<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001387131-23-001264.txt : 20230201
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20230201162950
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001387131-23-001264
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		13
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20230130
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20230201
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20230201

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			OneSpan Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001044777
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SERVICES-COMPUTER INTEGRATED SYSTEMS DESIGN [7373]
		IRS NUMBER:				364169320
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-24389
		FILM NUMBER:		23577185

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		121 W WACKER DR.
		STREET 2:		STE 2050
		CITY:			CHICAGO
		STATE:			IL
		ZIP:			60601
		BUSINESS PHONE:		3127664001

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		121 W WACKER DR.
		STREET 2:		STE 2050
		CITY:			CHICAGO
		STATE:			IL
		ZIP:			60601

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	One Span Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20180706

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	VASCO DATA SECURITY INTERNATIONAL INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19970821
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<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 16pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 59.6pt; text-align: center"><b></b></p>

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<p style="font: 16pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 59.6pt; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

<p style="font: 16pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 59.6pt; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 59.6pt; text-align: center"><b>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 59.6pt; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 6pt 59.6pt 0px; text-align: center">CURRENT REPORT</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 59.6pt; text-align: center">PURSUANT TO SECTION&#160;13 OR 15(d)&#160;OF</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 59.6pt; text-align: center">THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 59.6pt 6pt; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in charter)</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">(Address of principal executive
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">N/A</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center">(Former name or former address,
if changed since last report)</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 5.4pt 59.6pt 0; text-align: center">Securities registered pursuant to Section
12(b) of the Act:</p>



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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in">Check the appropriate box below if the Form&#160;8-K filing is intended
to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</p>

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communications pursuant to Rule&#160;425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</span></td>
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material pursuant to Rule&#160;14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</span></td>
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communications pursuant to Rule&#160;14d-2(b)&#160;under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company
as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
(&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging
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<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.&#160;&#160;&#160;</span><span style="font-family: Segoe UI Symbol,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt"><b>&#9744;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0 0pt">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0.15in 67.7pt 0 106.55pt"><b></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><b>Item 5.03&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Amendments to Articles of Incorporation
or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.25in">On January 30, 2023, the Board of Directors of OneSpan
Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) unanimously adopted amended and restated by-laws of the Company (as so amended and restated, the &#8220;Bylaws&#8221;).
The Bylaws, which became effective upon adoption, make modifications to reflect recent changes to applicable laws as well as certain procedural
and other updates. The Bylaws, among other things:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10.5pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 12pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&#183;</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Modify the provisions relating to adjournment procedures and lists of stockholders entitled to vote
at stockholder meetings, in each case, to reflect amendments to the Delaware General Corporation Law;</span></td></tr></table>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10.5pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 12pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&#183;</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Authorize the presiding officer or secretary of stockholder meetings to adjourn stockholder meetings,
whether or not a quorum is present;</span></td></tr></table>

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<td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&#183;</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Revise and enhance procedural mechanics and disclosure requirements in connection with stockholder nominations
of directors and submission of proposals regarding other business at stockholders&#8217; meetings, by:</span></td></tr></table>

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<td style="width: 0.75in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, Monospace; font-size: 10pt">o</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Requiring certain disclosures and representations relevant to the nomination or proposal from proposing
stockholders and beneficial owners and the respective affiliates and associates of, or others acting in concert with, each such stockholder
and such beneficial owner (each, a &#8220;Stockholder Associated Person&#8221;);</span></td></tr></table>

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<td style="width: 0.75in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, Monospace; font-size: 10pt">o</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Providing that if any stockholder, beneficial owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person that intends
to solicit proxies in support of any nominees other than the Company&#8217;s nominees provides the notice and information required by
Rule 14a-19(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;), then such stockholder, beneficial
owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person, must at the Company&#8217;s request, provide to the Company, no later than five business days
prior to the applicable meeting, reasonable evidence that it has met the requirements set forth in Rule 14a-19(a) of the Exchange Act
to solicit the holders of shares of at least 67% of the voting power of shares entitled to vote on the election of directors and to include
a statement to that effect in its proxy statement or form of proxy; and</span></td></tr></table>

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<td style="width: 0.75in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, Monospace; font-size: 10pt">o</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Providing that if any stockholder, beneficial owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person fails to
                                                                                                                                                  comply with the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(2) and Rule 14a-19(a)(3) under the Exchange Act (or fails to timely provide reasonable
                                                                                                                                                  evidence sufficient to satisfy the Company that such requirements have been met), then the Company will disregard the nomination of
                                                                                                                                                  each of the director nominees proposed by such stockholder, beneficial owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person and any proxies or
                                                                                                                                                  votes solicited for such nominees.</span></td></tr></table>

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<td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&#183;</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Provide that the attendance of a director at a Board or Board committee meeting shall constitute waiver
of notice of such meeting, unless the director attends for the express purpose of objecting, and does so object, at the beginning of the
meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully convened;</span></td></tr></table>

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<td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&#183;</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Clarify that only the Board may fill director vacancies, except as otherwise required by law or the
Company&#8217;s certificate of incorporation and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock with respect to
the election of directors;</span></td></tr></table>

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<td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&#183;</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Establish the Delaware Court of Chancery (or, if such Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction,
the federal district court for the District of Delaware) as the exclusive forum for certain actions, including certain stockholder and
intra-corporate disputes, and establish the federal district courts of the United States of America as the exclusive forum for the resolution
of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended;</span></td></tr></table>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10.5pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 12pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&#183;</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Add an emergency by-law provision to provide clarity and authority to directors and certain officers
during an emergency situation that would otherwise prevent a quorum of the Board or a Board committee from being achieved; and</span></td></tr></table>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10.5pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 12pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.25in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&#183;</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Make various other updates, including certain technical, conforming and clarifying changes.</span></td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 6px; text-indent: 0.25in">The foregoing description of the Bylaws is
qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of the Bylaws, which are attached hereto as Exhibit 3.1 and are incorporated
herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 8pt 0"><b>Item 9.01. &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Exhibits </b></p>

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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 11%; padding-bottom: 8pt"><b>Exhibit
    No.</b></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 89%; padding-bottom: 8pt"><b>Description</b></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 8pt">3.1</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 8pt"><a href="ex3-1.htm">Amended and Restated Bylaws of
    OneSpan Inc., effective as of January 30,2023</a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 8pt">104</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 8pt">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0 67.7pt">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0 67.7pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0 67.7pt">&#160;</p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 67.7pt; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURE</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 67.7pt; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in">Pursuant to
the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the
undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Date: February 1, 2023</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>ONESPAN&#160;INC.</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">By:</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><span style="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Lara Mataac</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Name:</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Lara Mataac</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Title:</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">General Counsel </span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0 67.7pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0 67.7pt"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0 67.7pt">&#160;</p>


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<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 2pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><A HREF="ospn-8k_013023.htm">OneSpan Inc. 8-K</A></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 3.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: center"><B>ONESPAN INC. </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: center"><B>BY-LAWS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">as amended and restated on January 30, 2023</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE I - STOCKHOLDERS</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Annual Meeting</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">To the extent required by applicable law, an annual meeting
of the stockholders, for the election of directors to succeed those whose terms expire and for the transaction of such other business
as may properly come before the meeting, shall be held at such place, if any, on such date, and at such hour as the Board of Directors
(the &#8220;Board of Directors&#8221; or the &#8220;Board&#8221;) shall each year fix, which date shall be within thirteen months subsequent
to the date of the last annual meeting of stockholders. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that an annual meeting
shall not be held at any place, but shall instead be held solely by means of remote communication in accordance with Section 211(a) of
the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as amended (the &#8220;DGCL&#8221;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 2. Special Meetings</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Special meetings of the stockholders, for any purpose or purposes
prescribed in the notice of the meeting, may be called by the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer and shall be held at such
place, if any, on such date, and at such hour as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer shall fix. The Board of Directors
may, in its sole discretion, determine that a special meeting shall not be held at any place, but shall instead be held solely by means
of remote communication in accordance with Section 211(a) of the DGCL.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 3. Notice of Meetings</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">Written notice of the place, if any, date, and hour of all meetings
of the stockholders, the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed present in person
and vote at such meetings, and the record date for determining stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, if such date is different
from the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting, shall be given, not less than ten nor more than sixty
days before the date on which the meeting is to be held, to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting, except as otherwise provided
herein or required by law (meaning, here and hereinafter, as required from time to time by the DGCL or the Certificate of Incorporation).
The notice of a special meeting shall state, in addition, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. Unless otherwise required
by law or the Certificate of Incorporation, written notice of any meeting shall be given either personally, by mail or by electronic transmission
(as defined below), if permitted under the circumstances by the DGCL. For the purposes of these By-laws, &#8220;electronic transmission&#8221;
means any form of communication, not directly involving the physical transmission of paper, that creates a record that may be retained,
retrieved and reviewed by a recipient thereof and that may be directly reproduced in paper form by such a recipient through an automated
process.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Any meeting of stockholders of the corporation may be
adjourned or recessed from time to time to reconvene at any other time and to any other place, if any, by holders of a majority of
the voting power of the corporation&#8217;s capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, present in person,
present by remote communication (if any) or represented by proxy, though less than a quorum, or by any officer entitled to preside
at or to act as secretary of such meeting, whether or not a quorum is present, and notice need not be given of any such adjourned or
recessed meeting (including an adjournment taken to address a technical failure to convene or continue a meeting using remote
communication) if the time and place, if any, thereof, and the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and
proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person or represented by proxy and vote at such adjourned or recessed meeting, are (a)
announced at the meeting at which the adjournment or recess is taken, (b) displayed during the time scheduled for the meeting, on
the same electronic network used to enable stockholders and proxy holders to participate in the meeting by means of remote
communication or (c) set forth in the notice of meeting given in accordance with these By-laws. If the date of any adjourned meeting
is more than thirty days after the date for which the meeting was originally noticed, or if a new record date is fixed for the
adjourned meeting, written notice of the place, if any, date, and time of the adjourned meeting shall be given in conformity
herewith. If, after the adjournment, a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned
meeting, the Board shall fix as the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same
or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting and shall give notice
of the adjourned meeting to each stockholder of record as of the record date so fixed for notice of such adjourned meeting. At any
adjourned meeting, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the original meeting.</P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 4. Quorum</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Except as otherwise provided by law or these By-laws, at each
meeting of stockholders the presence in person, by means of remote communication, if any, or by proxy of the holders of a majority in
voting power of the outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote at the meeting shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute a quorum.
Shares of its own stock belonging to the corporation or to another corporation, if a majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election
of directors of such other corporation is held, directly or indirectly, by the corporation, shall neither be entitled to vote nor be counted
for quorum purposes; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not limit the right of the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation
to vote stock, including but not limited to its own stock, held by it in a fiduciary capacity. A quorum, once established, shall not be
broken by the withdrawal of enough votes to leave less than a quorum.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 5. Organization</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">The Chair of the Board, or, in the absence of the Chair, such
person as the Board of Directors may have designated or, in the absence of such a person, the highest ranking officer of the corporation
who is present, shall call to order any meeting of the stockholders and act as chair of the meeting. In the absence of the Secretary of
the corporation, the secretary of the meeting shall be such person as the chair appoints.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 6. Conduct of Business</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The chair of any meeting of stockholders shall determine the
order of business and the procedure at the meeting, including such regulation of the manner of voting and the conduct of discussion as
seem, to the chair of such meeting, in order.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 7. Proxies and Voting</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">At any meeting of the stockholders, every stockholder entitled
to vote may vote, in person, by means of remote communication, if any, or by proxy. Any person directly or indirectly soliciting proxies
from other stockholders must use any proxy card color other than white, which shall be reserved for the exclusive use by the Board.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Each stockholder shall have one vote for every share of stock
entitled to vote which is registered in such stockholder&#8217;s name on the record date for the meeting, except as otherwise provided
herein or the Certificate of Incorporation or required by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">All voting, except on the election of directors and where
otherwise required by law, may be by a voice vote; provided, however, that upon demand therefor by a stockholder entitled to vote or such
stockholder&#8217;s proxy, a stock vote shall be taken. Every stock vote shall be taken by ballots, each of which shall state the name
of the stockholder or proxy voting and such other information as may be required under the procedure established for the meeting. Every
vote taken by ballots shall be counted by an inspector or inspectors appointed by the chair of the meeting, the Board or the Chief Executive
Officer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Except for the election of directors and where otherwise required
by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, all matters shall be determined by a majority of the votes cast. Each director
shall be elected by the vote of the majority of the votes cast with respect to that director&#8217;s election at any meeting for the election
of directors at which a quorum is present; provided that in a contested election (as defined below), the directors shall be elected by
the vote of a plurality of the votes cast. A &#8220;contested election&#8221; is one in which as of the 10th day preceding the date the
corporation first mails its notice of meeting for such meeting to the stockholders of the corporation, a stockholder of the corporation
has provided to the corporation, and not withdrawn, a notice of an intention to nominate one or more candidates for election to the Board
of Directors. For purposes of this Section 7, a majority of votes cast shall mean that the number of votes cast &#8220;for&#8221; a director&#8217;s
election exceeds the number of votes cast &#8220;against&#8221; that director&#8217;s election (with &#8220;abstentions&#8221; and &#8220;broker
nonvotes&#8221; not counted as a vote cast either &#8220;for&#8221; or &#8220;against&#8221; that director&#8217;s election).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 8. Stock List</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">A complete list of stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting
of stockholders, arranged in alphabetical order for each class of stock and showing the address of each such stockholder and the number
of shares registered in each such stockholder&#8217;s name, shall be open to the examination of any such stockholder, for any purpose
germane to the meeting for a period of at least ten (10) days ending on the day before the meeting date, (a) on a reasonably accessible
electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or
(b) during ordinary business hours, at the principal place of business of the corporation. Nothing in this Section 8 shall require the
corporation to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such list. In the event the corporation determines
to make the list available on an electronic network, the corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available
only to stockholders of the corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 9. Nomination of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10.5pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 7pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Any stockholder nominating a person for election as a director must comply with the procedures set
forth herein. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors of the corporation may be made at a meeting of stockholders
only (i) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (ii) by any stockholder of the corporation who is a stockholder of record
at the time of giving of notice provided for in this Section 9, who shall be entitled to vote for the election of directors at the meeting
and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 9. Such nominations, other than those made by or at the direction
of the Board of Directors, shall be made pursuant to timely notice in writing to the Secretary of the corporation. Notwithstanding the
foregoing or anything herein to the contrary, a stockholder of the corporation may make nominations for election to the Board of Directors
at a special meeting of stockholders pursuant to the foregoing clause (i) only if the Board of Directors has determined, in accordance
with Section 2 of Article I, that directors shall be elected at such special meeting and at such time that the stockholders are not prohibited
from filling vacancies or newly created directorships on the Board of Directors. The number of nominees a stockholder may nominate for
election at a meeting (or in the case of a stockholder giving the notice on behalf of a beneficial owner, the number of nominees a stockholder
may nominate for election at the meeting on behalf of such beneficial owner) shall not exceed the number of directors to be elected at
such meeting.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To be timely,
(x) with respect to an annual meeting, a stockholder&#8217;s notice shall be received in writing by the Secretary at the principal executive
offices of the corporation not later than 5:00 p.m. Central Time on the 90<SUP>th</SUP> day, nor earlier than 5:00 p.m. Central Time on
the 120<SUP>th</SUP> day, prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year&#8217;s annual meeting of stockholders; provided, however,
that in the event that the date of the annual meeting of stockholders is more than 30 days before or more than 70 days after such anniversary
date, notice by the stockholder must be received not later than 5:00 p.m. Central Time on the later of the 90<SUP>th</SUP> day prior to
such annual meeting or the 10<SUP>th</SUP> day following the day on which notice of the date of such annual meeting was given or which
public disclosures of the date of such annual meeting is first made by the corporation, whichever first occurs and (y) with respect to
a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the corporation&#8217;s notice of meeting, a stockholder&#8217;s
notice shall be received in writing by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not earlier than 5:00 p.m.
Central Time on the 120<SUP>th</SUP> day prior to such special meeting and not later than 5:00 p.m. Central Time on the later of the 90<SUP>th</SUP>
day prior to such special meeting or the 10<SUP>th</SUP> day following the day on which notice of the date of such annual meeting was
given or which public disclosure of the date of such special meeting is first made by the corporation, whichever first occurs. In no event
shall an adjournment or postponement of an annual or special meeting of stockholders (or the public disclosure thereof) commence a new
time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder&#8217;s notice as described in this Section 9.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Such stockholder&#8217;s notice to the Secretary shall set
forth (A) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or reelection as a director (the &#8220;Proposed Nominee&#8221;)
(1) the Proposed Nominee&#8217;s name, age, business address and, if known, residence address, (2) the Proposed Nominee&#8217;s principal
occupation or employment, (3) the class and series and number of shares of stock of the corporation that are, directly or indirectly,
owned, beneficially or of record, by the Proposed Nominee, (4) a description of all direct and indirect compensation and other material
monetary agreements, arrangements and understandings during the past three years, and any other material relationships, between or among
(x) the stockholder, the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is being made and the respective affiliates and associates
of, or others acting in concert with, such stockholder and such beneficial owner (each, a &#8220;Stockholder Associated Person&#8221;),
on the one hand, and (y) each Proposed Nominee, and his or her respective affiliates and associates, or others acting in concert with
such Proposed Nominee(s), on the other hand, including all information that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of
Regulation S-K if the stockholder making the nomination and any beneficial owner on whose behalf the nomination is made or any Stockholder
Associated Person were the &#8220;registrant&#8221; for purposes of such Item and the Proposed Nominee were a director or executive officer
of such registrant, and (5) any other information concerning the Proposed Nominee that is</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for
election of directors, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;); and (B) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf
the nomination is being made (1) the name and address, as they appear on the corporation&#8217;s books, of such stockholder and of such
beneficial owner, (2) the class and series and number of shares of stock of the corporation which are, directly or indirectly, owned,
beneficially or of record, by such stockholder and such beneficial owner, (3) a description of any material interest related to the nomination
of such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person, (4) a description of any agreement, arrangement or
understanding pursuant to which the nomination(s) are being made between or among such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder
Associated Person and each Proposed Nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) who may participate in the solicitation
of proxies or votes in favor of electing such Proposed Nominee(s), (5) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including
any derivative or short positions, swaps, profit interests, options, warrants, convertible securities, stock appreciation or similar rights,
hedging transactions, and borrowed or loaned shares) that has been entered into by, or on behalf of, such stockholder, such beneficial
owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share
price changes for, or increase or decrease the voting power of, such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated
Person with respect to shares of stock of the corporation, (6) any other information relating to such stockholder, such beneficial owner
and/or any Stockholder Associated Person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made
in connection with solicitations of proxies for the election of directors in a contested election pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange
Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, (7) a representation that such stockholder intends to appear in person or by
proxy at the meeting to nominate the person(s) named in its notice, (8) a representation that such stockholder, such beneficial owner
and/or any Stockholder Associated Person has complied, and will comply, with all applicable requirements of state law and the Exchange
Act with respect to matters set forth in this Section 9, and (9) a representation whether such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or
any Stockholder Associated Person intends or is part of a group that intends (x) to deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to
holders of at least the percentage of the corporation&#8217;s outstanding capital stock reasonably believed by such stockholder or such
beneficial owner to be sufficient to elect the Proposed Nominee (and such representation shall be included in any such proxy statement
and form of proxy) and/or (y) otherwise to solicit proxies or votes from stockholders in support of such nomination (and such representation
shall be included in any such solicitation materials). Not later than 10 days after the record date for the meeting, the information required
by Items (A)(1)-(5) and (B)(1)-(6) of the prior sentence shall be supplemented by the stockholder giving the notice to provide updated
information as of the record date. In addition, to be effective, the stockholder&#8217;s notice must also be accompanied by the written
consent of the Proposed Nominee to being named in the corporation&#8217;s proxy statement and accompanying proxy card as a nominee and
to serve as a director if elected. In addition, such stockholder&#8217;s notice shall be accompanied by a written questionnaire with respect
to the background and qualifications of each Proposed Nominee completed by the Proposed Nominee in the form required by the corporation
(which form the stockholder giving the notice shall request in writing from the Secretary of the corporation and which the Secretary shall
provide to such stockholder within 10 days of receiving such request). The corporation may require any Proposed Nominee to furnish such
other information as the corporation may reasonably require to determine, among other things, the eligibility of such Proposed Nominee
to serve as a director of the corporation or whether such Proposed Nominee would be independent under applicable Securities and Exchange
Commission and stock exchange rules. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, a stockholder shall not have complied with this
Section 9(b) if the stockholder, beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person solicits or does not solicit, as the case may
be, proxies or votes in support of such stockholder&#8217;s nominee in contravention of the representations with respect thereto required
by this Section 9.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 6pt; text-indent: 0in">Such stockholder&#8217;s notice must also be
accompanied by a representation as to whether or not such stockholder, beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person
intends to solicit proxies in support of any director nominees other than the corporation&#8217;s nominees in accordance with Rule
14a-19 under the Exchange Act, and, where such stockholder, beneficial owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person intends to so
solicit proxies, the notice and information required by Rule 14a-19(b) under the Exchange Act. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in these By-laws, unless otherwise required by law, if any stockholder, beneficial owner and/or Stockholder Associated
Person (i) provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) under the Exchange Act and (ii) subsequently fails to comply with the
requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(2) and Rule 14a-19(a)(3) under the Exchange Act (or fails to timely provide reasonable evidence
sufficient to satisfy the corporation that such stockholder, beneficial owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person has met the
requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) promulgated under the Exchange Act in accordance with the following sentence), then the nomination
of each of the director nominees proposed by such stockholder, beneficial owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person shall be
disregarded, notwithstanding that proxies or votes in respect of the election of such proposed nominees may have been received by
the corporation (which proxies and votes shall be disregarded). Upon request by the corporation, if any stockholder, beneficial
owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person&#8239; provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) under the Exchange Act, such
stockholder, beneficial owner and/or Stockholder Associated Person shall deliver to the corporation, no later than five business
days prior to the applicable meeting, reasonable evidence that it has met the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) under the Exchange
Act.</P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 6pt; text-indent: 0in"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The chair of
the meeting (and, in advance of any meeting, the Board of Directors) shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare to the meeting
that a nomination was not made in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the By-laws (including whether the stockholder, beneficial
owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person did or did not so solicit, as the case may be, proxies or votes in support of such stockholder&#8217;s
nominee in compliance with the representations with respect thereto required by this Section 9), and if the chair (or the Board of Directors)
should so determine and declare to the meeting, the defective nomination shall be disregarded. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions
of this Section 9, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act with respect to the matters set
forth in this Section 9.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Except as otherwise
required by law (including Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act), nothing in this Section 9 shall obligate the corporation or the Board
of Directors to include in any proxy statement, proxy card or other stockholder communication distributed on behalf of the corporation
or the Board of Directors the name of or other information with respect to any Proposed Nominee for director submitted by a stockholder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notwithstanding
the foregoing provisions of this Section 9, unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder (or a qualified representative of the
stockholder) does not appear at the meeting to present a nomination, such nomination shall not be brought before the meeting, notwithstanding
that proxies in respect of such Proposed Nominee may have been received by the corporation. For purposes of this Section 9, to be considered
a &#8220;qualified representative of the stockholder&#8221;, a person must be a duly authorized officer, manager or partner of such stockholder
or must be authorized by a written instrument executed by such stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such stockholder
to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting of stockholders and such person must produce such written instrument or electronic
transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the written instrument or electronic transmission, at the meeting of stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For purposes
of this Section 9, &#8220;public disclosure&#8221; shall include disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service,
Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the corporation with the Securities and Exchange
Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless the corporation
elects otherwise, a stockholder&#8217;s notice to the corporation of nominations shall be in writing exclusively (and not in an electronic
transmission) and shall be delivered exclusively by hand (including, without limitation, overnight courier service) or by certified or
registered mail, return receipt requested, and the corporation shall not be required to accept delivery of any document not in such written
form or so delivered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nothing herein
shall limit or restrict the right of the Board of Directors to nominate persons for election as directors or to elect directors in accordance
with these By-laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 10. Notice of Business</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At any meeting
of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. To be properly brought
before a meeting, business must be (1) specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of
the Board of Directors, (2) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (3) properly
brought before the meeting by a stockholder. For business to be properly brought before a meeting by a stockholder, (i) if such business
relates to the nomination of a person for election as a director of the corporation, the procedures in Section 9 of Article I must be
complied with and (ii) if such business relates to any other matter, the business must constitute a proper matter under Delaware law for
stockholder action and the stockholder must (x) have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary in accordance with the procedures
in, and otherwise complied with, Section 10(b) and (y) be a stockholder of record at the time of giving of the notice provided for in
this Section 10, who shall be entitled to vote on such business at such meeting.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To be
timely, (x) with respect to an annual meeting, a stockholder&#8217;s notice shall be received in writing by the Secretary at the
principal executive offices of the corporation not later than 5:00 p.m. Central Time on the 90<SUP>th</SUP> day, nor earlier than
5:00 p.m. Central Time on the 120<SUP>th</SUP> day, prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year&#8217;s annual meeting of
stockholders; provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting of stockholders is more than 30 days before
or more than 70 days after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder must be received not later than 5:00 p.m. Central Time
on the later of the 90<SUP>th</SUP> day prior to such annual meeting or the 10<SUP>th</SUP> day following the day on which notice of
the date of such annual meeting was given or which public disclosures of the date of such annual meeting is first made by the
corporation, whichever first occurs and (y) with respect to a special meeting of stockholders, a stockholder&#8217;s notice shall be
received in writing by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not earlier than 5:00 p.m. Central Time
on the 120<SUP>th</SUP> day prior to such special meeting and not later than 5:00 p.m. Central Time on the later of the
90<SUP>th</SUP> day prior to such special meeting or the 10<SUP>th</SUP> day following the day on which notice of the date of such
special meeting was given or which public disclosure of the date of such special meeting is first made by the corporation, whichever
occurs first. In no event shall an adjournment or postponement of an annual or special meeting of stockholders (or the public
disclosure thereof) commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder&#8217;s notice as
described in this Section 10.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">A stockholder&#8217;s notice to the Secretary shall set forth:
(A) as to each matter the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting (1) a brief description of the business desired to be brought
before the meeting, (2) the text of the proposal (including the exact text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and, in the event
that such business includes a proposal to amend the By-laws, the exact text of the proposed amendment), and (3) the reasons for conducting
such business at the meeting, and (B) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal
is being made (1) the name and address, as they appear on the corporation&#8217;s books, of such stockholder and of such beneficial owner,
(2) the class and series and number of shares of stock of the corporation that are, directly or indirectly, owned, beneficially or of
record, by such stockholder and such beneficial owner, (3) a description of any material interest of such stockholder, such beneficial
owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person in the business proposed to be brought before the meeting, (4) a description of any agreement,
arrangement or understanding in connection with the proposal of such business between or among such stockholder, such beneficial owner,
any Stockholder Associated Person and any other person or persons (including their names) who may participate in the solicitation of proxies
in favor of such proposal, (5) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any derivative or short positions,
swaps, profit interests, options, warrants, convertible securities, stock appreciation or similar rights, hedging transactions, and borrowed
or loaned shares) that has been entered into by, or on behalf of, such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated
Person, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or increase or decrease
the voting power of, such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person with respect to shares of stock
of the corporation, (6) any other information relating to such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person
that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies
for the business proposed pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, (7) a representation
that such stockholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to bring such business before the meeting, (8) a representation
that such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person has complied, and will comply, with all applicable
requirements of state law and the Exchange Act with respect to matters set forth in this Section 10, and (9) a representation whether
such stockholder, such beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder Associated Person intends or is part of a group that intends (x) to deliver
a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the corporation&#8217;s outstanding capital stock required
to approve or adopt the proposal (and such representation shall be included in any such proxy statement and form of proxy) and/or (y)
otherwise to solicit proxies or votes from stockholders in support of such proposal (and such representation shall be included in any
such solicitation materials). Not later than 10 days after the record date for the meeting, the information required by Items (A)(3) and
(B)(1)-(6) of the prior sentence shall be supplemented by the stockholder giving the notice to provide updated information as of the record
date. Notwithstanding anything in the By-laws to the contrary, no business shall be conducted at a stockholder meeting except in accordance
with the procedures set forth in this Section 10; provided that any stockholder proposal that complies with Rule 14a-8 of the proxy rules
(or any successor provision) promulgated under the Exchange Act and is to be included in the corporation&#8217;s proxy statement for an
annual meeting of stockholders shall be deemed to comply with the notice requirements of this Section 10. Notwithstanding anything herein
to the contrary, a stockholder shall not have complied with this Section 10(b) if the stockholder, beneficial owner and/or any Stockholder
Associated Person solicits or does not solicit, as the case may be, proxies or votes in support of such stockholder&#8217;s proposal in
contravention of the representations with respect thereto required by this Section 10.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The chair
of the meeting (and, in advance of any meeting, the Board of Directors) shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare to the
meeting that business was not properly brought before the meeting (including whether the stockholder, beneficial owner and/or any
Stockholder Associated Person did or did not so solicit, as the case may be, proxies or votes in support of such stockholder&#8217;s
proposal in compliance with the representation with respect thereto required by this Section 10), and in accordance with the
provisions of the By-laws, and if the chair (or the Board of Directors) should so determine and declare to the meeting, any such
business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Except as otherwise
required by law, nothing in this Section 10 shall obligate the corporation or the Board of Directors to include in any proxy statement
or other stockholder communication distributed on behalf of the corporation or the Board of Directors information with respect to any
proposal submitted by a stockholder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notwithstanding
the foregoing provisions of this Section 10, unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder (or a qualified representative of the
stockholder) does not appear at the meeting to present business, such business shall not be considered, notwithstanding that proxies in
respect of such business may have been received by the corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For purposes
of this Section 10, the terms &#8220;qualified representative of the stockholder&#8221; and &#8220;public disclosure&#8221; shall have
the same meaning as in Section 9 of Article I.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless the corporation
elects otherwise, a stockholder&#8217;s notice to the corporation of other business shall be in writing exclusively (and not in an electronic
transmission) and shall be delivered exclusively by hand (including, without limitation, overnight courier service) or by certified or
registered mail, return receipt requested, and the corporation shall not be required to accept delivery of any document not in such written
form or so delivered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE II - BOARD OF DIRECTORS</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Number and Term of Office</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The number of directors who shall constitute the whole Board
shall be such number not less than four nor more than twenty as the Board of Directors shall at the time have designated. Each director
shall be elected for a term of one year and until such director&#8217;s successor is elected and qualified, except as otherwise provided
herein or required by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Whenever the authorized number of directors is increased between
annual meetings of the stockholders, a majority of the directors then in office shall have the power to elect such new directors for the
balance of a term and until their successors are elected and qualified. Any decrease in the authorized number of directors shall not become
effective until the expiration of the term of the directors then in office unless, at the time of such decrease, there shall be vacancies
on the Board which are being eliminated by the decrease.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0; text-align: justify">Section 2. Vacancies</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify">Except as required by law or the Certificate
of Incorporation, and subject to the rights of holders of any series of preferred stock with respect to the election of directors, if
the office of any director becomes vacant by reason of death, resignation, disqualification, removal, or other cause, only a majority
of the directors remaining in office, although less than a quorum, or a sole remaining director, may elect a successor for the unexpired
term and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until such director&#8217;s earlier death, resignation, disqualification
or removal.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 3. Regular Meetings</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held at
such place or places, on such date or dates, and at such time or times as shall have been established by the Board of Directors and publicized
among all directors. A notice of each regular meeting shall not be required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify">Section 4. Special Meetings</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify">Special meetings of the Board of
Directors may be called by one-third of the directors then in office or by the Chief Executive Officer and shall be held at such
place, on such date, and at such time as they or the Chief Executive Officer shall fix. Notice of the place, date, and time of each
such special meeting shall be given to each director by whom it is not waived by mail posted not less than five days before the
meeting, by nationally recognized overnight courier deposited not less than two business days before the date of the meeting or by
email, facsimile or other means of electronic transmission delivered or sent not less than 24 hours before the special meeting;
provided, however, that if the Chair of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer determines that it is otherwise necessary or
advisable to hold the meeting sooner, the Chair of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer, as the case may be, may prescribe a
shorter notice period, with notice to be given personally or by email, telephone, facsimile or other means of electronic
transmission. Unless otherwise indicated in the notice thereof, any and all business may be transacted at a special meeting.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify">The attendance of a director at any meeting
shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where the director attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting,
and does so object, at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.
Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors need be specified
in any notice or waiver of notice of such meeting unless so required by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0; text-align: justify">Section 5. Quorum</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify">At any meeting of the Board of Directors,
a majority of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum for all purposes. In the event that one or more
of the directors shall be disqualified to vote at any meeting, the quorum shall be reduced by one for each disqualified director; provided,
however, that in no event shall less than two directors constitute a quorum. If a quorum shall fail to attend any meeting, a majority
of those present may adjourn the meeting to another place, date, or time without further notice or waiver thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0; text-align: justify">Section 6. Participation in Meetings
by Conference Telephone</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify">Members of the Board of Directors, or of
any committee thereof, may participate in a meeting of such Board or committee by means of conference telephone or similar communications
equipment that enables all persons participating in the meeting to hear each other. Such participation shall constitute presence in person
at such meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0; text-align: justify">Section 7. Conduct of Business</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify">At any meeting of the Board of Directors,
business shall be transacted in such order and manner as the Board may from time to time determine, and all matters shall be determined
by the vote of a majority of the directors present, except as otherwise provided herein or required by law. Action may be taken by the
Board of Directors or any committee thereof without a meeting if all members thereof consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission,
and the writing(s) or electronic transmission(s) are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0; text-align: justify">Section 8. Powers</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-align: justify">The Board of Directors may, except as otherwise
required by law, exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the corporation, including, without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, the unqualified power:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
To declare dividends from time to time in accordance with law;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
To purchase or otherwise acquire any property, rights or privileges on such terms as it shall determine;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
To authorize the creation, making and issuance, in such form as it may determine, of written obligations of every kind, negotiable or
non-negotiable, secured or unsecured, and to do all things necessary in connection therewith;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
To remove any officer of the corporation with or without cause and, from time to time, to devolve the powers and duties of any officer
upon any other person for the time being;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
To confer upon any officer of the corporation the power to appoint, remove and suspend subordinate officers and agents;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(6)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
To adopt from time to time such stock option, stock purchase, bonus, or other compensation plans for directors, officers and agents of
the corporation and its subsidiaries as it may determine;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(7)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
To adopt from time to time such insurance, retirement, and other benefit plans for directors, officers and agents of the corporation
and its subsidiaries as it may determine; and</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(8)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 To adopt from time to time regulations, not inconsistent with these By-laws, for the management of the corporation&#8217;s business
and affairs.</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 9. Chair of the Board</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">The Chair of the Board shall be chosen by the Board of Directors
from among the directors and may, but need not, be the Chief Executive Officer. Except as otherwise provided in these By-laws, the Chair
of the Board shall preside at all meetings of stockholders and the Board of Directors. The Chair of the Board shall have such other powers
and duties as may from time to time be assigned by the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 10. Resignation</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">Any director may resign upon notice given in writing or electronic
transmission to the Chair of the Board or the Secretary. Such resignation shall be effective upon receipt unless it is specified to be
effective at some other time or upon the occurrence of some other event.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 11. Emergency By-laws</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">In the event of any emergency, disaster, catastrophe or other
similar emergency condition of a type described in Section 110(a) of the DGCL (an &#8220;Emergency&#8221;), notwithstanding any different
or conflicting provisions in the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, during such Emergency:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Notice</U>.
A meeting of the Board of Directors or a committee thereof may be called by any director, the Chair of the Board, the Chief Executive
Officer, the President or the Secretary by such means as, in the judgment of the person calling the meeting, may be feasible at the time,
and notice of any such meeting of the Board of Directors or any committee may be given, in the judgment of the person calling the meeting,
only to such directors as it may be feasible to reach at the time and by such means as may be feasible at the time. Such notice shall
be given at such time in advance of the meeting as, in the judgment of the person calling the meeting, circumstances permit.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Quorum</U>.
The director or directors in attendance at a meeting called in accordance with Section 11(a) shall constitute a quorum.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Liability</U>.
No officer, director or employee acting in accordance with this Section 11 shall be liable except for willful misconduct. No amendment,
repeal or change to this Section 11 shall modify the prior sentence with regard to actions taken prior to the time of such amendment,
repeal or change.</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE III - COMMITTEES</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Committees of the Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The Board of Directors, by a vote of a majority of the whole
Board, may from time to time designate committees of the Board, with such lawfully-delegable powers and duties as it thereby confers,
to serve at the pleasure of the Board and shall, for those committees and any others provided for herein, elect a director or directors
to serve as the member or members, designating, if it desires, other directors as alternative members who may replace any absent or disqualified
member at any meeting of the committee. Any committee so designated may exercise the power and authority of the Board of Directors to
declare a dividend or to authorize the issuance of stock if the resolution which designates the committee or a supplemental resolution
of the Board of Directors shall so provide. In the absence or disqualification of any member of any committee and any alternate member
in such member&#8217;s place, the member or members of the committee present at the meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether
or not he, she, or they constitute a quorum, may by unanimous vote appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting
in the place of the absent or disqualified member.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 2. Conduct of Business</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Each committee may determine the procedural rules for meeting
and conducting its business and shall act in accordance therewith, except as otherwise provided herein or required by law. Adequate provision
shall be made for notice to members of all meetings; a majority of the members shall constitute a quorum unless the committee shall consist
of one or two members, in which event one member shall constitute a quorum; and all matters shall be determined by a majority vote of
the members present. Action may be taken by any committee without a meeting if all members thereof consent thereto in writing or by electronic
transmission, and the writing(s) or electronic transmission(s) are filed with the minutes of the proceedings of such committee.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE IV - OFFICERS</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Generally</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The officers of the corporation: (i) shall consist of a President,
a Secretary and a Treasurer, and (ii) may also consist of a Chief Executive Officer, one or more Executive Vice Presidents and one or
more Vice Presidents, as may from time to time be appointed by the Board of Directors. The Chief Executive Officer, President, Treasurer
and Secretary shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors, which shall consider that subject at its first meeting after every
annual meeting of stockholders. Other officers may be appointed by the Board of Directors at such meeting or at any other meeting. Each
officer shall hold office until such officer&#8217;s successor is elected and qualified or until such officer&#8217;s earlier resignation
or removal. Any number of offices may be held by the same person.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 2. Chief Executive Officer</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Subject to the provisions of these By-laws and to the direction
of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer shall have the responsibility for the general management and control of the affairs
and business of the corporation and shall perform all duties and have all powers which are commonly incident to the office of chief executive
or which are delegated to him or her by the Board of Directors. The Chief Executive Officer shall have power to sign all stock certificates,
contracts and other instruments of the corporation which are authorized. The Chief Executive Officer shall have general supervision and
direction of all of the other officers and agents of the corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 3. President</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The President shall perform such duties as the Board of Directors
or the Chief Executive Officer shall prescribe. In the absence or disability, or a vacancy in the office, of the Chief Executive Officer,
the President shall perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Chief Executive Officer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 4. Executive Vice Presidents</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Each Executive Vice President shall be senior to each Vice
President. Each Executive Vice President shall perform such duties as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer shall prescribe.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 5. Vice Presidents</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Each Vice President shall perform such duties as the Board
of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer shall prescribe.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 6. Treasurer</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The Treasurer shall have the custody of all monies and securities
of the corporation and shall keep regular books of account. The Treasurer shall make such disbursements of the funds of the corporation
as are proper and shall render from time to time an account of all such transactions and of the financial condition of the corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 7. Secretary</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The Secretary shall issue all authorized notices for, and
shall keep minutes of, all meetings of the stockholders and the Board of Directors. The Secretary shall have charge of the corporate books.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 8. Delegation of Authority</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The Board of Directors may from time to time delegate the
powers or duties of any officer to any other officers or agents, notwithstanding any provision hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 9. Resignation; Removal</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Any officer may resign upon notice given in writing or electronic
transmission to the Chief Executive Officer or the Secretary. Such resignation shall be effective upon receipt unless it is specified
to be effective at some other time or upon the occurrence of some other event. Any officer of the corporation may be removed at any time,
with or without cause, by the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 10. Action with Respect to Securities of Other Corporations</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Unless otherwise directed by the Board of Directors, the
President and the Secretary shall have power to vote and otherwise act on behalf of the corporation, in person or by proxy, at any
meeting of stockholders of or with respect to any action of stockholders of any other corporation in which this corporation may hold
securities, and otherwise to exercise any and all rights and powers which this corporation may possess by reason of its ownership of
securities in such other corporation.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE V - RIGHT OF INDEMNIFICATION
OF DIRECTORS,<BR>
OFFICERS AND OTHERS</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Right to Indemnification</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The corporation shall indemnify and hold harmless, to the
fullest extent permitted by applicable law as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, any person (an &#8220;Indemnitee&#8221;)
who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal,
administrative or investigative (a &#8220;proceeding&#8221;), by reason of the fact that such person, or a person for whom such person
is the legal representative, is or was a director or officer of the corporation or, while a director or officer of the corporation, is
or was serving at the written request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership,
joint venture, trust, enterprise or nonprofit entity, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against all liability
and loss suffered and expenses (including attorneys&#8217; fees) reasonably incurred by such Indemnitee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, except as otherwise
provided in Section 3 of this Article V, the corporation shall be required to indemnify an Indemnitee in connection with a proceeding
(or part thereof) commenced by such Indemnitee only if the commencement of such proceeding (or part thereof) by the Indemnitee was authorized
by the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 2. Prepayment of Expenses</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The corporation shall pay the expenses (including attorneys&#8217;
fees) incurred by an Indemnitee in defending any proceeding in advance of its final disposition, provided, however, that such payment
of expenses in advance of the final disposition of the proceeding shall be made only upon receipt of an undertaking by the Indemnitee
to repay all amounts advanced if it should be ultimately determined that the Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified under this Article
V or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 3. Claims</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">If a claim for indemnification or advancement of expenses
under this Article V is not paid in full within sixty (60) days after a written claim therefor by the Indemnitee has been received by
the corporation, the Indemnitee may file suit to recover the unpaid amount of such claim and, if successful in whole or in part, shall
be entitled to be paid the expense of prosecuting such claim. In any such action the corporation shall have the burden of proving that
the Indemnitee is not entitled to the requested indemnification or advancement of expenses under applicable law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 4. Nonexclusivity of Rights</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The rights conferred on any Indemnitee by this Article V shall
not be exclusive of any other rights which such Indemnitee may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the Certificate
of Incorporation, these By-laws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 5. Other Sources</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The corporation&#8217;s obligation, if any, to indemnify or
to advance expenses to any Indemnitee who was or is serving at its request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or nonprofit entity shall be reduced by any amount such Indemnitee may collect as indemnification
or advancement of expenses from such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit enterprise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 6. Amendment or Repeal</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of
this Article V shall not adversely affect any right or protection hereunder of any Indemnitee in respect of any act or omission occurring
prior to the time of such repeal or modification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 7. Other Indemnification and Prepayment of Expenses</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">This Article V shall not limit the right of the corporation,
to the extent and in the manner permitted by law, to indemnify and to advance expenses to, or to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf
of, persons other than Indemnitees when and as authorized by appropriate corporate action.</P>


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<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 0px 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE VI - STOCK</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Certificates of Stock</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">The shares of stock of the corporation shall be represented
by certificates, or by uncertificated shares that may be evidenced by a book-entry system maintained by the registrar of such stock, or
a combination of both. If shares are represented by certificates (if any), such certificates shall be in the form approved by the Board
of Directors and shall be signed by, or in the name of the corporation by, (i) the Chair of the Board, President or any Executive Vice
President or Vice President, and (ii) the Secretary or an assistant secretary or the Treasurer or an assistant treasurer. Any of or all
the signatures on the certificate may be facsimile.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 2. Transfers of Stock</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">No transfer of stock shall be valid as against the corporation
for any purpose until such transfer has been entered on the stock transfer books of the corporation by an entry showing from and to whom
such stock is transferred. Transfers of stock shall be made only upon the stock transfer books of the corporation and (i) with respect
to stock represented by a certificate (except to the extent Section 4 of Article VI of these By-laws applies), upon surrender of the certificate
previously issued therefore which is outstanding and not canceled, duly endorsed or accompanied by appropriate evidence of succession,
assignment or authority to transfer, and (ii) with respect to uncertificated shares, upon receipt of proper transfer instructions from
the record holder thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 3. Record Date</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Record Date
for Stockholder Meetings</U>. Subject to applicable law, the Board of Directors may fix a record date to determine the stockholders entitled
to notice of any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution
fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which shall not be more than 60 nor less than 10 days before the date
of such meeting. If the Board of Directors fixes a record date for stockholders who are entitled to notice of any meeting of stockholders
or any adjournment thereof, such date shall also be the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting
unless the Board of Directors determines, at the time it fixes such record date, that a later date on or before the date of the meeting
shall be the date for making such determination. If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining
stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding
the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting
is held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of and to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment
of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to
vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix as the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned
meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote in accordance herewith at the adjourned
meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Record Date
for Purposes Other Than Stockholder Meetings</U>. Subject to applicable law, the Board of Directors may fix a record date to determine
the stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting; to receive payment of any dividend or other
distribution or allotment of any rights; or to exercise any rights with respect to any change, conversion or exchange of stock or with
respect to any other lawful action (other than with respect to determining stockholders entitled to notice of and/or to vote at a meeting
of stockholders, which shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which is addressed
in Section 3(a) of Article VI), which record date shall not be more than 60 days prior to such action. If no such record date is fixed,
the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors
adopts the resolution relating thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 4. Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">The corporation may issue a new certificate or
certificates of stock or uncertificated shares in place of any certificate or certificates theretofore issued by the corporation
alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate
of stock to be lost, stolen or destroyed. When authorizing such issue of a new certificate or certificates or uncertificated shares,
the corporation or its transfer agent may, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance thereof, require the owner
of such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate or certificates, or such owner&#8217;s legal representative, to advertise the same in
such manner as the corporation shall require and/or give the corporation a bond in such sum as it may direct as indemnity against
any claim that may be made against the corporation or its transfer agent or registrar with respect to the certificate alleged to
have been lost, stolen or destroyed or the issuance of any such new certificate or certificates or uncertificated shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 5. Regulations</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">The issue, transfer, conversion, and registration of certificates
of stock shall be governed by such other regulations and procedures as the Board of Directors may determine.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 6. Registered Stockholders</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">The corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive
right of a person registered on the stock records of the corporation as the owner of shares to receive dividends and to vote as such owner
and to hold liable for calls and assessments a person registered on the stock records of the corporation as the owner of shares, and shall
not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person, whether
or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the DGCL.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2pt 10pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE VII - NOTICES</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Notices</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Whenever notice is required to be given to any stockholder,
such requirement shall not be construed to mean personal notice. Such notice may in every instance be effectively given in writing (a)
by mail, addressed to such stockholder at such stockholder&#8217;s address as it appears on the books of the corporation or (b) by any
other method permitted by law (including overnight courier service, facsimile, electronic mail or other means of electronic transmission)
directed to the stockholder at the stockholder&#8217;s address most recently provided to the corporation. If mailed, such notice shall
be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail with postage thereon prepaid, addressed to the stockholder at the stockholder&#8217;s
address as it appears on the books of the corporation. If notice is given by other means (including by electronic transmission), such
notice shall be deemed to be given at the times provided in the DGCL. Any stockholder may waive notice of any meeting before or after
the meeting. The attendance of a stockholder at any meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice at such meeting, except where the stockholder
attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, and does so object, at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any
business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 2. Waivers</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">A written waiver, or a waiver by electronic transmission,
of any notice, signed by a stockholder, director, officer or agent, whether before or after the time of the event for which notice is
to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to the notice required to be given to such stockholder, director, officer or agent. Neither the
business nor the purpose of any meeting need be specified in such a waiver.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE VIII - MISCELLANEOUS</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Facsimile Signature</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">In addition to the provisions for the use of facsimile signatures
elsewhere specifically authorized in these By-laws, facsimile signatures of any officer or officers of the corporation may be used whenever
and as authorized by the Board of Directors or a committee thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 2. Corporate Seal</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The Board of Directors may provide a suitable seal containing
the name of the corporation, which seal shall be in charge of the Secretary. Duplicates of the seal may be kept and used by the Treasurer
or by the assistant secretary or assistant treasurer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 3. Reliance Upon Books, Reports, and Records</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Each director, each member of any committee designated by
the Board of Directors, and each officer of the corporation shall, in the performance of his or her duties, be fully protected in relying
in good faith upon the books of account or other records of the corporation, including reports made to the corporation by any of its officers,
by an independent certified public accountant, or by an appraiser selected with reasonable care.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 4. Fiscal Year</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">The fiscal year of the corporation shall be as fixed by the
Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 5. Time Periods</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">In applying any provision of these By-laws which requires
that an act be done or not done a specified number of days prior to an event or that an act be done during a period of a specified number
of days prior to an event, calendar days shall be used, the day of the doing of the act shall be excluded, and the day of the event shall
be included.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 6. Exclusive Forum</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless the corporation
consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery
of the State of Delaware does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent
permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the corporation, (ii)
any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, other employee or stockholder
of the corporation to the corporation or the corporation&#8217;s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to
any provision of the DGCL or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (iv) any
action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws (in each case, as they
may be amended from time to time) or governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This Section 6(a) does not apply to claims arising under
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;), or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal
courts have exclusive jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless the corporation
consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the
fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any person or
entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the corporation shall be deemed to have
notice of and consented to the provisions of this Section 6.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 10pt 0; text-align: center">ARTICLE IX - AMENDMENTS</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">Section 1. Amendments</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 2.15pt 6pt 0">These By-laws may be adopted, amended, altered or repealed
by the Board of Directors or by a majority of the voting power of all then outstanding shares of capital stock of the corporation entitled
to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.</P>

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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>ospn-20230130_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
<TEXT>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.4</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139839790344064">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 30, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jan. 30,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-24389<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">OneSpan Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001044777<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">36-4169320<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">121 West Wacker Drive<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 2050<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Chicago<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">IL<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">60601<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(312)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">766-4001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">OSPN<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
