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Use of Special Purpose Entities (SPE) and Variable Interest Entities (VIE) (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Schedule of Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIE's
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of March 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $14,325 $14,325 
Residential loans, at fair value1,724,250 738,126 — 2,462,376 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 1,005,161 1,005,161 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 146,363 146,363 
Other assets166,374 2,905 31,679 200,958 
Total assets$1,890,624 $741,031 $1,197,528 $3,829,183 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,108,594 at amortized cost, net and $1,079,768 at fair value)
$1,605,735 $582,627 $— $2,188,362 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 850,743 850,743 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 122,318 122,318 
Other liabilities9,909 5,897 15,163 30,969 
Total liabilities$1,615,644 $588,524 $988,224 $3,192,392 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $20,128 $20,128 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $13,825 $13,825 
Net investment (6)
$274,980 $152,507 $175,351 $602,838 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

Financing VIEsOther VIEs
Residential
Loan Securitizations
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $15,612 $15,612 
Residential loans, at fair value1,501,908 754,860 — 2,256,768 
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1)
— — 979,934 979,934 
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 426,017 426,017 
Other assets98,451 2,960 37,035 138,446 
Total assets$1,600,359 $757,820 $1,458,598 $3,816,777 
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,276,780 at amortized cost, net and $593,737 at fair value)
$1,276,780 $593,737 $— $1,870,517 
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3)
— — 784,421 784,421 
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2)
— — 386,024 386,024 
Other liabilities8,421 5,638 21,797 35,856 
Total liabilities$1,285,201 $599,375 $1,192,242 $3,076,818 
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4)
$— $— $28,061 $28,061 
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5)
$— $— $20,328 $20,328 
Net investment (6)
$315,158 $158,445 $217,967 $691,570 

(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9).
(3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below.
(5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs.
(6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
  March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
 Fair Value
Hierarchy Level
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:     
Cash and cash equivalentsLevel 1$226,939 $226,939 $187,107 $187,107 
Residential loansLevel 33,103,105 3,103,105 3,084,303 3,084,303 
Investment securities available for saleLevel 22,241,340 2,241,340 2,013,817 2,013,817 
Multi-family loansLevel 391,905 91,905 95,792 95,792 
Equity investmentsLevel 3137,943 137,943 147,116 147,116 
Derivative assetsLevel 27,143 7,143 6,510 6,510 
Derivative assets in disposal group held for saleLevel 2740 740 2,960 2,960 
Financial Liabilities:     
Repurchase agreementsLevel 22,512,008 2,512,008 2,471,113 2,471,113 
Collateralized debt obligations:
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, netLevel 31,108,594 1,082,924 1,276,780 1,237,531 
Residential loan securitizations at fair value
Level 2
497,141 497,141 — — 
Consolidated SLSTLevel 3582,627 582,627 593,737 593,737 
Subordinated debenturesLevel 345,000 28,518 45,000 32,137 
Senior unsecured notesLevel 298,299 95,861 98,111 94,952 
Mortgages payable on real estateLevel 3850,743 825,042 784,421 761,194 
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for saleLevel 3119,640 118,669 378,386 377,735 
Schedule of Statement of Operations of Variable Interest Entities Multi-family loans consist of the following as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Investment amount$96,314 $95,434 
Unrealized (losses) gains, net(4,409)358 
   Total, at Fair Value$91,905 95,792 
The following table presents condensed statements of operations for non-Company-sponsored VIEs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands). The following table includes net (loss) income from assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale and intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.

Three Months Ended March 31,
20242023
Consolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotalConsolidated SLSTConsolidated Real EstateTotal
Interest income$8,127 $— $8,127 $8,733 $— $8,733 
Interest expense5,801 — 5,801 6,315 — 6,315 
Total net interest income2,326 — 2,326 2,418 — 2,418 
Income from real estate— 35,093 35,093 — 39,075 39,075 
Expenses related to real estate— 51,761 51,761 — 48,062 48,062 
Total net loss from real estate— (16,668)(16,668)— (8,987)(8,987)
Unrealized (losses) gains, net
(36)— (36)2,299 — 2,299 
Gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net
— 2,518 2,518 — (1,298)(1,298)
Impairment of real estate
— (32,214)(32,214)— (10,275)(10,275)
Loss on reclassification of disposal group
— (14,636)(14,636)— — — 
Other income
— — 16 16 
Total other (loss) income
(36)(44,329)(44,365)2,299 (11,557)(9,258)
Net income (loss)
2,290 (60,997)(58,707)4,717 (20,544)(15,827)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs— 22,158 22,158 — 6,701 6,701 
Net income (loss) attributable to Company
$2,290 $(38,839)$(36,549)$4,717 $(13,843)$(9,126)
Schedule of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest in Consolidated VIEs
The following table presents activity in redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):

Three Months Ended March 31,
20242023
Beginning balance$28,061 $63,803 
Contributions39 — 
Distributions— (3,950)
Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs(14,400)(5,501)
Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value (1)
6,428 — 
Ending balance$20,128 $54,352 

(1)The Company determines the fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interest utilizing market assumptions and discounted cash flows. The Company applies a discount rate to the estimated future cash flows from the multi-family apartment properties held by the applicable Consolidated VIEs that are allocatable to the redeemable non-controlling interest. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Significant unobservable inputs utilized in the estimation of fair value of redeemable non-controlling interest as of March 31, 2024 include a weighted average capitalization rate of 5.8% (ranges from 5.3% to 6.8%) and a weighted average discount rate of 14.9% (ranges from 13.9% to 15.6%).
Schedule of Classification and Carrying Value of Unconsolidated VIEs The following tables present the classification and carrying value of unconsolidated VIEs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
March 31, 2024
Multi-family loansInvestment
securities
available for
sale, at fair value
Equity investmentsTotal
Non-Agency RMBS$— $23,855 $— $23,855 
Preferred equity investments in multi-family properties
91,905 — 100,808 192,713 
Joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties
— — 1,670 1,670 
Maximum exposure$91,905 $23,855 $102,478 $218,238 

December 31, 2023
Multi-family loansInvestment
securities
available for
sale, at fair value
Equity investmentsTotal
Non-Agency RMBS$— $24,462 $— $24,462 
Preferred equity investments in multi-family properties
95,792 — 104,242 200,034 
Joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties
— — 5,720 5,720 
Maximum exposure$95,792 $24,462 $109,962 $230,216