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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis | The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands):
| Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 632,266 |  |  | $ | 632,266 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 827,535 |  |  | $ | 827,535 |
Consolidated SLST | — |  |  | — |  |  | 965,672 |  |  | 965,672 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 754,860 |  |  | 754,860 |
Residential loans held in securitization trusts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,243,800 |  |  | 2,243,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,501,908 |  |  | 1,501,908 |
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 3,136,812 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,136,812 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,989,324 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,989,324 |
Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 69,687 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,687 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,493 |
U.S. Treasury securities | — |  |  | 622,045 |  |  | — |  |  | 622,045 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Multi-family loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86,192 |  |  | 86,192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,792 |  |  | 95,792 |
Equity investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113,492 |  |  | 113,492 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147,116 |  |  | 147,116 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate caps (1) (2) | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,510 |
Interest rate swaps (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury futures (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,003 |  |  | 21,003 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (3) | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,960 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,828,667 |  |  | $ | 4,062,425 |  |  | $ | 7,891,092 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,023,287 |  |  | $ | 3,327,211 |  |  | $ | 5,350,498 |
Liabilities carried at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CDOs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 811,591 |  |  | $ | 811,591 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |
Residential loan securitizations | — |  |  | 1,253,332 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,253,332 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-Agency RMBS re-securitization | — |  |  | 70,757 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,757 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Senior unsecured notes | — |  |  | 60,310 |  |  | — |  |  | 60,310 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Credit default swaps (2) (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,384,399 |  |  | $ | 811,591 |  |  | $ | 2,195,990 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |
(1)Excludes assets of disposal group held for sale (see Note 9). (2)Included in other assets or other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets. (3)Includes interest rate caps classified as Level 2 instruments in the amount of $0.1 million and $3.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. (4)All of the Company’s interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and U.S. Treasury futures are cleared through central clearing houses. The Company exchanges variation margin for the derivative instruments based upon daily changes in fair value. Includes derivative liabilities of $19.9 million netted against derivative assets of $64.9 million and a net variation margin of $45.0 million as of December 31, 2024. Includes derivative liabilities of $40.5 million netted against derivative assets of $13.1 million and a variation margin of $27.4 million as of December 31, 2023. See Note 10 for additional information.
Schedule of Changes in Level 3 Assets | The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Level 3 Assets:
| Year Ended December 31, 2024
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Mortgage servicing rights |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 827,535 |  |  | $ | 754,860 |  |  | $ | 1,501,908 |  |  | $ | 95,792 |  |  | $ | 147,116 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,327,211 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 15,562 |  |  | 3,523 |  |  | (8,255) |  |  | 5,899 |  |  | 16,179 |  |  | 616 |  |  | 33,524 |
Transfers out (1) | (80,801) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,661) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (88,462) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (1,456,376) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,456,376 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns/Distributions (3) | (296,645) |  |  | (77,768) |  |  | (805,586) |  |  | (15,499) |  |  | (49,803) |  |  | 10,917 |  |  | (1,234,384) |
Sales | (156,175) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,708) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (162,883) |
Acquisitions (4) | 1,779,166 |  |  | 285,057 |  |  | 113,726 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,470 |  |  | 2,187,419 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 632,266 |  |  | $ | 965,672 |  |  | $ | 2,243,800 |  |  | $ | 86,192 |  |  | $ | 113,492 |  |  | $ | 21,003 |  |  | $ | 4,062,425 |
(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned, single-family rental properties and other assets. (2)During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations). (3)Includes in-kind distribution of mortgage servicing rights received from the Company's equity investment in an entity that originates residential loans. (4)During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased a first loss subordinated security issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of the securitization (see Note 7).
| Year Ended December 31, 2023
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Equity investments in disposal group held for sale |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,081,384 |  |  | $ | 827,582 |  |  | $ | 1,616,114 |  |  | $ | 87,534 |  |  | $ | 179,746 |  |  | $ | 9,010 |  |  | $ | 3,801,370 |
Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 8,080 |  |  | (10,748) |  |  | 72,173 |  |  | 11,863 |  |  | 21,279 |  |  | (3,290) |  |  | 99,357 |
Transfers out (1) | (26,277) |  |  | — |  |  | (16,208) |  |  | (10,306) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (52,791) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (282,831) |  |  | — |  |  | 282,831 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfer to disposal group held for sale | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,720 |  |  | (5,720) |  |  | — |
Funding/Contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,924 |  |  | 33,958 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,882 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (482,137) |  |  | (61,974) |  |  | (518,819) |  |  | (15,223) |  |  | (93,587) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,171,740) |
Sales | (21,165) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,979) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25,144) |
Acquisitions | 550,481 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,796 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 620,277 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 827,535 |  |  | $ | 754,860 |  |  | $ | 1,501,908 |  |  | $ | 95,792 |  |  | $ | 147,116 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,327,211 |
(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned and the consolidation of a VIE previously classified as an equity investment (see Note 7). (2)During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential loans |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Residential loans held in securitization trusts |  | Multi-family loans |  | Equity investments |  | Equity investments in disposal group held for sale | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,703,290 |  |  | $ | 1,070,882 |  |  | $ | 801,429 |  |  | $ | 120,021 |  |  | $ | 239,631 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,935,253 |
Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | (111,879) |  |  | (128,236) |  |  | (162,518) |  |  | 9,531 |  |  | 18,884 |  |  | (926) |  | (375,144) |
Transfers out (1) | (17,052) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,806) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | (18,858) |
Transfer to securitization trust, net (2) | (1,422,577) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,422,577 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Transfer to disposal group held for sale | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,936) |  |  | 9,936 |  | — |
Funding/Contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,086 |  |  | — |  | 28,086 |
Paydowns/Distributions | (712,214) |  |  | (115,064) |  |  | (535,017) |  |  | (42,018) |  |  | (96,919) |  |  | — |  | (1,501,232) |
Acquisitions | 1,641,816 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,449 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 1,733,265 |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 1,081,384 |  |  | $ | 827,582 |  |  | $ | 1,616,114 |  |  | $ | 87,534 |  |  | $ | 179,746 |  |  | $ | 9,010 |  | $ | 3,801,370 |
(1)Transfers out of Level 3 assets represents the transfer of residential loans to real estate owned. (2)During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company transferred certain residential loans into residential loan securitizations (see Note 7 for further discussion of the Company's residential loan securitizations).
Schedule of Changes in Level 3 Liabilities | The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Level 3 Liabilities:
| Consolidated SLST CDOs
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 634,495 |  |  | $ | 839,419 |
Total losses/(gains) (realized/unrealized) |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | 3,784 |  |  | 5,718 |  |  | (90,077) |
Acquisitions (1) | 275,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns | (61,130) |  |  | (46,476) |  |  | (114,847) |
Balance at the end of period | $ | 811,591 |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | 634,495 |
(1)During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased a first loss subordinated security issued from a securitization that it determined to consolidate as Consolidated SLST. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of the securitization (see Note 7).
Schedule of Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques | The following table discloses quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value (dollar amounts in thousands, except input values):
December 31, 2024 |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Weighted Average |  | Range
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans and residential loans held in securitization trusts (1) |  | $2,698,518 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lifetime CPR |  | 7.0% |  | — | - | 44.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Lifetime CDR |  | 0.6% |  | — | - | 24.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 10.8% |  | — | - | 100.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.7% |  | 5.9% | - | 41.4%
|  | $177,548 |  | Liquidation model |  | Annual home price appreciation/(depreciation) |  | 0.4% |  | — | - | 9.2%
|  |  |  |  |  | Liquidation timeline (months) |  | 17 |  | 1 | - | 54
|  |  |  |  |  | Property value |  | $2,277,934 |  | $13,000 | - | $14,200,000
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.6% |  | 7.5% | - | 26.8%
Consolidated SLST (4) |  | $965,672 |  |  |  | Liability price |  | N/A |  |  |  |
Total |  | $3,841,738 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family loans (1) (2) |  | $86,192 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 12.5% |  | 11.0% | - | 14.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 29 |  | 2 | - | 50
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Equity investments (1) (3) |  | $74,774 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 15.3% |  | 13.8% | - | 17.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Months to assumed redemption |  | 15 |  | 3 | - | 48
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | — |  |  |  |
Mortgage servicing rights (1) |  | $21,003 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lifetime voluntary prepayment rate |  | 10.4% |  | 1.0% | - | 26.7%
|  |  |  |  |  | Lifetime CDR |  | 2.2% |  | — | - | 39.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | Yield |  | 12.2% |  | 12.0% | - | 14.0%
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs (4) (5) |  | $811,591 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Yield |  | 5.8% |  | 4.9% | - | 13.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral prepayment rate |  | 6.2% |  | — | - | 7.2%
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral default rate |  | 1.3% |  | — | - | 8.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 20.3% |  | 11.5% | - | 78.9%
(1)Weighted average amounts are calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the assets. (2)As of December 31, 2024, the Company has reduced the fair value of one multi-family loan to zero as a result of developments with respect to the property, its financing and market conditions. Unobservable inputs do not include inputs related to this multi-family loan. (3)Equity investments do not include equity ownership interests in an entity that originates residential loans. The fair value of this investment is determined using weighted multiples of origination volume and earnings before taxes, depreciation and amortization and NAV of the entity. (4)In accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 810, the Company determines the fair value of the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST based on the fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own, as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. At December 31, 2024, the fair value of investment securities we own in Consolidated SLST amounts to $148.5 million. (5)Weighted average yield calculated based on the weighted average fair value of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own. Weighted average collateral prepayment rate, weighted average collateral default rate and weighted average loss severity are calculated based on the weighted average unpaid balance of the CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST, including investment securities we own.
Schedule of Fair Value, Measured on Recurring Basis, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings | The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans (1) | $ | (7,966) |  |  | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | (57,892) |
Consolidated SLST (1) | 8,611 |  |  | (8,086) |  |  | (124,834) |
Residential loans held in securitization trust (1) | (10,005) |  |  | 56,576 |  |  | (219,647) |
Multi-family loans (1) | (4,750) |  |  | 645 |  |  | (1,737) |
Equity investments (2) | (6,319) |  |  | (7,958) |  |  | (4,338) |
Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,430) |
Mortgage servicing rights (1) | 616 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated SLST CDOs (1) | $ | (5,709) |  |  | $ | (1,930) |  |  | $ | 92,431 |
(1)Presented in unrealized (losses) gains, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. (2)Presented in income from equity investments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Schedule of Fair Value, by Balance Sheet Grouping | The following table summarizes the aggregate estimated fair value of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests associated with the initial consolidation of Consolidated Real Estate VIEs and real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated Real Estate VIE during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no initial consolidation of Consolidated Real Estate VIEs or real estate acquisitions by a Consolidated VIE during the year ended December 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands):
|  |  |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 8,576 |
Operating real estate (1) (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54,439 |  |  | 730,988 |
Lease intangibles (1) (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,378 |  |  | 41,892 |
Other assets (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,722 |  |  | 8,258 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 61,641 |  |  | 789,714 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45,142 |  |  | 570,682 |
Other liabilities (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,403 |  |  | 4,662 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47,545 |  |  | 575,344 |
Non-controlling interests (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,790 |  |  | 16,293 |
Net assets consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,306 |  |  | $ | 198,077 |
(1)In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties is included in assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. See Note 9 for additional information. (2)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, operating real estate is included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (3)For joint venture equity investments that are not held for sale, lease intangibles are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (4)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company’s securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs of as of December 31, 2024 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:
|  |  |  |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Financing VIEs |  |  |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,151 |  |  | $ | 4,151 |
Residential loans, at fair value | 2,243,800 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 965,672 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,209,472 |
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 481,161 |  |  | 481,161 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 118,613 |  |  | 118,613 |
Other assets | 154,426 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,065 |  |  | 16,696 |  |  | 175,187 |
Total assets | $ | 2,398,226 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 969,737 |  |  | $ | 620,621 |  |  | $ | 3,988,584 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($2,135,680 at fair value, and $842,764 at amortized cost, net) | $ | 2,166,853 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 811,591 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,978,444 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 366,606 |  |  | 366,606 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 97,065 |  |  | 97,065 |
Other liabilities | 16,162 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,313 |  |  | 10,621 |  |  | 35,096 |
Total liabilities | $ | 2,183,015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 819,904 |  |  | $ | 474,292 |  |  | $ | 3,477,211 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4) | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,359 |  |  | $ | 12,359 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5) | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,930 |  |  | $ | 3,930 |
Net investment (6) | $ | 215,211 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 149,833 |  |  | $ | 130,040 |  |  | $ | 495,084 |
(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9). (3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below. (5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. (6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any. The following table presents a summary of the assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests of the Company's securitizations, Consolidated SLST and Consolidated Real Estate VIEs as of December 31, 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands). Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation:
|  |  |  |  | Other VIEs |  |
| Financing VIEs |  |  |  | Consolidated SLST |  | Consolidated Real Estate |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,612 |  |  | $ | 15,612 |
Residential loans, at fair value | 1,501,908 |  |  |  |  | 754,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,256,768 |
Real estate, net held in Consolidated VIEs (1) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 979,934 |  |  | 979,934 |
Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 426,017 |  |  | 426,017 |
Other assets | 98,451 |  |  |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | 37,035 |  |  | 138,446 |
Total assets | $ | 1,600,359 |  |  |  |  | $ | 757,820 |  |  | $ | 1,458,598 |  |  | $ | 3,816,777 |
Collateralized debt obligations ($593,737 at fair value, and $1,276,780 at amortized cost, net) | $ | 1,276,780 |  |  |  |  | $ | 593,737 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,870,517 |
Mortgages payable on real estate, net in Consolidated VIEs (3) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 784,421 |  |  | 784,421 |
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 386,024 |  |  | 386,024 |
Other liabilities | 8,421 |  |  |  |  | 5,638 |  |  | 21,797 |  |  | 35,856 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,285,201 |  |  |  |  | $ | 599,375 |  |  | $ | 1,192,242 |  |  | $ | 3,076,818 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (4) | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,061 |  |  | $ | 28,061 |
Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs (5) | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,328 |  |  | $ | 20,328 |
Net investment (6) | $ | 315,158 |  |  |  |  | $ | 158,445 |  |  | $ | 217,967 |  |  | $ | 691,570 |
(1)Included in real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (2)Represents assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain Consolidated Real Estate VIEs included in disposal group held for sale (see Note 9). (3)Included in mortgages payable on real estate, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (4)Represents redeemable third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. See Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest in Consolidated VIEs below. (5)Represents third-party ownership of membership interests in Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. (6)The net investment amount is the maximum amount of the Company's investment that is at risk to loss and represents the difference between the carrying value of total assets and total liabilities held by VIEs, less non-controlling interests, if any. The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands):
|  |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | Level 1 |  | $ | 167,422 |  |  | $ | 167,422 |  |  | $ | 187,107 |  |  | $ | 187,107 |
Residential loans | Level 3 |  | 3,841,738 |  |  | 3,841,738 |  |  | 3,084,303 |  |  | 3,084,303 |
Investment securities available for sale | Level 2 |  | 3,828,544 |  |  | 3,828,544 |  |  | 2,013,817 |  |  | 2,013,817 |
Multi-family loans | Level 3 |  | 86,192 |  |  | 86,192 |  |  | 95,792 |  |  | 95,792 |
Equity investments | Level 3 |  | 113,492 |  |  | 113,492 |  |  | 147,116 |  |  | 147,116 |
Derivative assets | Level 2 |  | 56 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 6,510 |  |  | 6,510 |
Derivative assets in disposal group held for sale | Level 2 |  | 67 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | 2,960 |
Mortgage servicing rights | Level 3 |  | 21,003 |  |  | 21,003 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | Level 2 |  | 4,012,225 |  |  | 4,012,225 |  |  | 2,471,113 |  |  | 2,471,113 |
Collateralized debt obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loan securitizations at amortized cost, net | Level 3 |  | 842,764 |  |  | 818,482 |  |  | 1,276,780 |  |  | 1,237,531 |
Residential loan securitizations at fair value | Level 2 |  | 1,253,332 |  |  | 1,253,332 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consolidated SLST | Level 3 |  | 811,591 |  |  | 811,591 |  |  | 593,737 |  |  | 593,737 |
Non-Agency RMBS re-securitization | Level 2 |  | 70,757 |  |  | 70,757 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subordinated debentures | Level 3 |  | 45,000 |  |  | 38,918 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | 32,137 |
Senior unsecured notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior unsecured notes at amortized cost, net | Level 2 |  | 98,886 |  |  | 98,632 |  |  | 98,111 |  |  | 94,952 |
Senior unsecured notes at fair value | Level 2 |  | 60,310 |  |  | 60,310 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgages payable on real estate | Level 3 |  | 366,606 |  |  | 347,915 |  |  | 784,421 |  |  | 761,194 |
Mortgages payable on real estate in disposal group held for sale | Level 3 |  | 93,370 |  |  | 93,370 |  |  | 378,386 |  |  | 377,735 |

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