March 31, 2024, we had assets available to be posted as margin which included liquid assets, such as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, and unencumbered investment securities that could be monetized to pay down or collateralize a liability immediately. As of March 31, 2024, we had $212.6 million included in cash and cash equivalents and $151.1 million in unencumbered investment securities available to meet additional haircuts or market valuation requirements. The unencumbered investment securities that we believe may be posted as margin as of March 31, 2024 included $66.0 million of non-Agency RMBS (including an IO security we own in Consolidated SLST and CDOs repurchased from our residential loan securitizations) and $85.1 million of Agency RMBS.
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At March 31, 2024, the Company had $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Unsecured Notes outstanding. The Senior Unsecured Notes were issued at 100% of the principal amount and bear interest at a rate equal to 5.75% per year (subject to adjustment from time to time based on changes in the ratings of the Senior Unsecured Notes by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations), payable semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 30 of each year, and are expected to mature on April 30, 2026, unless earlier redeemed. The Company has the right to redeem the Senior Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, prior to maturity, subject to a "make-whole" premium or other date-dependent multiples of principal amount redeemed. No sinking fund is provided for the Senior Unsecured Notes. The Company's Senior Unsecured Notes also contain various covenants including the maintenance of a minimum net asset value, ratio of unencumbered assets to unsecured indebtedness and senior debt service coverage ratio and limit the amount of leverage the Company may utilize and its ability to transfer the Company’s assets substantially as an entirety or merge into or consolidate with another person.
At March 31, 2024, we also had other longer-term debt which includes Company-sponsored residential loan securitization CDOs with a carrying value of $1.6 billion. We had eleven Company-sponsored securitizations with CDOs outstanding as of March 31, 2024. See Note 13 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for further discussion.
The real estate assets held by our multi-family joint venture equity investments are subject to mortgages payable. We have no obligation for repayment of the mortgages payable but, with respect to certain of the mortgages payable, we may execute a guaranty related to commitment of bad acts and our equity investment may be lost or reduced to the extent a lender forecloses on the property.
As of March 31, 2024, our Company recourse leverage ratio, which represents our total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures and Senior Unsecured Notes divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 1.7 to 1. Our Company recourse leverage ratio does not include outstanding non-recourse repurchase agreement financing, debt associated with CDOs or mortgages payable on real estate, including mortgages payable on real estate of disposal group held for sale. As of March 31, 2024, our portfolio recourse leverage ratio, which represents our outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 1.6 to 1. We monitor all at risk or shorter-term financings to enable us to respond to market disruptions as they arise.
Liquidity – Hedging and Other Factors
Certain of our hedging instruments may also impact our liquidity. We may use interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, credit default swaps, futures and options contracts such as options on credit default swap indices, equity index options, swaptions and options on futures. We may also use TBAs or other futures contracts to hedge interest rate and market value risk associated with our investment portfolio.
The Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are required by lenders on certain repurchase agreement financing and variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate to enter into interest rate cap contracts. These interest rate cap contracts are with a counterparty that involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from the counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as gains or losses on derivative instruments. The joint venture entities that own the multi-family properties will be required to enter into new interest rate cap contracts upon their expiration and may require the Company to contribute additional capital to the respective joint venture.
With respect to interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, futures contracts and TBAs, initial margin deposits, which can be comprised of either cash or securities, will be made upon entering into these contracts. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses by marking to market on a daily basis to reflect the market value of these contracts at the end of each day’s trading. We may be required to satisfy variation margin payments periodically, depending upon whether unrealized gains or losses are incurred. In addition, because delivery of TBAs extend beyond the typical settlement dates for most non-derivative investments, these transactions are more prone to market fluctuations between the trade date and the ultimate settlement date, and thereby are more vulnerable to increasing amounts at risk with the applicable counterparties.
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Liquidity — Securities Offerings
In addition to the financing arrangements described above under the caption “Liquidity—Financing Arrangements,” we also rely on follow-on equity offerings of common and preferred stock, and may utilize from time to time debt securities offerings, as a source of both short-term and long-term liquidity. We also may generate liquidity through the sale of shares of our common stock or preferred stock in “at-the-market” equity offering programs pursuant to equity distribution agreements, as well as through the sale of shares of our common stock pursuant to our Dividend Reinvestment Plan (“DRIP”), which provides for the issuance of up to $20.0 million of shares of our common stock. The Company had no securities offerings during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Preferred Stock and Common Stock Repurchase Programs
In March 2023, the Board of Directors approved a $100.0 million preferred stock repurchase program. The program, which expires March 31, 2025, allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of preferred stock, from time to time, in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its preferred stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, $97.6 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of preferred stock under the preferred stock repurchase program.
In February 2022, the Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million common stock repurchase program. In March 2023, the Board of Directors approved an upsize of the common stock repurchase program to $246.0 million. The program, which expires March 31, 2025, allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of common stock, from time to time, in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, $193.2 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of the Company's common stock under the common stock repurchase program.
Dividends
For information regarding the declaration and payment of dividends on our common stock and preferred stock for the periods covered by this report, please see Note 17 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report.
Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate our dividend policy each quarter and will make adjustments as necessary, based on our earnings and financial condition, capital requirements, maintenance of our REIT qualification, restrictions on making distributions under Maryland law and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant. Our dividend policy does not constitute an obligation to pay dividends.
We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the various requirements to maintain our REIT status and to minimize or avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax. However, differences in timing between the recognition of REIT taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell assets or to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the REIT distribution requirements and to minimize or avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax.
In the event we fail to pay dividends on our preferred stock, the Company would become subject to certain limitations on its ability to pay dividends or redeem or repurchase its common stock or preferred stock.
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest
Pursuant to the operating agreement for one of our joint venture equity investments, third party investors in this joint venture have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us, at their election, once a year subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations, and we are obligated to purchase, subject to certain conditions, such interests for cash. See Note 7 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for further discussion of redeemable non-controlling interest.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
This section should be read in conjunction with “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and in our subsequent periodic reports filed with the SEC.
We seek to manage risks that we believe will impact our business including interest rates, liquidity, prepayments, credit quality and market value. When managing these risks we consider the impact on our assets, liabilities and derivative positions. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience. We seek to actively manage that risk, to generate risk-adjusted total returns that we believe compensate us appropriately for those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we take.
The following analysis includes forward-looking statements that assume that certain market conditions occur. Actual results may differ materially from these projections due to changes in our portfolio assets and borrowings mix and due to developments in the domestic and global financial, mortgage and real estate markets. Developments in the financial markets include the likelihood of changing interest rates and the relationship of various interest rates and their impact on our portfolio yield, cost of funds and cash flows. The analytical methods that we use to assess and mitigate these market risks should not be considered projections of future events or operating performance.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rates are sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary or tax policies, domestic and international economic conditions, including inflation and deflation and political or regulatory matters beyond our control. Changes in interest rates affect, among other things, the value of the assets we manage and hold in our investment portfolio and the variable-rate borrowings and floating-rate preferred stock we use or issue to fund our operations and portfolio. Changes in interest rates also affect the interest rate swaps and caps, TBAs and other securities or instruments we may use to hedge our portfolio. As a result, our net interest income and adjusted net interest income are particularly affected by changes in interest rates.
For example, we hold residential loans and RMBS, some of which may have fixed rates or interest rates that adjust on various dates that are not synchronized to the adjustment dates on our repurchase agreements. In general, the re-pricing of our repurchase agreements occurs more quickly than the re-pricing of our variable-interest rate assets. Thus, it is likely that our floating rate financing, such as our repurchase agreements, may react to interest rates before our residential loans or RMBS because the weighted average next re-pricing dates on the related financing may have shorter time periods than that of the residential loans or RMBS. Moreover, changes in interest rates can directly impact prepayment speeds, thereby affecting our net return on residential loans and RMBS. During a declining interest rate environment, the prepayment of residential loans and RMBS may accelerate (as borrowers may opt to refinance at a lower interest rate) causing the amount of liabilities that have been extended by the use of repurchase agreements to increase relative to the amount of residential loans and RMBS, possibly resulting in a decline in our net return on residential loans and RMBS, as replacement residential loans and RMBS may have a lower yield than those being prepaid. Conversely, during an increasing interest rate environment, residential loans and RMBS may prepay more slowly than expected, requiring us to finance a higher amount of residential loans and RMBS than originally forecast and at a time when interest rates may be higher, resulting in a decline in our net return on residential loans and RMBS. Accordingly, each of these scenarios can negatively impact our net interest income and adjusted net interest income. In addition, when we purchase residential loans at a discount to par value, and borrowers then prepay at a slower rate than we expected, the decreased prepayments would result in a lower yield than expected on the asset and/or may result in a decline in the fair value of the residential loans.
We seek to manage interest rate risk in our portfolio by utilizing interest rate caps, interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, options on futures and U.S. Treasury securities with the goal of optimizing the earnings potential while seeking to maintain long term stable portfolio values. Certain of our consolidated multi-family properties with variable-rate mortgages payable have entered into interest rate cap contracts as required by the respective mortgage loan agreements. The Company also has an interest rate cap contract related to a repurchase agreement for residential loans, as required by the counterparty.
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We utilize a model-based risk analysis system to assist in projecting interest rate-sensitive asset and liability portfolio performances over a scenario of different interest rates. Computation of the cash flows for interest rate-sensitive assets that may affect annualized adjusted net interest income are based on assumptions related to, among other things, prepayment speeds, slope of the yield curve, and composition and size of our portfolio. Assumptions for interest rate-sensitive liabilities relate to, among other things, anticipated interest rates, collateral requirements as a percentage of repurchase agreement financings and amounts and terms of borrowings. As these assumptions may not be realized, adjusted net interest income results may therefore be significantly different from the annualized adjusted net interest income produced in our analyses. We also note that the uncertainty associated with the estimate of a change in adjusted net interest income is directly related to the size of interest rate move considered.
Based on the results of the model, the instantaneous changes in interest rates specified below would have had the following effect on annualized adjusted net interest income based on our assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Changes in Interest Rates (basis points) |  | Changes in Adjusted Net Interest Income (1) (2)
+200 |  | $ | (50,950) |
+100 |  | $ | (25,450) |
-100 |  | $ | 25,365 |
-200 |  | $ | 50,669 |

(1)Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. See Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Financial Measures" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a reconciliation of the Company's non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measure.
(2)Certain assumptions have been made in connection with the calculation of the information set forth in the table and, as such, there can be no assurance that assumed events will occur or that other events will not occur that would affect the outcomes. The base interest rate scenario assumes interest rates as of March 31, 2024. This analysis utilizes assumptions and estimates based on management's judgment and experience. Future purchases and sales of assets could materially change our interest rate risk profile.
While this table reflects the estimated impact of interest rate changes on the static portfolio, we actively manage our portfolio and continuously make adjustments to the size and composition of our asset and derivative hedge portfolios and interest-bearing liabilities. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimated in the table.
Interest rate changes may also impact our GAAP book value and adjusted book value as many of our assets and related hedge derivatives, if any, are marked-to-market each quarter. Generally, as interest rates increase, the value of our mortgage-related assets decreases, and conversely, as interest rates decrease, the value of such investments will increase. In general, we expect that, over time, decreases in the value of our portfolio attributable to interest rate changes may be offset, to the degree we are hedged, by increases in the value of our interest rate swaps or other financial instruments used for hedging purposes, and vice versa. However, the relationship between spreads on our assets and spreads on our hedging instruments may vary from time to time, resulting in a net aggregate GAAP book value and adjusted book value increase or decline. In addition, changes in interest rates could also have an impact on net operating income generated by our consolidated multi-family properties which consequently could have an impact on valuation of underlying real estate.
Our net interest income, adjusted net interest income and the fair value of our assets and our financing activities could be negatively affected by volatility in interest rates, as has been the case throughout much of 2022, 2023 and the first quarter of 2024. A prolonged period of extremely volatile and unstable market conditions would likely increase our funding costs and negatively affect market risk mitigation strategies. Higher income volatility from changes in interest rates could cause a loss of future net interest income and adjusted net interest income and a decrease in current fair market values of our assets. Fluctuations in interest rates will impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities and the market value of all or substantially all of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our net income, operating results, or financial condition.
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Liquidity Risk
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, pay dividends to our stockholders and other general business needs. The primary liquidity risk we face arises from financing long-maturity assets with shorter-term financings. We recognize the need to have funds available to operate our business. We manage and forecast our liquidity needs and sources daily to ensure that we have adequate liquidity at all times. We plan to meet liquidity through normal operations with the goal of avoiding unplanned sales of assets or emergency borrowing of funds.
We are subject to “margin call” risk on a portion of our repurchase agreements and certain derivative instruments. In the event the value of our assets pledged as collateral or the value of our derivative instruments suddenly decrease, margin calls could increase, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. Additionally, if one or more of our repurchase agreement counterparties chooses not to provide ongoing funding, we may be unable to replace the financing through other lenders on favorable terms or at all.
As previously disclosed, in March 2020, we observed unprecedented illiquidity in repurchase agreement financing and MBS markets which resulted in our receiving margin calls under our repurchase agreements that were well beyond historical norms. We took a number of decisive actions in response to these conditions, including the sale of assets and termination of our interest rate swaps. Since this time, we have placed a greater emphasis on procuring longer-termed and/or more committed financing arrangements for our credit investments, such as non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements, securitizations and other term financings, which may involve greater expense relative to repurchase agreement funding. We provide no assurance that we will be able in the future to access sources of capital that are attractive to us, that we will be able to roll over or replace our repurchase agreements or other financing instruments as they mature from time to time in the future or that we otherwise will not need to resort to unplanned sales of assets to provide liquidity in the future. See Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" and the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information about our liquidity and capital resource management.
Prepayment Risk
When borrowers repay the principal on their residential loans before maturity or faster than their scheduled amortization, the effect is to shorten the period over which interest is earned, and therefore, reduce the yield for residential mortgage assets purchased at a premium to their then current balance. Conversely, residential mortgage assets purchased for less than their then current balance, such as many of our residential loans, may exhibit higher yields due to faster prepayments. Furthermore, actual prepayment speeds may differ from our modeled prepayment speed projections impacting the effectiveness of any hedges we may have in place to mitigate financing and/or fair value risk. Generally, when market interest rates decline, borrowers have a tendency to refinance their mortgages, thereby increasing prepayments. Therefore, increased prepayments on our investments may accelerate the redeployment of our capital to generally lower yielding investments. Similarly, decreased prepayments are generally associated with increasing market interest rates and may slow our ability to redeploy capital to generally higher-yielding investments.
Our modeled prepayments will help determine the amount of hedging we use to offset changes in interest rates. If actual prepayment rates are higher than modeled, the yield will be less than modeled in cases where we paid a premium for the particular residential mortgage asset. Conversely, when we have paid a premium, if actual prepayment rates experienced are slower than modeled, we would amortize the premium over a longer time period, resulting in a higher yield to maturity.
In an environment of increasing prepayment speeds, the timing difference between the actual cash receipt of principal paydowns and the announcement of the principal paydowns may result in additional margin requirements from our repurchase agreement counterparties.
We mitigate prepayment risk by constantly evaluating our residential mortgage assets relative to prepayment speeds observed for assets with similar structures, quantities and characteristics. Furthermore, we stress-test the portfolio as to prepayment speeds and interest rate risk in order to further develop or make modifications to our hedge balances. Historically, we have not hedged 100% of our liability costs due to prepayment risk.
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Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that we will not fully collect the principal we have invested in our credit sensitive assets, including residential loans, non-Agency RMBS, preferred equity and mezzanine loan and joint venture equity investments, due to borrower defaults or defaults by our operating partners in their payment obligations to us. In selecting the credit sensitive assets in our portfolio, we seek to identify and invest in assets with characteristics that we believe offset or limit our exposure to defaults.
We seek to manage credit risk through our pre-acquisition or pre-funding due diligence process, and by factoring projected credit losses into the purchase price we pay or loan terms we negotiate for all of our credit sensitive assets. In general, we evaluate relative valuation, supply and demand trends, prepayment rates, delinquency and default rates, vintage of collateral and macroeconomic factors as part of this process. Nevertheless, these procedures provide no assurance that we will not experience unanticipated credit losses which would materially affect our operating results. We also manage credit risk with credit default swaps on corporate bond indices (CDX) for which the Company buys credit protection and pays periodic payments at fixed rates to credit protection sellers, in return for compensation for default (or similar credit event) by a reference index.
Current inflationary pressures have caused, and a possible economic recession or stagnation in the U.S. in the near future may cause, an increase in the credit risk of our credit sensitive assets. We would expect delinquencies, defaults and requests for forbearance arrangements to rise should savings, incomes and revenues of renters, borrowers, operating partners and other businesses become increasingly constrained from a slow-down in economic activity. Any future period of payment deferrals, forbearance, delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures or losses will likely adversely affect our net interest income and adjusted net interest income from multi-family loans, residential loans, and our RMBS investments and rental income and reduce the distributions we receive from our joint venture equity investments in multi-family apartment communities, the fair value of these assets, our ability to liquidate the collateral that may underlie these investments or obtain additional financing and the future profitability of our investments. Further, in the event of delinquencies, defaults and foreclosure, regulatory changes and policies designed to protect borrowers and renters may slow or prevent us from taking remediation actions.
We purchase certain residential loans at a discount to par, reflecting a perceived higher risk of default. In connection with our loan acquisitions, we or a third-party due diligence firm perform an independent review of the mortgage file to assess the state of mortgage loan files, the servicing of the mortgage loan, compliance with existing guidelines, as well as our ability to enforce the contractual rights in the mortgage. We also obtain certain representations and warranties from each seller with respect to the mortgage loans, as well as the enforceability of the lien on the mortgaged property. A seller who breaches these representations and warranties may be obligated to repurchase the loan from us. In addition, as part of our process, we focus on selecting a servicer with the appropriate expertise to mitigate losses and maximize our overall return on these residential loans. This involves, among other things, performing due diligence on the servicer prior to their engagement, assigning the appropriate servicer on each loan based on certain characteristics and monitoring each servicer's performance on an ongoing basis.
Investments in non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and ABS also contain credit risk. These investments typically consist of either the senior, mezzanine or subordinate tranches in securitizations. The underlying collateral of these securitizations may be exposed to various macroeconomic and asset-specific credit risks. These securities have varying levels of credit enhancement which provide some structural protection from losses within the securitization. We undertake an in-depth assessment of the underlying collateral and securitization structure when investing in these assets, which may include modeling defaults, prepayments and loss across different scenarios. In addition, we are exposed to credit risk in our Mezzanine Lending and equity investments in owners of multi-family properties, including joint venture equity investments in multi-family apartment communities. The performance and value of these investments depend upon the applicable operating partner’s or borrower’s ability to effectively operate the multi-family properties, that serve as the underlying collateral, to produce cash flows adequate to pay distributions, interest or principal due to us. The Company monitors the performance and credit quality of the underlying assets in which it invests or that serve as collateral for its investments. In connection with these types of investments by us in multi-family properties, the procedures for ongoing monitoring include financial statement analysis and regularly scheduled site inspections of portfolio properties to assess property physical condition, performance of on-site staff and competitive activity in the sub-market. We also formulate annual budgets and performance goals alongside our operating partners for use in measuring the ongoing investment performance and credit quality of our investments. Additionally, the Company's preferred equity and equity investments typically provide us with various rights and remedies to protect our investment.
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Fair Value Risk
Changes in interest rates, market liquidity, credit quality and other factors also expose us to market value (fair value) fluctuation on our assets, liabilities and hedges. For certain of our credit sensitive assets, fair values may only be derived or estimated for these investments using various valuation techniques, such as computing the present value of estimated future cash flows using discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. However, the determination of estimated future cash flows is inherently subjective and imprecise and extremely volatile periods or disruptions in the market, such as during the severe market disruption that occurred in 2020 or the current volatile market environment, make such estimates and assumptions inherently less certain. As a result, we believe our market value (fair value) risk has significantly increased. Minor changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these derived or estimated fair values.
Our fair value estimates and assumptions are indicative of the interest rate and business environments as of March 31, 2024 and do not take into consideration the effects of subsequent changes. The following describes the methods and assumptions we use in estimating fair values of our financial instruments:
Fair value estimates are made as of a specific point in time based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. These techniques involve uncertainties and are significantly affected by the assumptions used and the judgments made regarding risk characteristics of various financial instruments, discount rates, estimate of future cash flows, future expected loss experience and other factors.
Changes in assumptions could significantly affect these estimates and the resulting fair values. Derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in an immediate sale of the instrument. Also, because of differences in methodologies and assumptions used to estimate fair values, the fair values used by us should not be compared to those of other companies.
The table below presents the sensitivity of the fair value of our portfolio as of March 31, 2024, using a discounted cash flow simulation model assuming an instantaneous interest rate shift. Application of this method results in an estimation of the fair market value change of our assets, liabilities and hedging instruments per 100 basis point shift in interest rates.
This analysis also takes into consideration the value of options embedded in certain of our assets including constraints on the re-pricing of the interest rate of assets resulting from periodic and lifetime cap features, as well as prepayment options. Assets and liabilities that are not interest rate-sensitive such as cash, payment receivables, prepaid expenses, payables and accrued expenses are excluded.
Changes in assumptions including, but not limited to, volatility, mortgage and financing spreads, prepayment behavior, credit conditions, defaults, as well as the timing and level of interest rate changes will affect the results of the model. Therefore, actual results are likely to vary from modeled results.

Fair Value Changes
Changes in Interest Rates |  | Changes in Fair Value (1) |  | Percentage Change in Portfolio Fair Value (1)
(basis points) |  | (dollar amounts in thousands) |  |
+200 |  | $(130,566) |  | (2.91)%
+100 |  | $(71,584) |  | (1.59)%
Base |  |  |  | —
-100 |  | $85,828 |  | 1.91%
-200 |  | $120,941 |  | 2.69%

(1)Includes residential loans, Mezzanine Lending investments, investment securities, derivatives and residential loan securitizations at fair value.
Although the use of a model to perform market value sensitivity analysis is widely accepted as a tool in identifying potential risk in a changing interest rate environment, it should be noted that the model does not take into consideration changes that may occur such as, but not limited to, changes in portfolio composition, financing strategies, market spreads, business volumes or overall market liquidity. Accordingly, we make extensive use of an earnings simulation model to further analyze our level of interest rate risk.
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Capital Market Risk
We are exposed to risks related to the equity capital markets, and our related ability to raise capital through the issuance of our common stock, preferred stock or other equity instruments. We are also exposed to risks related to the debt capital markets, and our related ability to finance our business through credit facilities or other debt instruments. As a REIT, we are required to distribute a significant portion of our taxable income annually, which constrains our ability to accumulate operating cash flow and therefore may require us to utilize debt or equity capital to finance our business. We seek to mitigate these risks by monitoring the debt and equity capital markets to inform our decisions on the amount, timing, and terms of capital we raise. Based on the currently uncertain market environment, we expect the capital markets to remain volatile and uncertain at varying levels for the near future and this may adversely affect our ability to access capital to fund our operations, meet our obligations and make distributions to our stockholders.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed under Part I., Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Common Stock
In February 2022, the Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million common stock repurchase program. In March 2023, the Board of Directors approved an upsize of the common stock repurchase program to $246.0 million. The program, which expires March 31, 2025, allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of common stock, from time to time, in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. Subject to applicable securities laws, repurchases of the Company's common stock under the common stock repurchase program may be made at times and in amounts as we deem appropriate, using available cash resources. The timing and extent to which we repurchase our common stock will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, the share price of the Company's common stock, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and common stock repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. Shares of the Company's common stock repurchased by us under the common stock repurchase program are cancelled and, until reissued by us, are deemed to be authorized but unissued shares of the Company's common stock.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock pursuant to the common stock repurchase program. As of March 31, 2024, $193.2 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of the Company's common stock under the common stock repurchase program.
Preferred Stock
In March 2023, the Board of Directors approved a $100.0 million preferred stock repurchase program. The program, which expires March 31, 2025, allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of preferred stock, from time to time, in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its preferred stock pursuant to the preferred stock repurchase program. As of March 31, 2024, $97.6 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of preferred stock under the preferred stock repurchase program.
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Item 6. Exhibits
EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit |  | Description
3.1 |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Company, as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 5, 2023).
3.2 |  | Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 22, 2022).
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary designating the Company’s 7.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2013).
3.4 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,550,000 additional shares of the Series B Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2015).
3.5 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company's 7.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2015).
3.6 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company's 8.00% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series D Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 10, 2017).
3.7 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,460,000 additional shares of the Series C Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2019).
3.8 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,650,000 additional shares of the Series D Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2019).
3.9 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company's 7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series E Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2019).
3.10 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 3,000,000 additional shares of the Series E Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 27, 2019).
3.11 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company’s 6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series F Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2021).
3.12 |  | Articles Supplementary reclassifying and designating 6,600,000 authorized but unissued shares of the Series C Preferred Stock as additional shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2021).
3.13 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,000,000 additional shares of the Series F Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2021).

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3.14 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Company’s 7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series G Preferred Stock”) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2021).
3.15 |  | Articles Supplementary reclassifying and designating 6,000,000 authorized but unissued shares of the Series B Preferred Stock as additional shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2021).
3.16 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 2,000,000 additional shares of the Series G Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2022).
4.1 |  | Form of Common Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-111668) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 18, 2004).
4.2 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series D Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 10, 2017).
4.3 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series E Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2019).
4.4 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series F Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2021).
4.5 |  | Form of Certificate representing the Series G Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2021).
4.6 |  | Indenture, dated January 23, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2017).
4.7 |  | Indenture, dated as of April 27, 2021, between the Company and UMB Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2021).
4.8 |  | Form of 5.75% Senior Notes due 2026 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2021).
|  | Certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of the Company and its subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, copies of any such instruments.
10.1*† |  | Form of 2024 Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement.
10.2*† |  | Form of 2024 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement.
10.3*† |  | The Company's 2024 Annual Incentive Plan.

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31.1* |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1** |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS*** |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*** |  | Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*** |  | Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF XBRL*** |  | Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*** |  | Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*** |  | Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | The cover page for the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

†Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith. Such certification shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
*** Submitted electronically herewith. Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023; (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC.
Date: | May 3, 2024 | By: | /s/ Jason T. Serrano
| Jason T. Serrano
| Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | May 3, 2024 | By: | /s/ Kristine R. Nario-Eng
| Kristine R. Nario-Eng
| Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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