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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables) | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Schedule of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis | The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
| Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 667,218 |  |  | $ | 667,218 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 827,535 |  |  | $ | 827,535 |
Consolidated SLST | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,004,944 |  |  | 1,004,944 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 754,860 |  |  | 754,860 |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,831,029 |  |  | 1,831,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,501,908 |  |  | 1,501,908 |
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 2,613,842 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,613,842 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,989,324 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,989,324 |
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 58,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 58,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,493 |
Multi-family loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 92,997 |  |  | 92,997 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,792 |  |  | 95,792 |
Equity investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 142,915 |  |  | 142,915 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147,116 |  |  | 147,116 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate caps (1) (2) | — |  |  | 3,049 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,049 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,510 |
Options (2) | — |  |  | 779 |  |  | — |  |  | 779 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3) | — |  |  | 2,560 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,560 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,960 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,678,467 |  |  | $ | 3,739,103 |  |  | $ | 6,417,570 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,023,287 |  |  | $ | 3,327,211 |  |  | $ | 5,350,498 |
Liabilities carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CDOs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 844,032 |  |  | $ | 844,032 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |
Residential loan securitizations | — |  |  | 733,079 |  |  | — |  |  | 733,079 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Senior unsecured notes | — |  |  | 60,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 60,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury futures (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Credit default swaps (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 793,079 |  |  | $ | 844,032 |  |  | $ | 1,637,111 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |
(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9). (2)Included in other assets or other liabilities, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. (3)Includes interest rate caps classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $2.6 million and $3.0 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. (4)All of the Company’s interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and U.S. Treasury futures outstanding are cleared through central clearing houses. The Company exchanges variation margin for the derivative instruments based upon daily changes in fair value. Includes derivative assets of $28.8 million netted against derivative liabilities of $17.2 million and a net variation margin of $11.6 million as of June 30, 2024. Includes derivative liabilities of $40.5 million netted against derivative assets of $13.1 million and a variation margin of $27.4 million as of December 31, 2023. See Note 10 for additional information.
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Assets | The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Level 3 Assets:
| Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 640,729 |  |  | $ | 738,126 |  |  | $ | 1,724,250 |  |  | $ | 91,905 |  |  | $ | 137,943 |  |  | $ | 3,332,953 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 4,081 |  |  | (2,551) |  |  | (3,465) |  |  | 2,654 |  |  | 6,108 |  |  | 6,827 |
Transfers out (1) | (22,821) |  |  | — |  |  | (884) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,705) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (262,479) |  |  | — |  |  | 262,479 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns/Distributions | (83,738) |  |  | (15,688) |  |  | (177,567) |  |  | (1,562) |  |  | (1,136) |  |  | (279,691) |
Sales | (3,006) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,006) |
Purchases (3) | 394,452 |  |  | 285,057 |  |  | 26,216 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 705,725 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 667,218 |  |  | $ | 1,004,944 |  |  | $ | 1,831,029 |  |  | $ | 92,997 |  |  | $ | 142,915 |  |  | $ | 3,739,103 |
(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned, single-family rental properties and other assets. (2)During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations). (3)During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company purchased first loss subordinated securities issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of the securitization (see Note 7).
| Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Equity investments in disposal group held for sale |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 921,000 |  |  | $ | 829,153 |  |  | $ | 1,624,703 |  |  | $ | 95,309 |  |  | $ | 191,148 |  |  | $ | 10,070 |  |  | $ | 3,671,383 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 772 |  |  | (24,154) |  |  | (5,139) |  |  | 3,440 |  |  | 5,032 |  |  | (2,375) |  |  | (22,424) |
Transfers out (1) | (2,664) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,504) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,168) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (103,972) |  |  | — |  |  | 103,972 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funding/Contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,985 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,985 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (144,017) |  |  | (15,030) |  |  | (152,133) |  |  | (10,312) |  |  | (27,425) |  |  | — |  |  | (348,917) |
Sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | (441) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (441) |
Purchases | 86,145 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,121 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 106,266 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 757,264 |  |  | $ | 789,969 |  |  | $ | 1,589,579 |  |  | $ | 97,422 |  |  | $ | 168,755 |  |  | $ | 7,695 |  |  | $ | 3,410,684 |
(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned. (2)During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
| Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 827,535 |  |  | $ | 754,860 |  |  | $ | 1,501,908 |  |  | $ | 95,792 |  |  | $ | 147,116 |  |  | $ | 3,327,211 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 1,157 |  |  | (2,689) |  |  | (5,238) |  |  | 517 |  |  | 4,071 |  |  | (2,182) |
Transfers out (1) | (41,001) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,770) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44,771) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (633,283) |  |  | — |  |  | 633,283 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns/Distributions | (146,456) |  |  | (32,284) |  |  | (330,373) |  |  | (3,312) |  |  | (8,272) |  |  | (520,697) |
Sales | (25,210) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,708) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,918) |
Purchases (3) | 684,476 |  |  | 285,057 |  |  | 41,927 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,011,460 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 667,218 |  |  | $ | 1,004,944 |  |  | $ | 1,831,029 |  |  | $ | 92,997 |  |  | $ | 142,915 |  |  | $ | 3,739,103 |
(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned, single-family rental properties and other assets. (2)During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations). (3)During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company purchased first loss subordinated securities issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of the securitization (see Note 7).
| Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Equity investments in disposal group held for sale |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,081,384 |  |  | $ | 827,582 |  |  | $ | 1,616,114 |  |  | $ | 87,534 |  |  | $ | 179,746 |  |  | $ | 9,010 |  |  | $ | 3,801,370 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 173 |  |  | (9,033) |  |  | 27,902 |  |  | 6,329 |  |  | 8,483 |  |  | (1,315) |  |  | 32,539 |
Transfers out (1) | (2,757) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,737) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,494) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (190,082) |  |  | — |  |  | 190,082 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funding/Contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,405 |  |  | 15,528 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,933 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (285,372) |  |  | (28,580) |  |  | (283,044) |  |  | (11,846) |  |  | (35,002) |  |  | — |  |  | (643,844) |
Sales | (166) |  |  | — |  |  | (441) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (607) |
Purchases | 154,084 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,703 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 194,787 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 757,264 |  |  | $ | 789,969 |  |  | $ | 1,589,579 |  |  | $ | 97,422 |  |  | $ | 168,755 |  |  | $ | 7,695 |  |  | $ | 3,410,684 |
(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned. (2)During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
Schedule of Changes in Valuation of Level 3 Liabilities | The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Level 3 Liabilities:
| Consolidated SLST CDOs
| Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 582,627 |  |  | $ | 638,513 |
Total gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |
Included in earnings | (1,536) |  |  | (10,266) |
Purchases (1) | 275,200 |  |  | — |
Paydowns | (12,259) |  |  | (11,079) |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 844,032 |  |  | $ | 617,168 |
(1)During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company purchased first loss subordinated securities issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of the securitization (see Note 7).
| Consolidated SLST CDOs
| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 634,495 |
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |
Included in earnings | (140) |  |  | 4,245 |
Purchases (1) | 275,200 |  |  | — |
Paydowns | (24,765) |  |  | (21,572) |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 844,032 |  |  | $ | 617,168 |
(1)During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company purchased first loss subordinated securities issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of the securitization (see Note 7).
Schedule of Quantitative Information Regarding Significant and Unobservable Inputs used in Valuation of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities | The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):
June 30, 2024 |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Weighted Average |  | Range
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1) |  | $2,307,581 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lifetime CPR |  | 5.2% |  | — | - | 58.7%
|  |  |  |  |  | Lifetime CDR |  | 0.8% |  | — | - | 23.7%
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 11.4% |  | — | - | 100.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.8% |  | 5.2% | - | 43.3%
|  | $190,666 |  | Liquidation model |  | Annual home price appreciation/(depreciation) |  | 0.3% |  | — | - | 10.7%
|  |  |  |  |  | Liquidation timeline (months) |  | 18 |  | 9 | - | 54
|  |  |  |  |  | Property value |  | $2,078,581 |  | $14,000 | - | $12,750,000
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.6% |  | 7.5% | - | 26.5%
Consolidated SLST (3) |  | $1,004,944 |  |  |  | Liability price |  | N/A |  |  |  |
Total |  | $3,503,191 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family loans (1) |  | $92,997 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 12.5% |  | 11.0% | - | 20.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 29 |  | 1 | - | 52
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Equity investments (1) (2) |  | $104,071 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 15.0% |  | 13.0% | - | 17.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 11 |  | 2 | - | 37
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs (3) (4) |  | $844,032 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Yield |  | 5.8% |  | 4.8% | - | 16.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral prepayment rate |  | 5.9% |  | 2.6% | - | 7.1%
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral default rate |  | 1.3% |  | — | - | 9.7%
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 19.8% |  | 12.2% | - | 51.2%
(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets. (2)Equity investments do not include equity ownership interests in an entity that originates residential loans. The fair value of this investment is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization and NAV of the entity. (3)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At June 30, 2024, the fair value of investment securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $156.0 million. (4)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate, and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own.
Schedule of Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings for Level 3 Assets and Liabilities | The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans (1) | $ | (1,912) |  |  | $ | (449) |  |  | $ | (10,592) |  |  | $ | (4,344) |
Consolidated SLST (1) | (1,306) |  |  | (23,332) |  |  | (800) |  |  | (7,525) |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts (1) | (6,359) |  |  | (8,169) |  |  | (7,156) |  |  | 21,497 |
Multi-family loans (1) | (16) |  |  | 334 |  |  | (4,794) |  |  | 779 |
Equity investments (2) | (419) |  |  | (1,083) |  |  | (6,581) |  |  | (3,675) |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  | (2,375) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,315) |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1) | 1,848 |  |  | 11,004 |  |  | 1,306 |  |  | (2,504) |
(1)Presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. (2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Schedule of Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments | The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of June 30, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.
| Financing VIEs |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Residential Loan Securitizations |  |  |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,368 |  |  | $ | 8,368 |
Residential loans, at fair value | 1,831,029 |  |  |  |  | 1,004,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,835,973 |
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 732,437 |  |  | 732,437 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 373,538 |  |  | 373,538 |
Other assets | 152,024 |  |  |  |  | 4,394 |  |  | 24,947 |  |  | 181,365 |
Total assets | $ | 1,983,053 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,009,338 |  |  | $ | 1,139,290 |  |  | $ | 4,131,681 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($972,389 at amortized cost, net and $1,577,111 at fair value) | $ | 1,705,468 |  |  |  |  | $ | 844,032 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,549,500 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 592,919 |  |  | 592,919 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 340,138 |  |  | 340,138 |
Other liabilities | 12,517 |  |  |  |  | 7,965 |  |  | 15,730 |  |  | 36,212 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,717,985 |  |  |  |  | $ | 851,997 |  |  | $ | 948,787 |  |  | $ | 3,518,769 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4) | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,088 |  |  | $ | 23,088 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5) | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,628 |  |  | $ | 9,628 |
Net investment (6) | $ | 265,068 |  |  |  |  | $ | 157,341 |  |  | $ | 157,787 |  |  | $ | 580,196 |
(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. (2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9). (3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. (4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below. (5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. (6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any. The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's residential loan securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.
| Financing VIEs |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Residential Loan Securitizations |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,612 |  |  | $ | 15,612 |
Residential loans, at fair value | 1,501,908 |  |  | 754,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,256,768 |
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 979,934 |  |  | 979,934 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 426,017 |  |  | 426,017 |
Other assets | 98,451 |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | 37,035 |  |  | 138,446 |
Total assets | $ | 1,600,359 |  |  | $ | 757,820 |  |  | $ | 1,458,598 |  |  | $ | 3,816,777 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($1,276,780 at amortized cost, net and $593,737 at fair value) | $ | 1,276,780 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,870,517 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 784,421 |  |  | 784,421 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 386,024 |  |  | 386,024 |
Other liabilities | 8,421 |  |  | 5,638 |  |  | 21,797 |  |  | 35,856 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,285,201 |  |  | $ | 599,375 |  |  | $ | 1,192,242 |  |  | $ | 3,076,818 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,061 |  |  | $ | 28,061 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,328 |  |  | $ | 20,328 |
Net investment (6) | $ | 315,158 |  |  | $ | 158,445 |  |  | $ | 217,967 |  |  | $ | 691,570 |
(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. (2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9). (3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. (4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below. (5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. (6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any. The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
|  |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | Level 1 |  | $ | 235,514 |  |  | $ | 235,514 |  |  | $ | 187,107 |  |  | $ | 187,107 |
Residential loans | Level 3 |  | 3,503,191 |  |  | 3,503,191 |  |  | 3,084,303 |  |  | 3,084,303 |
Investment securities available for sale | Level 2 |  | 2,672,079 |  |  | 2,672,079 |  |  | 2,013,817 |  |  | 2,013,817 |
Multi-family loans | Level 3 |  | 92,997 |  |  | 92,997 |  |  | 95,792 |  |  | 95,792 |
Equity investments | Level 3 |  | 142,915 |  |  | 142,915 |  |  | 147,116 |  |  | 147,116 |
Derivative assets | Level 2 |  | 3,828 |  |  | 3,828 |  |  | 6,510 |  |  | 6,510 |
Derivative assets in disposal group held for sale | Level 2 |  | 2,560 |  |  | 2,560 |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | 2,960 |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | Level 2 |  | 2,952,289 |  |  | 2,952,289 |  |  | 2,471,113 |  |  | 2,471,113 |
Collateralized debt obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, net | Level 3 |  | 972,389 |  |  | 939,527 |  |  | 1,276,780 |  |  | 1,237,531 |
Residential loan securitizations at fair value | Level 2 |  | 733,079 |  |  | 733,079 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consolidated SLST | Level 3 |  | 844,032 |  |  | 844,032 |  |  | 593,737 |  |  | 593,737 |
Subordinated debentures | Level 3 |  | 45,000 |  |  | 36,682 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | 32,137 |
Senior unsecured notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior unsecured notes at amortized cost, net | Level 2 |  | 98,492 |  |  | 96,197 |  |  | 98,111 |  |  | 94,952 |
Senior unsecured notes at fair value | Level 2 |  | 60,000 |  |  | 60,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgages payable on real estate | Level 3 |  | 592,919 |  |  | 565,929 |  |  | 784,421 |  |  | 761,194 |
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for sale | Level 3 |  | 330,400 |  |  | 329,336 |  |  | 378,386 |  |  | 377,735 |

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